Analyzing the psychological variables linked to performance in beach volleyball: an integrative review and practical recommendations / Análisis de las variables psicológicas vinculadas al rendimiento en voleibol playa: una revisión integradora y recomendaciones prácticas / Análise das variáveis psicológicas ligadas ao desempenho no voleibol de praia: uma revisão integrativa e recomendações práticas

Beach volleyball is an important team sport in which physical, technical, tactical,and psychological/social aspects are fundamental to sporting performance. However, this is the first review to analyse scientific production on psychological variables in beach volleyball. This is an integrative review in which a systematic search was carried out in five electronic databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus/EBSCO, SciELO, Scopus and BIREME) until September 2022. The terms used were "beach volleyball" OR "voleibolde praia" OR "vôlei de praia". In addition, the search included research with athletes, acute and chronic outcomes, and studies of various methods (e.g.,experimental, observational) involving psychological variables. The initial search identified 652 articles, and after the manual search and application of the inclusion criteria, 18 studies were integrated into a final synthesis.Most of the studies were published between 2011 and 2022 (n= 14; 77.78%). Observational design was the main method used (n= 10; 55.56%). The studies were grouped into nine major topics for synthesis: stress situation, activation levels, concentration, goal orientation and motivation, mental fatigue and performance, anxiety,and performance, discouraging environments, relationships between team members, coping strategies. In general, social relationships and self-control appear significant for performance; thus,coaches must serve as role models for players and sports psychologists can aid in monitoring psychological variables, team dynamics, and develop psychological skills.(AU)

El vóleyplaya es un importante deporte de equipo en el que los aspectos físicos, técnicos, tácticos y psicológicos/sociales son fundamentales para el rendimiento deportivo. Sin embargo, esta es la primera revisión que analiza la producción científica sobre variables psicológicas en vóleyplaya. Se trata de una revisión integradora en la que se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en cinco bases de datos electrónicas (PubMed/MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus/EBSCO, SciELO, Scopus y BIREME) hasta septiembre de 2022. Los términos utilizados fueron "beach volleyball" OR "voleibol de praia" OR "vôlei de praia". Además, la búsqueda incluyó investigaciones con atletas, intervenciones agudas y crónicas, estudios de diversos métodos (e.g., experimentales, observacionales) que implicaran variables psicológicas. La búsqueda inicial identificó 652 artículos y, después de la búsqueda manual y la aplicación de los criterios de inclusión, 18 estudios se integraron en una síntesis final. La mayoría de los estudios fueron publicados entre 2011 y 2022 (n= 14; 77.78%). El diseño observacional fue el principal método utilizado (n= 10; 55.56%). Los estudios se agruparon en nueve grandes temas para la síntesis: situación de estrés, niveles de activación, concentración, orientación a objetivos y motivación, fatiga mental y rendimiento, ansiedad y rendimiento, entornos desalentadores, relaciones entre los miembros del equipo, estrategias de afrontamiento. Las relaciones sociales y el autocontrol parecen ser importantes para el rendimiento, por lo quelos entrenadores deben comportarse como modelos para los deportistas. Además, los psicólogosdeportivos pueden ayudar a controlar las variables psicológicas, la dinámica del equipo y a desarrollar habilidades psicológicas.(AU)

O voleibol de praia é um importante esporte coletivo em que aspectos físicos, técnicos, táticos e psicológicos/sociais são fundamentais para o desempenho esportivo. No entanto, esta é a primeira revisão que teve como objetivo analisar a produção científica sobre variáveis psicológicas no voleibol de praia. Essa é uma revisão integrativa em que foi realizada uma busca em cinco bases de dados eletrônicas (PubMed/MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus/EBSCO, SciELO, Scopus e BIREME) até setembro de 2022, de forma sistemática. Os temos usados foram “beach volleyball” OU “voleibol de praia” OU “vôlei de praia”. Além disso, foram incluídos nessa busca pesquisas com atletas, intervenções agudas e crônicas, estudos de vários métodos (e.g., experimental, observacional) que envolviam variáveis psicológicas. A busca inicial identificou 652 artigos, após a busca manual e aplicação dos critérios de inclusão, 18 estudos foram integrados a uma síntese final. A maioria dos estudos foi publicada entre 2011 e 2022 (n= 14; 77.78%). O desenho observacional foi o principal método utilizado (n= 10; 55.56%). Os estudos foram agrupados em nove grandes tópicos para síntese: situação de estresse, níveis de ativação, concentração, orientação para metas e motivação, fadiga mental e desempenho, ansiedade e desempenho, ambientes desanimadores, relacionamento entre as partes da equipe, estratégias de enfrentamento. As relações sociais e o autocontrole parecem importantes para o desempenho, portanto treinadores devem se comporta como modelo para os atletas. Além disso, psicólogos do esporte podem ajudar a monitorizar as variáveis psicológicas, na dinâmica da equipa e desenvolver de competências psicológicas.(AU)

The Influence of Volleyball Training on the Psychological Health Development of College Students / La influencia del entrenamiento de voleibol en el desarrollo de la salud psicológica de los estudiantes universitarios

In order to understand the impact of volleyball training on the mental health development of students, the author proposes a study on the impact of volleyball training on the mental health development of college students. A volleyball player from a sports university in a certain city, by using literature review, questionnaire, interview, and data statistics methods, factor analysis was conducted on the factors that affect the competition status of college volleyball players. A total of 90 questionnaires were distributed to athletes, with 85 questionnaires collected, with a recovery rate of 93%, 81 valid questionnaires were collected, with a response rate of 95%. Among the 90 factors that affect the smooth state of college volleyball players in competitions, there are 5 main common factors, namely "scientific and reasonable training before the competition", "mutual trust among teammates", "detailed understanding of opponents before the competition", "communication with teammates during the competition", and "positive and optimistic attitude during the competition". Through psychological training, volleyball players can achieve a high level of psychological preparation to meet the requirements of the competition. According to the individual situation of the team members and the needs of the game, appropriate psychological training methods are adopted to enable them to adjust and control their psychological state to adapt to the intense competition and perform at a high level. Therefore, it is necessary to grasp the psychological factors and training methods of volleyball players. A good psychological state plays an important role in winning training competitions for volleyball athletes, psychological state is an ideology that involves being completely and selflessly engaged in a task, and being able to fully or exceptionally demonstrate one's best level of physical activity. It is a way of evaluating the psychological level of volleyball players. The research also discussed the limitations and future directions for further research.(AU)

