Supervised machine learning: A new method to predict the outcomes following exercise intervention in children with autism spectrum disorder

The individual differences among children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may make it challenging to achieve comparable benefits from a specific exercise intervention program. A new method for predicting the possible outcomes and maximizing the benefits of exercise intervention for children with ASD needs further exploration. Using the mini-basketball training program (MBTP) studies to improve the symptom performance of children with ASD as an example, we used the supervised machine learning method to predict the possible intervention outcomes based on the individual differences of children with ASD, investigated and validated the efficacy of this method. In a long-term study, we included 41 ASD children who received the MBTP. Before the intervention, we collected their clinical information, behavioral factors, and brain structural indicators as candidate factors. To perform the regression and classification tasks, the random forest algorithm from the supervised machine learning method was selected, and the cross validation method was used to determine the reliability of the prediction results. The regression task was used to predict the social communication impairment outcome following the MBTP in children with ASD, and explainable variance was used to evaluate the predictive performance. The classification task was used to distinguish the core symptom outcome groups of ASD children, and predictive performance was assessed based on accuracy. We discovered that random forest models could predict the outcome of social communication impairment (average explained variance was 30.58%) and core symptom (average accuracy was 66.12%) following the MBTP, confirming that the supervised machine learning method can predict exercise intervention outcomes for children with ASD. (AU)

Mind matters: A narrative review on affective state-dependency in non-invasive brain stimulation

Variability in findings related to non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) have increasingly been described as a result of differences in neurophysiological state. Additionally, there is some evidence suggesting that individual differences in psychological states may correlate with the magnitude and directionality of effects of NIBS on the neural and behavioural level. In this narrative review, it is proposed that the assessment of baseline affective states can quantify non-reductive properties which are not readily accessible to neuroscientific methods. Particularly, affective-related states are theorized to correlate with physiological, behavioural and phenomenological effects of NIBS. While further systematic research is needed, baseline psychological states are suggested to provide a complementary cost-effective source of information for understanding variability in NIBS outcomes. Implementing measures of psychological state may potentially contribute to increasing the sensitivity and specificity of results in experimental and clinical NIBS studies. (AU)

The Moral Reasoning of Ideology: The Mediating Role of Moral Foundations, Moral Absolutism, and Consistency Norm

Focusing on the ideological and worldview premises of moral reasoning, our study (N = 313) has as a starting point the well-known relationship between morality and distributive justice norms. We examined the serially mediating role of progressiveness on morality, moral absolutism, and consistency norm on the relationship between ideological/worldview perspectives and distributional criteria. Three groups of respondents were formed based on participants’ ideological and worldview perceptions and then serial mediation analysis was conducted. The present findings suggest that morality is predicted by ideology and worldview and predicts attitudes toward the norms of equity and welfare chauvinism, through moral absolutism and interpretations of consistency norm, thus confirming our hypothesis. Moderate Passive Individualists emerged as the group who adopts the most progressive and inclusive attitude towards moral evaluations and practices, while Demobilized Collectivists and Neoliberals maintain a more conservative attitude towards issues that are subjected to moral framing. Our findings shed light on the crucial role of consistency norm, which has not received enough attention until now. (AU)

Associations between Social Support Dimensions and Resilience Factors and Pathways of Influence in Depression and Anxiety Rates in Young Adults

Emerging adulthood is an important developmental period, associated to mental health risk. Resilience research points to both social and personal protective factors against development of psychopathology, but there is paucity with their comprehensive study in young adults. This study provides and initial integrative approach to model multiple dimensions of perceived social support (i.e., from family, friends, significant others) and personal factor of trait resilience (i.e., coping and persistence during stress, tolerance to negative affect, positive appraisals, trust) and their hypothesized contributions to reducing depression and anxiety rates. The study was conducted with a sample of 500 Spanish emerging adults (18 to 29 years old). Regression analyses and multiple mediation models were performed to test our hypotheses. Results showed that social support from family was the dimension with the highest strength relating individual differences in resilience. Furthermore, analyses supported a differential mediating role of specific resilience factors (coping and persistence during stress, tolerance to negative affect, positive appraisals, trust) in partially accounting for the association between higher social support from family and lower depression and anxiety levels in young adults. These results may inform new programs of mental health during emerging adulthood via the promotion of different sources of social support and their related resilience pathways contributing to low emotional symptomatology at this stage of development. (AU)

Modelo contextual de aspectos cognitivos (II) / Contextual model of cognitive aspects (II)

