Espinogénesis en motoneuronas de la médula espinal tras la lesión farmacológica de la corteza motora de ratas / Spinogenesis in spinal cord motor neurons following pharmacological lesions to the rat motor cortex

INTRODUCCIÓN: Diversas enfermedades neuropatologías asociadas a la degeneración del tracto corticoespinal muestran deterioro de las funciones motoras. Tales alteraciones neurológicas se asocian a diversos fenómenos plásticos subsecuentes, a nivel tanto presináptico como postsináptico. Sin embargo, no existe evidencia que indique la existencia de modificaciones en la transmisión de información del tracto corticoespinal a las motoneuronas espinales. MÉTODOS: Se indujo una lesión por vía estereotáxica en la corteza motora primaria de ratas hembra adultas con ácido kaínico y, 15 días después, se evaluó el desempeño motor mediante la escala BBB y en un dispositivo Rota-Rod. Paralelamente, se cuantificó la densidad numérica y proporcional de las espinas delgadas, en hongo y gordas, en motoneuronas de un segmento torácico-lumbar de la médula espinal. Así mismo, se registró la expresión de las proteínas espinofilina, sinaptofisina β III-tubulina. RESULTADOS: La lesión farmacológica provocó un desempeño motor deficiente. Así mismo, tanto la densidad de espinas como la proporción de espinas delgadas y gordas fue mayor, al igual que la expresión de las 3 proteínas estudiadas. CONCLUSIÓN: La aparición de los síntomas clínicos de daño neurológico provocado por la degeneración walleriana del tracto corticoespinal se acompaña de respuestas plásticas espontáneas de tipo compensador, a nivel sináptico. Lo anterior indica que durante la rehabilitación temprana de este tipo de pacientes, la plasticidad espontánea constituye un factor que se debe considerar para el diseño de estrategias de intervención más eficientes

INTRODUCTION: Motor function is impaired in multiple neurological diseases associated with corticospinal tract degeneration. Motor impairment has been linked to plastic changes at both the presynaptic and postsynaptic levels. However, there is no evidence of changes in information transmission from the cortex to spinal motor neurons. METHODS: We used kainic acid to induce stereotactic lesions to the primary motor cortex of female adult rats. Fifteen days later, we evaluated motor function with the BBB scale and the rotarod and determined the density of thin, stubby, and mushroom spines of motor neurons from a thoracolumbar segment of the spinal cord. Spinophilin, synaptophysin, and β III-tubulin expression was also measured. RESULTS: Pharmacological lesions resulted in poor motor performance. Spine density and the proportion of thin and stubby spines were greater. We also observed increased expression of the 3 proteins analysed. CONCLUSION: The clinical symptoms of neurological damage secondary to Wallerian degeneration of the corticospinal tract are associated with spontaneous, compensatory plastic changes at the synaptic level. Based on these findings, spontaneous plasticity is a factor to consider when designing more efficient strategies in the early phase of rehabilitation

Ondas de choque extracorpóreas y regeneración medular / Extracorporeal shock wave therapy and bone marrow regeneration

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Alpha-tocopherol ameliorates oxidative renal insult associated with spinal cord reperfusion injury

Ischemic-reperfusion procedures targeting a specific organ often results in remote multiple organ injuries mediated possibly by heightened oxidative stress levels. As the kidney is one of the most vulnerable organs for ischemic oxidative stress, the aim of the present study was to confirm the occurrence of renal complication secondary to spinal cord ischemic-reperfusion injury (SC-IRI) induced by aortic clamping. The study also investigated the possible prophylactic effect of long-term administration of α-tocopherol (Alpha -TOL) against high level of renal oxidative stress and inflammatory processes induced by SC-IRI. In this study, a total of 60 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five equal groups: C group underwent no surgery; CE group received α-TOL 600 mg/kg intramuscular twice weekly for 6 weeks; S group were subjected to laparotomy without clamping of the aorta; SE group were handled as S group and treated with Alpha-TOL as group CE; SC-IRI group were subjected to laparotomy with clamping of the aorta just above the bifurcation of the aorta for 45 min, then the clamp was released for 48 h for reperfusion. SC-IRIE group was subjected to IRI as in group SC-IRI and was injected with Alpha-TOL in the same dose and route as Alpha-TOL-treated control group. SC-IRI resulted in increases in serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, plasma nitrite/nitrate level, serum tumor necrosis factor alpha, renal tissue homogenate level for malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase and prostaglandin E2. Long-term prophylactic treatment with α-TOL resulted in amelioration of the renal functional disturbances and all measured parameters of oxidative stress and inflammation. Ischemic reperfusion injury of the spinal cord induced some remote renal functional disturbances although some of the observed changes may have resulted from decreased renal blood flow due to the hypotension induced during the procedure. Prophylactic long-term α-TOL administration guards against the renal function disturbances an effect that can be attributed, at least partially, to improvement of the renal pro-oxidant/antioxidant balance and inhibition of the inflammatory processes

Capacidad regenerativa de las células de médula ósea autólogas después de un infarto agudo de miocardio / Regenerative Capability of Human Bone Marrow Cells After Myocardial Infarction

La insuficiencia cardíaca está considerada como la epidemia cardiovascular del siglo xxi. Su mortalidad y su morbilidad son muy elevadas y consumen cada vez más recursos sanitarios. Casi la mitad de los enfermos de insuficiencia cardíaca ha presentado un infarto de miocardio. El tratamiento de regeneración miocárdica con células madre ha surgido a principios de este siglo como una esperanza para el tratamiento de las enfermedades cardiovasculares. Los primeros estudios se han realizado en grupos pequeños de pacientes, pero los resultados indican cierto beneficio. El contexto del infarto agudo de miocardio es el más investigado en este campo. Para la evaluación de los resultados, la resonancia cardíaca se perfila como la herramienta más útil para el seguimiento de estos pacientes. Como toda técnica novedosa, también han surgido problemas de seguridad y, probablemente, en un futuro surgirán nuevas incógnitas, puesto que todavía hoy no conocemos el mecanismo de actuación de las células madre que trasplantamos o movilizamos hacia el corazón (AU)

Heart failure is considered the new cardiovascular epidemy of XXI century. Mortality and morbidity are very high, consuming more and more health resources. Most of these patients have suffered from a myocardial infarction. Stem cell therapy emerged at the beginning of this century as a new strategy for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. The initial studies were done in small groups of patients showing benefits. Myocardial infarction is frequently investigated in this field. For the evaluation of these results magnetic resonance appears as a useful tool for the follow-up of these patients. As it usually happens with a new technique, safety problems have arisen and it is possible that in the near future new questions will arise as we still do not know how the progenitor cells we transplant or mobilize into the heart act (AU)