Estrés psicológico y sus factores relacionados entre estudiantes de enfermería marroquíes: un estudio transversal / Psychological stress and its related factors among Moroccan nursing students: A cross-sectional study

Objetivo: Este estudio se realizó para evaluar la prevalencia y los factores relacionados con el estrés percibido entre los estudiantes de enfermería del Instituto Superior de Profesiones Enfermeras y Técnicas de la Salud de Fez, en Marruecos. Método: Se realizó un estudio tranvesal, en el que se aplicaron la Perceived Stress Scale 10, el Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scale y la escala de Competencia Académica, Competencia en Pruebas, Gestión del Tiempo y Estudio Estratégico, para recopilar datos de estudiantes matriculados en cursos de enfermería. Los análisis univariantes y bivariantes se realizaron con SPSS versión 20. Resultados: De los 437 estudiantes de enfermería, 405 (105 hombres y 300 mujeres) completaron la encuesta. Se encontró una baja prevalencia de estrés percibido (17%; N=69), con una puntuación media (desviación estándar) de estrés de 17,17 (4,15). El nivel de estrés de los estudiantes se asoció significativamente con el curso académico, la práctica de actividades extracurriculares profesionales, el ingreso mensual de la familia y el uso del transporte público. Igualmente, se asoció con la calidad subjetiva del sueño de los estudiantes, la latencia del sueño, la disfunción diurna y la eficiencia habitual del sueño. También se observó una correlación positiva entre las puntuaciones de «gestión del tiempo» y las puntuaciones de «habilidades de adaptación a la prueba». Sin embargo, no se observó asociación significativa entre las puntuaciones de estrés con la edad y el género de los estudiantes. Conclusión: Aunque se ha observado un bajo estrés percibido por los estudiantes de enfermería, hay factores personales, curriculares y relacionados con la calidad del sueño, asociados a su existencia. Las universidades podrían desarrollar, teniendo en cuenta los resultados, intervenciones preventivas para divulgar y controlar los factores asociados al estrés en este subconjunto de la población.(AU)

Objective: This study was performed to evaluate the prevalence and related factors of perceived stress among nursing students at Fez High Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Technics in Morocco. Method: A cross-sectional study was carried out, in which The Perceived Stress Scale 10, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scale, and Academic Competence, Test Competence, Time Management, and Strategic Studying scale were used to collect data from students enrolled in nursing courses. Univariate and bivariate analyses were conducted using SPSS version 20. Results: Of the 437 nursing students, 405 (105 men and 300 women) completed the survey. A low prevalence of perceived stress (17%; N=69) was found, with a mean (standard deviation) stress score of 17.17 (4.15). The stress level of the students was significantly associated with the academic year, the practice of professional extracurricular activities, the monthly income of the family, and the use of public transportation. In addition, the stress level was associated with the subjective quality of the sleep of the students, sleep latency, diurnal dysfunction, and usual sleep efficiency. In addition, a positive correlation was observed between «time management» scores and «test adaptation skills» scores. However, no significant association was observed between stress scores and the age and gender of the students. Conclusion: Although it was found level levels of perceived stress by the nurse students, there are personal and curricular factors, as well as factors regarding the sleeping quality, which as associated with its presence. Considering these results, universities should employ adequate preventive interventions to disseminating and controlling to this subset of the population.(AU)

Cross-cultural adaptation of the Moroccan Arabic dialect version of the Primary Care Assessment Tool / Adaptación transcultural de la versión en dialecto árabe marroquí de la Herramienta de Evaluación de Atención Primaria