Psychophysiological responses during the microcycle with the start of the national championship: A case study of a volleyball team

The aim of the study was to monitoring psychophysiological responses among volleyball players in the microcycle with a high-performance competition game scheduled. Methods: Ten male athletes (26.6 ± 5.3 years) from an adult volleyball team participated in the study. The variables session Rating of Perceived Exertion (Session RPE), Total Quality of Recovery scale (TQR), Well-being questionnaire (WB), testosterone, cortisol, and testosterone/cortisol Ratio (T:C ratio) were evaluated during the microcycle before the game. Results: Differences were observed in the daily training load (F = 23.776; p < 0.001), TQR (F = 10.687; p < 0.001), WB (F = 6.736; p < 0.001), cortisol (F = 8.253; p < 0.001) and T:C ratio (F = 3.862; p = 0.01). Conclusion: The behavior of the variables fluctuated with factors such as training load, number of training days and time off, and due to the psychophysiological stress of the match. (AU)

The Effect of Flipped Learning Physical Education on Students' Knowledge, Skills and Motivation / El efecto de la educación física Flipped Learning en el conocimiento, las habilidades y la motivación de los estudiantes

It seems inevitable that the developing technology will be integrated into the field of education. The application of Flipped Learning (FL), which includes a technology component, in physical education will enable us to better understand the reflections of the approach on the lesson. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of the FL on students’ knowledge, motivation and skill development in physical education. A pretest-posttest matched control group design was used. The participants, whose mean age is 14.5±1.0, consists of 62 high school students who have just started their school, including 32 experimental (11 boys, 21 girls), 30 control (10 boys, 20 girls ). The FL, which was used in physical education, increased students' knowledge (Z= -4.18, p= .00) and motivation (Wilks' λ= .16, F(1, 60)= 55.60, p= .00, η2= .83), according to the findings. It only had an impact on the passing technical skill of the volleyball, which was utilized to assess skill development (M= 3.00, Sd= 1.07; p< .05) . As a result, this study offers some evidence that the FL is an important factor affecting students' volleyball content knowledge in physical education and can help to motivate them to participate the lesson. Further studies are needed to test the effect of the FL on skill development in physical education. (AU)

Parece inevitable que la tecnología en desarrollo se integre en el campo de la educación. La aplicación de Flipped Learning (FL) , que incluye un componente tecnológico, a la educación física nos permitirá comprender mejor los reflejos del enfoque en el curso. El objetivo de este estudio es examinar el efecto de FL en el conocimiento, la motivación y el desarrollo de habilidades de los estudiantes en educación física. Se utilizó un diseño de grupo de control apareado pretest-postest. Los participantes, cuya media de edad es 14,5±1,0, son 62 estudiantes de secundaria que acaban de comenzar su escuela, incluidos 32 experimentales (11 niños, 21 niñas), 30 de control (10 niños, 20 niñas). De acuerdo con los hallazgos, la FL utilizada en educación física incrementó el conocimiento (Z= -4.18, p= .00) y la motivación de los estudiantes (λ de Wilks= .16, F(1, 60)= 55.60, p= .00, η2 = .83). Por otro lado, el desarrollo de la habilidad en voleibol tuvo un efecto solo en la habilidad técnica de pase (M= 3.00, Sd= 1.07; p< .05). En conclusión, este estudio proporciona alguna evidencia de que FL es un factor importante que influye en el conocimiento del contenido de voleibol de los estudiantes en educación física y puede ayudar a motivarlos a participar en clase. Se necesitan más estudios para probar el efecto de FL en el desarrollo de habilidades en educación física. (AU)

Experiencias de afrontamiento psicosocial frente a partidos internacionales en voleibolistas profesionales de la selección nacional del Perú / Experiências de enfrentamento psicossocial com jogos internacionais em jogadores profissionais de voleibol da selecção nacional peruana / Experiences of psychosocial coping atinternational matches in professional volleyball players of the Peruvian national team

El presente estudio busca conocer cómo se experimenta el afrontamiento psicosocial en partidos internacionales en jugadoras de voleibol profesional de la selección peruana. Se utilizó una metodología cualitativa con diseño fenomenológico-hermenéutico. Se realizaron doce entrevistas semiestructuradas a jugadoras profesionales de voleibol pertenecientes a la selección femenina peruana en la categoría mayores. A partir del análisis se identificaron tres categorías, nueve subcategorías y siete códigos, que conforman las 189 unidades de análisis. Los resultados mostraron que las principales estrategias deafrontamiento utilizadas por las deportistas son el análisis lógico personal y del equipo contrario, el uso del esfuerzo, la búsqueda de apoyo profesional y las imágenes mentales. Se concluye que las jugadoras profesionales de voleibol en Perú utilizan principalmente el afrontamiento orientado a la tarea, realizando actividades que les permiten sentirse capaces y que desempeñan un papel esencial en la toma de decisiones durante las competiciones. (AU)

