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1.
Span. j. psychol ; 26: e20, 2023. tab
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-224052

RESUMO

On March 11, 2004, Madrid suffered one of the worst terrorist attacks in the history of Spain, leaving more than 190 dead and 2,000 injured. For years, the psychological consequences of the attacks have been studied; however, its long-term effects on symptomatology and especially on well-being remains unknown. This study aims to explore, through a qualitative approach, pathways and obstacles to the well-being of those affected directly or indirectly by the attacks of March 11 in Madrid. Two focus groups were held, one for indirect victims and one for direct victims. Subsequently, a thematic analysis of the materials obtained was carried out. More than 10 years after the attacks, most of the participants reported great difficulty in achieving well-being. Acceptance and victims’ associations seemed to act as key facilitators, while symptoms, political institutions and the media were the main obstacles. Direct and indirect victims presented similar data although aspects such as guilt and family relationships played a different role in their well-being. (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto Jovem , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Qualidade de Vida/psicologia , Terrorismo/psicologia , Transtornos de Estresse Traumático/psicologia , Vítimas de Desastres/psicologia , Grupos Focais , Pesquisa Qualitativa
2.
Span. j. psychol ; 262023. graf
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-220247

RESUMO

Imagine that you are a researcher interested in disentangling the underlying mechanisms that motivate certain individuals to self-sacrifice for a group or an ideology. Now, visualize that you are one of a few privileged that have the possibility of interviewing people who have been involved in some of the most dramatic terrorist attacks in history. What should you do? Most investigations focused on terrorism do not include empirical data and just a handful of fortunate have made face-to-face interviews with these individuals. Therefore, we might conclude that most experts in the field have not directly met the challenge of experiencing studying violent radicalization in person. As members of a research team who have talked with individuals under risk of radicalization, current, and former terrorists, our main goal with this manuscript is to synopsize a series of ten potential barriers that those interested in the subject might find when making fieldwork, and alternatives to solve them. If all the efforts made by investigators could save the life of a potential victim, prevent an individual from becoming radicalized, or make him/her decide to abandon the violence associated with terrorism, all our work will have been worthwhile. (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Objetivos , Violência/etnologia , Violência/psicologia , Terrorismo/etnologia , Terrorismo/psicologia , Agressão/psicologia
3.
Emergencias (Sant Vicenç dels Horts) ; 34(6): 458-464, dic. 2022. tab, graf
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-213207

RESUMO

Objetivo: Conocer las características principales de los incidentes con múltiples víctimas intencionados (IMVi) en entorno civil en Europa entre los años 2000 y 2018. Método: Estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo-analítico de los IMVi acontecidos en Europa entre 2000-2018, registrados en la Global Terrorism Database. Se recogieron país, año, arma principal y secundaria, subtipo de arma principal, número de atacantes, víctimas, número de focos, autoría, objetivo y lugar. Resultados: Se identificaron 469 focos en 373 IMVi independientes (86% unifocales) que causaron 15.066 víctimas (11.410 heridos y 3.656 muertos). El año y el país con más IMVi fue 2014 (58) y Rusia (50,1%), respectivamente. España fue el tercero (8,7%) y el más afectado de Europa Occidental. Las armas más utilizadas fueron explosivos (71,4%), arma de fuego (19,6%) y vehículo a motor (2,6%). Esta última, en aumento en los últimos años, fue la de mayor poder lesivo significativamente, con una mediana (P25-75) de 19 (12-59) víctimas por IMVi (p = 0,026). Existió una correlación positiva significativa entre el número de atacantes en las armas de fuego y el número de víctimas (r = 0,357, p = 0,011). El objetivo principal mayoritario fue la población civil (53,1%) y el lugar elegido la vía pública (24,3%). Conclusiones: En el siglo XXI ya han acontecido casi 500 IMVi en Europa, la mayoría por explosivos y armas de fuego. El uso de vehículo a motor, en aumento, es sin embargo el de mayor potencial lesivo. El conocimiento de los datos aportados puede ayudar en la mejora de los planes de emergencias que den respuesta a los IMVi. (AU)


Objective: To describe the main characteristics of intentional mass-casualty incidents (MCIs) with civil society targets in Europe between 2000 and 2018. Methods: Retrospective, descriptive analysis of intentional MCIs in Europe between 2000 and 2018 recorded in the Global Terrorism Database. We collected information on country; year; main and secondary weapons used and mainweapon subtype; numbers of attackers, victims, and points of attack; targets; and type of location. Results: A total of 469 points of attack were identified in 373 independent intentional MCIs (86% with multiple points of focus) that caused 15066 victims (11410 persons injured, 3656 deaths). The year with the most MCIs was 2014 (58 MCIs), and Russia saw the largest percentage (50.1%). Spain ranked third, with 8.7% of the MCIs in Europe, the highest proportion in Western Europe. Explosive devices were the weapons used most often (in 71.4%), followed by firearms (in 19.6%), and motor vehicles (in 2.6%). Vehicles, which use has been on the rise, caused themost injuries, with a median (interquartile range) of 19 (12-59) victims per intentional MCI (P = .026). The number of attackers in MCIs involving firearms correlated positively with the number of victims (r = 0.357, P = .011). The most frequent target was the civil population (in 53.1%), and public spaces and thoroughfares were the locations most often chosen (in 24.3%). Conclusions: Nearly 500 intentional MCIs have occurred in Europe in this XXI century. Most involved explosives or firearms. However, motor vehicles are the most potentially harmful weapons, and their use is increasing. These data may help to improve MCI emergency response planning. (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Terrorismo , Incidentes com Feridos em Massa , Sociedade Civil , Medicina de Emergência , Estudos Retrospectivos , Epidemiologia Descritiva , União Europeia
4.
Ansiedad estrés ; 28(1): 1-15, jan.-apr. 2022. tab, ilus, graf
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-203064