Objective: To adapt the Primary Primary Care Assessment Tool-Adult Edition into the Moroccan Arabic dialect and to assess its reliability and validity from the perspective of Moroccan adult patients. Method: A committee of experts carried out the cross-cultural adaptation of the Primary Care Assessment Tool. The adapted questionnaire was subject to forward and backward translation and a pilot study. Exploratory factor analysis assessed the internal consistency, reliability, and construct validity of items and scales. Finally, descriptive statistics were performed on the final factor structure. Results: A 43-item Moroccan Arabic dialect version of the Primary Care Assessment Tool-Adult Edition was developed. It consisted of six multi-item scales that represented the four main dimensions of primary care: first contact, continuity, comprehensiveness, and coordination. Four derived dimensions were included: cultural competence, communication, advice, and community orientation. All six scales demonstrated robust internal consistency, item-total solid correlations, and construct validity. The calculated Cronbach's alpha coefficients ranged from 0.78 to 0.90. Conclusions: Comprehensive metric analyses supported the reliability and validity of the Moroccan Arabic dialect version of the Primary Care Assessment Tool-Adult Edition in assessing core primary care domains from the patients’ experience. This tool could be used for future research on primary care in Morocco.(AU)

Objetivo: Adaptar la Herramienta de Evaluación de Atención Primaria para Adultos al dialecto árabe marroquí y evaluar su fiabilidad y validez desde la perspectiva de pacientes adultos marroquíes. Método: Un comité de expertos realizó la adaptación transcultural de la Herramienta de Evaluación de Atención Primaria. El cuestionario adaptado fue sometido a traducción directa e inversa y a un estudio piloto. El análisis factorial exploratorio evaluó la consistencia interna, la fiabilidad y la validez de constructo de los ítems y escalas. Finalmente, se realizaron estadísticas descriptivas sobre la estructura factorial final. Resultados: Se elaboró una versión en dialecto árabe marroquí de 43 ítems de la Herramienta de Evaluación de Atención Primaria para Adultos. Consiste en seis escalas de múltiples ítems que representan las cuatro dimensiones principales de la atención primaria: primer contacto, continuidad, integralidad y coordinación. Se incluyeron cuatro dimensiones derivadas: competencia cultural, comunicación, consejo y orientación comunitaria. Las seis escalas demuestran una sólida consistencia interna, correlaciones totales sólidas de ítems y validez de constructo. Los coeficientes alfa de Cronbach calculados variaron de 0,78 a 0,90. Conclusiones: Los análisis métricos exhaustivos respaldan la confiabilidad y la validez de la versión en dialecto árabe marroquí del Instrumento de Evaluación de Atención Primaria Edición para Adultos al evaluar los dominios centrales de la atención primaria desde la experiencia de los pacientes. Esta herramienta podría ser utilizada para investigaciones futuras sobre la atención primaria en Marruecos.(AU)

A case report. Rediscovering tuberculostatics drugs: skin rash and pyrazinamide

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Entre la voluntad de Allah y las balas de los jnun la epidemia de peste de 1799 y 1800 en Marruecos / Between the will of Allah and the bullets of the jnun the plague epidemic of 1799 and 1800 in Morocco

La peste que golpeó Marruecos en 1799 y 1800 fue una epidemia sin precedentes. En este artículo, examino algunas observaciones hechas sobre la peste por el agente comercial británico James Grey Jackson, en particular sus ideas sobre las comprensiones islámicas locales de la agencia de los jnūn y de Dios (Allāh) en la aparición de esta enfermedad (AU)

Médicos y sanitarios en el desastre de annual (1921) / Doctors and sanitary in the annual disaster (1921)

El conocido como Desastre de Annual, es una de las más trágicas derrotas sufridas por el ejército español a lo largo de su historia y no solo por el número de muertos y heridos que dio a lugar, sino también por las repercusiones sociales y políticas que tuvo en el país el acontecimiento. Protagonismo destacado en estos hechos el de los integrantes de la Sanidad Militar y en especial médicos, de aquel ejercito derrotado que tuvieron que atender a los heridos y que muchos de ellos fueron muertos en cumplimiento de su deber e incluso en combate. Se expone las circunstancias en las que actuaron, desde las instalaciones sanitarias, medios de trasporte o su actuación en las unidades militares en las que estaban adscritos. (AU)

