The Link between Abstract Thinking Style and Subjective Well-Being: Its Impact when People are in (Real or Perceived) Financial Scarcity

Across three studies, we explored the link between an abstract mindset and subjective well-being (SWB) in participants with real and/or perceived financial scarcity. In Studies 1 and 2, samples presented real objective financial vulnerability: Adolescents from lower-middle income districts (Study 1; N = 256), and adults without higher education and with very low incomes (Study 2; N = 210). In Studies 1 and 2 participants completed a survey including measures of thinking style and SWB. In Studies 2 and 3 perception of financial difficulty and SWB were also measured. Study 3 (N = 161) used a sample of university students and employed an experimental design manipulating participants’ thinking style (i.e., concrete versus abstract mindset conditions); additionally, all participants were induced to perceive financial scarcity. Correlations revealed a significant and positive relationship between an abstract thinking style and SWB (Studies 1 and 2). Thus, these results showed that a relatively more abstract thinking style was associated with greater life satisfaction. In Studies 2 and 3 mediation analyses indicated that adults who presented a more abstract thinking style, perceived lower financial difficulties and then reported greater SWB. Overall, given that an abstract thinking style can be induced, these results offer a new intervention approach for improving the SWB of people living in situations of financial scarcity. (AU)

Mindfulness traits as potential inhibitor of irrational performance beliefs and intolerance of uncertainty amongst elite female basketball players

Dispositional mindfulness promotes adaptive responses to pressure situations and reduce anxiety and emotional distress, which are common manifestations in sport. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of mindfulness characteristics in the display of irrational performance beliefs and intolerance of uncertainty amongst a sample of elite female basketball players (N = 67, Mage = 25.73 years, SD = 4.4). An online Qualtrics survey containing demographic items, the Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale, Irrational Performance Beliefs Inventory, and Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale was used to collect the study data, which were analysed using SPSS. The results from both Pearson correlation coefficient and simple linear regression analyses indicated that higher levels of dispositional mindfulness are significantly related to elite female basketball players having fewer irrational beliefs about their performance and being more tolerant of uncertain situations in their sport. One-way analysis of variance further indicated a significant difference between low, average, and high mindfulness groups, with Tukey's post-hoc analyses confirming that participants with high mindfulness displayed significantly fewer rigid, extreme, self-defeating performance beliefs in sport, and were less prone to impulsive reactions to uncertain circumstances compared to participants with low mindfulness. Sport psychology practitioners are encouraged to consider the integration of mindfulness assessment and training protocols with traditional cognitive behaviour modification approaches to counter female basketball players’ display of distorted beliefs in sport and adverse reactions to ambiguous experiences. (AU)

Associations between sedentary behavior and negative emotions in adolescents during home confinement: Mediating role of social support and sleep quality

Background: Prolonged periods of sedentary behaviour, for instance, engendered by home confinement in Shenzhen city, has led to negative mental health consequences, especially in adolescents. Previous research suggests, in general, that sedentary behavior can increase negative emotions. However, the specific mechanism driving the relationship between sedentary behavior and negative emotions is still relatively unclear. Social support and sleep quality might partly explain the effect of sedentary behavior on negative emotions. Thus, the current study aimed to examine the associations between sedentary behavior and negative emotions, and to investigate if social support and sleep quality mediate such a relationship. Method: During home confinement due to the COVID-19 Omicron variant outbreak, 1179 middle and high school students in Shenzhen were invited to voluntarily complete an e-questionnaire, including the 21-item Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21), the short form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ-SF), the Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS) and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Data from 1065 participants were included in the analysis. Results: We observed significant sex-related and demografic-related differences in emotional (e.g., anxiety, stress and social support) and other outcome variables (e.g., sitting duration and PSQI score). Furthermore, sedentary behavior, social support, and sleep quality were associated with negative emotions (p < .01), even after controlling for sex, age, only-child case, body mass index, and metabolic equivalent level. In addition, social support and sleep quality partially mediated the association between sedentary behavior and negative emotions. (AU)

Mediación de la satisfacción vital entre la inteligencia emocional y el optimismo en personas con discapacidad intelectual / Mediator Effect of Vital Satisfactionbetween Emotional Intelligence and Optimismin People with Intellectual Disability

Durante mucho tiempo las personas con discapacidad intelectual, por su condición, han sido relegadas a un segundo plano en lo referente a su papel como interlocutores válidos en la gestión de sus propias vidas, siendo prácticamente inexistente su participación en las diferentes estructuras sociales. En este estudio, participaron 79 personas con discapacidad intelectual, con una edad media de 36,82 años (±13,50) y grado de discapacidad promedio del 61,70 %. Se utilizaron los instrumentos: Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), Life Orientation Test Revised (LOT-R), Trait Meta Mood Scale 24 (TMMS 24) y Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQi-C). El objetivo fue determinar la relación entre la inteligencia emocional y el optimismo vs pesimismo, actuando como variable mediadora la Satisfacción Vital a través de la estadística multivariante de ecuaciones estructurales. Los resultados evidenciaron la relación positiva entre varias de las dimensiones de los instrumentos utilizados (p < ,01). Por otra parte, el modelo de ecuaciones estructurales obtuvo buena validez estructural (?²/gl = 2,855; RMSEA = ,074; GFI = ,901; CFI = ,912; IFI = ,919). Las consecuencias prácticas permitirán entender el valor instrumental o mediador de la Satisfacción Vital en los procesos de desarrollo personal y social. (AU)