En la primera parte de este artículo hemos analizado la estructura y los componentes del modelo cognitivo MCAC y de cómo éstos coordinan su actividad, a través de perturbaciones sobre los contextos que les sirven de nexo, para implementar los diferentes mecanismos cognitivos que podemos observar en todos los seres vivos. En esta segunda parte observaremos cómo el modelo consigue mantener un difícil equilibrio entre la variabilidad inherente a la realidad en la que existe y las limitaciones de tiempo y recursos que ha de soportar con objeto de persistir.(AU)

In the first part of this article we have analyzed the structure and components of the MCAC cognitive model and how they coordinate their activity, through disturbances on the contexts that serve as a link, to implement the different cognitive mechanisms that we can observe in all living beings. In this second part we will observe how the model manages to maintain a difficult balance between the variability inherent in the reality in which it exists and the limitations of time and resources that it must support in order to persist.(AU)

Diferencias en el autoconcepto entre alumnado con altas capacidades y alumnado general: un metaanálisis desde 2005 hasta 2020 / Differences in self-concept between gifted and non-gifted students: Ameta-analysis from 2005 to 2020

Los estudiantes con altas capacidades, aquellos que presentan una mayor probabilidad de lograr metas extraordinarias en uno o más dominios, generalmente difieren del alumnado general en algunas de las dimensiones del autoconcepto, o la percepción que tiene una persona de sí misma. Sin embargo, la investigación actual sobre altas capacidades ha evolucionado introduciendo nuevos posibles moderadores en estas diferencias por lo que se hace necesaria una actualización sobre el tema. El objetivo del presente metaanálisis (referencia: CRD42018094723) fue sintetizar los estudios desde 2005 sobre las diferencias en el autoconcepto entre estudiantes con altas capacidades y alumnado general. Los resultados mostraron que los alumnos con altas capacidades presentan niveles superiores de autoconcepto global y académico, especialmente el matemático. Sin embargo, no se hallaron diferencias en autoconceptos conductual y emocional, y hubo puntuaciones levemente más bajas en autoconcepto social. En el autoconcepto físico, estos estudiantes puntúan notablemente más bajo que el alumnado general. Las diferencias en esta subdimensión están moderadas por los procedimientos de identificación, la procedencia y la edad, por lo que se sugieren que los estereotipos sociales acerca de las altas capacidades, así como los hábitos de actividad física podrían estar detrás de las dichas diferencias.(AU)

Gifted students (i.e., those who are more likely to achieve ex-traordinary goals in one or more domains) generally differ from the non-gifted students in some of the dimensions of self-concept (i.e., a person's perception of him/herself). However, the current research on giftedness has evolvedto introduce new possible moderators of these differences so it has become necessary to carry out an update on the topic. The aim of the present meta-analysis (reference: CRD42018094723) was to synthesise the studies since 2005 on differences in self-concept between gifted and non-gifted students. The results showed that gifted students have higher levels of general and academic self-concept, especially in math self-concept. However, no differences were found in behavioural and emotion-al self-concepts, andonly slightly lower scores in social self-concept. In physical self-concept they scored significantly lower than non-gifted stu-dents. The differences in this sub-dimension are moderated by identifica-tion procedures, geographical area, and age, so it is suggested that social stereotypes about giftedness as well as physical activity habits may be some of the reasons for these differences.(AU)

Editorial note. Introduction to the Special Issue "Brain and Behavior: A Neuroscientific / Psychophysiological Approach", in honor and memory of Prof. Jesús Gómez Amor / Nota editorial. Introducción al tema monográfico “Cerebro y conducta: un enfoque neurocientífico/psicofisiológico”, en honor y recuerdo del Prof. Jesús Gómez Amor

Editorial note in which the special theme is presented and a brief comment is made on the articles that compose it.(AU)

Nota editorial en la que se presenta el monográfico y se hace un breve comentario de los artículos que lo componen.(AU)

Subclinical social anxiety in healthy young adults: cortisol and subjective anxiety in response to acute stress / Ansiedad social subclínica en adultos jóvenes sanos: cortisol y ansiedad subjetiva en respuesta a estrés agudo