Known as Annual Disaster, it is one of the most tragic defeats suffered by the Spanish army throughout its history and not only because of the number of deaths and injuries that it resulted, but also because of the social and political repercussions it had. in the country the event. Prominent leading role in these events is that of the members of the Military Health Service and especially doctors, of that defeated army who had to attend to the wounded and many of them were killed in the line of duty and even in combat. The circumstances in which they acted, from the health facilities, means of transportation or their performance in the military units in which they were assigned are exposed. (AU)

Diferencias en la presentación clínica de primeros episodios psicóticos entre población de origen marroquí y población autóctona / Comparison between a morocco and a native-born population, in a sample of first episode psychosis

INTRODUCCIÓN: Las diferencias étnicas han sido estudiadas tanto en esquizofrenia como en los primeros episodios psicóticos (PEP).??En estudios realizados en los Países Bajos se ha descrito que en los varones de origen marroquí es más frecuente un episodio psicótico y presentar mayor severidad en la sintomatología. Sin embargo, no existen estudios en España en PEP en población marroquí comparada con autóctona. OBJETIVOS: Explorar las diferencias clínicas entre la población inmigrante de origen marroquí y la población autóctona, en una muestra de PEP recogida en una unidad de hospitalización de agudos. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se evaluó la sintomatología y el funcionamiento al ingreso y al alta, así como el consumo de cannabis y la dosis de tratamiento antipsicótico y el perfil de efectos adversos en una muestra de 83 pacientes con PEP. Se compararon los pacientes de origen marroquí con los de la población autóctona mediante análisis univariantes y la independencia de las asociaciones fue evaluada mediante análisis de regresión logística. RESULTADOS: El 28,9% de la muestra era de origen marroquí. No se encontraron diferencias en cuanto a la sintomatología al ingreso y al alta. Comparados con los autóctonos, los de origen marroquí eran mayoritariamente hombres, tenían menos años de educación, presentaban peor funcionamiento, menor uso de cannabis, mejor perfil de efectos secundarios y una tendencia al mayor uso de LAI. Tras el análisis multivariante, solo un peor funcionamiento (OR 0,93; IC 95%: 0,88-0,99; p = 0,02) y menos años de educación (OR 0,75; IC 95%: 0,56-1,01; p = 0,05) permanecieron significativamente asociados a ser de origen marroquí. CONCLUSIONES: Existen diferencias sociodemográficas y clínicas entre personas con PEP de origen marroquí y población autóctona. Nuestros resultados señalan que debería contemplarse la trascendencia de la competencia cultural en la evaluación y tratamiento de los PEP

INTRODUCTION: Ethnic differences have been studied previously in schizophrenia and first episodes of psychosis (FEP). Previous studies in Netherlands have reported a higher incidence of psychosis in male Moroccan immigrants and more clinical severity. However there is lack of studies in Spain with morocco population and FEP. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to determine the clinical differences in a sample of FEP between Morocco and Spanish population, recruited in a hospitalisation unit. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Descriptive and cross-sectional study of 83 inpatients (FEP). Functionality and symptomatology were evaluated at entry and discharge, the pattern of use of cannabis was evaluated at entry, the dose of antipsychotic and the pattern of side-effects at discharge. Comparisons between native-born population and Morocco population was made with univariate analysis and logistic regression was made for evaluating the independence of the associations. RESULTS: The 28.9% of the sample was Morocco group. No significance differences were found in clinical characteristics between groups at entry or at discharge. Compared with native-born, the Morocco group were more male, with less years of education, worse functionality, reported less use of cannabis, a better pattern of side effects and a tendency of more prescription of LAis. After the multivariate analysis, just remains a lower functionality (OR 0.93; IC 95%: 0.88-0.99, P=0.02) and lower years of education (OR 0.75; IC 95%: 0.56-1.01, P=0.05), remain significative with being related with Morocco origin. CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides evidence for ethnic differences in Morocco population with FEP. Patients with Morocco ethnicity have more probability of being males, less years of educations. Have lower functionality and a better profile of side effects

