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2.
Rev. derecho genoma hum ; (57): 15-43, July-December 2022.
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-219442

RESUMO

Despite the lack of specific regulatory guidelines, many nanomedicines are on the market and their number is growing steadily. These are mainly used in cancer therapy because they require persistent toxic compounds and the tumor landscape is very difficult, which hinders effective drug treatment. The lack of formal regulation of nanomedicines and the manufacture of nanomaterials for health-related applications is a worldwide problem. Inconsistency among differentgovernment agencies results in some nanomedicines being classified as medicaldevices and others as drugs. Therefore, a global consortium for nanomaterialsregulation should be formed to advance these agendas and issue formal guidance to the research communities. Currently, in the context of nanomaterials in the European Union, we are dealing with both binding legal acts and non-binding legal acts, such as recommendations on the fair conduct of scientific research or on the application of a uniform definition of nanomaterials.


A pesar de la falta de directrices regulatorias específicas, encontramos en el mercado un número creciente de nanomedicinas. Se utilizan, sobre todo, en la terapia del cáncer, ya que requieren compuestos tóxicos persistentes y el paisaje tumoral es muy difícil, lo que dificulta un tratamiento farmacológico eficaz. La falta de regulación oficial de los nanomedicamentos y la fabricación de nanomateriales para aplicaciones relacionadas con la salud es un problema mundial. La incoherencia entre las distintas agencias gubernamentales hace que algunas nanomedicinas se clasifiquen como dispositivos médicos y otras como fármacos. Por lo tanto, debería formarse un consorcio mundial para la regulación de los nanomateriales con el fin de avanzar en esta agenda y emitir orientaciones formales para las comunidades investigadoras. En la actualidad, en el contexto de los nanomateriales en la Unión Europea, encontramos tanto herramientas jurídicas vinculantes, como no vinculantes; tal es el caso de las recomendaciones sobre la adecuada realización de investigación científica o sobre la aplicación de una definición uniforme de los nanomateriales. (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Regulamentação Governamental , Regulamento Sanitário Internacional/tendências , Nanoestruturas/administração & dosagem , Nanoestruturas/história , Nanoestruturas/provisão & distribuição , União Europeia , Apoio à Pesquisa como Assunto
3.
Rev. derecho genoma hum ; (57): 255-279, July-December 2022.
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-219449

RESUMO

Entre las cuestiones que suscita la nueva tecnología de la IAtenemos la llamada Ética de la IA. De hecho, la reciente Resolución UE Marco de los aspectos éticos de la inteligencia artificial, la robótica y las tecnologías conexas de 20 de octubre 2020, declara que las cuestiones de carácter ético y jurídico relacionadas con la inteligencia artificial deben abordarse a través de un marco regulador del Derecho de la Unión efectivo, global y con visión de futuro que refleje los principios y valores de la Unión consagrados en los Tratados y en la Carta de los Derechos Fundamentales. Es decir, se está pidiendo una reglamentación de la ética europea dela IA. Además, se adjunta como Anexo una Propuesta de Reglamento del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo sobre los principios éticos para el desarrollo, el despliegue y el uso de la IA, en 24 artículos. Este trabajo explora el significado de esta Ética para robots, Roboética o Ciberética, distinguiendo la ética que se dirige a los seres humanosen su relación con las máquinas de la que se programa en el sistema inteligente como medida de control y seguridad. (AU)


Among the issues raised by the new AI technology we have the so-called Ethics of AI. In fact, the recent EU Resolution Framework on the ethical aspects of artificial intelligence, robotics and related technologies of October 20, 2020, declares that ethical and legal issues related to artificial intelligence must be addressed through a framework an effective, comprehensive and forward-looking regulator of Union law that reflects the principles and values of the Union enshrined in the Treaties and in the Charter of Fundamental Rights. In other words, a regulation of the European ethics of AI is being requested. In addition, a Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the ethical principles for the development, deployment and use of AI, in 24 articles, is attached as an Annex. This work explores the meaning of this Ethics for robots, Roboethics or Cyberethics, distinguishing the ethics that addresses human beings in their relationship with machines from those that are programmed in the intelligent system as a control and security measure. (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Inteligência Artificial/ética , Inteligência Artificial/legislação & jurisprudência , Ética , Cibernética/ética , Cibernética/legislação & jurisprudência , Invenções/legislação & jurisprudência , União Europeia , Regulamento Sanitário Internacional/ética
5.
Enferm. clín. (Ed. impr.) ; 30(supl.5): 213-215, jun. 2020. tab
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-196672