For a long time, people with intellectual disabilities, due to their condi-tion, have been relegated to the background regarding their role as valid interlocutors in the management of their own lives, being their participation practically non-existent in the different social structures. In this study, 79 people with intellectual disability par-ticipated, with an average degree age of 36.82 years (±13.50) and average degree of dis-ability of 61.70%. The instruments were used: Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), Life Orientation Test Revised (LOT-R), Trait Meta Mood Scale 24 (TMMS 24) and Emo-tional Quotient Inventory (EQi-C). The objective was to determine the relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Optimism vs Pessimism, acting Life Satisfaction as a mediating variable, using the multivariate statistical of structural equations. On one hand, the results evidenced the positive relationship between several of the dimensions of the instruments used (p < ,01). On the other hand, the structural equation model obtained good structural validity (χ²/gl = 2.855; RMSEA = ,074; GFI = ,901; CFI= ,912; IFI = ,919). The practical consequences will allow us to understand the instrumental or mediating value of Life Satisfaction in the processes of personal and social development. (AU)

Repetitive Negative Thinking, Rumination, Depressive Symptoms and Life Satisfaction: A cross-sectional mediation analysis

Depression negatively affects life satisfaction, and rumination is a major feature of depression. As a transdiagnostic process, Repetitive negative thinking (RNT) includes rumination and other repetitive and persistent thoughts. The study examines differences in rumination, RNT, and life satisfaction according to the severity of depressive symptoms and investigate the role of rumination and RNT as mediator variables in the association between depressive symptomatology and life satisfaction. An online sample of 432 participants completed a set of self-report measures. The findings suggest that rumination and RNT increase with the severity of depressive symptom. RNT was a mediator variable in the association between depressive symptomatology and life satisfaction beyond the mediating role of rumination. Overall, the current results highlight the central role of RNT in the relationship between depressive symptomatology and well-being by promoting a broader transdiagnostic process as RNT compared to rumination in depressive symptomatology (AU)

La intolerancia a la incertidumbre, la tendencia a experimentar preocupaciones y el pesimismo como factores intervinientes en la relación entre la dependencia emocional y la violencia / Intolerance to uncertainty, the tendency to experience worry and pessimism as factors in the relationship between emotional dependence and violence

Las personas con dependencia emocional presentan preocupaciones constantes sobre el posible abandono o traición por parte de la pareja. De esta forma, ponen en marcha un gran abanico de estrategias retentivas dirigidas a cubrir la gran necesidad de controlar la relación. Además, sienten insatisfacción y frustración en la relación ya que sienten que nunca conseguirán lo que quieren o esperan de ella. Por esto, los objetivos del estudio se dirigen a analizar la posible relación entre la dependencia emocional, la intolerancia a la incertidumbre, la tendencia a las preocupaciones y el pesimismo. Asimismo, se comprueba el papel mediador de estos factores en la relación entre la dependencia emocional y la permanencia en relaciones de pareja violentas debido a la elevada prevalencia de darse conjuntamente en una misma relación. Participaron 258 personas, 77.1% mujeres y 22.9% hombres con edades que oscilaron entre los 18 y 67 años (M = 32.63; DT = 11.66). Los resultados reflejaron relaciones positivas entre la dependencia emocional, la intolerancia a la incertidumbre, la tendencia a las preocupaciones y el pesimismo. Igualmente, se comprueba que la dependencia emocional conduce a la permanencia en relaciones violentas a través de los factores mencionados.(AU)

People with emotional dependence present constant concerns about possible abandonment or betrayal by their partner. In this way, they implement a wide range of retention strategies aimed at covering the great need for control in the relationship. In addition, they feel dissatisfaction and frustration in the relationship since they feel they will never get what they want or expect from it. Therefore, the objectives of the study are aimed at analyzing the possible relationship between emotional dependence, intolerance to uncertainty, tendency to worry and pessimism. Also, the mediating role of these factors in the relationship between emotional dependence and permanence in violent relationships is verified due to the high prevalence of occurring jointly in the same relationship. A total of 258 people participated, 77.1% women and 22.9% men with ages ranging from 18 to 67 (M= 32.63; SD= 11.66). The results reflected positive relationships between emotional dependence, intolerance to uncertainty, tendency to worry andpessimism. Likewise, it is proven that emotional dependence leads to permanence in violent relationships through the factors mentioned.(AU)

La desesperanza como predictora de la soledad en adultos mayores / Hopelessness as a predictor of loneliness in older adults