Brote familiar de brucelosis. la importancia de la sospecha epidemiológica / Family outbreak of brucellosis. The importance of epidemiological suspicion

OBJETIVO: La brucelosis es la zoonosis más extendida en el mundo. En España su incidencia ha disminuido considerablemente en los últimos años gracias a las medidas sociosanitarias llevadas a cabo. Se han comunicado 40 casos de brucelosis en humanos en 2018, lo que representa una tasa de 0,09 por cada 100.000 habitantes. El objetivo de este estudio fue destacar la importancia de la vigilancia activa y del cribado en familiares de pacientes diagnosticados de brucelosis. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de un brote familiar de brucelosis importada. Se evaluaron cinco miembros de una misma familia tras el diagnóstico de brucelosis de un paciente en el Área III de Salud de Zaragoza, en mayo de 2019. Se contactó telefónicamente con los familiares del paciente y el centro de salud para investigar la posibilidad de afectación de los familiares con quienes había viajado y convivido en Marruecos. RESULTADOS: En un escenario de escasa frecuencia de enfermedad como es nuestro país en el momento actual, el cribado familiar, tras un diagnóstico inicial de brucelosis importada, permitió detectar y tratar a cuatro miembros de una misma familia de origen magrebí. Resultaron contagiados durante un viaje en abril de 2019 a su lugar de origen, un mes en el que convivieron en el ámbito rural en contacto con animales (ovejas, cabras, vacas) y consumieron productos lácteos y cárnicos. La aparición de síntomas presentados concordó temporalmente con el periodo de incubación de la enfermedad. CONCLUSIONES: Destaca la importancia de la vigilancia activa y del cribado en familiares de pacientes diagnosticados de brucelosis, ya que comparten, por lo general, exposiciones a una fuente común

OBJECTIVE: Brucellosis is the most widespread zoonosis in the world. In Spain its incidence has decreased considerably in recent years thanks to the social and health measures carried out. 40 cases of brucellosis have been reported in humans in 2018, representing a rate of 0.09 per 100,000 inhabitants. The objective of the study was to highlight the importance of epidemiological suspicion, as well as the screening of relatives for the diagnosis of the disease. METHODS: A descriptive study of a family outbreak of imported brucellosis was carried out. Five members of the same family were evaluated after the diagnosis of brucellosis in a patient in the Health Area III of Zaragoza, in May 2019. The relatives of the patient and the health center were contacted by telephone to investigate the possibility of involvement of the relatives with whom he had traveled and lived in Morocco. RESULTS: In a scenario with a low frequency of disease such as our country at the present time, family screening, after an initial diagnosis of imported brucellosis, allowed the detection and treatment of four members of the same family of Maghreb origin. They were infected during a trip to their place of origin in April 2019, a month in which they lived in rural areas in contact with animals (sheep, goats, cows) and consumed dairy and meat products. The appearance of presented symptoms was temporally consistent with the incubation period of the disease. CONCLUSIONS: Emphasize the importance of active surveillance and screening in relatives of patients diagnosed with Brucellosis, since they generally share exposures to a common source

Socioeconomic characteristics and fruit/vegetable intakesamong scholar children in the oasis of Tafilalet, Southeastern Morocco / Características socioeconómicas e ingesta de frutas / verduras entre los niños escolares en el oasis de Tafilalet, en el sureste de Marruecos

