Is palatal rugae a specific marker of dysmorphogenesis in patients with schizophrenia?

Background and Objectives Supporting the neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia, minor physical anomalies (MPAs) are markers of abnormalities in early fetal development. The mouth seems to be a common region for the occurrence of MPAs in patients with schizophrenia. This study aimed to compare the palatal rugae patterns, according to their length, shape, and orientation, between patients with schizophrenia and controls in a blinded fashion. The palatal rugae patterns were also evaluated by sex, as its effect on neurodevelopment was relevant. Methods Dental stone models were fabricated from maxilla impressions of patients with schizophrenia (N = 105) and controls (N = 105). Based on their lengths, three types of palatal rugae were classified; primary, secondary, and fragmentary. Primary rugae were further categorized according to their shape and direction. Results The most detected palatal rugae were the primary ones in both groups. The primary, secondary, and fragmentary rugae numbers in both groups were no different. There were significant differences in the shape and orientation of the primary rugae between the two groups. Curved (OR:1.76, p = 0.006), island (OR:2.97, p = 0.001) and nonspecific (OR:5.44, p = 0.004) primary rugae shape were found to be significant predictive variables for schizophrenia. Randomly oriented rugae numbers were higher in schizophrenics than controls (p = 0.018). The two sexes had different preferences in primary rugae shapes and directions compared to same-sex controls in patients with schizophrenia. Conclusion Identifying subtle changes in the primary rugae pattern, which appear to be sex-specific, is consistent with impaired neurodevelopment in schizophrenia. (AU)

The prognostic value of DAAM2 in lower grade glioma, liver cancer, and breast cancer

Purpose Dishevelled-associated activator of morphogenesis 2 (DAAM2) is a formin protein and has a potential role in the tumor metastasis. The prognostic value of DAAM2 in pan-cancer is investigated in this study. Methods TCGA and GTEx database were downloaded to perform bioinformatics analysis and ROC curves. Then we explored protein–protein interaction and GO-KEGG enrichment to figure out the protein pathways associated with DAAM2 and studied DAAM2-related immune infiltration and methylation. Fifteen pairs of BRCA clinical samples were enrolled to determine the expression and distribution of DAAM2 in BRCA sections by immunohistochemistry. Finally, BRCA cells were transfected with siRNA targeting DAAM2 and subsequently subject to cell proliferation, migration, and invasion assays. Results DAAM2 was closely related to the diagnosis and clinical characteristics of lower grade glioma (LGG), liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC), and breast cancer (BRCA). Survival curve analysis demonstrated DAAM2 served as a potential prognostic indicator of LGG and LIHC (P = 0.0029 and P = 0.025, respectively). DAAM2 was mainly participated in signaling pathways mediating cytoskeleton regulation and tumor development. The correlation of DAAM2 with tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIICs) and methylation levels was conducive to the prediction of novel biomarkers of pan-carcinoma. DAAM2 was highly expressed in BRCA tissues than that in paracancerous tissues. The proliferation, invasion, and migration of BRCA cells were inhibited by DAAM2 siRNA. Conclusion DAAM2 had a specific value in foretelling the prognosis of LGG, LIHC, and BRCA. High expression level of DAAM2 has longer survival rates in LGG and LIHC. The knockdown of DAAM2 retards the proliferation, invasion, and migration of BRCA cells. This study provides a novel sight of DAAM2 into the exploration of a potential biomarker in pan-cancer (AU)

Capacitación osteogénica in vitro de células madre mesenquimales de médula ósea para su aplicación en resecciones segmentarias de hueso / Osteogenic in vitro training of bone marrow mesenquimal cells for application in segmentary bone resections