Antecedentes y objetivo: La desesperanza se caracteriza por un conjunto de esquemas cognitivos negativos sobre el futuro, conceptualizándose en base a 3 dimensiones: afectiva, motivacional y cognitiva. Este constructo se encuentra vinculado a la soledad cuya incidencia en adultos mayores es cada vez más alta. El objetivo de esta investigación es comprobar si los factores de desesperanza predicen los niveles de soledad en adultos mayores.Material y método: Participaron 138 personas no institucionalizados de la ciudad de Valencia con edades entre los 65 y 90 años, y con una edad media de 73,67 (DE=4,8), siendo el 59,4% mujeres. Se aplicó para evaluar a los participantes la escala de desesperanza de Beck (BHS) y la escala de soledad de la Universidad de California (UCLA).Resultados: Los factores motivacional y cognitivo actúan como predictores estadísticamente significativos de la soledad, mientras que el factor afectivo no se presenta como un factor significativo. El modelo final obtuvo una R2adj=0,442, F(3, 87)=23,97; p<0,001.Conclusiones: La soledad es un fenómeno de gran preocupación en el ámbito de la gerontología debido a su alta incidencia y repercusión. Los resultados señalan que la desesperanza, concretamente la pérdida de motivación y las expectativas negativas sobre el futuro, son cuestiones críticas para el desarrollo de sentimientos de soledad en los adultos mayores. De este modo, resulta relevante atender a estas variables para poder aplicar programas de prevención de la soledad. (AU)

Background and objective: Hopelessness is characterized by a set of negative cognitive schemas about the future, conceptualized on the basis of three dimensions: affective, motivational and cognitive. This construct is linked to loneliness, the incidence of which in older adults is increasingly high. The aim of this research is to test whether hopelessness factors predict levels of loneliness in older adults.Material and methods: 138 non-institutionalized persons from Valencia city between 65-90 years old participated, with a mean age of 73.67 (SD=4.8), and 59.4% were women. The Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS) and University of California Los Angeles Loneliness Scale (UCLA) were administered to assess participants.Results: The motivational and cognitive factors acted as statistically significant predictors of loneliness, while the affective factor was not presented as a significant factor. The final model obtained an R2adj=.442, F(3, 87)=23.97, p<.001.Conclusions: Loneliness is a phenomenon of great concern in the field of gerontology due to its high incidence and impact. The results indicate that hopelessness, specifically loss of motivation and negative expectations about the future, are critical issues for the development of feelings of loneliness in older adults. Thus, it is relevant to pay attention to these variables in order to apply loneliness prevention programs. (AU)

Dimensionality and Accuracy of Measurement Based on Item Response Theory in the Fatalism Scale During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy

The Fatalism Scale is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring fatalistic beliefs about health. However, no previous studies have been conducted to verify its psychometric properties across different populations and, most importantly, during a public health emergency. Hence, this study aimed to examine the factorial structure, reliability, construct validity, and accuracy of measurement of the Fatalism Scale during the COVID-19 pandemic among Italian-speaking people. The total sample was comprised of 300 participants. Both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were performed. Construct validity was estimated by comparing fatalism scores with two theoretically-related constructs (i.e., optimism, locus of control). The test information function was analyzed to evaluate the accuracy of measurement based on item response theory (IRT). Differences in fatalism scores across gender were examined by performing MANOVAs. Results show a four-factor model: Luck, Powerlessness, Predetermination, and Pessimism with adequate fit indices and satisfactory internal consistency. Data support the expected relationships between fatalism subscales and related measures. The test information function and standard error curve provide the largest amount of information around = zero and two standard deviations above the mean in the latent trait. Significant differences across gender are observed in Luck and Pessimism subscales. Our study suggests that the Fatalism Scale is a valuable tool for assessing fatalism during an acute health crisis among Italian-speaking people. This instrument might be useful for assessing fatalism during future waves of the COVID-19 pandemic and other public health crises (AU)

Psychometric Properties of the Life Orientation Test (LOT-R) for Sport / Propiedades Psicométricas del Life Orientation Test (LOT-R) para el Deporte / Propriedades Psicométricas do Life Orientation Test (LOT-R) para o Esporte

The main objective of this research was to culturally adapt and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Life Orientation Test Revised version for the Brazilian sports context (LOT-R). The sample consisted of 953 young Brazilian athletes of both sexes, with a mean age of 16 years. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis produced two correlated dimensions, reflecting optimism and pessimism, and provided support for a two-factor model. A satisfactory fit was found for LOT-R for sport (LOT-R-Sport) with six items (χ2=4.541, df=8; CFI=1; TLI=1;RMSEA=0 [90%IC = 0.000 -0.024]; SRMR=0.016). Satisfactory tests of internal consistency were also generated through the analysis of factor loadings. The Composite Reliability indices (0.72/ 0.70) were suitablefor Optimism and Pessimism, respectively. Motivation, Resilience and Satisfaction with Life showed positive correlations with Optimism and negative correlations with Pessimism, indicative of convergent validity.The configural, metric and scalar invariance was achieved, indicating that the LOT-R-Sport can measure athletes of different sexes, sports, ages and years of experience equally. Although more studies are needed to confirm the psychometric properties of the instrument, the adaptation of the LOT-R-Sport was the first step in the future works about the influence of Optimism on sports performance. (AU)