RESUMO

Ship Sanitation is one of the efforts to overcome several factors of the physical environment that are needed for the main creatures' things that have the damaging effects of physical development, health, and survival. What is done on a transport device that uses a machine or screen that travels nationally or internationally. This type of research uses descriptive methods with a sample of all Ro-Ro vessels at the Merak Ferry Port of 20 ships. Data collection using ship sanitation observation sheets. The results of the study with univariate analysis showed the condition of kitchen sanitation on Ro-Ro vessels which were categorized as not meeting the requirements of 55%, the sanitary conditions of the food raft room category fulfilled the requirements of 85%, the sanitation conditions 80%, the physical conditions of drinking water 100%, the sanitation requirements of the facilities 70% medical, Ro-Ro ship sanitation requirements do not meet the requirements of 53%. Through this research, the authors expect the efforts of related parties to improve the sanitation of Ro-Ro vessels to be safe by increasing sanitation production of clean and healthy Ro-Ro ships


No disponible


Assuntos
Humanos , Saneamento de Navios , Higiene dos Alimentos/normas , Água Potável/normas , Regulamento Sanitário Internacional , Indonésia , Saneamento de Portos , Saúde Pública/legislação & jurisprudência
6.
Rev. clín. esp. (Ed. impr.) ; 215(8): 439-445, nov. 2015.
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-145002

RESUMO

Introducción. La crisis económica mundial condiciona la migración de trabajadores europeos hacia países en vías de desarrollo con alta incidencia de enfermedades infecciosas. El objetivo de este estudio es valorar si este contexto produce un aumento de los riesgos de los viajeros internacionales que se desplazan por motivos laborales (VML). Métodos. Estudio observacional retrospectivo. La población de estudio fueron los VML atendidos antes de su viaje en una Unidad de Salud Internacional durante los años 2007 (año anterior al inicio de la crisis europea) y 2012 (con la crisis estructural establecida). Se realizó un análisis comparativo sociodemográfico y de los factores de riesgo presentes entre ambos grupos. Resultados. En 2007 y 2012 se atendieron un total de 9.197 viajeros. Los VML fueron 344 (3,4%); en 2007, 101 (2,8%) y en 2012, 243 (4,5%) (p<0,001). La edad media de los viajeros fue de 38,1 (DE: 10,57) años. El destino más frecuente fue África subsahariana con 164 (47,6%) casos. Se prescribió quimioprofilaxis antipalúdica a 152 (44%) y presentaban comorbilidades 80 (23,25%). Los VML del 2012 presentaron significativamente mayor edad (p=0,05), más comorbilidades (p=0,018), y mayor proporción de estancias en zonas rurales (p=0,009) durante periodos más largos (p=0,001). Conclusiones. A 5 años del inicio de la crisis económica, existe una variación en el perfil del VML. Su número ha aumentado significativamente, así como la proporción de los que presentan factores de riesgo para contraer enfermedades importadas. Las Unidades de Salud Internacional deberían adaptarse a las nuevas circunstancias y adoptar medidas preventivas en dicho colectivo (AU)


Introduction. The economic world crisis has led to the migration of European workers to developing countries with a high incidence of infectious diseases. The objective of this study was to assess whether this context has produced an increase in the risks to international travelers for work reasons (TWR). Methods. Observational, retrospective study. The study population included TWR who were attended before traveling at an International Health Unit in the year 2007 (the year before the initiation of the European crisis) and in the year 2012 (when the structural crisis was established). A comparative socioeconomic analysis was performed as well as an analysis of the risk factors present in both groups. Results. In 2007 and 2012 a total of 9197 travelers were attended. Of these, there were 344 TWR (3.4%); 101 TWR (2.8%) in 2007 and 243 TWR (4.5%) in 2012 (p<.001). The average age of the travelers was 38.1 years (SD: 10.57). The most common destination was Sub-Saharan Africa, in 164 (47.6%) of the cases. Malaria chemoprophylaxis was prescribed to 152 travelers (44%) and 80 presented comorbidity (23.25%). The TWR from 2012 presented a significantly greater age (p=.05), more comorbidity (p=.018) and a greater proportion of stays in rural areas (p=.0009) for longer time periods (p=.001). Conclusions. At 5 years from the start of the economic crisis, there was a change in the profile of TWR. Their number has increased significantly, as has the proportion who present risk factors for contracting imported diseases. The International Health Units should adapt to these new circumstances and adopt preventive measures for this population (AU)