OBJETIVO: Obtener continuidad ósea en un modelo experimental de resección segmentaria en la diáfisis del fémur mediante tratamiento con células mesenquimáticas indiferenciadas comprometidas al linaje osteogénico. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Se obtuvieron células mesenquimáticas indiferenciadas a partir de médula ósea de ratas Wistar singénicas, se diferenciaron al linaje osteogénico y se embebieron en bloques de hidroxiapatita. Se implantaron en una resección segmentaria en la diáfisis del fémur, que se sintetizó con una placa de 1,5mm de grosor. Se calcularon distribuciones binomiales estableciéndose un grupo experimental y 3 de control, constituidos por 8 elementos cada grupo. Grupo I, relleno con aloinjerto; grupo II, con hidroxiapatita; grupo III, con hidroxiapatita embebida con células osteocomprometidas; grupo IV con células osteocomprometidas mediante cultivo tridimensional. Se realizó estadística descriptiva con distribución de frecuencias mediante la prueba de Fisher, considerándose significativo el valor de p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: El grupo I presentó buena consolidación, sin rotura de placas. El grupo II mostró tejido fibroso y rotura de todas las placas. El grupo III mostró tejido óseo, pero en todos los casos se rompieron las placas. El grupo IV mostró consolidación sin rotura de placas. CONCLUSIÓN: La terapia mediante células mesenquimáticas indiferenciadas en cultivos tridimensionales produce tejido óseo y asegura una estabilización mecánica permanente. Limitaciones: antes de la inferencia humana es necesario realizar el experimento en grupos con más elementos

OBJECTIVE: To achieve bone continuity in an experimental model of segmental resection of femur bone by applying a treatment with committed to osteogenic bone linage mesenchymal stem cells. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, obtained from syngeneic Wistar murine, were committed into osteogenic lineage and embedded within a hydroxipatite block. They were implanted in an experimentally created diaphyseal femur resection model. The diaphysis was synthetized with a 1.5mm thick plate. In order to calculate binomial distributions, we stablished one experimental and 3 control groups of 8 elements each: Group I, filling the gap with allograft; group II, filling with a hydroxyapatite block without cells; group III, filling with the hydroxyapatite block embedded with committed cells, and group IV, with the hydroxyapatite embedded with osteoinduced cells in a 3 dimensions TRAP culture. Descriptive analysis was performed by frequency distribution and Fisher statistic test. Level of statistical significance was considered at P<.05. RESULTS: Group I presented good bone consolidation and no plate breakage. Group II showed fibrous but non-bone tissue, with rupture of all plates. Group III showed bone tissue in all cases, but the plates broke in all of them, while in group IV bone consolidation was achieve without any plate rupture. CONCLUSION: Cell therapy with mesenchymal stem cells, trained in a 3 dimensions cell culture, produces bone tissue and ensures the permanence of the mechanical stabilization performed in a segmental resection model. Limitations: A study with a larger sample size is necessary before planning the human inference

Hepatic malformations: morphogenetic, anatomical and pathological features

Hepatic organogenesis is a complex process involving various molecular and cellular determinants. Knowledge of the anatomical and functional structure of the liver and its relationship with other abdominal organs is fundamental from a surgical point of view. Clinical autopsies were performed upon twelve fetal specimens. Photographic footage was reviewed for fetal livers presenting macroscopic abnormalities, and relevant cases were included. A search was conducted employing terms pertaining hepatic malformations’ morphogenetic, anatomical and pathological features. A thorough review was elaborated introducing an updated classification based on autopsy findings and available literature. Twelve fetal specimens underwent clinical autopsies. Gestational age ranged between 18 and 38 weeks (mean 28 weeks). All livers displayed symmetrical lobes. Seven of them presented at least one dysmorphic feature on macroscopic examination. Hepatic malformations can be classified into anomalies due to excessive development, defective development or extrinsic factors. The relevance of the proper identification of liver malformations lies in the broad spectrum of clinical manifestations with different degrees of morbidity associated with them

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Macrostomia: The defining feature of the oculo-auriculo-vertebral spectrum / Macrostomia: la característica definitoria del espectro oculo-auriculo-vertebral

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Changes in MAP-2 and GFAP immunoreactivity in pup hippocampus during prepubertal and pubertal periods caused by maternal subclinical hypothyroidism