INTRODUCTION: Fruits and vegetable were globally promoted as healthy food. It was proved that high consumption of fruit and vegetable reduced the risk of noncommunicable diseases, especially cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, obesity and cancer. The purpose of this study was to describe fruit and vegetable intake and its relation with socioeconomic status in Moroccan school aged children METHODS: Data were collected by a cross-sectional study of a sample of children from primary government schools in southeastern Morocco. A 24 hours dietary recall of the children's food intake questionnaire was realized. RESULTS: Results showed a strong association between fruit and vegetable and tested variables. Higher fruit and vegetable intakes were associated with lower level of education of mothers. Concerning monthly family income category, no significant correlation was detected. Mean vegetables consumption were related significantly with Household location, Ethnicity and age groups (p = 0.000, p = 0.000 and p = 0.001 respectively). CONCLUSION: Socioeconomic inequalities influence fruit and vegetable intakes. Consequently, socioeconomic status must be considered in promoting health and improving diet

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Sahara Occidental: los factores económicos como detonante de la violencia organizada / Western Sahara: the economic factors as a trigger of organized violence

El presente trabajo aborda en primer lugar y desde una perspectiva teórica, la incidencia de los factores económicos y políticos en el germen de la violencia organizada para después, analizar como los cambios sociodemográficos que se han sucedido en el Sahara Occidental desde 1975 hasta nuestros días, sumados a la política asistencialista de Marruecos y los privilegios de los que se benefician determinados grupos han desestabilizado la región

This paper addresses, first of all, and from a theoretical perspective, the impact of economic and political factors in the germ of the organized violence to later on, analyze how the demographic changes occurred in Western Sahara since 1975 until today, coupled with the Moroccan welfare policy and privileges that certain groups obtain benefits from have destabilized the region

Motivational values, parental influences and the experiences of discrimination among Romanian and Moroccan young immigrants in Spain

This study examines the role that motivational values play in the experience of discrimination in young immigrants in Spain and how this role is mediated by parental values. Participants in the study were 193 dyads of pre-adolescent to young adult first and second generation immigrants and one of their parents. All participants were either of Moroccan or Romanian ascent, the two largest immigrant groups in Spain. The proposed SEM model had an adequate fit, χ2(2, N = 193) = 2.272, p = .321, RMSEA = .027, CFI = .999, NFI = .994, and yielded a large R2, both for the Moroccan group (R2 = .79, p < .01), and the Romanian group (R2 = .80, p < .01). It showed that the value dimension openness to change vs. conservation is positively related to their experience of discrimination (β = .35, p < .01, for Moroccans group; and β = .29, p < .001, for Romanians). This relationship was mediated by parental values and their parents’ experience of discrimination. A possible explanation is that immigrants high in openness to change are likely to pursue contact with the host culture more intensely, and thus increase the probability of interactions involving discrimination. Additionally, parental values and their own experience of discrimination influences their children, making them more vulnerable to discrimination stress and more likely to perceive discrimination. While most research is focused on external or environmental variables, this study highlights the importance of value orientations and parental influences in immigrants’ experience of discrimination (AU)

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Double trouble: French colonialism in Morocco and the early history of the Pasteur institutes of Tangier and Casablanca (1895-1932)

Morocco was the last North African country in which a Pasteur institute was created, nearly two decades later than in Tunisia and Algeria. In fact, two institutes were opened, the first in Tangier in 1913 and the second in Casablanca in 1932. This duplication, far from being a measure of success, was the material expression of the troubles Pastorians had experienced in getting a solid foothold in the country since the late 19th century. These problems partly derived from the pre-existence of a modest Spanish-Moroccan bacteriological tradition, developed since the late 1880s within the framework of the Sanitary Council and Hygiene Commission of Tangier, and partly from the uncoordinated nature of the initiatives launched from Paris and Algiers. Although a Pasteur Institute was finally established, with Paul Remlinger as director, the failure of France to impose its colonial rule over the whole country, symbolized by the establishment of an international regime in Tangier, resulted in the creation of a second centre in Casablanca. While elucidating many hitherto unclear facts about the entangled origins of both institutes, the author points to the solidity of the previously independent Moroccan state as a major factor behind the troubled translation of Pastorianism to Morocco. Systematically dismissed or downplayed by colonial and postcolonial historiography, this solidity disrupted the French takeover of the country and therefore Pastorian expectations (AU)