Assuntos
Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Controle Sanitário de Viajantes , Saúde do Viajante , Medicina de Viagem/métodos , Medicina de Viagem/normas , Infecções/epidemiologia , Fatores de Risco , Estudos Retrospectivos , Controle de Infecções/tendências , Emigração e Imigração/tendências , Regulamento Sanitário Internacional
7.
Rev. toxicol ; 31(2): 140-148, jul.-dic. 2014. tab, ilus
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-133321

RESUMO

El Reglamento 1223/2009 establece las normas que deben cumplir todos los productos cosméticos comercializados en Europa, con objeto de velar por el funcionamiento del mercado interior y lograr un elevado nivel de protección de la salud humana garantizando el uso de métodos alternativos que no impliquen la utilización de animales. El Laboratorio Europeo de Referencia para las Alternativas a la Experimentación con Animales (EURL-EURL- ECVAM) es el laboratorio de referencia en Europa encargado de validar los métodos alternativos. Posteriormente pueden ser homologados por la Organización de Cooperación y Desarrollo Económico (OCDE). Por otro lado, el Comité Científico de Seguridad de los Consumidores (SCCS) asesora a la Comisión sobre todos los temas relacionados con la seguridad de los cosméticos. En esta revisión se detalla una relación de métodos alternativos necesarios para evaluar la seguridad de los ingredientes cosméticos así como los métodos usados y sus limitaciones (AU)


Regulation 1223/2009 apply to all cosmetic products marketed in Europe in order to ensure the internal market and achieve a high level of protection of human health by ensuring the use of alternative methods not involving the use of animals. The European Reference Laboratory for Alternatives to Animal Testing (EURL- EURL-ECVAM) is the European reference laboratory responsible for validating alternative methods. They can also be approved by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). In addition, the Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS) advises the EU Commission on all issues related to cosmetic safety. In this review, alternative methods needed to assess the safety of cosmetic ingredients and the methods used and their limitations are outlined (AU)


Assuntos
Cosméticos/normas , Cosméticos/toxicidade , Cosméticos/uso terapêutico , Controle e Fiscalização de Cosméticos , Testes de Irritação da Pele/métodos , Testes de Irritação da Pele/normas , Testes de Toxicidade/normas , Testes de Toxicidade , Associações de Consumidores/legislação & jurisprudência , Regulamento Sanitário Internacional , Vigilância de Produtos Comercializados/estatística & dados numéricos , Vigilância de Produtos Comercializados/normas , Biotecnologia/legislação & jurisprudência , Biotecnologia/métodos , Biotecnologia/tendências , Cosméticos/farmacocinética
9.
Apunts, Med. esport ; 48(178): 55-61, abr.-jun. 2013. tab
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-114184

RESUMO

Objective: To analyse the effectiveness of a change in the rules on the incidence of injuries in traditional Leonese Wrestling (LW). Material and methods: Cohort study, retrospective (2006–2007) and prospective (2008–2012). The population studied comprised all the male wrestlers over 16 years of age who took part in Winter League competitions in the seasons 2006–2012. Data collected included the number, location and severity of injuries. Classifying them according to location and severity, the incidence of injuries by bouts and falls before and after the change was calculated. The formula for calculating effectiveness was: 1 - relative risk. Results: Over the 7 seasons, a total of 34 injuries were reported - 9 in the seasons before the change and 25 afterwards. Since the introduction of the new regulations in 2008, no serious upper limb injuries have been reported. Before the change in rules there was an incidence of 10.4 per 1000 bouts and 3.9 for every 1000 falls, the differences being statistically significant (P = 0.002 and P = 0.006, respectively). The effectiveness in reducing the incidence of serious injuries was 94% by bouts, and 91% by falls. Conclusions: The results of this study confirm the importance of a methodological approach for the prevention of injuries; in this case a change in the rules (AU)


Objective: To analyse the effectiveness of a change in the rules on the incidence of injuries in traditional Leonese Wrestling (LW). Material and methods: Cohort study, retrospective (2006–2007) and prospective (2008–2012). The population studied comprised all the male wrestlers over 16 years of age who took part in Winter League competitions in the seasons 2006–2012. Data collected included the number, location and severity of injuries. Classifying them according to location and severity, the incidence of injuries by bouts and falls before and after the change was calculated. The formula for calculating effectiveness was: 1 – relative risk. Results: Over the 7 seasons, a total of 34 injuries were reported — 9 in the seasons before the change and 25 afterwards. Since the introduction of the new regulations in 2008, no serious upper limb injuries have been reported. Before the change in rules there was an incidence of 10.4 per 1000 bouts and 3.9 for every 1000 falls, the differences being statistically significant (P = 0.002 and P = 0.006, respectively). The effectiveness in reducing the incidence of serious injuries was 94% by bouts, and 91% by falls. Conclusions: The results of this study confirm the importance of a methodological approach for the prevention of injuries; in this case a change in the rules (AU)