An absence of the thyroid hormone during the critical period of brain development causes delayed maturation of glial cells and neurons and decreases the number of hippocampal cells. This study aims to examine the impact of maternal subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) on pup hippocampus during the prepubertal and pubertal periods by means of assessing the histopathological changes in astrocytes and neurons.Twelve Wistar albino pregnant rats were divided into two groups, Group H and Group C. Group C was designated as the control group and nothing was added to their drinking water. SCH was induced in Group H by administering 6-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU) at a final concentration of 0.01% in the drinking water of pregnant rats for 21 days. Male pups for each group were divided evenly and evaluated on either day 15 (prepubertal) or 60 (pubertal) (7 pups in each group). At the end of the experimental period, the rats were sacrificed for analysis of brain tissue. Immunoreactivity intensities of MAP-2 and GFAP were evaluated in hippocampus tissue. Thyroid function was determined using ELISA. The structure of hippocampus was evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin staining. Finally, the TUNEL method was utilized to show apoptosis of hippocampus tissue. The results were analyzed statistically.The findings show that maternal SCH causes disruption in hippocampal cytoskeleton and dendritic organization, especially during the pubertal period, as well as a decrease in MAP-2 expression. We observed structural deformation in astrocytes, reduced astrocyte survival and GFAP expression. Finally, we found that the number of neuronal apoptotic cells tended to increase in the pubertal period

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Agenesis of the dorsal pancreas: systematic review of a clinical challenge

Background: Agenesis of the dorsal pancreas is a rare malformation. Since 1911 and until 2008, 53 cases have been reported. Several authors have recently described the association of this anomaly with neoplasia of the ventral pancreas, thus we performed a systematic review of the literature from 2008 to 2015. Methods: A systematic review of the Medline and ISI Web of Science Databases from 2008 until 2015 was carried out, and 30 articles which met the inclusion criteria were identified that included a total of 53 patients: 7 children and 46 adults. Conclusions: Although dorsal pancreatic agenesis is a rare malformation, given its association with non-alcoholic pancreatitis and neoplasia of the residual pancreas, physicians should maintain an expectant attitude (AU)

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Time-Lapse: promesa o realidad clínica / No disponible

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Función barrera intestinal y su implicación en enfermedades digestivas / The intestinal barrier function and its involvement in digestive disease

La superficie de la mucosa del tracto gastrointestinal está revestida de células epiteliales que establecen una barrera efectiva, mediante uniones intercelulares, entre el medio interno y el medio externo, impidiendo el paso de sustancias potencialmente nocivas. Sin embargo las células epiteliales también son responsables de la absorción de nutrientes y electrolitos, por lo que se requiere una barrera semipermeable que permita el paso selectivo a ciertas sustancias, mientras que evite el acceso a otras. Para ello, el intestino ha desarrollado la “función barrera intestinal”, un sistema defensivo compuesto por diferentes elementos, tanto extracelulares como celulares, que actúan de forma coordinada para impedir el paso de antígenos, toxinas y productos microbianos y, a la vez, mantiene el correcto desarrollo de la barrera epitelial, el sistema inmunitario y la adquisición de tolerancia hacia los antígenos de la dieta y la microbiota intestinal. La alteración de los mecanismos que componen la función barrera favorece el desarrollo de respuestas inmunitarias exageradas, y, aunque se desconoce su implicación exacta, la alteración de la función barrera intestinal se ha asociado al desarrollo de enfermedades inflamatorias en el tracto digestivo. En esta revisión se detallan los diferentes elementos que componen la función barrera intestinal y las alteraciones moleculares y celulares más características descritas en enfermedades digestivas asociadas a la disfunción de este mecanismo de defensa

The gastrointestinal mucosal surface is lined with epithelial cells representing an effective barrier made up with intercellular junctions that separate the inner and the outer environments, and block the passage of potentially harmful substances. However, epithelial cells are also responsible for the absorption of nutrients and electrolytes, hence a semipermeable barrier is required that selectively allows a number of substances in while keeping others out. To this end, the intestine developed the “intestinal barrier function”, a defensive system involving various elements, both intra- and extracellular, that work in a coordinated way to impede the passage of antigens, toxins, and microbial byproducts, and simultaneously preserves the correct development of the epithelial barrier, the immune system, and the acquisition of tolerance against dietary antigens and the intestinal microbiota. Disturbances in the mechanisms of the barrier function favor the development of exaggerated immune responses; while exact implications remain unknown, changes in intestinal barrier function have been associated with the development of inflammatory conditions in the gastrointestinal tract. This review details de various elements of the intestinal barrier function, and the key molecular and cellular changes described for gastrointestinal diseases associated with dysfunction in this defensive mechanism