El objetivo principal de esta investigación fue adaptar y evaluar culturalmente las propiedades psicométricas de la versión brasileira del Life Orientation Test Revisedpara el contexto deportivo (LOT-R). La muestra consistió en 953 jóvenes atletas brasileños de ambos sexos, con una edad media de 16 años. Los resultados del análisis factorial confirmatorio produjeron dos dimensiones correlacionadas, que reflejan optimismoy pesimismo, y brindaron apoyo para un modelo de dos factores. Se encontró un ajuste satisfactorio para LOT-R con 6 ítems (χ2=4.541, df=8; CFI=1; TLI=1; RMSEA=0 [90%IC = 0.000 -0.024]; SRMR=0.016).También se generaron pruebas satisfactorias de consistencia interna a través del análisis de cargas factoriales. La Fiabilidad Compuesta (.72/ .70) fue adecuada en las variables latentes Optimismo y Pesimismo, respectivamente. Motivación, Resiliencia y Satisfacción con la Vida mostraron correlaciones positivas con Optimismo y correlaciones negativas con Pesimismo, indicativo de validez convergente.Se logró la invariancia configuracional, métrica y escalar, lo que indica que LOT-R-Sport puede medir atletas de diferentessexos,deportes, edades y años de experiencia por igual. Aunque se necesitan más estudios para confirmar las propiedades psicométricas del instrumento, la adaptación de LOT-R al contexto deportivo fue el primer paso en el futuro sobre la influencia del Optimismo en el rendimiento deportivo. (AU)

O principal objetivo desta pesquisa foi adaptar culturalmente e avaliar as propriedades psicométricas da Life Orientation Test Revisada para o contexto esportivo (LOT-R). A amostra foi composta por 953 jovens atletas brasileiros de ambos os sexos, com idade média de 16 anos. Os resultados da análise fatorial confirmatória produziram duas dimensões correlacionadas, refletindo otimismo e pessimismo e forneceram suportepara um modelo de dois fatores. Foi encontrado um ajuste satisfatório para LOT-R para o esporte (LOT-R-Sport) com seis itens ítems (χ2=4.541, df=8; CFI=1; TLI=1; RMSEA=0 [90%IC = 0.000 -0.024]; SRMR=0.016). Testes satisfatórios de consistência interna foram gerados através da análise de cargas fatoriais. Os índices Confiabilidade Composta (0.72/ 0.70) foram adequados para Otimismo e Pessimismo, respectivamente. Motivação, Resiliência e Satisfação com a Vida apresentaram correlações positivas com Otimismo e negativas com Pessimismo, indicativo de validade convergente.A invariância configural, métrica e escalar foi alcançada, indicando que o LOT-R-Sport pode avaliar de diferentessexos, modalidades, idadese anosde experiência igualmente. Embora sejam necessários mais estudos para confirmar as propriedades psicométricas do instrumento, a adaptação do LOT-R-Sport ao contexto esportivo foi o primeiro passo para futuros estudos sobre a influência do otimismo no desempenho esportivo. (AU)

Attributional Styles and Social Functioning in Schizophrenia. Is the Learned Helplessness Model Suitable? / Los estilos atribucionales y el funcionamiento social en la esquizofrenia. ¿Es adecuado el modelo de la indefensión aprendida?

We tried to verify whether the reformulated Learned Helplessness Model and its more fully articulated form, the Hopelessness Theory of Depression, were adequate to predict symptoms and social functioning (SF) in persons with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders by comparing a clinical group (n = 25) with a non-clinical one (n = 30). Bivariate correlations and multiple linear regressions were conducted to assess relationships between the Attribution Styles Questionnaire (ASQ), clinical variables, and SF within the clinical group. Differences between groups were found for most of attributional dimensions. A "pessimistic style" predicted depression within the clinical group. An unstable attribution bias predicted positive symptoms. General psychopathology and a global attribution style predicted 50% of the variance in general SF. The Learned Helplessness Model was suitable to predict depression regardless of psychotic symptoms and may be useful to predict clinical symptoms and SF in persons with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Clinical and theoretical implications were discussed

El estudio analizó la adecuación del modelo de Indefensión Aprendida y la Teoría de la Desesperanza para predecir síntomas y funcionamiento social (FS) en personas con trastornos psicóticos comparando un grupo clínico (n = 25) con una muestra no-clínica (n = 30). Se calcularon correlaciones bivariadas y regresiones lineales para evaluar relaciones entre el cuestionario de Estilos Atribucionales (ASQ), variables clínicas y FS dentro del grupo clínico. Se encontraron diferencias para la mayoría de las dimensiones atribucionales. Un "estilo pesimista" predijo la depresión dentro del grupo clínico. Un sesgo de atribución inestable predijo los síntomas positivos. La psicopatología y un estilo de atribución global predijeron un 50% de la varianza del FS. El modelo de Indefensión Aprendida resultó adecuado para predecir la depresión independientemente de los síntomas psicóticos y fue útil prediciendo los síntomas clínicos y el FS en personas con trastornos del espectro de la esquizofrenia. Se discuten las implicaciones teóricas y clínicas

Thought stopping as a strategy for controlling adolescent negative thoughts related to earthquakes

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of thought stopping therapy (TS) and nursing intervention (NI) for changes in the ability to control negative thoughts associated with earthquakes. METHOD: The design of this study was used a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest control groups and conducted in East Java-Indonesia. 112 respondents divided into intervention and control group. Intervention group were given NI and TS and control groups were given NI only. The questionnaire used in this study was valid and reliable. RESULT: Data analysis included univariate and bivariate. There was a significant increase in the ability of adolescents to control negative thoughts related to earthquakes in both groups (control and intervention). The score of the ability to control negative thoughts in the intervention group increased 5.72 points while the control group only gained 2.82 points. CONCLUSION: NI and TS are recommended as effective strategy for controlling the adolescents negative thought related to earthquake