The present study seeks to know how psychosocial coping are experienced at international matches in professional volleyball players of the Peruvian national team. A qualitative methodology with phenomenological-hermeneutic design was used. Twelve semi-structured interviews were conducted with professional volleyball players belonging to the Peruvian women's team in the senior category. From the analysis, three categories, nine subcategories and seven codes were identified, which comprise the 189 units of analysis. The results showed that the main coping strategies used by the athletes are personal logical analysis and the analysis of the opposing team, the use of effort, the search for professional support and mental imagery. It is concluded that professional volleyball players in Peru mainly use task-oriented coping, carried out activities that allow them to feel capable and play an essential role in decision-making during competitions. (AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi conhecer como é enfrentamento psicossocial se experimenta em partidas internacionais em jogadores profissionais de voleibol da seleção peruana. Para isso, foi realizada uma investigação qualitativa e seguindo o desenho da fenomenologia hermenêutica. Foram realizadas 12 entrevistas semiestruturadas com jogadoras profissionais de voleibol pertencentes à seleção feminina do Peru na categoria sênior. A partir da análise, foram identificadas três categorias, nove subcategorias e sete códigos, que compõem as 189 unidades de análise. Os resultados mostraram que as principais estratégias de enfrentamento utilizadas pelos atletas são a análise lógica pessoal e da equipe adversária, o uso de esforço, a busca de suporte profissional e a imagética mental. Conclui-se que os jogadores profissionais de voleibol do Peru utilizam principalmente estratégias de enfrentamento orientadas para a tarefa, realizam atividades que os permitem sentir-se capazes e desempenham um papel essencial na tomada de decisões durante as competições. (AU)

Conocimiento de las tendencias de ataques rivales en el bloqueo de voleibol / Knowledge of Opposition Attacking Tendencies on Volleyball Blocking

El objetivo del estudio fue investigar los efectos de proporcionar información probabilística, obtenida del análisis en vídeo de las tendencias de pase de las colocadoras oponentes, sobre el rendimiento en el bloqueo de una jugadora de alto nivel de voleibol. Se analizó su tiempo de reacción, toma de decisión y calidad de ejecución durante 1117 acciones de bloqueo realizadas en 18 partidos de competición, antes y después de recibir esa información contextual de los ataques rivales. Los resultados revelaron que la bloqueadora reaccionó antes (p < .001) en aquellos partidos que recibió información sobre las tendencias de pase de las colocadoras oponentes. En cambio, esta información contextual no tuvo influencia sobre sus decisiones, ni en la calidad de ejecución de sus movimientos. Estos resultados refuerzan el uso de información probabilística como una estrategia competitiva para iniciar antes una respuesta preparatoria a la acción de bloqueo en voleibol de alto nivel. (AU)

The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of providing probabilistic information, obtained from video-performance analytics on passing direction tendencies in opposing volleyball setters, on blocking performance in a high skilled female volleyballer. Data on reaction times, decision-making and quality of movement execution of the skilled blocker were analyzed during 1117 blocking actions in 18 competitive matches, before and after receiving information from the passing tendencies of opposition setters. Results revealed that the blocker reacted significantly earlier in those matches when she received information about opposition pass direction tendencies. No effects of contextual information were found for the blocker´s decisions and quality of movement execution. These results reinforced the use of probabilistic information as a competitive strategy for initiating an early preparatory response to the blocking action in high-skill levels of volleyball. (AU)

La punción seca aumenta el rendimiento de salto en jugadores élite de vóley playa / Deep Dry Needling Enhances Jump Performance in Elite Beach Volleyball Players

El objetivo del presente estudio es evaluar si la aplicación de la punción seca en los puntos gatillo miofasciales latentes se asocia con cambios en el rendimiento de salto. Seis jugadores internacionales de vóley playa sub-21 recibieron tratamiento en el vasto lateral y medial. Se midió la altura de salto SJ y CMJ en cuatro sesiones: antes y después de la intervención (efecto agudo), 48 h y 7 días tras la intervención (efectos a largo plazo). Los jugadores mostraron una pequeña disminución post-intervención seguida de un aumento no significativo a las 48 h. Sin embargo, ambos tipos de salto dieron lugar a un aumento con efecto moderado muy probable tras una semana: 4,13 cm (+10,8%) y 3,54 cm (+8,9%) para SJ y CMJ, respectivamente. A pesar de este aumento significativo, la disminución del rendimiento post-test desalienta su uso inmediatamente antes de una competición. (AU)

The present study aims to assess whether Deep Dry Needling in latent Myofascial Trigger Points is associated with changes in jumping performance. Six Under-21 international beach volleyball players received intervention in vastus lateralis and medialis of the quadriceps. Three squat jump (SJ) and countermovement jump (CMJ) heights were measured in four sessions: pre- and post-intervention (acute effect), 48 h and 7 days after intervention (long-term effects). The players showed a small decrease after the intervention followed by a non-significant increase at 48 h. However, both jump types resulted in very likely moderate increase after one week of intervention: 4.13 cm (+10.8%) and 3.54 cm (+8.9%) for SJ and CMJ, respectively (3 times the smallest worthwhile change). Despite this significant increase, the decreased performance in post-test results discourages practitioners from using this technique just before a competition. (AU)

Rango de acción del colocador como indicador de rendimiento en voleibol masculino / Setter’s Action Range as A Performance Indicator in Male Volleyball

Este estudio buscó comprobar si la zona ideal de colocación es la más usada, comparar dicha zona con la Posición Media (AP) del colocador con disponibilidad de primer tiempo y verificar si la distancia entre ambas puede considerarse un indicador de rendimiento. Analizamos 2291 acciones de los 12 mejores equipos del mundial masculino de voleibol (2010). Registramos la posición (latitud y profundidad) del colocador. Calculamos su AP y la distancia a la zona ideal. Recogimos la eficacia de recepción desde las estadísticas de la FIVB. Una correlación aportó la Rho de Spearman. Los resultados confirman el área de latitud 6 y profundidad 1 como la más exitosa, pero los equipos pueden contar con primer tiempo cuando el colocador sale de ella. La distancia entre la AP con disponibilidad de primer tiempo y la zona ideal de colocación correlaciona con la clasificación final más que la eficacia de recepción (AU)

This study aimed to check if the ideal setting zone is the most frequently used, to compare this zone with the Average Position of the setter with middle blocker availability (AP) and to verify if the distance between both can be considered a performance indicator. 2291 actions of the top-12 teams in the 2010 Men’s Volleyball World Championship were analysed. The position (latitude and depth) of the setter was registered. The AP and the distance with the ideal setting zone were calculated. The reception efficacy was retrieved from the FIVB. Spearman’s Rho was obtained through a correlation. Results confirm the area of latitude 6 and depth 1 as the most successful. Nevertheless, teams are able to maintain first tempo availability despite moving the setter out of it. The distance between the AP and the ideal setting zone correlates to the final ranking more than the reception efficacy. (AU)