RESUMO

Introduction and objectives. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is the most common psychological disorder in victims of terrorism. Cognitive models of PTSD postulate that dysfunctional attitudes play a fundamental role in its etiology, maintenance, and treatment. The objective of this study was to develop a self-report instrument to assess traumatic dysfunctional attitudes typical of victims of terrorism: the Traumatic Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (EADT by its original Spanish acronym). Materials and method. The EADT items were extracted from 480 recorded hours of trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy administered to 59 victims of terrorism with PTSD and after an analysis of items’ content and intelligibility by a group of psychologists. A preliminary 84-item version was administered to a sample of 253 victims of terrorism along with measures of PTSD, depression, and depressive dysfunctional attitudes. Results. A series of factorial and reliability analyses on the preliminary version allowed one to arrive at a definitive version composed of 34 items and three correlated factors: dangerous world, negative view of society and the human being, and chronicity of distress. The psychometric analyses of the definitive version revealed good evidence concerning the internal structure of the test, score internal consistency, the differentiation of known groups, and the relationships with conceptually related constructs. Conclusions. The EADT is a simple instrument whose scores have good psychometric properties and can be useful to assess, both in research and applied contexts, the dysfunctional attitudes that victims of terrorism may present.


Introducción y objetivos. El trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT) es el trastorno psicológico más frecuente en las víctimas del terrorismo. Los modelos cognitivos del TEPT postulan que las actitudes disfuncionales desempeñan un papel fundamental en su etiología, mantenimiento y tratamiento. El objetivo de este estudio fue desarrollar un instrumento de autoinforme para evaluar las actitudes disfuncionales traumáticas específicas de las víctimas del terrorismo: la Escala de Actitudes Disfuncionales Traumáticas (EADT). Materiales y método. Los ítems de la EADT fueron extraídos de 480 horas grabadas de terapia cognitivo-conductual centrada en el trauma aplicada a 59 víctimas del terrorismo con TEPT y tras un análisis del contenido e inteligibilidad de los ítems por un grupo de psicólogos. Una versión preliminar de 84 ítems se aplicó a una muestra de 253 víctimas del terrorismo junto con medidas de TEPT, depresión y actitudes disfuncionales depresivas. Resultados. Una serie de análisis factoriales y de fiabilidad sobre la versión preliminar permitió llegar a una versión definitiva compuesta por 34 ítems y tres factores correlacionados: mundo peligroso, visión negativa de la sociedad y del ser humano, y cronificación del malestar. Los análisis psicométricos de la versión definitiva revelaron buenos datos empíricos para la estructura interna de la EADT, la consistencia interna de sus puntuaciones, la diferenciación de grupos contrastados y las relaciones con constructos conceptualmente relacionados. Conclusiones. La EADT es un instrumento sencillo cuyas medidas presentan buenas propiedades psicométricas y pueden ser útiles para evaluar, tanto en contextos de investigación como aplicados, las actitudes disfuncionales que pueden presentar las víctimas del terrorismo.


Assuntos
Humanos , Ciências da Saúde , Transtornos de Estresse Traumático/psicologia , Transtornos de Estresse Traumático Agudo , Cuidados de Suporte Avançado de Vida no Trauma , Terrorismo/psicologia , Transtornos de Adaptação , Depressão
5.
Ansiedad estrés ; 27(2-3): 140-148, Jun-Dic. 2021. tab, graf
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-215116

RESUMO

Introducción y objetivos: En muchas situaciones tales como las de confinamiento provocadas por la pandemia de la COVID-19, es imposible aplicar los instrumentos psicológicos presencialmente, como originalmente se concibieron. Sin embargo, el modo de aplicación puede afectar a las propiedades psicométricas de las medidas de un instrumento. La Lista de Verificación del Trastorno de Estrés Postraumático (del inglés PTSD Checklist; en adelante PCL) es uno de los instrumentos más utilizados para evaluar presencialmente la sintomatología del trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT). Este es el primer estudio que analiza y compara la estructura factorial, consistencia interna y validez diagnóstica, nomológica y de grupos contrastados de las medidas de la PCL aplicada presencial y telefónicamente. Material y métodos: Se administró la PCL en ambos formatos a una muestra de 634 personas víctimas del terrorismo junto con una entrevista diagnóstica estructurada y medidas de depresión y ansiedad. Resultados: Las puntuaciones de ambas formas de aplicación de la PCL presentan una misma estructura unifactorial, índices excelentes de consistencia interna (alfa > .90) e índices muy buenos de validez diagnóstica para identificar el TEPT (AUC > .90); ambas discriminan significativamente y con tamaños del efecto grandes (d = 0.88–2.84) entre víctimas con TEPT, con trastornos depresivos o de ansiedad y sin trastornos, y ambas presentan correlaciones significativas y grandes con medidas de otros constructos con los que el TEPT guarda una estrecha relación: depresión y ansiedad. Conclusiones: Los resultados sugieren que la PCL se puede aplicar telefónicamente con las mismas garantías psicométricas que presencialmente.(AU)


