Antioxidant defense of children and adolescents with atopic dermatitis: Association with disease severity

Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a relapsing, chronic cutaneous inflammatory disease with onset, in general, in early childhood. Chronic skin inflammation is associated with overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. Oxidative stress, an imbalance between the production of free radicals and antioxidant defense, results in tissue inflammation due to the upregulation of genes that encode inflammatory cytokines. This condition plays an important role in the pathogenesis of AD. Objective: To compare the antioxidant defense in children and adolescents with AD with that of healthy individuals and to verify the association of antioxidant defense with disease severity and nutritional status. Methods: Cross-sectional study that evaluated 48 children and adolescents with AD and 25 controls for nutritional assessment (body mass index z score [BMIZ] and height for age z score [HAZ]) and levels of vitamins A, C, E, and D, zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase [SOD], catalase [CAT], glutathione peroxidase [GPx]), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin 33 (IL-33). Results: There was no significant difference in the comparison between AD and control groups for serum levels of vitamins (A, D, C, and E), copper, and antioxidant enzymes. Serum zinc levels were higher in the AD group (β = 24.20; 95% CI 13.95–34.91; P < 0.001) even after adjusting the BMIZ, HAZ, gender, IL-33, and CRP. Children and adolescents with moderate or severe AD compared to mild AD (SCORAD – 36.7±17.4 vs 11.8 ± 3.9; P < 0.001) had lower values of the vitamin E/total lipid ratio (3.68 [0.29;12.63] vs 5.92 [3.27;17.37]; P = 0.013) (AU)

Exposure to farm environment and its correlations with total IgE, IL-13, and IL-33 serum levels in patients with atopy and asthma

Background: The aim of the study was to evaluate total immunoglobulin E (IgE), IL-13, and IL-33 serum level in people with bronchial asthma and atopy, and in healthy control group depending on their exposure to farm animals currently and in the first year of life. Methods: The study included 174 individuals living in rural areas and in a small town. Standardized questions from the International Study of Asthma and Allergy in Childhood and The European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS) questionnaires were used to define asthma. Atopic status was verified by skin prick tests. Rural exposure including contact with livestock was verified by adequate questionnaire. Total serum IgE, IL-13, and IL-33 levels were assessed by ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) tests. Results: Participants with atopy and bronchial asthma were characterized by high level of immunoglobulin E. Tendency to lower serum IgE level was observed among people reporting present contact with farm animals. Also, among those having contact with livestock in their first year of life, the analogous tendency was noticed. No difference in serum IL-13 levels in participants with asthma and atopy, and controls was observed, and there was no effect of exposure on farm animals on the concentration of IL-13. The highest IL-33 level was found in the atopic group, and the lowest in the control group. Participants currently exposed to farm animals were predisposed to have lower IL-33 serum level. Conclusion: Exposure of farm animals currently and in first year of life may result in a lower level of total IgE. Correlation between IL-13 and IL-33 serum levels and contact with livestock was not confirmed (AU)

Relative CTLA-4, PTPN-22, and interleukin 37 mRNA expressions in patients with lupus nephritis / Expresiones relativas de ARNm de CTLA-4, PTPN-22 e interleucina 37 en pacientes con nefritis lúpica

Objectives: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by T-cell immune-dysregulation and loss of tolerance to self-antigens. CTLA-4 and PTPN-22 are involved in the inhibition of T-lymphocytes activation. IL-37 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine that suppresses innate immunity. The relative expression of CTLA-4, IL-37 and PTPN-22 were evaluated as negative regulators of immune response in SLE patients, lupus nephritis (LN) and disease activity. Methods: Real-Time PCR was performed to determine relative CTLA-4, IL-37, and PTPN-22 mRNA expressions in fifty-eight SLE patients, who were divided into two groups: 29 SLE patients without nephritis and 29 patients with LN, versus fifty controls. Results: There was a significantly high-expression of CTLA-4 and IL-37 genes in SLE patients compared to controls (p=0.005; 0.018 respectively). There was no difference in relative PTPN-22 mRNA expression between the SLE patients and controls. Relative CTLA-4 mRNA expression decreased in LN patients (p=0.044), however, relative IL-37 mRNA over-expressed in LN patients (p=0.001) compared to those without LN. There was a significant over-expression of relative IL-37 andPTPN-22 mRNA in active SLE patients. But, there was a non-significant difference in CTLA-4 expression with disease activity. Regression analysis revealed patients with relative IL-37 mRNA over-expression had two times more to develop lupus nephritis (OR=1.906, 95% CI=1.218–2.983, p=0.005). Conclusions: Relative IL-37mRNA expression was elevated in SLE patients and associated with renal involvement and disease activity. It could be considered as a new promising predicting tool for LN. Relative PTPN-22 mRNA expression was correlated with disease activity only in SLE patients.(AU)