Diseño y validación de un cuestionario de Conocimiento Táctico en Voleibol, en Brasil / Design and validation of a Tactical Knowledge questionnaire in Volleyball, in Brazil

El objetivo del presente estudio fue diseñar y validar un cuestionario que permita evaluar el Conocimiento Táctico en Voleibol en etapas de formación, en el contexto de Brasil, para jugadores en edades comprendidas entre los 11 y los 18 años (M = 15.2; SD = ±1.4). El instrumento elaborado está basado en el cuestionario de MacGee and Farrow (1987), en voleibol, incluyendo 24 cuestiones referidas a la categoría táctica. El proceso de diseño y validación se realizó en seis fases: a) revisión bibliográfica; b) elaboración del instrumento; c) validez de contenido a través de la técnica de jueces expertos; d) cálculo del coeficiente V de Aiken; e) cálculo de los intervalos de confianza; f) análisis de la fiabilidad, aplicado a la respuesta del cuestionario de 798 sujetos, con diferentes contextos de rendimiento, años de experiencia (M = 1.93; SD = ±1.2), y género, pertenecientes al contexto de voleibol de Brasil. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que el cuestionario permite medir de manera válida y fiable el conocimiento táctico de los jugadores de voleibol de Brasil, obteniendo en todas las preguntas valores por encima de .78 en el grado de pertinencia de las preguntas al objeto de estudio, y valores por encima de .67 en el grado de comprensión, teniendo que modificar alguna de ellas (preguntas 2, 11, 14, 19 y 22) por encontrarse en valores de V de Aiken entre 68 y 78.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi elaborar e validar um questionário que permita avaliar o Conhecimento Tático no Voleibol em etapas de treinamento, no contexto do Brasil, para jogadores entre 11 e 18 anos (M = 15,2; DP = ± 1,4). O instrumento elaborado é baseado no questionário de MacGee e Farrow (1987), no voleibol, incluindo 24 questões referentes à categoria tática. O processo de desenho e validação foi realizado em seis fases: a) revisão bibliográfica; b) desenvolvimento do instrumento; c) validade de conteúdo por meio da técnica de juízes especialistas; d) cálculo do coeficiente V de Aiken; e) cálculo de intervalos de confiança; f) análise de confiabilidade, aplicada à resposta do questionário de 798 sujeitos, com diferentes contextos de atuação, anos de experiência (M = 1,93; DP = ±1,2) e sexo, pertencentes ao contexto do voleibol brasileiro. Os resultados obtidos mostram que o questionário permite mensurar de forma válida e confiável o conhecimento tático dos jogadores de voleibol brasileiros, obtendo valores acima de 0,78 em todas as questões no grau de pertinência das questões ao objeto de estudo, e valores acima 0,67 no grau de compreensão, tendo que modificar algumas delas (questões 2, 11, 14, 19 e 22) por estarem nos valores do V de Aiken entre 0,68 e 0,78.(AU)

The objective of this study was to design and validate a questionnaire that allows evaluating the Tactical Knowledge in Volleyball in training stages, in the context of Brazil, for players between the ages of 11 and 18 (M = 15.2; SD = ± 1.4). The elaborated instrument is based on the questionnaire of MacGee and Farrow (1987), in volleyball, including 24 questions referring to the tactical category. The design and validation process was carried out in six phases: a) bibliographic review; b) development of the instrument; c) content validity through the technique of expert judges; d) calculation of Aiken's V coefficient; e) calculation of confidence intervals; f) reliability analysis, applied to the questionnaire response of 798 subjects, with different performance contexts, years of experience (M = 1.93; SD = ±1.2), and gender, belonging to the Brazilian volleyball context. The results obtained show that the questionnaire allows valid and reliable measurement of the tactical knowledge of Brazilian volleyball players, obtaining values above .78 in all questions in the degree of relevance of the questions to the object of study, and values above .67 in the degree of comprehension, having to modify some of them (questions 2, 11, 14, 19 and 22) because they are in Aiken's V values between 68 and 78.(AU)

Coaches’ leadership behavior, motivational atmosphere and athletes’ motivational internalization: the perspective of self-determination theory / Comportamiento de liderazgo de los entrenadores, atmósfera motivacional e internalización motivacional de los atletas: la perspectiva de la teoría de la autodeterminación

Objective: The objective of this study is to examine the leadership behaviour of coaches and the relationship between the mastery motivational atmosphere and the respective sub-dimensions of basic psychological needs. This is done with a view to better solve the path selection and optimization problem noted in coaches' leadership behaviour’s effectiveness based on the self-determination theory.Methods: This research focuses on volleyball players and uses the maximum likelihood method to estimate the hypothetical model by ccarrying out the path coefficient significance test.Results: In the incentive atmosphere of cooperative learning, athletes will continue to find problems, correct mistakes, and improve their understanding of training and competition. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that the training-related guidance of coaches plays a key role in the construction of an incentive atmosphere of cooperative learning.Conclusion: The coaches’ positive behaviours, tolerance of failure, and encouragement of attempts can help build a task-oriented motivational atmosphere, and through the transfer of athletes to realize the internalization of external incentives, athletes show a positive behaviour orientation.(AU)

Characteristics of Athletes' Psychological State before Competition and the Correlation Analysis of the Psychological State of Athletes of Different Levels / Características del estado psicológico de los atletas antes de la competición y el análisis de correlación del estado psicológico de los atletas de diferentes niveles