Embriología y «ciencia oficial»: la aportación de la escuela anatómica de José Escolar a la embriología durante el primer Franquismo (1939-1959) / Embryology and 'official science': the contribution of the anatomical school of José Escolar to embryology during the first Francoism (1939-1959)

En el presente trabajo se hace un análisis de la aportación de la escuela anatómica de José Escolar (1913-1998) a la embriología durante las dos primeras décadas de la dictadura franquista. Se hace un especial énfasis en el proceso por el que, gracias al apoyo del naciente CSIC, el grupo español contactó con la morfología alemana que estaba desarrollando Hugo Spatz (1888-1979) en el Max Planck-Institut für Hirnforschung. A través de nuestro estudio se constatan las diversas influencias que terminaron por dibujar la anatomía y embriología de Escolar. En España, detectamos una influencia directa de la morfología gegenbauriana de Gumersindo Sánchez-Guisande (1894-1976) así como de la neuroanatomía de Juan José Barcia Goyanes (1901-2003), llena de referencias a la obra de Braus. Los contactos internacionales de los «escolarianos» —con la ciencia estadounidense primero y posteriormente con la alemana— constituyeron un grupo de trabajo homogéneo con una anatomía única (funcional y ontofilogénetica) pero con unos intereses investigadores tan amplios que obligaron a subespecializarse al equipo. Fruto de una intensa relación con la comunidad anatómica alemana, durante los años 50 fueron apareciendo una serie de importantes trabajos embriológicos entre los que destacan los que realizó Escolar sobre el desarrollo de la amígdala y el allocórtex, los de Fernando Reinoso sobre la embriología del diencéfalo y los descubrimientos de Víctor Smith Agreda junto a Rudolf Diepen sobre el desarrollo del sistema hipotálamo-hipofisario (AU)

In this paper, we analyse the contribution of the anatomical school of José Escolar (1913-1998) to embryology during the first two decades of the Francoist dictatorship. Special attention is paid to the process by which the Spanish group, with the support of the new Superior National Research Council, made contact with the German morphology being developed by Hugo Spatz (1888-1979) at the Max Planck-Institut für Hirnforschung. Our study reveals the numerous influences that finally led to the anatomy and embryology of Escolar. In Spain, we found a direct influence of the Gegenbaurian morphology of Gumersindo Sánchez Guisande (1894-1976) and the neuroanatomy of Juan José Barcia Goyanes (1901-2003), full of references to studies by Braus. International contacts of the «Escolarian group», first with North America and then with Germany, created a homogeneous group with a single anatomy (functional and ontophylogenetic) but with so many research interests that subspecialisations had to be developed. An important embryological work resulted from an intense relationship with the German anatomical community during the 1950s. Escolar worked in this field on the development of the amygdala and allocortex, Fernando Reinoso studied the embryology of the diencephalon and Smith Victor Agreda, along with the German scientist Rudolf Diepen, made some important discoveries on the development of the hypothalamic-pituitary system (AU)

Peculiaridades en el desarrollo del canal semicircular superior / Peculiarities in the development of the superior semicircular canal

Objetivos: Realizar un estudio sobre la ontogénesis del canal semicircular superior con el fin de describir sus peculiaridades. Métodos: Para ello se han analizado 76 series embriológicas humanas de edades comprendidas entre los 32 días (6 mm) y recién nacidos. Las preparaciones estaban cortadas en serie y teñidas con la técnica de tricrómico de Martins. Resultados: En el desarrollo del canal semicircular hemos observado una serie de peculiaridades, como: secuencia cronológica definida de su osteogénesis con un ritmo de osificación variable, cada núcleo de osificación interviene en la formación de una de sus cubiertas, el superior de la superficial y el inferior de la profunda; la aparición de una dehiscencia transitoria, y el cierre del canal por hueso de tipo laminar con un grosor mínimo de 0,1 mm. Conclusión: Las peculiaridades en el desarrollo del canal podrían explicar las causas del origen de la dehiscencia patológica del mismo, ya sean congénitas o adquiridas (AU)