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Síndrome de Poland. A propósito de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Poland syndrome. Case report and review of the literature

El síndrome de Poland es una deformidad congénita poco frecuente, esporádica y de patogenia incierta. Se caracteriza por ausencia/hipoplasia del pectoral mayor, alteraciones de la mano y de la glándula mamaria ipsolateral. Se presenta un caso de un varón con clínica sugestiva de síndrome de Poland en el hemitórax izquierdo, sin alteración de la extremidad superior, aunque asociaba dextrocardia y herniación pulmonar, una relación poco frecuente. Se hace hincapié en la necesidad de contar con un equipo multidisciplinario para su manejo inicial y tratamiento a largo plazo (AU)

The Poland syndrome is a rare, sporadic and congenital deformity with uncertain pathogenesis. It is characterized by absence or hypoplasia of the pectoralis major muscle, malformations of the hand and involvement of the ipsilateral mammary gland. A case of a newborn with clinical manifestations suggestive of Poland syndrome on the left hemithorax, associated dextrocardia and defect pulmonary despite being a rare association. Emphasis on the need for a multidisciplinary team in the initial management and long-term treatment (AU)

Ictericia secundaria a una deficiencia de glucosa 6-fosfato deshidrogenasa / Secondary jaundice to deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

Presentamos el caso de un varón de 7 años de edad, remitido a nuestra consulta para su valoración por un cuadro de ictericia mucocutánea. Las analíticas orientan hacia una anemia hemolítica y, tras interrogar a la familia, se concreta que el cuadro había comenzado a las 24 horas de la ingesta de habas, por lo que se orienta el cuadro como un probable déficit de glucosa 6-fosfato deshidrogenasa (D-G6PD), confirmándose posteriormente. Se inicia tratamiento de soporte. Las cifras más bajas de hemoglobina y hematocrito se detectan al cuarto día tras la ingesta del agente desencadenante, permaneciendo el paciente prácticamente asintomático. Las cifras analíticas se normalizan completamente a los 14 días del inicio del cuadro. En este caso se detectó la coexistencia de D-G6PD con otra eritropatía, G6PD/HbS (anemia de células falciformes), asociación que ya ha sido descrita en otros trabajos anteriormente. Al alta hospitalaria se proporcionó al paciente una lista de fármacos y alimentos con efecto oxidante, así como asesoramiento genético. Asimismo, nos parece importante resaltar la importancia de excluir la coexistencia de D-G6PD con otras eritropatía (AU)

We describe the case of a seven year old male patient, who was sent to study because of recient jaundice, with final diagnosis hemolitic anemia, beginning up to 24 hours to have consumed beans, and that’s why the initial diagnosis was glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD), being confirmed later. Lower numbers of haemoglobin and hematocrito appears on fourth day, remaining practically asymptomatic. Analytical normalized to 14 days. We diagnose also coexistence of G6PD with other erythropathy G6PG/HbS. The patient received the list of food and drugs potentially harmful and genetic counselling. We want to stand out the importance of reject the coexistence with another erythropathy (AU)

The role of values in attitudes towards violence: discrimination against Moroccans and Romanian Gypsies in Spain

The first objective of this study was to investigate whether police violence is more tolerated when the victim is a member of a social minority (e.g., Moroccan immigrants and Romanian Gypsies in Spain) than when the victim is a member of the social majority (e.g., Spaniards). The second objective was to use Schwartz value theory to examine the moderating role of values on attitudes towards tolerance of police violence. The participants were 207 sociology and social work students from a public university in Madrid. Overall, in this study, police violence was more accepted when the victim was a member of a social minority; F(2, 206) = 77.91, p = .001, ηp2 = 0.433, and in general, values moderated this acceptance. Thus, greater adherence to the conservation and self-promotion values subsystems would strengthen support for police violence towards a social minority member. On the other hand, greater adherence to the openness to change and self-transcendence subsystems diminish this support (AU)