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Miedo y depresión en la práctica del BMX en jóvenes deportistas de la liga Tunja Boyacá, Colombia / Fear and depression in the practice of BMX in young athletes of the Tunja-Boyacá league, Colombia

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo explorar el miedo y la depresión en jóvenes deportistas de la liga de Tunja, en BMX, con una metodología de tipo descriptivo cuantitativo que da cuenta de resultados de investigación, los cuales se enmarcan dentro del campo de estudio de la educación física. Se suministró una escala a la totalidad de los corredores adscritos a la liga BMX, encontrando un total de 17 jóvenes que conforman el equipo, los cuales se encuentran entre los 17 a 23 años de edad, se midió el estado del ánimo, pesimismo, sentimientos de fracaso, insatisfacción, sentimiento de culpa, sentimiento de castigo, odio a sí mismo, autoacusación, impulso suicida y pedidos de llanto mediante el inventario de Depresión de Beck (2006), La escala se compone por 21 ítems con una validez, fiabilidad y equivalencia alta. Los resultados arrojaron que los deportistas no presentan niveles de depresión elevados, el estado de ánimo reporta dentro del promedio; aun así, los rangos más altos se ubican en sentimiento de fracaso y odio a sí mismo

The objective of this study was to explore fear and depression in young athletes of the Tunja League, in BMX, with a quantitative descriptive methodology that accounts for research results, which are framed within the field of study of physical education. A scale is provided to all runners assigned to the BMX league, finding a total of 17 young people who make up the team, which are between 17 and 23 years old, mood, pessimism, feelings were measured of failure, dissatisfaction, guilt, feeling of punishment, self-loathing, self-accusation, suicidal impulse and crying requests through the Beck Depression Inventory (2006), The scale is composed of 21 items with validity, risk and high equivalence The results showed that athletes do not have affected levels of depression, the mood reports within the average; Even so, the highest ranks are located in feelings of failure and self-loathing

How are triggers for repetitive negative thinking organized? a relational frame analysis / Análisis de la organización de los disparadores del pensamiento negativo repetitivo desde la teoría del marco relacional

Background: Repetitive negative thinking (RNT) has been identified as an important transdiagnostic process. However, little empirical research has been conducted into how triggers for RNT are organized. This study tested the hypothesis that these triggers are usually hierarchically related. Method: One-hundred undergraduates underwent several evaluation phases. Firstly, a diagnostic interview was administered. Secondly, participants responded to several questionnaires measuring emotional symptoms and the tendency to engage in RNT. Thirdly, participants were presented with a list of thoughts that typically serve as triggers for RNT. They were asked to select the thoughts they usually experienced and to rate how much they became entangled in those thoughts. Fourthly, three types of diagrams were explained that showed ways in which the triggers could be organized: COORDINATION, COMPARISON, and HIERARCHY. Participants were asked to select the diagram that best described them. Results: Seventy-nine participants organized their triggers for RNT in hierarchies, 19 participants in relationships of comparison, and 2 in coordination. Participants who selected HIERARCHY exhibited higher scores in RNT than those who selected the comparison diagram. Conclusions: Psychological interventions aimed at disrupting RNT should take into account how triggers are organized

Antecedentes: el pensamiento negativo repetitivo (PNR) ha sido identificado como un proceso transdiagnóstico relevante. Sin embargo, se ha realizado escasa investigación acerca de cómo se relacionan sus disparadores. Este estudio evaluó la hipótesis de que los disparadores suelen relacionarse jerárquicamente. Método: se evaluó a 100 universitarios. Primero, se administró una entrevista diagnóstica. Segundo, los participantes completaron medidas de síntomas emocionales y la tendencia a implicarse en PNR. Tercero, se les presentó un listado de pensamientos que suelen funcionar como disparadores de PNR, seleccionaron los que suelen experimentar y evaluaron el grado en que se quedan enredados con ellos. Cuarto, se les explicó tres diagramas que representaban formas en que los disparadores pueden organizarse: COORDINACIÓN, COMPARACIÓN y JERARQUÍA. Finalmente, se les pidió que seleccionaran el que mejor se les ajustaba. Resultados: setenta y nueve participantes organizaron los disparadores en jerarquías, 19 en relaciones de comparación y 2 en coordinación. Los participantes que seleccionaron JERARQUÍA obtuvieron mayores puntuaciones en PNR que los que eligieron el diagrama de comparación. Conclusiones: las intervenciones psicológicas que buscan alterar PNR deberían tener en cuenta cómo se organizan los disparadores

Pesimismo defensivo, optimismo y adaptación al dolor crónico / Defensive pessimism, optimism and adaptation to chronic pain