Objective: Our objective was to study the ontogeny of the superior semicircular canal in order to describe its peculiarities. Methods: We analyzed 76 series of human embryos aged between 32 days (6 mm) and newborns. The samples were cut serially and stained using Martin's trichrome technique. Results: In semicircular canal development there were a number of peculiarities, such as: a defined chronological sequence of osteogenesis with a variable rate of ossification; the fact that each nucleus of ossification was involved in the formation of one of its covers (the upper in the superficial and the lower in the deep); the appearance of transitory dehiscence; and canal closure by means of bone with laminar pattern, with a minimum thickness of 0.1 mm. Conclusion: The peculiarities in canal development could explain the origin of pathological dehiscence in the canal, whether congenital or acquired (AU)

Sexual variability in Histoplasma capsulatum and its possible distribution: What is going on? / Variabilidad sexual de Histoplasma capsulatum y su posible distribución: fundamento

Histoplasma capsulatum is a dimorphic fungal pathogen naturally found in the soil. Inhalation of conidia can result in pulmonary histoplasmosis and, in some cases, causes severe disseminated disease and death. This fungus is an ascomycete that has an anamorphic or asexual stage and a teleomorphic or sexual stage, known as Ajellomyces capsulatus, which results from (+) and (−) mating types. Sexual reproduction is regulated by a specialized genomic region known as the mating-type (MAT1) locus. The mating process in this heterothallic species is represented by isolates that contain only one of the two different MAT1 locus idiomorphs (MAT1-1 or MAT1-2) that have unrelated sequences encoding different transcription factors. In medically important dimorphic pathogens and in most ascomycete molds, one MAT locus idiomorph encodes a high-mobility-group (HMG) box-domain transcription factor, and the other idiomorph encodes an alpha-box domain transcription factor. There is scarce molecular information about H. capsulatum mating type although recombinant population structures have been reported that could occur in nature and this process has been documented in distinct models such as parasites and other fungi. In this review, we shall focus on published studies on H. capsulatum sexuality, and outline the distribution of the two H. capsulatum mating types in Latin America (AU)

Histoplasma capsulatum es un patógeno fúngico, dimórfico que habita en suelos ricos en materia orgánica. La inhalación de los conidios puede inducir histoplasmosis pulmonar y, en algunos casos, enfermedad diseminada grave y la muerte. Este ascomiceto caracterizado por un estadio anamórfico asexual y un estado teleomórfico o sexual, conocido como Ajellomyces capsulatus, que es consecuencia de los tipos de apareamiento (MAT+ y MAT−) (mating-type, por sus siglas en inglés). La reproducción sexual está regulada por una región genómica especializada, conocida como locus MAT1. El proceso de apareamiento en esta especie heterotálica (o autoincompatible) está representado por aislamientos que solo contienen uno de los 2 diferentes idiomorfos del locus MAT1 (MAT1-1 y MAT1-2), que tienen secuencias muy distintas que codifican diferentes factores de transcripción. En los patógenos dimórficos importantes desde un punto de vista médico y en la mayoría de los ascomicetos filamentosos, un idiomorfo del locus MAT codifica el dominio-caja HMG (high-mobility-group, por sus siglas en inglés) de un factor de transcripción, y el otro idiomorfo codifica el dominio-caja alfa de otro factor de transcripción. Apenas disponemos de información molecular sobre el mating type de H. capsulatum, aunque se ha descrito que en la naturaleza podrían estar presentes estructuras de población recombinante. Este proceso se ha documentado en distintos modelos como parásitos y otros hongos. En esta revisión nos hemos centrado en los estudios publicados sobre la sexualidad de H. capsulatum, y hemos abordado la distribución de los 2 mating type de H. capsulatum en Sudamérica (AU)

Malformaciones del sistema nervioso central: correlación neuroquirúrgica / Central nervous system malformations: neurosurgery correlates