Introduction and objectives: In many situations, such as confinement situations caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, it is not possible to administer psychological instruments in person, as originally contemplated in their development. However, the mode of administration can affect the psychometric properties of instrument scores. The PTSD Checklist (PCL) is one of the most widely used instruments for assessing the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in person. This study is the first research that has analyzed and compared the factorial structure, the internal consistency, the validity of contrasted groups, the diagnostic validity, and the nomological validity of scores on the PCL administered in person and by telephone. Material and methods: The PCL was administered in both application modes to a sample of 634 victims of terrorism along with a structured diagnostic interview and measures of depression and anxiety. Results: Scores on both administration modes of the PCL have the same unifactorial structure, excellent indexes of internal consistency (alpha > .90) and very good indexes of diagnostic validity to identify the PTSD (AUC > .90), discriminate significantly and with large effect sizes (d = 0.88–2.84) between victims with PTSD, with depressive or anxiety disorders and without disorders, and present significant and large correlations with measures of other constructs with which PTSD is closely related, namely depression and anxiety. Conclusions: The results suggest that the PCL can be administered over the telephone with the same psychometric guarantees as in person.(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Terrorismo , Vítimas de Crime , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos , Psicometria , Pandemias , Infecções por Coronavirus/epidemiologia , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes
6.
Ansiedad estrés ; 27(1): 57-66, Ene-Jun. 2021. tab, graf
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-215105

RESUMO

Introducción y objetivos. El objetivo principal del presente estudio fue desarrollar, a partir de la Lista de Verificación del Trastorno de Estrés Postraumático (PCL), una medida de autoinforme de la sintomatología de estrés postraumático basada en los criterios sintomáticos de la CIE-11 para el trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT). Material y métodos. Se seleccionaron siete ítems de la PCL para formar la PCL-CIE-11 y se analizaron sus propiedades psicométricas en una muestra de 634 víctimas del terrorismo a las que se aplicó la versión específica de la PCL (PCL-S) junto con una entrevista diagnóstica estructurada y medidas de depresión y ansiedad. Resultados. La PCL-CIE-11 muestra una estructura unifactorial con buenos índices de ajuste que se replica en dos submuestras de víctimas creadas aleatoriamente a partir de la muestra global, y presenta índices excelentes o muy buenos de consistencia interna (α > .85) y de validez diagnóstica para identificar el TEPT (AUC > .90 y kappa ≥ .75). La escala también discrimina significativamente y con tamaños del efecto grandes (d = 0.88 – 2.32) entre víctimas con TEPT, víctimas con trastornos depresivos o de ansiedad y víctimas sin trastornos, presenta correlaciones significativas y grandes con medidas de depresión y ansiedad, dos constructos con los que el TEPT guarda una estrecha relación, y muestra una correlación muy elevada, de .95, con la PCL-S completa. Conclusiones. La PCL-CIE-11 es una versión breve de la PCL-S que presenta buenas propiedades psicométricas y puede ser útil para evaluar la presencia y gravedad de la sintomatología del TEPT tanto desde la perspectiva del DSM como de la CIE-11.(AU)


Introduction and objectives. The main objective of the present study was to develop, from the PTSD Checklist (PCL), a self-report measure of posttraumatic stress symptoms based on the ICD-11 symptomatic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Material and methods. Seven PCL items were selected to develop the PCL-ICD-11, and its psychometric properties were analyzed in a sample of 634 victims of terrorism who completed the specific version of the PCL (PCL-S) along with a structured diagnostic interview and measures of depression and anxiety. Results. The results indicate that the PCL-ICD-11 shows a unifactorial structure with good fit indices that is replicated in two subsamples of victims created randomly from the global sample. The PCL-ICD-11 shows excellent indices of internal consistency (α > .85) and very good indices of diagnostic validity to identify PTSD (AUC > .90 and kappa ≥ .75), discriminates significantly and with large effect sizes (d = 0.88 – 2.32) between victims with PTSD, victims with depressive or anxiety disorders and victims without disorders, presents significant and large correlations with measures of depression and anxiety, two constructs with which PTSD it is closely related, and shows a very high correlation of .95 with the complete PCL-S. Conclusions. The PCL-ICD-11 is a short version of the PCL-S that has good psychometric properties and can be useful to assess the presence and severity of PTSD symptoms from both the DSM and ICD-11 perspectives.(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos , Classificação Internacional de Doenças , Psicometria , Vítimas de Crime , Terrorismo , Estresse Psicológico , Ansiedade , Inquéritos e Questionários
7.
Psicothema (Oviedo) ; 33(2): 177-187, 2021.
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-225493

RESUMO

Background: Terrorism remains one of the most serious global problems, affecting a very large number of people, a signifi cant percentage of whom can suffer psychological disorders arising from a terrorist attack. The purpose of this article is to describe the current state of scientific knowledge about these psychological disorders and their treatment. Method: Systematic narrative or meta-analytical reviews of the scientific literature on the subject published between 2010 and 2020 were searched for in PsycINFO, MEDLINE, and PTSDpubs. Results: The search located 16 systematic reviews whose fi ndings were analyzed, leading to ten conclusions about the most common psychological disorders and their progression, the type and percentage of victims who will be most affected by them, and the most effective and useful treatments for those disorders during the various phases following an attack. Conclusions: After a terrorist attack, both direct and indirect victims will need shortand mid-term psychological care and follow up. Direct victims, the direct relatives of any deceased, and other victims signifi cantly exposed to the attack or its consequences, will also need long- and very long-term care and follow up. Currently, trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapies are the treatment of choice for victims in the rescue, recovery, and returnto-life phases. (AU)