El objetivo principal de este estudio fue contrastar empíricamente si el pesimismo defensivo en interacción con la ansiedad rasgo se asociaba con una mejor adaptación al dolor crónico (operacionalizada como mayor bienestar), mejor nivel de funcionamiento cotidiano y menor deterioro en 258 pacientes con dolor crónica musculoesqueletico. Se realizaron tres análisis de regresión jerárquica por pasos. Los resultados mostraron que el pesimismo defensivo en interacción con la ansiedad rasgo presentaba una asociación estadísticamente significativa con el bienestar. Por otra parte, se observó que el optimismo disposiciones se asociaba significativamente con un mejor funcionamiento y mayor bienestar. Se discute el papel fundamental que juega el optimismo disposicional en la adaptación al dolor crónico y se plantea como el pesimismo defensivo y el optimismo podrían convivir en un mismo individuo, entendiendo el pesimismo defensivo como una estrategia cognitiva para enfrentar una tarea concreta y el optimismo disposicional como expectativas positivas generalizadas. Se reflexiona sobre las implicaciones clínicas de estos hallazgo

The main aim of this study was to investigate whether defensive pessimism in interaction with trait anxiety was associated with better adaptation to chronic pain operationalized as greater well-being, a higher level of daily functioning, and less disability. The sample comprised 276 patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain. Three hierarchical stepwise regression analyses were performed. Statistically significant associations were found between defensive pessimism in interaction with trait anxiety and well-being, and between dispositional optimism and better functioning and greater well-being. The central role of dispositional optimism in adaptation to chronic pain is discussed. We speculate that defensive pessimism and optimism could coexist in the same individual, understanding defensive pessimism as a cognitive strategy aimed at managing a specific task, and dispositional optimism as generalized positive expectations. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed

Síndrome de desmoralización. Estimación de la prevalencia en una población de pacientes en cuidados paliativos en domicilio / The demoralisation syndrome. An estimation of its prevalence in patients receiving palliative care at home

OBJETIVO: El síndrome de desmoralización (SD) es una situación psicoemocional que se caracteriza por la desesperanza, el desamparo, la pérdida de sentido y el distrés existencial. Pretendemos conocer la prevalencia del SD en nuestro medio en pacientes avanzados atendidos por un equipo de cuidados paliativos. METODOLOGÍA: Se incluyeron de manera consecutiva 100 pacientes en situación avanzada atendidos por el Equipo de Soporte Domiciliario de Cuidados Paliativos que dieron su consentimiento informado. Mantenían unas condiciones físicas y neuropsicológicas suficientes para completar una entrevista semiestructurada y los cuestionarios específicos (ESASr, termómetro de malestar emocional, PPS, Barthel, HADS).como criterios diagnósticos del SD se emplearon los de Kissane. El estudio recibió la aprobación del Comité Ético del Área de Salud. RESULTADOS: Se encontraron 4 casos de SD, lo que supone una prevalencia del 4% (IC 95%: 2-10%). Estos enfermos que se mostraron diferentes del resto de la muestra en las siguientes características: edad <70 años (p = 0,02), estudios universitarios (p = 0,03), ausencia de actitud religiosa (p = 0,07) y presencia de sufrimiento (p = 0,01). También presentaban una mayor intensidad en síntomas como cansancio (p = 0,01), ansiedad (p <0,001) y desánimo (p = 0,07). CONCLUSIÓN: En nuestro medio hemos encontrado una prevalencia de SD únicamente del 4% en una población de pacientes atendidos por un Equipo Domiciliario de Cuidados Paliativos. Es probable que las condiciones para entrar en el estudio y el empleo de criterios diagnósticos relativamente estrictos hayan influido en este resultado

OBJECTIVE: The demoralisation syndrome (DS) is a psycho-emotional situation characterized by despair, helplessness, loss of meaning, and existential distress. We intend to establish the prevalence of DS in advanced patients treated by a Palliative Care Team in our SETTING: METHODOLOGY: We included 100 consecutive advanced patients treated at home by a Palliative Care Team. To be included we required informed consent, and adequate physical and neuropsychological conditions to complete a semi-structured interview and the questionnaires (ESASr, PPS, Barthel, emotional distress thermometer, HADS). We used Kissane's diagnostic criteria of DS. The study was approved by our Ethics Committee. RESULTS: Four cases of DS were found, representing a prevalence of 4% (95% CI: 2% to 10%). The characteristics of these patients that were different from the rest of the sample were: age <70 years (p = 0.02), university studies (p = 0.03), absence of religious attitude (p = 0.07), presence of suffering (p = 0.01). They also showed greater intensity of symptoms such as asthenia (p = 0.01), anxiety (p < 0.001), and depression (p = 0.07). CONCLUSIONS: In our setting we found a prevalence of DS of only 4% in a population of patients treated by a Home Palliative Care Team. The conditions for entering the study and the use of relatively strict diagnostic criteria may have influenced this result

The role of negative affect, rumination, cognitive fusion and mindfulness on depressive symptoms in depressed outpatients and normative individuals