There is no consensus about the pattern of cortisol release and its relationship with subjective anxiety in situations of stress in the population with social anxiety. Our aim was to determine the cortisol and subjective anxiety response in individuals with social anxiety subjected to an acute psychosocial stressor. 26 college students (58.6% males), mean age = 21.62 ± 0.43, were exposed to the stress or control adaptation of the Maastricht Acute Stress Test. Salivary cortisol and subjective anxiety were measured before, during, and after stress. Participants showed an increase in cortisol levels during the stress and post-stress phases, with a significantly higher response in those with high social anxiety. Participants with high social anxiety also showed, as a tendency, higher levels of subjective anxiety, especially in the post-stress phase. Only in the stress phase, cortisol and subjective anxiety correlated significantly in socially anxious participants. The findings support a cortisol hyperresponsiveness in a young, non-clinical population with high social anxiety. Future research should focus on the factors involved and the effects of this physiological response on health. Furthermore, the need to control social anxiety in experiments using a laboratory psychosocial stressor is highlighted.(AU)

No existe consenso sobre el patrón de liberación de cortisol y su relación con la ansiedad subjetiva en situaciones de estrés en población con ansiedad social. Nuestro objetivo fue determinar la respuesta de cortisol y ansiedad subjetiva en individuos con ansiedad social sometidos a un estresor psicosocial agudo. 26 universitarios (58.6% hombres), edad media = 21.62 ± 0.43, fueron expuestos a la versión estrés o control del Maastricht Acute Stress Test. El cortisol salival y la ansiedad subjetiva fueron medidos antes, durante y post-estrés. Los participantes mostraron un incremento en los niveles de cortisol durante las fases de estrés y post-estrés, con una respuesta significativamente mayor en aquellos con ansiedad social. Los participantes con alta ansiedad social mostraron, a nivel muestral, mayores niveles de ansiedad subjetiva, especialmente post-estrés. Sólo en la fase de estrés, el cortisol y la ansiedad subjetiva correlacionaron significativamente en los participantes socialmente ansiosos. Los hallazgos apoyan una hiperresponsividad de cortisol en población no clínica y joven con alta ansiedad social. Futuras investigaciones deberían estudiar los factores involucrados y efectos de esta respuesta fisiológica en la salud. Asimismo, se resalta la necesidad de controlar la ansiedad social en experimentos que utilicen un estresor psicosocial de laboratorio.(AU)

Tensión individualismo-gregarismo en la configuración psicológica del ser humano, I: apuntes sobre el surgimiento y las variaciones históricas del yo / Individualism-Gregariousness Tension in the Psychological Configuration of the Human Being, I: Notes on the Emergence and Historical Variations of the Self

This article presents the idea of articulating the concepts of individualism and gregariousness as two elements in tension in the psychological configuration of human beings, and the historical variations in self-configurations. The essay explores the genesis and evolution of the archetypes of the self developed in the different historical contexts throughout the history of humanity. This analysis connects with the functional and contextual perspective facilitating an inclusive vision of the behavioral repertoires that are articulated through the concepts of individualism, gregariousness, and the self. The main characteristics of the two groups of self-configurations emerged throughout the history of the human being are described: archetypes of gregarious selves, and archetypes of individualistic selves. Differentiating three individualistic archetypes such as romantic self, modernist self, and postmodernist self (AU)

Research on Pre-Competition Mood State of Sports Athletes and Their Individual Differences / Investigación sobre el estado de ánimo previo a la competencia de los atletas deportivos y sus diferencias individuales

With the development of a country's economy and the progressive improvements in quality of life, sports and fitness are increasingly paid more attention. Regardless of the general sports and fitness-related needs, or the professional athletes who need a substantial amount of exercise, the scientific arrangement of exercise, training intensity and frequency, and monitoring of the athlete's mood state is an important topic. This paper uses bioelectric signals to study the mood state of male athletes during aerobic exercise, and analyzes the changes of the three signals of ECG, EMG and EEG in different physical mood states and the recovery period after exercise. This is done by constructing an objective recognition of the degree of mood state and the degree of recovery after exercise, while tracking and monitoring the changes of the athletes' red blood cell index, blood oxygen saturation, and heart rate indicators during the training process, to objectively evaluate the impact of the long-term training on the athlete's physical function, and provide suggestions for coaches to conduct scientific training. It is also hoped that further summarization of the variation rules of various physiological state evaluation indicators during long-term training of athletes will provide a certain technical support for athletes to avoid overtraining and damaging the body, and in doing so, scientifically restore their sports mood state.(AU)

Dosimetría en medicina nuclear terapéutica: ¿podemos hacerlo mejor? / Dosimetry in therapeutic nuclear medicine: can we do it better?