Antecedentes: el terrorismo es uno de los problemas mundiales más graves, afectando a un número importante de personas, de las cuales un porcentaje significativo puede padecer trastornos psicológicos derivados de un atentado terrorista. El objetivo de este artículo es describir los conocimientos científicos actuales sobre esos trastornos y su tratamiento. Método: se buscaron en PsycINFO, MEDLINE y PTSDpubs las revisiones sistemáticas narrativas o metaanalíticas de la literatura científica sobre el tema publicadas en 2010-2020. Resultados: se encontraron 16 revisiones cuyos hallazgospermitieron extraer diez conclusiones sobre los trastornos psicológicos más frecuentes y su curso, el tipo y porcentaje de víctimas más afectadas por ellos y los tratamientos más eficaces y útiles para dichos trastornosdurante las distintas fases tras un atentado. Conclusiones: después de un atentado, tanto las víctimas directas como indirectas necesitaránseguimiento y atención psicológicas a corto y medio plazo y, en el caso de las víctimas directas, los familiares directos de los fallecidos y otrasvíctimas muy expuestas al atentado o sus consecuencias, también a largo y muy largo plazo. Actualmente, las terapias cognitivo-conductuales centradas en el trauma son el tratamiento de elección para las víctimas enlas fases de rescate, recuperación y regreso a la vida. (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Transtornos Mentais/terapia , Terrorismo/psicologia , Vítimas de Crime/psicologia , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/psicologia , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/terapia , MEDLINE
8.
Psicothema (Oviedo) ; 31(4): 400-406, nov. 2019. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-192249

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: There are no published studies on the clinical utility of psychotherapy in victims of terrorism who suffer emotional disorders many years after the attacks. METHOD: A course of trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy was administered to 50 victims of terrorist attacks that occurred an average of 23 years previously and who presented isolated or concurrent posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; 74%), major depressive disorder (54%), panic disorder (38%), or other anxiety disorders (38%). RESULTS: According to an intention-to-treat analysis (N = 50), these percentages decreased significantly to 24% (PTSD and major depression), 16% (panic disorder) and 14% (other anxiety disorders) at 1-year follow-up. According to a complete data analysis, at posttreatment no victims (n = 31) still presented major depressive or panic disorder, only 3.2% presented PTSD and 9.7% presented other anxiety disorders, whereas at 1-year follow-up, no victims presented any disorders (n = 22). At posttreatment and at the 1-, 3-, 6-month, and 1-year follow-ups, large statistically and clinically significant decreases in PTSD, depression, and anxiety symptomatology were found (d = 1.26 to 2.52 at 1-year follow-up). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that efficacious treatments for recent victims are also useful in the usual clinical practice for victims with very long-term emotional disorders


ANTECEDENTES: no hay estudios publicados sobre la utilidad clínica de la psicoterapia para víctimas del terrorismo con trastornos emocionales muchos años después del atentado. MÉTODO: se administró terapia cognitivo conductual centrada en el trauma a 50 víctimas de atentados ocurridos una media de 23 años antes y que presentaban aislada o concurrentemente trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT; 74%), depresivo mayor (54%), de angustia (38%) u otros trastornos de ansiedad (38%). RESULTADOS: según un análisis de intención de tratar, esos porcentajes disminuyeron significativamente al año a 24% (TEPT y depresión mayor), 16% (trastorno de angustia) y 14% (trastornos de ansiedad). Según un análisis con datos completos, en el postratamiento ninguna víctima (n = 31) presentaba ya trastorno depresivo mayor o de angustia y solo un 3,2% TEPT y un 9,7% otros trastornos de ansiedad, mientras que al año ninguna víctima presentaba trastornos (n = 22). En el postratamiento y en los seguimientos a 1, 3 y 6 meses y al año, hubo descensos en sintomatología de TEPT, depresión y ansiedad estadística y clínicamente significativos y grandes (d = 1.26 a 2.52 al año). CONCLUSIONES: los tratamientos eficaces para víctimas recientes también son útiles en la práctica clínica en víctimas con trastornos emocionales a muy largo plazo


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Transtornos de Ansiedade/terapia , Terapia Cognitivo-Comportamental/métodos , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/terapia , Transtorno de Pânico/terapia , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/terapia , Terrorismo/psicologia , Sintomas Afetivos/etiologia , Sintomas Afetivos/terapia , Análise de Variância , Transtornos de Ansiedade/etiologia , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/etiologia , Seguimentos , Análise de Intenção de Tratamento , Transtorno de Pânico/etiologia , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/etiologia , Fatores de Tempo , Transtornos Relacionados a Trauma e Fatores de Estresse/etiologia , Transtornos Relacionados a Trauma e Fatores de Estresse/terapia
9.
Emergencias (Sant Vicenç dels Horts) ; 31(3): 195-201, jun. 2019. graf, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-182731