Las malformaciones congénitas del sistema nervioso central se relacionan con alteraciones en la formación del tubo neural, en las que se incluyen la mayoría de las entidades de tratamiento neuroquirúrgico, disrafismos y craneosinostosis, alteraciones de la proliferación neuronal, microcefalias y megalencefalias, anomalías de la migración neuronal, lisencefalia, paquigiria, esquisencefalia, agenesia del cuerpo calloso, heterotopías y displasias corticales, malformaciones raquimedulares y disrafias medulares. En el presente trabajo se clasifican las diferentes malformaciones del sistema nervioso central susceptibles de corregirse mediante cirugía en el menor tiempo posible y se exponen los mecanismos de génesis de estas lesiones cada vez mejor estudiadas desde las áreas neurogenética y neuroembriológica. Esto involucra la posible conexión de áreas de conocimiento novedosas, como los mecanismos de alteración de la inducción dorsal (cierre del tubo neural) y ventral (telencefalización) con los mecanismos actuales de corrección, y también las anomalías de la proliferación y diferenciación celular de la migración neuronal y, finalmente, el complejo de malformaciones que afectan la fosa posterior y las posibilidades actuales de corrección de éstas (AU)

Congenital malformations of the central nervous system are related to alterations in neural tube formation, including most of the neurosurgical management entities, dysraphism and craniosynostosis; alterations of neuronal proliferation; megalencefaly and microcephaly; abnormal neuronal migration, lissencephaly, pachygyria, schizencephaly, agenesis of the corpus callosum, heterotopia and cortical dysplasia, spinal malformations and spinal dysraphism. We expose the classification of different central nervous system malformations that can be corrected by surgery in the shortest possible time and involving genesis mechanisms of these injuries getting better studied from neurogenic and neuroembryological fields, this involves connecting innovative knowledge areas where alteration mechanisms in dorsal induction (neural tube) and ventral induction (telencephalization) with the current way of correction, as well as the anomalies of cell proliferation and differentiation of neuronal migration and finally the complex malformations affecting the posterior fossa and current possibilities of correcting them (AU)

Anomalías físicas menores y características clínicas en pacientes con trastornos del espectro de la esquizofrenia / Minor physical abnormalities and clinical features in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders

Introducción. Las anomalías físicas menores son variantes morfológicas inespecíficas producidas durante la gestación.Son marcadores de eventos (heredados o adquiridos) relacionados con la neuroprogresión’ de los trastornos del espectro de la esquizofrenia y podrían estar implicadas de forma diferencial con sus perfiles sintomáticos. El objetivo del estudiofue explorar la relación de las anomalías físicas menores con el síndrome positivo, el síndrome negativo y la psicopatologíageneral en pacientes con esquizofrenia u otras psicosis funcionales. Pacientes y métodos. Estudio de corte transversal de pacientes con esquizofrenia u otras psicosis funcionales hospitalizadosde forma consecutiva por un episodio psicótico agudo. Las anomalías físicas menores se evaluaron mediante la escalaWaldrop, y las características clínicas de la psicosis, mediante la Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Resultados. Se evaluaron 41 pacientes con psicosis funcionales: 32 (78%) con esquizofrenia y 9 (21,9%) con trastorno psicótico no especificado. No hubo relación entre la puntuación en la escala Waldrop y la puntuación en la PANSS, su escalanegativa y su escala de psicopatología general. La escala positiva de la PANSS y la escala Waldrop se correlacionaron entoda la muestra (rho de Spearman = 0,356; p = 0,022). En el grupo de pacientes con esquizofrenia la correlación fue aún mayor (rho de Spearman = 0,420; p = 0,017).Conclusiones. La trayectoria desde estadios aparentemente premórbidos hasta presentaciones clínicas específicas en pacientescon trastornos del espectro de la esquizofrenia está determinada por el neurodesarrollo, que es un proceso dinámico influido por la herencia genética y por lesiones ambientales (AU)