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Determinantes de género en el abordaje del dolor crónico / Gender determinants in the approach to chronic pain

El siglo XX ha sido testigo de excepción de los grandes avances y hallazgos en la comprensión neurofisiológica y el tratamiento multidisciplicar del dolor crónico. No obstante, el interés por la forma diferente de expresión en la percepción dolorosa entre hombres y mujeres y los determinantes psicológicos y sociales específicos asociados a los roles de género es relativamente reciente. En este artículo se realiza una revisión no sistemática de los determinantes diferenciales psicológicos y sociales siguiendo el modelo de la neuromatriz. Por último, el conocimiento de aquellos sesgos que de forma involuntaria tenemos los profesionales es crucial para abordar las desigualdades evitables en tratamiento y la recuperación de la salud de hombres y mujeres. Finalmente se ofrecen recomendaciones desde el ámbito de la Psicología Clínica

The 20th century has been an exceptional witness to the great advances and findings in the neurophysiological understanding and the multidisciplinary treatment of chronic pain. However, interest in the different form of expression in the painful perception between men and women and the specific psychological and social determinants associated with gender roles are relatively recent. In this article, an unsystematic review of the psychological and social differential determinants is carried out following the Neuromatrix model. Finally, the knowledge of those biases that we professionals have involuntarily is crucial to address the avoidable inequalities in treatment and the recovery of the health of men and women. Finally, recommendations are offered from the field of Clinical Psychology

Are humor styles predictors of hope? sex and age differences in Italian adolescents and young adults

The study analyzed relationships among humor styles and hope and deepen the role of humor styles as predictors of hope in 582 Italian adolescents and young adults (with age ranged between 14 and 27). Sex and age differences were observed. The Humor Styles Questionnaire was used to assess the inclination to adopt positive (affiliative/self-enhancing) and negative (aggressive/self-defeating) humor styles, and Hope Scale was used to evaluate the general level of hope ("overall" hope score) and its two components (agency/pathways). Significant differences for sex and age-groups were found. Correlation analyses pointed out that positive humor styles were positively related to hope, and self-defeating humor was negatively associated to hope. Linear regressions displayed that self-enhancing and affiliative styles positively influenced hope while self-defeating negatively affected hope. The emerged relationships suggested that promoting the use of humor to amuse the others facilitate interpersonal relationships especially in developmental age

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Jacques Lacan y la práctica pública en salud mental / Jacques Lacan and public practice in mental health

Se revisa la relación entre las teorías de Freud y Lacan, a propósito de recientes investigaciones que encuentran notables diferencias entre ellas. A través de la reflexión sobre diversos aspectos del trabajo público en salud mental, y varios ejemplos clínicos, se propone que la enseñanza de Lacan permite un psicoanálisis más acorde a la práctica actual, que en buena parte se ejerce sin las condiciones para las que Freud diseñó su método

This paper reviews the relationship between Freud’s and Lacan’s epistemologies, in light of recent research that considers these two major psychoanalytic schools of thought as significantly different. By reflecting on his experience in the public mental health sector, including clinical vignettes, the author proposes that Lacan’s teaching allows for a psychoanalytic work better adjusted to the contemporary clinical practice, which typically takes place in conditions that are far from those required by a classic Freudian approach

Confirmatory factor analysis of implicit beliefs measure and the role of demographics among Pakistani sample

Implicit theories (also referred to self-theories) represent a cognitive conceptualization about a matter, generally raised as a belief. It is marked as the primary aspect of cognitive processing among living beings affecting their overall behavior towards others'. In the present study, it is attempted to consider a Pakistani perspective on this phenomenon of self-theories and also to validate the implicit theories Scale. It is a measure of people's beliefs about things to be fixed or changeable. A quantitative approach of correlational methodology was employed. Participants of the study were 355 Pakistani young adults with an age range of 20-30 years (M = 23.08, SD = 1.99). There were 175 males and 180 females (as they reported their gender) from Islamabad. Confirmatory factor analysis was computed to assess the dimensionality of the scale. An adequate model fit indices were found as Root Mean Square Error of Approximation = .04, Comparative Fit Index = .99, Tucker-Lewis Index = .98, Goodness of Fit Index = .97, and Incremental Fit Index = .99, confirming a bidimensional implicit theories measure. The reliability coefficients of Entity Theory and Incremental Theory subscales were assessed through internal consistency and test-retest methods which are found to be in an acceptable range. Demographic specifications are also addressed to reflect upon the indigenous importance of this concept. This will be an additive feature in the literature to consider the cultural specification enabling individuals to align their mindsets in the desired direction of growth and achievement

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Locura, salud mental y ciudadanía: del individualismo posesivo al neoliberalismo / Madness, mental health and citizenship: from possessive individualism to neoliberalism