RESUMO

Son múltiples las recomendaciones internacionales que aconsejan adaptar modelos asistenciales del entorno militar a incidentes de múltiples víctimas intencionados (IMVI) ocurridos en el entorno civil, bien por el tipo de patrón lesional, bien por aspectos de seguridad y autoprotección. Debido a la experiencia en Norteamérica, donde este tipo de situaciones son más frecuentes, casi toda la bibliografía y referencias existentes no se corresponden con un modelo de sistemas de emergencias médicas como el que existe en las distintas comunidades autónomas españolas, con sus diferentes medios y procedimientos tal y como viene estipulado por sus competencias exclusivas en esta materia. No obstante, se han detectado una serie de elementos comunes que pueden servir de referencia para elaborar un plan de respuesta a los IMVI, basados en la evidencia y utilizando principios de actuación dirigidos a una acción eficaz y eficiente. Pensamos que cada actor de los eslabones de esta cadena asistencial debe tener clara su misión, su rol y su función en las diferentes zonas de la escena, y así se intentan definir en este documento de consenso, desde un primer interviniente ocasional hasta la asistencia definitiva en los centros de referencia para pacientes traumatizados


International guidelines recommend adapting military health care protocols to emergencies involving multiple intentional-injury victims in civilian environments. Adaptations can reflect similarities in types of injuries or issues of provider safety and that arise in military and some civilian emergencies. Because more experience with such incidents has been gained in the United States, most of the literature on this topic discusses emergency medical systems that differ from the ones operating in the autonomous communities of Spain, where varying resources and procedures are mandated by local authorities charged with preparing for emergencies. However, common elements are present, offering a framework and principles to apply when drafting evidence-based plans for effective, efficient response to multiple-victim emergencies. We think that participants at each point in the chain of survival must have clear missions and understand the roles they play in the various zones that comprise the scene of an emergency. Therefore this consensus paper attempts to define the relevant principles and roles for participants at all levels, from occasional first responders up to staff at trauma referral centers


Assuntos
Humanos , Consenso , Sobrevivência , Incidentes com Feridos em Massa , Terrorismo , Vítimas de Crime/estatística & dados numéricos , Prevenção Primária , Estados Unidos , Canadá , Austrália , Europa (Continente)
10.
Rev. esp. med. legal ; 45(2): 59-66, abr.-jun. 2019. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-188601

RESUMO

Introducción: La valoración psiquiátrico-forense del riesgo de radicalización terrorista en el enfermo mental tiene especial interés para la evaluación de la peligrosidad criminal; especialmente a raíz de las recientes investigaciones sobre los denominados lobos solitarios, que indican una elevada prevalencia de enfermedad mental dentro de este tipo de terroristas. Metodología: Análisis de la validez predictiva del Protocolo de Evaluación de Radicalización Terrorista (TRAP-18) para predecir futuros incidentes violentos de carácter extremista en una muestra representativa de 44 pacientes con trastorno mental grave en situación de exclusión social y con antecedentes penitenciarios. Resultados: El análisis de curvas ROC indicó que la puntuación total de la TRAP-18 (AUC 1,00, p = 0,018) tiene una alta validez predictiva. Conclusiones: El TRAP-18 podría resultar una útil herramienta para la valoración del riesgo de radicalización terrorista en el enfermo mental; especialmente en el colectivo de personas con trastorno mental grave en situación de exclusión social y con antecedentes penitenciarios, los cuales presentan un mayor riesgo potencial de radicalización terrorista como lobos solitarios


Introduction: The forensic-psychiatric assessment of the risk of terrorist radicalisation in the mentally ill patient is of special interest for the evaluation of criminal dangerousness. This particularly relevant in ligh of the recent investigations into so-called lone-wolves, which indicate a high prevalence of mental illness within this type of terrorist. Methodology: Analysis of the predictive validity of the Terrorist Radicalisation Assessment Protocol (TRAP-18) to predict future violent incidents of an extremist nature in a representative sample of 44 patients with severe mental illness in situations of social exclusion and with a prison history. Results: The ROC Curves analysis indicated that the total score of TRAP-18 (AUC 1.00, P=.018) has a high predictive validity. Conclusions: TRAP-18 could be a useful tool for assessing the risk of terrorist radicalisation in the mentally ill patient,; especially in the group of people with severe mental illness in situations of social exclusion and with a prison record, who have a greater potential risk of terrorist radicalistion as lone-wolves


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pessoas Mentalmente Doentes , Terrorismo/psicologia , Psiquiatria Legal , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica Breve , Valor Preditivo dos Testes
11.
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-183854

RESUMO

Members of the Sikh Khalsa who make their residence in the United States represent a psychologically underserved and understudied population. A lack of awareness of psychological services contributes to this status; however, the challenges inherent in reconciling cultural norms within the United States with the native cultures of immigrant populations should not be neglected. As a consequence of the paucity of ethnically Sikh psychotherapists, the number of therapists with a competent cultural understanding of this population is limited. By sharing the insights and observations culled from dialogue with members of a Sikh community recovering in the wake of a national tragedy, we present our insights and an approach to therapeutic intervention developed to facilitate future psychotherapeutic endeavors both in Sikh communities and other ethnic minorities at large. The model developed in this study identifies demographic issues, therapeutic approach, gender bias, language, confidentiality, peer support, and immigrant status as the most important factors when treating this population. Ultimately, it is our intention to elevate awareness of some of the idiosyncratic complexities involved in treatment and research of this underserved minority group, particularly as our population continues to diversify