Introduction. Minor physical anomalies are nonspecific morphologic variants generated during gestation. They are markersof events (inherited and/or acquired) related with the ‘neuroprogression’ of the schizophrenia spectrum disorders and may be differentially involved with their symptom profiles. The aim of the study was to explore the relationship of minorphysical anomalies with positive syndrome, negative syndrome and general psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia or other functional psychoses. Patients and methods. Cross-sectional study of patients with schizophrenia or other functional psychoses consecutivelyhospitalized with an acute psychotic episode. Minor physical anomalies were evaluated with the Waldrop scale and clinical characteristics of psychosis were measured with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Results. 41 patients with functional psychoses were evaluated: 32 (78%) with schizophrenia, 9 (21.9%) with psychotic disorder not otherwise specified. There was no relationship between the Waldrop scale score and score on the PANSS,its negative scale and its general psychopathology scale. The positive scale of the PANSS and the Waldrop scale were correlated in the whole sample (Spearman rho = 0.356; p = 0.022). In the group of patients with schizophrenia, the correlation was even greater (Spearman rho = 0.420; p = 0.017). Conclusions. The path from apparently premorbid stages to specific clinical pictures in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders is determined by the neurodevelopment, a dynamic process influenced by genetic inheritance and environmental injuries (AU)

Estudios de linaje del epicardio durante el desarrollo y la regeneración cardiaca / Lineage tracing of epicardial cells duringdevelopment and regeneration

Trazar la historia celular de la morfogénesis embrionaria de un sistema complejo como el cardiovascular es uno de los mayores retos planteados en biología del desarrollo. Para ello es necesario describir las relaciones de linaje entre las células del órgano en distintos estadios, definir los cambios topológicos que experimentan los tejidos durante la morfogénesis y establecer las interacciones entre células de las distintas estructuras. Por otro lado y a pesar de las grandes expectativas generadas en el área de la medicina regenerativa, los avances en la reparación del sistema cardiovascular son muylimitados. Recientes descubrimientos apuntan hacia un papel del epicardio durante la regeneración cardiaca, si bien se desconoce si actúa como fuente de señales o de progenitores durante este proceso. Conocer el origen, la diversificación y el potencial de las células epicárdicas durante el desarrollo, la homeostasis y en situaciones patológicas es el objetivo prioritario tanto para el conocimiento básico como para el diseño de terapias celulares eficaces. El objetivo de este artículo es aportar una visión general de los métodos de trazado de linaje clásicos, su potencial y limitaciones, así como presentar metodologías novedosas para el estudio del origen y diferenciación del epicardio y de su papel en regeneración cardiaca (AU)

Tracing the history of individual cells during embryonic morphogenesis in a structure as complex as the cardiovascular system is one of the major challenges of developmental biology. It involves determining the relationships between the various lineages of cells forming an organ at different stages, describing the topological rearrangements tissues undergo during morphogenesis, and characterizing the interactions between cells in different structures. However, despite the great expectations raised in the field of regenerative medicine, only limited progress has been made in using regenerative therapy to repair the cardiovascular system. Recent research has highlighted the role of the epicardium during cardiac regeneration, but it is still unclear whether it is important for molecular signaling or acts as a source of progenitor cells during this process. Consequently, increasing knowledge about the origin, diversification and potential of epicardial cells during development and homeostasis and under pathological conditions is of fundamental importance both for basic research and for the development of effective cellular therapies. The aims of this article were to provide a general overview of the classical techniques used for tracing cell lineages, including their potential and limitations, and to describe novel techniques for studying the origin and differentiation of the epicardium and its role in cardiac regeneration (AU)

Hernia diafragmática paraesternal de Morgagni-Larrey en adulto / Morgagni-Larrey parasternal diaphragmatic hernia in the adult