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The influence of culture of honor and emotional intelligence in the acculturation of moroccan immigrant women

Migration is a normal process of people seeking new opportunities, work, or leisure in societies. The way people adapt to a new country (acculturation) is a complex process in which immigrants’ evaluations about the culture of origin and their perceptions of the host country interact. The combination of these two factors produces four types of acculturation: separation, assimilation, integration, and marginalization. Several variables, such as personality, attitudes, and emotional intelligence, have been studied to help explain this process. However, the impact of a culture of honor and its interaction with other variables remains an open question that may help to explain how migrants can better adjust to their host culture. In this study, we examine the influence of the culture of honor (social) and emotional intelligence (individual) on acculturation. In a sample of 129 Moroccan women (mean age = 29, SD = 9.40) immigrants in Spain (mean time in Spain = 6 years, SD = 3.60), we investigated the relations among the variables of interest. Our results show that no significant differences emerged in the scores given for culture of honor (CH) and the acculturation strategies of the Moroccan immigrant women F(3, 99) = .233; p = .87. However women who preferred the integration strategy scored highest on emotional intelligence (EI), whereas the assimilated immigrants showed the lowest scores for EI F(3, 92) = 4.63; p = .005. Additionally, only in the case of integration does EI mediate between CH and the value given to the immigrant’s own and host cultures (p <.001) (AU)

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Hidatidosis muscular primaria / Primary muscle hydatidosis

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Resilient modernisation: Morocco’s agency in Red Cross projects from Hassan I to the Rif Republic, 1886-1926 / Modernización resiliente: la Cruz Roja en Marruecos de Hassan I a la República del Rif (1886-1926)

From the end of the 19th to the beginning of the 20th century, Morocco's modernizing projects included plans for signing up to the Geneva Convention and creating a local Red Cross/Crescent society. These plans initially stemmed from the convergence of Moroccan administrative/military reforms and Spanish "regenerationist" interventions. They ran parallel to developments in leading Islamic countries such as Egypt, Persia and the Ottoman Empire though they would have to wait till the country's independence from Franco-Spanish domination in 1956 to become a reality. Beyond their lack of actual results, those early initiatives would serve as legal ground for Morocco's "humanitarian sovereignty", tacitly confirmed by the provisions of the Algeciras Act of 1906. In the following two decades, the resilience of this sovereignty would reveal itself in the sustained competition between the Spanish and the French Red Cross for "humanitarian hegemony" in the country, and also in the repeated and nearly successful demands to establish a local Red Cross/Crescent that were made to the International Committee of the Red Cross by the insurgent leader Abdelkrim during the so-called Rif War (AU)

Hacia finales del siglo XIX y comienzos del XX, los proyectos de modernización de Marruecos incluyeron planes de adhesión a la Convención de Ginebra y de creación de una sociedad local de la Cruz/Media Luna Roja. Estos planes surgieron de la convergencia entre las reformas administrativas/militares marroquíes y las intervenciones "regeneracionistas" españolas. Transcurrieron en paralelo con los desarrollos en países islámicos líderes como Egipto, Persia y el Imperio Otomano, aunque habrían de esperar para hacerse realidad hasta la independencia del país de la dominación franco-española en 1956. Más allá de la falta de resultados concretos, estas tempranas iniciativas servirían como marco legal a la "soberanía humanitaria" de Marruecos, tácitamente confirmada mediante las cláusulas del Acta de Algeciras de 1906. Durante las siguientes dos décadas, la resiliencia de esta soberanía se haría patente en la competición entre la Cruz Roja Española y la Francesa por la "hegemonía humanitaria" en Marruecos, así como en las repetidas y casi exitosas demandas para el establecimiento de una Cruz/Media Luna Roja rifeña, que hizo al Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja el líder insurgente Abdelkrim durante la Guerra del Rif (AU)