No disponible


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto Jovem , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Grupos Minoritários/psicologia , Transtornos Mentais/terapia , Psicoterapia/estatística & dados numéricos , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/terapia , Saúde das Minorias Étnicas , Processos Psicoterapêuticos , Índia/etnologia , Religião e Psicologia , Competência Cultural , Emigrantes e Imigrantes/psicologia , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Terrorismo/psicologia , Sobreviventes/psicologia
12.
Clín. salud ; 29(1): 9-13, mar. 2018. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-178461

RESUMO

Ciento veinte víctimas del terrorismo que habían sufrido un atentado como media 18 años antes y que presentaban sintomatología o trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT) fueron aleatorizadas a 16 sesiones de terapia cognitivoconductual centrada en el trauma (TCC-CT) o a lista de espera. Ninguna de las víctimas que completó el tratamiento presentaba un diagnóstico de TEPT en el postratamiento; estas víctimas mostraban niveles de sintomatología de estrés postraumático significativamente menores en el postratamiento que en el pretratamiento, con una diferencia prepost grande (d = 1.39) y un 78.3% de ellas mostraban niveles normales en el postratamiento. Estos resultados fueron significativamente mejores que los del grupo control, siendo la diferencia tratamiento-control grande (d = 0.91). La TCC-CT es eficaz y representa actualmente el tratamiento de elección para víctimas del terrorismo que sufren TEPT o sintomatología de estrés postraumático, incluso a muy largo plazo, entre 6 y 51 años después del atentado


One hundred and twenty victims of terrorism who had suffered a terrorist attack an average of 18 years ago and who mainly had posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or posttraumatic stress symptomatology were randomized to a 16-session trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy (TF-CBT) or to a waiting-list control group. No victim who completed treatment had a PTSD diagnosis at posttreatment; these victims showed significantly lower levels of posttraumatic stress symptomatology at posttreatment than at pretreatment, with a large pre-posttreatment difference (d = 1.39), and 78.3% of them showed normal levels of symptomatology at posttreatment. These results were significantly better than those of the control group, with a large treatment-control difference (d = 0.91). TF-CBT is efficacious and is currently the treatment of choice for victims of terrorism who suffer from PTSD or posttraumatic stress symptomatology, even in the very long term, between 6 and 51 years after the terrorist attack


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Terapia Cognitivo-Comportamental/métodos , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/psicologia , Terrorismo/psicologia , Resultado do Tratamento , Transtornos Cognitivos/psicologia , Transtornos Mentais/psicologia
13.
Clín. salud ; 29(1): 21-26, mar. 2018. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-178463

RESUMO

En este trabajo se muestra la efectividad o utilidad clínica de la terapia cognitivo-conductual centrada en el trauma (TCCCT) cuando se aplica por videoconferencia a un paciente de 52 años víctima directa de un atentado terrorista sufrido hace 30 años, que presentaba trastorno por estrés postraumático (TEPT), trastorno depresivo mayor, fobia social y trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo. Tras 36 sesiones de tratamiento, se produjo una reducción clínicamente significativa de la sintomatología postraumática, ansiosa y depresiva, la cual se mantuvo estable a largo plazo. La TCC-CT aplicada por videoconferencia parece ser efectiva cuando se utiliza con víctimas del terrorismo que sufren TEPT y otros trastornos comórbidos a muy largo plazo, aunque la comorbilidad y la cronicidad parecen requerir un aumento en el número de sesiones


This paper shows the effectiveness or clinical utility of trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral treatment (TF-CBT) that was delivered by videoconference in a 52 year old patient who was victim of a terrorist attack 30 years ago and suffered from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) comorbid with major depressive disorder (MDD), social phobia, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). After 36 sessions, a clinically significant decrease in posttraumatic, depressive and anxious symptomatology was obtained and remained stable in the long term. TF-CBT delivered by videoconference seems to be effective when is used with victims of terrorism suffering from PTSD and comorbid emotional disorders in the very long term, although comorbidity and chronicity seem to an increase in the number of treatment sessions


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Comunicação por Videoconferência , Terrorismo/psicologia , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/psicologia , Sintomas Afetivos/psicologia , Terapia Cognitivo-Comportamental/métodos , Telemedicina , Transtornos Mentais/psicologia , Relações Interpessoais
14.
Emergencias (St. Vicenç dels Horts) ; 29(6): 416-421, dic. 2017. ilus, tab, graf
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-168514

RESUMO

Los recientes incidentes con atentados terroristas con tiradores activos o artefactos explosivos improvisados han demostrado que la atención secuencial tradicional produce retrasos en la atención a las víctimas, con resultados no totalmente satisfactorios. La medicina táctica es una nueva herramienta para aplicar en la atención prehospitalaria, que surge de la experiencia en el cuidado a los heridos en zona de combate, aplicando las recomendaciones del Tactical Combat Casualty Care (TCCC). Mediante estas directrices, se trata de disminuir las tres principales causas de muerte prevenible en combate: hemorragia en extremidades, neumotorax a tensión y obstrucción de vía aérea. Para mejorar los índices de supervivencia en incidentes terroristas, es necesario cambiar la forma de atención de los servicios de emergencia. A partir de la experiencia obtenida con el TCCC, el Consenso Hartford y el Comite Tactical Emergency Casualty Care han desarrollado estrategias para mejorar la supervivencia. Ambos desarrollan recomendaciones sobre procedimientos de atención sanitaria dirigidos a primeros intervinientes y a profesionales para su aplicación en entorno hostil (AU)