This study examined the mediating effect of rumination, cognitive fusion and mindfulness, in the relationship between negative affect (NA) and depressive symptoms, and the differences between depressed outpatients and normative individuals. A cross-sectional design, employing validated questionnaires was used to measure NA, depressive symptoms, rumination, cognitive fusion and mindfulness in 140 participants (70 with Major Depressive Disorder, 57 female; 70 normative individuals, 44 female). Our tested model showed that cognitive fusion was the only significant mediator of the relationship between NA and depressive symptoms. Furthermore, our results showed that both rumination and mindfulness have a mediation effect in the relationship between NA and cognitive fusion. A partial metric invariance was indicated, allowing the identification of specific parameters that may be acting differently in the two samples. Our study showed that individuals high in NA, who repeatedly think about negative aspects of the self/situations, may become easily attached to literal content of thoughts and less sensitive to the contingencies of direct experience, which may increases their depressive symptoms. However, adopting a non-evaluative perspective of unwanted private experiences, seems to be central to achieve a psychological distance from their negative thoughts/feelings, and possibly a consequential decrease of depressive symptoms. As rumination, cognitive fusion, and mindfulness operate differently across depressed outpatients and normative individuals, a deeply understanding of their unique relations allow us to plane more effective interventions

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Positive visual reframing: A randomised controlled trial using drawn visual imagery to defuse the intensity of negative experiences and regulate emotions in healthy adults / Reformulación Visual Positiva: Un ensayo controlado aleatorizado utilizando imágenes visuales para disminuir la intensidad de experiencias negativas y regular emociones en adultos sanos

This research explores the outcome of positive visual reframing (PVR), a single session intervention where drawn images of negative experiences and open memories were redrawn and visually reframed to form new positive narratives. The study hypothesised that PVR would lead to improvements to positive and negative affect, self-efficacy and the perceived intensity and perceived resolution of a selected negative experience. Healthy adults (n = 62) were randomly assigned to the PVR or control condition. For the experimental group, statistical significance was identified for positive affect and the perceived intensity and resolution of the negative experience immediately following the PVR activity. Self-efficacy was marginally significant. The findings highlight the potential of positive visual reframing to enhance emotional regulation when negative emotions are triggered. At two weeks' post-intervention, improvements were identified in both conditions. This suggests that over time, the visual and sensory exposure created by drawing a negative memory may also lead to positive gains. The study emphasises the potential of PVR to regulate emotions and defuse the intensity of negative or open memories by visually transforming a moment of peak perceptual intensity. Future studies exploring the effectiveness of positive visual reframing to shift negative emotions in clinical and non-clinical populations are recommended

Se exploran los resultados de la reformulación visual positiva (RVP), una intervención en la que imágenes de memorias abiertas y experiencias negativas son reformuladas visualmente para formar nuevas narrativas positivas. El estudio plantea la hipótesis de que la RVP conduciría a mejoras en el afecto positivo y negativo, autoeficacia e intensidad y resolución percibidas de experiencias negativas. 62 adultos sanos fueron aleatorizados a condiciones de RVP o control. Se hallaron mejoras para el grupo experimental en niveles de afecto positivo, así como intensidad percibida y resolución de la experiencia negativa inmediatamente después de completar la actividad de RVP. Estos hallazgos ponen de relieve el potencial de la RVP para mejorar la regulación emocional cuando se activan emociones negativas. A las dos semanas se identificaron mejoras en ambas condiciones. Esto sugiere que, con el tiempo, la exposición viso-sensorial creada al extraer un recuerdo negativo también puede conducir a mejoría. El estudio hace hincapié en el potencial de la RVP para regular emociones y difuminar la intensidad de un recuerdo abierto mediante la transformación visual de un momento de máxima intensidad perceptual. Se recomiendan estudios que exploren la efectividad de la RVP para cambiar percepciones negativas en poblaciones clínicas y no clínicas

Problematic internet use, maladaptive future time perspective and school contesxt / Uso problemático de Internet, perspectiva desadaptativa hacia el futuro y contexto escolar

BACKGROUND: Spain is among the European countries with the highest prevalence of adolescents at risk of Internet addiction, a problem that could be linked to youth unemployment and leaving education early. This research evaluated the role of three variables relative to school context on Problematic Internet Use (PIU) and on the relationship between PIU and Maladaptive Future Time Perspective (MFTP, defined as an excessive focus on the present and a fatalistic attitude towards the future, a variable that had not previously been studied in terms of its relationship to adolescents' PIU). METHOD: The study was carried out with 1288 adolescents, aged 12 to 16 years old, enrolled at 31 secondary schools in Madrid, Spain. RESULTS: As expected, we found that MFTP and hostile treatment by teachers were associated with an increase in PIU, whereas school appreciation was associated with a decrease in PIU. In addition, hostile treatment by teachers had a moderate effect on the MFTP-PIU relationship. CONCLUSIONS: In order to prevent PIU it is important to foster confidence in adolescents in their own potential to build the future from the present through positive interaction with teachers, stimulating an appreciation of school within these digital natives' peer group culture

ANTECEDENTES: España es uno de los países europeos con mayor prevalencia de adolescentes en riesgo de adicción a Internet; problema que cabe relacionar con sus elevadas tasas de desempleo juvenil y abandono escolar prematuro. Esta investigación estudia el papel de tres variables del contexto escolar sobre el Uso Problemático de Internet (PIU), así como sobre la relación entre PIU y la Perspectiva Desadaptativa hacia el Futuro (MFTP, definida como una excesiva centración en el presente y actitud fatalista hacia el futuro, variable que no había sido todavía investigada en relación al PIU de los adolescentes). MÉTODO: se ha realizado con 1.288 adolescentes, de 12 a 16 años, de 31 centros de Educación Secundaria de Madrid, España. RESULTADOS: como se esperaba, se encuentra que la MFTP y el tratamiento hostil del profesorado están directamente asociados con un aumento de PIU, mientras que la valoración de la escuela está asociada con un descenso de PIU. Además, el tratamiento hostil del profesorado tiene efecto de moderación en la relación entre MFTP-PIU. CONCLUSIONES: para prevenir PIU es importante fortalecer la confianza de los adolescentes en su poder para construir el futuro desde el presente, a través de una adecuada interacción con el profesorado que ayude a incrementar la valoración de la escuela desde la cultura del grupo de iguales de los nativos digitales