Introducción: El objetivo de nuestro estudio es analizar la efectividad de un cambio de reglamento en la incidencia de lesiones de Lucha Leonesa. Material y métodos: Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo (2006-2007) y prospectivo (2008-2012). La población estudiada comprendió todos los luchadores masculinos de más de 16 años que participaron en las Ligas de Invierno en las temporadas del 2006-2012. Se recogieron datos sobre el número, la localización y la severidad de las lesiones, clasificándolos según su localización y su gravedad. Se calculó la incidencia de lesiones por combates y por caídas antes y después del cambio de reglamento. La fórmula para calcular la efectividad fue: 1 - Riesgo Relativo. Resultados: En las 7 temporadas, se registraron un total de 34 lesiones, 9 antes del cambio de reglamento y 25 después. Desde la introducción de las nuevas reglas en 2008 no se produjo ninguna lesión grave en los miembros superiores, mientras que antes del cambio de reglamento la incidencia de lesiones fue de 10,4 por cada 1000 combates y de 3,9 por cada 1000 caídas, siendo estadísticamente significativa (p= 0,002 y p=0,006). La efectividad de la reducción de la incidencia de lesiones graves fue del 94% por combates y del 91% por caídas. Conclusiones: Los resultados de este estudio confirman la importancia de un enfoque metodológico para la prevención de lesiones; en este caso, los cambios de reglamento (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Luta Romana/história , Luta Romana/fisiologia , Traumatismos em Atletas/história , Traumatismos em Atletas/fisiopatologia , Esportes/fisiologia , Traumatismos em Atletas/classificação , Traumatismos em Atletas/epidemiologia , Esportes/normas , Estudos de Coortes , Saúde Pública/métodos , Saúde Pública/tendências , Regulamento Sanitário Internacional , Estudos Retrospectivos
11.
Rev. esp. salud pública ; 80(6): 647-656, nov.-dic. 2006.
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-75319

RESUMO

Iniciados los avances de la Revolución Industrial, en pleno sigloXIX, las graves y grandes epidemias de enfermedades pestilenciales(peste bubónica, fiebre amarilla y cólera asiático), continuabanimponiéndose libremente, ya que muchos países no disponían deleyes preventivas alguna, o se aplicaban de forma anárquica; cuandoal mismo tiempo no se impartía la mas simple información sobre lasituación sanitaria a otros Estados vecinos, favoreciéndose en estamanera la extensión de la epidemia.Por todo ello, en la mayoría de las Naciones existía un deseo casiansioso de encontrar una fórmula aceptable que acabase con el desconciertoy la ignorancia de las múltiples y variadas normas que reinabanen cada país, incluso en cada puerto, respecto al trato preventivo-sanitario a imponer a buques, pasajeros y mercancías, lo cualsignificaba un verdadero y deprimente desconcierto para el comercioy para los viajeros. Tras variados intentos fracasados el Gobiernofrancés consiguió poner en marcha un plan que fue en general bastantebien acogido y que constituiría la base de la Primera ConferenciaSanitaria Internacional, inaugurada el 23 de Julio de 1851 enParís, tras cursar una invitación, para su participación, a todas lasNaciones con intereses marítimos en el Mediterráneo(AU)


The Industrial Revolution having been well under way by themid-19th century, epidemics of pestilential diseases, severe andaffecting many people (bubonic plague, yellow fever and Asiancholera) were still spreading freely given that many countries eitherhad no preventive laws at all or enforced them chaotically, whilsteven the simplest information concerning the health situation wasnot made known to other neighboring States, thus favoring the epidemic'sspread.Therefore, there was an almost anxious desire among mostNations to come up with an acceptable way of putting an end to theconfusion and ignorance of all the many different laws governingeach country, even each individual port, with regard to the preventivehealth treatment to be imposed upon ships, passengers and goods,which mean a truly depressing confusion for both commerce and travellers.Following several different failed attempts, the FrenchGovernment managed to get a plan under way which was generallywell-accepted and which served as the basis for the First InternationalSanitary Conference, which opened on July 23, 1851 in Paris, inwhich all of the Nations having maritime interests in the Mediterraneanhad previously been invited to take part(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Peste/história , Saúde Global , Regulamento Sanitário Internacional , Cooperação Internacional/história , Doenças Parasitárias/epidemiologia , Doenças Transmissíveis/epidemiologia , Congressos como Assunto/história
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