Recent terrorist attacks involving active shooters or improvised explosive devices have shown that traditionally sequenced emergency management leads to delays in attending victims and suboptimal outcomes. Tactical medicine, a new concept in prehospital care, emerged from experience attending the wounded in combat zones, where the Tactical Combat Casualty Care (TCCC) recommendations are applied. TCCC targets 3 main causes of preventable death in combat: bleeding from extremities, tension pneumothorax, and airway obstruction. A change in the delivery of emergency care during terrorist attacks is now required if we are to improve survival rates. To that end, strategies based on the TCCC and Hartford Consensus recommendations have been developed. Both these approaches describe procedures for both first responders and medical professionals to apply in areas under threat (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Serviços Médicos de Emergência/métodos , Serviços Médicos de Emergência/tendências , Consenso , Terrorismo/estatística & dados numéricos , Lesões Relacionadas à Guerra/terapia , Atenção à Saúde/organização & administração , Atenção à Saúde/normas
16.
Psicothema (Oviedo) ; 28(1): 47-52, feb. 2016. graf
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-148816

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: From the framework of Terror Management Theory, the objective of the present research is to analyze the effect of mortality salience (MS) on the minimization of Muslim terrorists' secondary emotions (MSE, which can be understood as a particular kind of dehumanization), as a function of political orientation. METHOD: An experimental design was used, in which the participants (university students, N= 293) were randomly assigned to a control or experimental group, their political orientation was taken note of, and they were asked to attribute emotions to Muslim terrorists. RESULTS: In accordance with the hypotheses, the results indicate that, among those supporting tenets of the political left, MS originates less minimization of secondary emotions of the terrorists (MSE). However, among people who stand on the right, MS inspires greater MSE (that is, a lower attribution of these emotions).CONCLUSIONS: These results support the thesis that the effects of MS are not to be found exclusively in conservative people, and that they do not necessarily imply a conservative shift, but constitute a polarization in previous ideological tendencies or cultural worldview


ANTECEDENTES: desde el marco de la Teoría del Manejo del Terror (TMT), la presente investigación se centra en analizar los efectos del recuerdo de la propia mortalidad (mortality salience, MS) sobre la minimización sentimental (MSE, una forma particular de deshumanización) de los terroristas islamistas, en función de la orientación política. MÉTODO: se utilizó un diseño experimental en el cual los participantes (293 estudiantes universitarios) fueron asignados aleatoriamente a un grupo control o un grupo experimental, tomando nota sobre su orientación política, pidiéndoles que atribuyeran emociones a terroristas musulmanes. RESULTADOS: en coherencia con las hipótesis planteadas, los resultados indican que, entre personas de izquierdas, la MS da lugar a una menor MSE emocional de los terroristas. Entre personas de derechas, sin embargo, la MS promueve mayor MSE de dicho grupo


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Terrorismo/psicologia , Desumanização , Estudantes/psicologia , Psicologia Experimental/instrumentação , Psicologia Experimental/métodos , Psicologia Experimental/tendências , Emoções Manifestas/fisiologia , Rememoração Mental/fisiologia , Atitude Frente a Morte , Inibição Psicológica
17.
Span. j. psychol ; 19: e51.1-e51.10, 2016. tab
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-160266

RESUMO

Understanding how people perceive the pros and cons of risky behaviors such as terrorism or violent extremism represents a first step in developing research testing rational choice theory aiming to explain and predict peoples’ intentions to engage in, or support, these behaviors. Accordingly, the present study provides a qualitative, exploratory analysis of a sample of 57 male youths’ perceptions of the benefits and drawbacks of: (a) accessing a violent extremist website, (b) joining a violent extremist group, and (c) leaving such a group. Youth perceived significantly more drawbacks than benefits of joining a violent extremist group (p = .001, d = .46) and accessing a violent extremist website (p = .001, d = .46). The perceived benefits of engagement referred to gaining knowledge/awareness, being part of a group/similar people, and fighting the enemy/for a cause. The drawbacks referred to being exposed to negative material and emotions, having violent/criminal beliefs and behaviors, and getting in trouble with the law. The perceived benefits of disengagement referred to no longer committing illegal acts, and regaining independence/not being manipulated. The drawbacks referred to exposing oneself to harm and reprisal. These findings provide an insight into how male youth think about (dis)engagement in violent extremism, and can inform future quantitative research designed to explain and predict (dis)engagement in violent extremism. Eventually, such research may inform the development of evidencebased prevention and intervention strategies (AU)


No disponible


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto Jovem , Terrorismo/psicologia , Percepção/fisiologia , Violência/psicologia , Heurística/fisiologia , Psicologia Social/métodos , Psicologia Social/tendências , Crime/psicologia , 24960/métodos
18.
Clín. salud ; 26(3): 167-180, nov. 2015. graf, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-144983

RESUMO

En este trabajo se presentan dos técnicas para el análisis de datos de los diseños de caso único en la investigación de los tratamientos psicológicos: los índices de no solapamiento de datos para estimar el tamano del efecto del tratamiento (o magnitud del cambio terapéutico) y la aproximación estadística de Jacobson y Truax (1991) para estimar la significación clínica del efecto. A partir del caso de una víctima del terrorismo que sufría de trastorno por estrés postraumático, trastorno depresivo mayor y trastorno de angustia con agorafobia y que recibió terapia cognitivo conductual centrada en el trauma, se ejemplifica el cálculo y aplicación del porcentaje de datos no solapados (PND), el porcentaje de datos que exceden la mediana (PEM), el no solapamiento de todos los pares (NAP) y la aproximación estadística a la significación clínica y se discuten sus ventajas y limitaciones como complemento al análisis visual de los datos