Defensive pessimism, self-esteem and achievement foals: a person-centered approach / Pesimismo defensivo, autoestima y metas de logro: un enfoque centrado en la persona

Background: The relationship between defensive pessimism, self-esteem, and achievement goals is a controversial issue. The main contribution of this research is the adoption of a person-centered approach to explore the existence of differentiated profiles of university students, which combine self-esteem and defensive pessimism. In addition, we analyze whether these profiles differ in their achievement goals (learning, performance-approach, performance-avoidance, and work-avoidance). Method: 1,028 university students took part in the study. Results: Four student profiles were identified: (a) HSE/MDP (high self-esteem and moderate defensive pessimism); (b) LSE/LDP (low self-esteem and low defensive pessimism); (c) HSE/LDP (high self-esteem and low defensive pessimism); and (d) LSE/HDP (low self-esteem and high defensive pessimism). These four profiles differ significantly in their achievement goals. Conclusions: The use of defensive pessimism may involve students with either low or high self-esteem, although the two profiles follow differentiated motivational achievement trajectories (AU)

Antecedentes: la relación entre el pesimismo defensivo, la autoestima y las metas de logro constituye una cuestión controvertida. La principal aportación del presente trabajo es la adopción de un enfoque centrado en la persona para explorar la existencia de perfiles diferenciados de estudiantes universitarios que combinen la autoestima y el pesimismo defensivo. Asimismo, se pretende analizar si dichos perfiles se diferencian en sus metas de logro (aprendizaje, aproximación al rendimiento, evitación del rendimiento y evitación del trabajo). Método: 1.028 estudiantes universitarios formaron parte del estudio. Resultados: se identificaron cuatro perfiles de estudiantes: (a) HSE/MDP (alta autoestima y moderado pesimismo defensivo); (b) LSE/LDP (baja autoestima y bajo pesimismo defensivo); (c) HSE/LDP (alta autoestima y bajo pesimismo defensivo); y (d) LSE/HDP (baja autoestima y alto pesimismo defensivo). Estos cuatro perfiles se diferencian significativamente en las metas de logro que adoptan. Conclusiones: la utilización del pesimismo defensivo puede implicar a estudiantes con baja y alta autoestima, aunque ambos perfiles siguen trayectorias motivacionales de logro diferenciadas (AU)

Population-based norms of the Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R) / Datos normativos del Test de Orientación Vital Revisado (LOT-R) basados en la población

Background/Objective: The most common used instrument to measure optimism, both in psychological and medical research, is the Life Orientation Test- Revised (LOT-R). A multi-countries study using the future item from the LOT-R, found that level of optimism varied between countries. The provision of population-based norms is necessary, since norms enable the application of the LOT-R in individual diagnosis to compare individuals or special patient groups’ scores with reference data. Method: A representative population based survey was conducted in 2014-2015. Norwegian aged 18-94 years (N=1,792) completed questionnaires assessing sociodemographic, optimism and health and quality of life. Results: The mean age was 53.2 (SD=16.6) and 53% were women. Mean LOT-R score was 17.2 (SD 3.0). There were marginal age and no gender differences. Although optimism was associated with sociodemographic variables, these were considered negligible due to small effect size. Norm data are given for the entire population. Optimism was associated with better health and quality of life. Conclusions: This study provides age and gender specific norm values from a representative sample of the Norwegian population. The normative data may be used in comparisons of optimism between individuals or between different samples of patients or sub-groups of people (AU)

Antecedentes/Objetivo: El instrumento más comúnmente utilizado para medir el optimismo, tanto en la investigación psicológica como en la médica, es el Test de Orientación Vital Revisado (LOT-R). Disponer de normas poblacionales es necesario, ya que permiten comparar los puntajes de individuos o grupos con los datos de referencia. Método: En 2014-2015 se llevó a cabo un estudio poblacional. Noruegos de entre 18 y 94 años (N=1.792) cumplimentaron cuestionarios que evaluaban variables sociodemográficas, optimismo disposicional, salud y calidad de vida. Resultados: La edad media fue de 53,2 (DT=16,6) y el 53% fueron mujeres. La puntuación media del LOT-R fue de 17,2 (DT=3). Se encontraron diferencias marginales en la edad y no hubo diferencias de género. Aunque el optimismo se asoció con variables sociodemográficas, esta asociación no se consideró significativa debido a los pequeños tamaños del efecto, por lo que los datos normativos se refieren a la población general. El optimismo se asoció con mejor salud y calidad de vida. Conclusión: Este estudio proporciona valores normativos específicos en función de edad y sexo a partir de una muestra representativa de la población noruega(AU)