This article analyzes the mental state data of athletes, and concludes that depression has a strong correlation with mental states such as potential risk of suicide and anxiety. Static features include some basic attributes of athletes, which are related to depression through hypothesis testing and regression analysis. Dynamic features are constructed from the mental state data generated by athletes on the playing field, which can represent athletes’ consumption related to changes in athletes’ behavior. This paper analyzes the principle of the interactive multi-model algorithm in more detail, and solves the problem of the uncertainty of the target athlete's mental state measurement points and the target athlete's mental state. Aiming at the problem of the target athlete’s mental state loss during the evaluation process, the expanded correlation gate is applied to this algorithm. When the target athlete’s mental state is manoeuvring and no effective measurement can be detected in the correlation gate, the correlation gate gradually expands. At the same time, in order to reduce the computational complexity of the new algorithm as much as possible, the pre-defined sampling interval method is used to adaptively adjust the evaluation sampling period to balance the judgment accuracy of the athlete's mental state. The results of the study show that the self-confidence of each athlete representative team is generally higher, which is basically above the average level. Only a few teams have not reached the average level of self-confidence. No difference is found in the self-confidence subscale between men and women's volleyball teams. In the individual failure anxiety subscale, the top three teams are all lower than the overall average, and the individual failure anxiety of other athlete teams is higher. Physical anxiety levels of the top three teams are below the overall average level, and the level of physical anxiety is not high.(AU)

Relação treinador-atleta e a experiência positiva de jovens no esporte extracurricular / Relación entrenador-atleta y experiencia positiva de jóvenes en el deporte extracurricular / Coach-athlete relationship and youth positive experience in sport extracurricular

A qualidade da construção do ambiente positivo para a prática esportiva estabelecida na relação treinador-atleta é reconhecida para uma experiência positiva dos jovens no esporte, podendo ser determinante para uma prática esportiva prolongada. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi verificar se a qualidade da relação treinador-atleta se relaciona com a percepção de experiência positiva dos jovens no esporte. Participam do estudo 630 atletas (350 masc.; 280 fem.), nas modalidades coletivas de handebol (26%), voleibol (25%), futsal (31%) e basquetebol (18%), em competição de nível estadual, classificatória para etapa nacional. A idade dos atletas é de 16.06±0.82 anos e o tempo médio de prática das respectivas modalidades foi de 4.48±2.54 anos. O conjunto de dados foi coletado por meio dos questionários Relacionamento Treinador-Atleta (CART-Q Atleta) e Experiência dos Jovens no Esporte (YES-Y), validados para a língua portuguesa. Apesar da literatura reconhecer a importância da relação treinador-atleta, os resultados encontrados no presente estudo sugerem que a qualidade da relação treinador-atleta não influencia a experiência positiva dos jovens no esporte, no contexto escolar extracurricular

La calidad de la relación entrenador-atleta es reconocida como una experiencia positiva por jóvenes deportistas, que puede ser decisiva para la manutención en la práctica. El objetivo de esta investigación fue verificar si la calidad de la relación entrenador-atleta está relacionada con la percepción de la experiencia positiva de los jóvenes en el deporte. El estudio se realizó con 630 atletas (350 mas.; 280 fem.), en los deportes de equipo: balonmano (26%), voleibol (25%), fútbol sala (31%) y baloncesto (18%), todos participando en competencia de nivel estatal, clasificatoria para la etapa nacional. La edad de los atletas es de 16.06 ± 0.82 años y el tiempo medio de práctica en su deporte fue de 4.48 ± 2.54 años. El conjunto de datos se recopiló utilizando los cuestionarios de Relación Entrenador-Atleta (CART-Q Athlete) y Experiencia Juvenil en el Deporte (YES-Y), validados para el idioma portugués. Aunque la literatura reconoce la importancia de la relación entrenador-atleta, los resultados encontrados en el presente estudio sugieren que la calidad de la relación entrenador-atleta no influye en la experiencia positiva de los jóvenes en el deporte, en el contexto escolar extracurricular

The quality of the coach-athlete relationship is recognized as a positive experience by young people in sports, which can be decisive for a long-term sports practice. Our aim was to verify if the quality of the relationship coach-athlete is related to the perception of sport as a positive experience by young athletes. The participants are 630 young athletes (350 male; 280 female) in four different team sports: handball (26%), volleyball (25%), futsal (31%) and basketball (18%), participating in state competitions, which are qualifying for the national championship. The athletes' age was 16.06 ± 0.82 years with an average time of practice of 4.48 ± 2.54 years. The data was collected using the Coach-Athlete Relationship (CART-Q Athlete) and the Youth Experience in Sport (YES-Y) questionnaires, both validated for the Portuguese language. Although the literature recognizes the coach-athlete relationship as positive, the results found in this study suggest that the quality of the coach-athlete relationship, by itself, does not influences the perception of sports as a positive experience by young people in sports, in the extracurricular school context

Short-term branched-chain amino acid supplementation does not enhance vertical jump in professional volleyball players. A double-blind, controlled, randomized study / La suplementación con BCAA no mejora el salto vertical en los jugadores de voleibol profesionales. Estudio doble ciego, controlado y aleatorizado

To the best of the author's knowledge, no previous studies have described the effect of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) on vertical performance during a week in professional volleyball players. This study assessed BCAA supplementation for a week, aiming to improve vertical jump performance in male professional volleyball players. Twelve male volleyballers were randomly assigned to a BCAA group (n = 6) or a control group (n = 6). The BCAA group ingested 21 g over a week, 7 g per day on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, before a volleyball training session, while the control group drank a placebo drink. Participants performed 8 maximal countermovement jumps (CMJ); the 3 CMJs on Monday and Wednesday were evaluated after warm-up, after plyometric training, and at the end of the training session; and the 2 CMJs on Friday were evaluated after warm-up, and at the end of the training session. Compared with baseline, no significant differences in CMJ over the week were observed in BCAA or control group, neither between groups. The results indicated that 21 g of BCAA supplementation over a week did not improve vertical jump performance in professional volleyball players