This paper presents two techniques for the data analysis of single case designs in psychological treatment research: indices of data overlap between phases to estimate the size of treatment effect (or the magnitude of therapeutic change) and Jacobson and Truax’s (1991) statistical approach to estimate the clinical significance of treatment effect. Based on a case of a victim of terrorism who suffered from posttraumatic stress disorder, major depressive disorder and panic disorder with agoraphobia and received trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy, this paper illustrates the computation and application of percentage of non-overlapping data (PND), percentage of data points exceeding the median (PEM), nonoverlap of all pairs (NAP), and statistical approach to clinical significance, and discusses their advantages and limitations as a complement of visual analysis of data


Assuntos
Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Psicologia Clínica/métodos , Terapia Comportamental/educação , Terapia Comportamental , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/metabolismo , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/psicologia , Terrorismo/psicologia , Transtornos de Ansiedade/patologia , Transtornos de Ansiedade/psicologia , Psicologia Clínica , Terapia Comportamental/métodos , Terapia Comportamental/normas , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/reabilitação , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/terapia , Terrorismo/estatística & dados numéricos , Transtornos de Ansiedade/reabilitação , Transtornos de Ansiedade/terapia
19.
Psicol. conduct ; 23(2): 215-244, mayo-ago. 2015. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-151095

RESUMO

Se presenta una revisión sobre la eficacia y utilidad clinica de los tratamientos para los trastornos mentales en victimas adultas del terrorismo. Una busqueda en PsycINFO, PILOTS y MEDLINE encontro ocho estudios, todos sobre el trastorno por estres postraumatico (TEPT): siete sobre la terapia cognitivo conductual centrada en el trauma y uno sobre la de exposicion en combinación con un inhibidor selectivo de la recaptacion de serotonina, pero ninguno sobre otros farmacos, otras terapias psicologicas no cognitivo conductuales u otros trastornos mentales. Los resultados sugieren que: (a) la terapia cognitivo conductual centrada en el trauma no solo es eficaz y util en la practica clínica para el tratamiento del TEPT en victimas adultas del terrorismo, sino actualmente la terapia de eleccion y (b) la investigacion futura deberia desarrollar, adaptar y probar tratamientos para los otros trastornos mentales que pueden sufrir las victimas del terrorismo (p. ej., trastornos depresivos y de ansiedad, duelo complicado) y para las victimas de los paises no desarrollados y no occidentales que son los que sufren en mayor medida el terrorismo


A review of the efficacy and clinical utility (effectiveness) of the treatments for mental disorders in adult victims of terrorism is presented. A search in PsycINFO, PILOTS and MEDLINE found eight studies, all of them on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): seven on trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy and one on exposure therapy in combination with a selective inhibitor of serotonin reuptake, but none on other medications, other non-cognitive-behavioral psychological therapies or other mental disorders. The results of this review suggest that: (a) trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy is not only efficacious and useful in clinical practice for the treatment of PTSD in victims of terrorism, but also currently the therapy of choice, and (b) future research should develop, adapt and test treatments for other mental disorders that victims of terrorism may suffer from (e.g., depressive and anxiety disorders, complicated grief) and for victims of non-developed, non-Western countries that are the countries that suffer most from terrorism


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Atentado Terrorista , Terrorismo , Transtornos Mentais/diagnóstico , Transtornos Mentais/psicologia , Transtornos Mentais/terapia , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/diagnóstico , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/psicologia , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/terapia , Resultado do Tratamento , Psicopatologia/instrumentação , Psicopatologia/métodos , Terapia Cognitivo-Comportamental/instrumentação , Terapia Cognitivo-Comportamental/métodos , Serotonina/administração & dosagem , Serotonina/farmacologia , Serotonina/uso terapêutico , Saúde Mental , Espanha
20.
Span. j. psychol ; 17: e9.1-e9.15, ene.-dic. 2014. tab
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-130518

RESUMO

This study, which forms part of a broader research project, analyzes gender differences in: the intensity of diverse emotions, the justification of violence, attitudes towards the terrorist group ETA, forgiveness and tolerance. Participants comprised 728 people (45.5% men and 54.5% women) resident in either Basque Country or Navarra (Spain), representative of all national identities and political ideologies existing in this context. An ad hoc questionnaire was designed and administered between November 2005 and February 2006, a short time before ETA declared a ceasefire. Women reported more intensity in fear for political reasons and scored higher in two of the six measures of empathy included in the study (empathy with prisoners and empathy with those who suffer and think like oneself). Men scored higher in positive emotionality, indifference and Schadenfreude. Women perceived apology and forgiveness as more necessary elements for achieving peace than men. These results suggest that it may be beneficial for women to play a more prominent role in relation to the resolution of intergroup conflicts such as the one existing in the Basque Country (AU)


No disponible


Assuntos
Identidade de Gênero , Emoções Manifestas/fisiologia , Terrorismo/psicologia , Violência/psicologia , Perdão/fisiologia , Diferenciação Sexual/fisiologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Medo/psicologia , Distúrbios de Guerra/psicologia , Psicopatologia/métodos , Análise de Variância
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