Con una prevalencia de 0,3-0,5/1.000 nacimientos, la hernia diafragmática congénita (HDC) sigue siendo una anomalía grave, no bien entendida, alta mortalidad y tratamiento no siempre efectivo. En España se ha informado de una frecuencia del 0,69%oo con una tendencia decreciente en el periodo 1980-2006 del 0,10%oo por año. No obstante, hasta un 5% se diagnostican en adultos durante la realización de un reconocimiento por otra causa. Presentamos un cuadro de vómitos de tres meses de evolución en una mujer de 74 años por hernia diafragmática paraesternal de Morgagni-Larrey (retrocondroesternal, retrocostoxifoidea, retroesternal, subcostal, subesternal o subcostoesternal), que nos ha permitido realizar una actualización de esta patología en adultos y de la morfogénesis del diafragma toracoabdominal. Es en la embriología del diafragma donde encontramos explicación de algunas de sus alteraciones morfológicas y características clínicas, si bien persisten aspectos confusos de la misma. También analizamos el grado de controversia que persiste en algunos aspectos de su tratamiento quirúrgico (vías de acceso, uso o no de mallas y reducción o no del saco herniario). Por lo general priman las técnicas mínimamente invasivas. Consideramos el abordaje laparoscópico como de elección en pacientes adultos con hernia paraesternal candidatos a la cirugía(AU)

With a prevalence of 0.3-0.5/1000 births, congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) remains a serious, poorly understood abnormality with a high mortality rate that cannot always be effectively managed. Its reported frequency in Spain is 0.69%oo with a yearly decreasing trend of 0.10%oo during the period 1980-2006. Up to 5% of cases are incidentally identified in adults undergoing studies for other reasons. We report the case of a 74-year-old woman with vomiting for three months due to parasternal diaphragmatic hernia of Morgagni-Larrey (retrochondrosternal, retrocostoxyphoid, retrosternal, subcostal, substernal or subcostosternal hernia), which allowed us to report an update on this condition in the adult, and on thoracoabdominal diaphragm morphogenesis. It is in the embryology of the diaphragm where an explanation may be found for some morphological changes and clinical manifestations, even though a number of uncertainties remain. We also analyze the extent of controversy persisting on some aspects of surgical treatment (access routes, mesh use, hernial sac reduction). Overall, minimally invasive techniques predominate. We consider laparoscopy the approach of choice for adult patients with parasternal hernia eligible for surgery(AU)

Síndrome de Moebius: diagnóstico neonatal / Moebius syndrome: neonatal diagnosis

El síndrome de Moebius es un trastorno congénito caracterizado por la asociación de parálisis facial y afectación de la musculatura oculomotora secundaria a la agenesia de los pares craneales VII y VI. Pueden estar implicados otros pares craneales y/o asociarse otras malformaciones como consecuencia de una disrupción en la morfogénesis tronco encefálica durante el periodo embrionario, presumiblemente de carácter vascular. Se presenta un caso de síndrome de Moebius diagnosticado durante el periodo neonatal, realizando una revisión de sus características clínicas y evolutivas (AU)

Moebius syndrome is a congenital disorder characterized by the association of facial paralysis and involvement of the oculomotor muscles, secondary to the agenesis of cranial nerves VII and VI. Other cranial nerves can be implicated and/or it can be associated with other malformations as a consequence of a disruption of brainstem morphogenesis, presumably of vascularnature, during the embryonic period. We present a case of Moebius syndrome diagnosed during the neonatal period, reviewing the clinical features and its course (AU)

Avances en regeneración celular en odontología: perspectivas de futuro / No disponible

Las perspectivas creadas por las técnicas de regeneración tisular en odontología son muy importantes. Los mecanismos moleculares de la morfogénesis dental están siendo descritos en relación con sus factores causales, tanto genéticos como epigenéticos. El conocimiento de estos factores permitirá a medio plazo influir en los mecanismos biomoleculares del crecimiento y el desarrollo, no sólo oral sino general. El presente trabajo revisa las publicaciones más recientes dedicadas a la regeneración dental, cuyos resultados, aunque esperanzadores, todavía distan de poder aplicarse clínicamente en nuestras consultas (AU)

The prospects for tooth regeneration in dentistry are promising. The molecular mechanisms of the dental morphogenesis are being described in relation to its causal factors, genetic as well as epigenetic. Knowledge of those factors will allow in the mid term to influence in the biomolecular mechanisms of the growth and the development, not only oral but general. The present work reviews the most recent publications dedicated to the dental regeneration, whose results, although hopeful, are still far of being able to be applied clinically in our offices (AU)