Hasta donde los autores saben, no se han descrito estudios previos sobre el efecto de los aminoácidos ramificados (BCAA) en el rendimiento vertical durante una semana en jugadores de voleibol profesionales. Este artículo estudió la suplementación de BCAA durante una semana con el objeto de mejorar el rendimiento del salto vertical en jugadores de voleibol profesionales masculinos. Doce jugadores de voleibol masculinos se asignaron aleatoriamente a un grupo con BCAA (n = 6) o a un grupo de control (n = 6). El grupo con BCAA ingirió 21 g en una semana, 7 g por día los lunes, miércoles y viernes antes de la sesión de entrenamiento de voleibol, mientras que el grupo de control bebió una bebida placebo. Los participantes realizaron 8 saltos máximos de contramovimiento (CMJ); los 3 CMJ de lunes y miércoles se evaluaron después del calentamiento y del entrenamiento pliométrico, y al final de la sesión de entrenamiento; los 2 CMJ del viernes se evaluaron después del calentamiento y al final de la sesión de entrenamiento. En comparación con el valor inicial, no se observaron diferencias significativas en los CMJ a lo largo de la semana, ni en el grupo BCAA ni en el grupo control, tampoco hubo diferencias entre grupos. Los resultados indicaron que 21 g de BCAA administrados durante una semana no mejoraron el rendimiento del salto vertical en jugadores de voleibol profesionales

Controle postural em atletas de esportes coletivos de salto versus sem características de salto: um estudo comparativo / Control postural en atletas de salto de deportes colectivos versus sin características de salto: un estudio comparativo / Postural control in athletes of jump team sports versus without jump features: a comparative study

OBJETIVO: Comparar o controle postural de atletas jovens de esportes coletivos de salto versus sem características de salto, a fim de identificar possíveis diferenças entre os grupos. MÉTODO: Esse estudo transversal incluiu uma amostra por conveniência, composta por atletas amadores do sexo masculino, das categorias Sub-15 e Sub-17, que estavam em competição. Os atletas foram alocados em dois grupos: grupo salto (N=46), constituído por atletas de voleibol, basquetebol e handebol; e o grupo sem características de salto, formado pelos atletas que não tinham o salto como gesto motor característico (futebol e futsal, N=44). A avaliação do controle postural foi realizada através da Posturografia Dinâmica Computadorizada, no qual foram realizados os Testes de Organização Sensorial (TOS), divididos em seis condições, análise dos sistemas responsáveis pela manutenção do controle postural (visual, vestibular e somatossensorial) e o Teste em apoio unipodal. Para a análise estatística, foi utilizada estatística descritiva e o teste de Mann-Whitney foi usado para comparação intergrupos. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferenças significativas entre os grupos nas condições sensoriais dos TOS e na Análise dos Sistemas Sensoriais. Contudo, os atletas de salto apresentaram uma maior oscilação postural na avaliação do equilíbrio unipodal (0.99+/-0.50°/s.), em relação ao grupo sem características de salto (0.75+/-0.28°/s.), demonstrando um pior controle postural (p= 0.02). CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados sugerem diferenças do controle postural em apoio unipodal entre os grupos, indicando a importância de direcionar programas de treinamento e prevenção específicos a cada modalidade esportiva, considerando o gesto motor característico e os aspectos maturacionais inerentes aos atletas jovens

OBJETIVO: Comparar el control postural de atletas jóvenes de deportes colectivos de salto versus sin características de salto, a fin de identificar posibles diferencias entre los grupos. MÉTODO: Este estudio transversal incluyó una muestra por conveniencia, compuesta por atletas aficionados del sexo masculino, de las categorías Sub-15 y Sub-17, que estaban en competencia. Los atletas fueron asignados en dos grupos: grupo salto (N = 46), constituido por atletas de voleibol, baloncesto y balonmano; y el grupo sin características de salto, constituido por los atletas que no tenían el salto como gesto motor característico (fútbol y fútbol sala, N = 44). La evaluación del control postural fue realizada a través de la Posturografía Dinámica Computadorizada, en el cual se realizaron las Pruebas de Organización Sensorial (TOS), divididas en seis condiciones y análisis de los sistemas responsables del mantenimiento del control postural (visual, vestibular y somatosensorial) y la prueba en apoyo unipodal. Para un análisis estadístico, utilice estadísticas descriptivas y el testimonio de Mann-Whitney para comparar intergrupos. RESULTADOS: No hubo diferencias significativas entre los grupos en las condiciones sensoriales de los TOS y en el Análisis de los Sistemas sensoriales. Sin embargo, los atletas de salto presentaron una mayor oscilación postural en la evaluación del equilibrio unipodal (0.99+/-0.50°/s.), en relación al grupo sin características de salto (0.75+/-0.28°/s.), demostrando un peor control postural (p= 0.02). CONCLUSIÓN: Los resultados encontrados sugieren diferencias del control postural en apoyo unipodal entre los grupos, indicando la importancia de dirigir programas de entrenamiento y prevención específicos a cada modalidad deportiva, considerando el gesto motor característico y los aspectos maduracionales inherentes a los atletas jóvenes

OBJECTIVE: To compare the postural control of young athletes of jump team sports versus without jump characteristics, in order to identify possible differences between groups. METHOD: This cross-sectional study included a convenience sample of male amateur athletes from the Sub-15 and Sub-17 categories, who were in current competition. The athletes were allocated in two groups, the jump group (N = 46), consisting of athletes of volleyball, basketball and handball; and the group without jump characteristics, consisting of athletes who did not have the jump as a characteristic motor gesture (soccer and futsal, N = 44). The evaluation of the postural control was performed through Computerized Dynamic Posturography, in which the Sensory Organization Tests (TOS) were divided into six conditions and of the systems responsible for maintaining the control postural (visual, vestibular and somatosensory) and the Test in unipodal support. For statistical analysis, descriptive statistic was used, and the Mann-Whitney test was used for intergroup comparison. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the groups in the sensory conditions of the TOS and in the Analysis of Sensory Systems. However, jump athletes had a greater postural oscillation in the assessment of unipodal balance (0.99+/-0.50°/s.), compared to the group without jump characteristics (0.75+/-0.28°/s.), demonstrating worse postural control (p= 0.02). CONCLUSION: The results suggest differences in postural control in unipodal support between groups, indicating the importance of directing training and prevention programs specific to each sport modality, considering the characteristic motor gesture and the maturational aspects inherent to young athletes

Could regular practice of volleyball modulate salivary secretory immunity in children? Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies

INTRODUCTION: The aim of these studies was to evaluate the effects of regular volleyball training on salivary SIgA and alpha-amylase in female children and adolescents. MATERIAL AND METHOD: In the cross-sectional study, 115 female children (12.6 ± 2.2 years) participating in a Volleyball training program were classified as beginners, intermediate, and competitive level. The children were evaluated regarding caries index, body mass index (BMI), cardiorespiratory fitness, and countermovement jump. In the longitudinal study: 54 girls (intermediate and competitive groups) trained for 8 weeks and were re-evaluated at weeks 4 and 8. RESULTS: The SIgA secretion rate and alpha-amylase activity did not present correlations with training category, age, caries index, or training status. A weak positive correlation was detected between IgA secretion rate and BMI (r = 0.20, p < 0.05). After 8 weeks of training, VO2max (p < 0.005) and jump height (p < 0.005) improved in the competitive girls. No differences were observed in salivary secretion rate, SIgA concentration and secretion rate, or alpha-amylase activity at weeks 4 and 8. CONCLUSIÓN: We concluded that despite improving physical fitness, 8-weeks of recreational volleyball training are not able to improve salivary SIgA secretion or alter alpha-amylase activity in female children and adolescents

No disponible

El efecto de la motivación sobre la resiliencia y la ansiedad del deportista / The Effect of the Motivation on the Resilience and Anxiety of the Athlete

A lo largo de una carrera deportiva suelen acontecer una serie de hechos traumáticos o fracasos deportivos que suponen un punto de inflexión, por ello, resulta necesario analizar la influencia que tiene la motivación del deportista sobre la resiliencia, y esta última, sobre sus niveles de ansiedad. En este estudio participaron 276 voleibolistas con edades entre 18 y 31 años. En este estudio se han realizado varios análisis estadísticos descriptivos, un análisis de fiabilidad de los factores que integran el modelo y un path analysis que explica las relaciones causales entre las variables. Los índices de ajuste de los diversos análisis fueron satisfactorios explicando las relaciones que se establecen entre los factores. En conclusión, la motivación autodeterminada está relacionada de forma positiva con la resiliencia mientras que las formas menos autodeterminadas están relacionadas de forma negativa con ésta. Asimismo, la resiliencia se relaciona de forma negativa con la ansiedad

Throughout a sports career, a series of traumatic events or sporting failures often occur, which represent a turning point. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the influence of motivation of the athlete on resilience, and the latter, on their levels of anxiety. This study included 276 volleyball players between the ages of 18 and 31. In this study, several descriptive statistical analyzes were carried out, a reliability analysis of the factors that make up the model and a route analysis that explains the causal relationships between the variables. The indexes of adjustment of the articles of analysis were satisfactory explaining the relationships established between the factors. In conclusion, the self-determined motivation is related to the positive form with the resilience while the less self-determined forms are related to the negative form with it. Likewise, resilience is negatively related to anxiety

The average of blood pressure and heart rate of man voley ball

OBJECTIVE: This study was aimed to determine the difference between the average blood pressure and heart rate for men's voley ball team before and after the match. METHOD: The research design used inferential analytical surveys with sample of 12 man voley ball team of the University of Timor (using the total sampling method). Collecting data was conducted by measure the respondent's blood pressure and heart rate before and after the voley ball match with the stipulation of 3 sets of wins. The tools used in this study to measure blood pressure is a stethoscope and OneMed Tensimeter Aneroid - Ash while the heart rate is measured using stop wacth. RESULT: Analysis using paired T test statistics, the results obtained there is a significant difference in the average of systolic blood pressure before and after the match [129.17mmHg (SD: 10.84) vs 115.00mmHg (SD: 6.74), p value=0.004]. There is no significant difference in the average of diastolic blood pressure before and after the match [79.17mmHg (SD: 2.89) vs 79.17mmHg (SD: 6.69), p value=1.000]. There is no significant difference in the average of heart rate between before and after the match [82.75times/min (SD: 6.12) vs 83.58times/min (SD: 5.58), p value=0.632]. CONCLUSIONS: Warming up before the match is important so that it gives a good chance of adaptation to the body. It is recommended to the competition committee to prepare a first aid team for an accident. And to further researchers in order to add other variables that affect blood pressure and heart rate in sports

No disponible

Autoconfianza y su relación con el rendimiento, procedencia, logros y edad en jugadoras de voleibol peruanas en categoría de formación / Self-confidence and its relation to the performance, place of origin, achievements and age in Peruvian volleyball players in training category

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la relación de la autoconfianza con el rendimiento, procedencia, logros y edad en voleibolistas peruanas en categoría de formación. El estudio es de naturaleza no experimental, transeccional correlacional. Se estudió a 86 voleibolistas, de edades entre 12 y 16 años (M=15.59-DT=0.74), a quienes se les aplicó el inventario de confianza deportiva (reproductividad de .992). Los resultados demuestran que existe una correlación positiva, estadísticamente significativa, entre falta de confianza y rendimiento (r = .310; p < .01), falta de confianza y procedencia (r = .280; p < .01); confianza y edad (r = .244; p < .05); exceso de confianza y logros (r = .235; p < .05); nivel de autoconfianza y edad (r = .236; p < .05). Por otro, que existe una correlación negativa, también estadísticamente significativa, entre confianza y procedencia (r = -.342; p < .01); exceso de confianza y rendimiento (r = -.399; p < .01); nivel de autoconfianza y procedencia (r = -.387; p < .01). Se concluye que la autoconfianza en gran medida se asocia con el rendimiento deportivo, región geográfica de donde provienen y edad que presentan las voleibolistas, excepto con los logros deportivos obtenidos en categoría de formación

The objective of the present research was to determine the relation between the selfconfidence and the performance, place of origin, achievements and age of Peruvian volleyball players players in training category. This is a non-experimental, correlational, cross-sectional study. A total of 86 volleyball players, between 12 and 16 years old (age M=15.59-TD=0.74) were studied. The sports confidence inventory was applied to these volleyball players (reproducibility of .992). The results show that there is a statistically significant positive correlation between lack of confidence and performance (r = .310; p < .01), lack of confidence and provenance (r = .280; p < .01); confidence and age (r = .244; p < .05); overconfidence and achievements (r = .235; p < .05); level of self-confidence and age (r = .236; p < .05). On the other hand, there is a negative correlation, also statistically significant, between confidence and provenance (r = -.342; p < .01); overconfidence and yield (r = -.399; p < .01); self-confidence level and provenance (r = -.387; p < .01). It is concluded that selfconfidence is to a large extent associated with sports performance, the geographical region from which they come and the age of the volleyball players, except with the sports achievements obtained in training category