Objetivos: El lupus eritematoso sistémico (LES) es una enfermedad autoinmune caracterizada por la desregulación inmune de las células T, y la pérdida de tolerancia a los antígenos propios. CTLA-4 y PTPN-22 están involucrados en la inhibición de la activación de los linfocitos T. IL-37 es una citocina antiinflamatoria que suprime la inmunidad innata. La expresión relativa de CTLA-4, IL-37 y PTPN-22 se evaluó como reguladores negativos de la respuesta inmune en pacientes con LES, nefritis lúpica (NL) y actividad de la enfermedad. Métodos: Se realizó PCR en tiempo real para determinar las expresiones relativas de ARNm de CTLA-4, IL-37 y PTPN-22 en 58 pacientes con LES, que se dividieron en 2 grupos: 29 pacientes con LES sin nefritis y 29 pacientes con NL frente a 50 controles. Resultados: Hubo una expresión significativamente alta de los genes CTLA-4 e IL-37 en pacientes con LES en comparación con los controles (p=0,005; 0,018, respectivamente). No hubo diferencia en la expresión relativa del ARNm de PTPN-22 entre los pacientes con LES y los controles. La expresión relativa de ARNm de CTLA-4 disminuyó en pacientes con LN (p=0,044); sin embargo, la expresión relativa de ARNm de IL-37 se sobreexpresó en pacientes con LN (p=0,001) en comparación con aquellos sin LN. Hubo una sobreexpresión significativa de ARNm relativo de IL-37 y PTPN-22 en pacientes con LES activo. Pero hubo una diferencia no significativa en la expresión de CTLA-4 con la actividad de la enfermedad. El análisis de regresión reveló que los pacientes con sobreexpresión relativa de ARNm de IL-37 tenían el doble de riesgo de desarrollar nefritis lúpica (OR: 1,906; IC 95%: 1,218-2,983; p=0,005). Conclusiones: La expresión relativa de ARNm de IL-37 fue elevada en pacientes con LES y se asoció con compromiso renal y actividad de la enfermedad. Podría considerarse como una nueva herramienta de predicción prometedora para LN. La expresión relativa del ARNm de PTPN-22 se correlacionó con la actividad de la...(AU)

IL-33 is associated with allergy in children sensitized to the cat

BACKGROUND: Several studies suggest that early-life exposure to animal allergens constitutes a relevant risk factor for the development of allergic sensitization. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to determine the role of interleukin-33 in children sensitive to cat allergen with allergic rhinitis and/or asthma. METHODS: The study included 51 children aged 5-18 years, both sexes, allergic to cats. Sensitization to cat allergen was confirmed by skin prick tests or specific IgE. Children were evaluated for the presence of bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis. A questionnaire evaluating the occurrence of allergic symptoms in children after contact with the cat and dog was performed. Mothers completed a questionnaire regarding cat exposure: during pregnancy and having a cat at home. A blood sample was taken from all children to measure the level of IL-33 in the serum. RESULTS: Keeping a cat in the home, once in the past, or having a cat in the home during the mother's pregnancy, revealed a statistically significant relationship with IL-33 levels in the studied patients. Also, daily contact with a cat during pregnancy affected the level of IL-33. Higher levels of IL-33 were shown in people with hypersensitivity to cat and pollen allergens and cat and other animals. In patients with bronchial asthma higher levels of IL-33 were found than in patients without bronchial asthma. CONCLUSIONS: Increased serum levels of IL-33 is related with keeping cats during pregnancy and in early childhood and can be associated with the development of asthma in children

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Interleukin-33 in children with asthma: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: Previous studies have shown that serum interleukin 33 serving as an ‘alarmin’ is increased in children with asthma. The objective of this study was to assess the validity of serum IL33 test for early diagnosis of childhood asthma. Methods: A literature search was performed in June 2016 using PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library and other Chinese Medical Databases to identify studies. The search terms used were ‘cytokine’, ‘interleukin-33’, ‘asthma’ and ‘children’. The meta-analysis was performed using Review Manager 5.3 software. Random-effects model was used to estimate the standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: A total of eight studies were included into this meta-analysis, involving 330 asthmatic children and 248 healthy children. The meta-analysis results revealed that the serum IL33 level was higher in asthmatic children compared to that in healthy children (SMD = 1.29, 95%CI = 0.53-2.05, P = 0.0009), with significant heterogeneity across studies (I2 = 94% and P < 0.00001). Conclusions: The meta-analysis showed that serum IL33 is a helpful biomarker for early diagnosis of childhood asthma. However, owing to lack of enough data, the increased serum concentration of IL33 cannot be an indicator for the asthma severity (AU)

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