Desde que apareció como rama de la medicina en la estela de la ilustración y la Revolución Francesa, la psiquiatría ha experimentado importantes transformaciones en el marco de diferentes cambios socioeconómicos y políticos ocurridos en las sociedades occidentales. En este contexto más amplio, puede observarse una tensión recurrente entre el interés del individuo y el del cuerpo social en su conjunto. Esta fricción está íntimamente relacionada con una serie de dinámicas contrapuestas que han marcado el desarrollo de la psiquiatría y la atención a la salud mental: humanización versus disciplina, emancipación versus coerción, inclusión versus exclusión y ciudadanía democrática versus sometimiento político. Este artículo aporta un análisis conceptual y una panorámica histórica de las ambivalentes relaciones entre la psiquiatría y la atención a la salud mental, por un lado, y la política, más en concreto, el desarrollo de la noción moderna de ciudadanía, por otro

Since its emergence as a branch of medicine in the wake of the Enlightenment and French Revolution, psychiatry has experienced significant transformations against the background of different socio-economic and political changes In Western societies. In this wider context we see a recurring tension between the interest of the individual and that of the social body as a whole. This friction is closely related to opposing dynamics in psychiatry and mental health care: humanisation versus disciplining, emancipation versus coercion, inclusion versus exclusion, and democratic citizenship versus political subjection. This article provides a conceptual analysis and an historical overview on the ambivalent relations between on the one hand psychiatry and mental health care and on the other politics, and, more particularly, the development of the modern understanding of citizenship

Intimidad y tolerancia a la soledad en la adolescencia / Intimacy and tolerance for loneliness in adolescence

Se plantean reflexiones acerca del sentimiento de intimidad y su correlato, la tolerancia a la experiencia de soledad, en los y las adolescentes de hoy, que viven bajo uno de los ideales centrales de las sociedades contemporáneas, al menos en el mundo desarrollado, que es el de la exteriorización, tanto de aspectos corporales como del mundo psíquico interno. Desde el nacimiento, apoyándose en lo biológico, en las necesidades y la experiencia de dependencia, el ser humano organiza su psiquismo estableciendo límites entre su mundo interno y la realidad externa. Entre las primeras adquisiciones del bebé, la capacidad de estar solo, será precursora del espacio de intimidad que le acompañara a lo largo de la vida, y será un elemento inevitable y necesario para apoyar las trasformaciones identitarias, tanto corporales como psíquicas, del proceso adolescente. Se abordan, asimismo, aspectos relativos a la experimentación de la intimidad en situaciones de soledad y al pasar a ser compartida, incluyéndose las relaciones terapéuticas con su especificidad durante el periodo de la adolescencia

Reflections are made about the feeling of intimacy and its correlate, the tolerance to the experience of loneliness, in the adolescents of today, who live under one of the central ideals of contemporary societies, at least in the developed world, which is the one of the exteriorization, as much of corporal aspects as of the internal psychic countries. From birth, relying on the biological, in the needs and experience of dependence, the human being organizes his psyche establishing limits between his inner world and external reality. Among the baby's first acquisitions, the ability to be alone will be the precursor of the space of intimacy that will accompany him throughout his life, and will be an inevitable and necessary element to support the identity transformations, both corporal and psychic, of the adolescent process. Aspects related to the experience of intimacy in situations of loneliness and the experience of sharing it are also addressed, including the therapeutic relationships with their specificity during adolescence

Precisión, también en el tratamiento locorregional / Precision, also in locoregional treatment

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La hipertrofia del principio de autonomía en el debate bioético / The hypertrophy of autonomy in the bioethical debate

En el actual debate bioético se recurre frecuentemente al argumento de la autonomía personal para justificar la legalización de nuevas opciones para el sujeto, como la maternidad subrogada, la venta de órganos, la eutanasia o la congelación de gametos para posponer la paternidad. El presente artículo trata de mostrar cómo legalizar determinadas opciones puede resultar perjudicial para las personas afectadas, así como justificar y perpetuar situaciones de dominio de unos seres humanos sobre otros. En este sentido, se subraya la importancia de reconocer la indisponibilidad de determinados bienes y derechos humanos

In the current bioethical debate personal autonomy is frequently used as an argument to justify the legalization of new options for the subject. This is the case, for instance, of the controversies around surrogated motherhood, organ free market, euthanasia or egg freezing in order to postpone motherhood. This paper aims to show how legalizing certain options can be harmful to people, and would justify and perpetuate situations of domination of some human beings over others. In this regard, the importance of recognizing the unavailability of certain goods and human rights is underlined