Composición corporal de deportistas universitarias de voleibolde Barranquilla, Colombia / Body composition of university sports de volleyball of Barranquilla, Colombia

La composición corporal se convierte en un predictor de la condición física, en las deportistas universitarias de competencia. OBJETIVO: Establecer la correlación entre la edad y las variables de la composición corporal en voleibolistas de rendimiento deportivo del departamento del atlántico. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Fue un estudio descriptivo correlacional donde participaron 150 deportistas con una media de 17,41 ± 2,38 años, siendo definido el diseño muestral a partir de una correlación lineal esperada de 0,30; 99% de confianza y un poder estadístico del 80% se definió la muestra que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. RESULTADOS: Se encontró correlación directa y significativa entre la edad el IMC, nivel educativo y perímetro cintura, lo que evidencia que a medida que se avanza en la edad hay mayor aumento en las variables antropométricas. DISCUSIÓN: Los datos encontrados en el presente estudio permiten alcanzar adecuados niveles de contrastación frente a hallazgos de otros estudios tanto en el voleibol como en otros deportes de conjunto donde la composición corporal juega papel importante en el desempeño deportivo. CONCLUSIÓN: Establecer la composición corporal en jugadoras de voleibol de competencia en nuestro contexto regional y nacional permite tener elementos propios para identificar las capacidades de rendimiento de las deportistas y con ello planificar adecuadamente los procesos de entrenamiento deportivo

Body composition becomes a predictor of physical condition, among competing university sportsmen. OBJECTIVE: To establish the correlation between age and body composition variables among volleyball players of sporting performance in the Atlantic Department. MATERIAL AND METHODS: It was a descriptive correlational study in which 150 sportsmen participated with an average of 17.41 ± 2.38 years, being defined the muestral design from an expected linear correlation of 0.30; 99% confidence and 80% statistical power if defined by the master who met the inclusion criteria. RESULTS: there was a direct and significant correlation between age and BMI, educational level and waist circumference, which shows that as the age advances, there is a greater increase in anthropometric variables. DISCUSSION: The data found in the present study allows to achieve adequate levels of contrast in front of other studios, both in volleyball and in other sports, where body composition plays an important role in sports performance. CONCLUSION: Establishing the body composition in competing volleyball players in a regional and national context allows us to have proper elements to identify the performance capacities of the sportsmen and how to properly plan the sports training processes

Masa libre de grasa a partir de variables antropométricas en jugadores de voleibol masculino / Fat-free mass from anthropometric variables in men's volleyball players

INTRODUCCIÓN: La estimación de la masa muscular total es un importante componente que se relaciona con el rendimiento y con el control del entrenamiento en diversas modalidades deportivas. El objetivo del estudio fue proponer ecuaciones de regresión para estimar la masa libre de grasa a partir de variables antropométricas en jugadores de voleibol masculino y verificar la capacidad de reproducibilidad de las ecuaciones. MÉTODOS: Se efectuó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en 29 voleibolistas de un Club profesional de Brasil. El rango de edad oscila entre los 16.0 a 20.9 años. Se calculó el Índice de Masa Corporal. La Masa libre de grasa fue determinada por medio del escaneo de la absorciometría de rayos X de doble energía. RESULTADOS: Se generaron tres ecuaciones, cuyo poder de explicación varían entre 87 a 95%: Modelo 1: Masa libre de grasa = -10.401+0.562*Peso + 4.032*Diámetro del Tobillo (R2=0.87), Modelo 2: Masa libre de grasa = -34.806+0.330*Peso + 2.579*Circunferencia del Antebrazo (R2=0.94) y Modelo 3: Masa libre de grasa = -41.830+0.292*Peso + 2.270* Circunferencia del Antebrazo +2.638*Diámetro del Tobillo (R2=0.95). Los resultados del Índice de reproducibilidad deseable mostraron para los tres modelos predictivos valores de coeficiente de correlación de concordancia entre 0.93 a 0.95, para la Precisión entre 0.931 a 0.997 y para la exactitud entre 0.997 a 0.999. CONCLUSIÓN: Se concluye, que la Masa libre de grasa puede ser calculada con precisión y exactitud en jóvenes voleibolistas de sexo masculino a partir de variables antropométricas como el peso, diámetro del tobillo y circunferencia del antebrazo. Se sugiere el uso y la aplicación en programas de entrenamiento como un método no-invasivo y de campo

INTRODUCTION: The estimation of total muscle mass is an important component that is related to performance and training control in various sports modalities. The objective of the study was to propose regression equations to estimate fat-free mass from anthropometric variables in male volleyball players and to verify the reproducibility of the equations. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out on 29 volleyball players from a professional Club in Brazil. The age range ranges from 16.0 to 20.9 years. The Body Mass Index was calculated. Fat Free Mass was determined by scanning dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS: Three equations were generated, whose explanatory power varies between 87 to 95%: Model 1: Fat-free mass = -10.401 + 0.562 * Weight + 4.032 * Ankle Diameter (R2 = 0.87), Model 2: Weight free of Fat = -34.806 + 0.330 * Weight + 2.579 * Forearm Circumference (R2 = 0.94) and Model 3: Fat Free Mass = -41.830 + 0.292 * Weight + 2.270 * Forearm Circumference + 2.638 * Ankle Diameter (R2 = 0.95 ). The results of the Desirable reproducibility index showed, for the three predictive models, values of the correlation correlation coefficient between 0.93 to 0.95, for the Accuracy between 0.931 to 0.997 and for the accuracy between 0.997 to 0.999. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that the Fat Free Mass can be calculated with precision and accuracy in young male volleyball players from anthropometric variables such as weight, ankle diameter and forearm circumference. Use and application in training programs is suggested as a non-invasive and field method