RESUMO
Fray Andrés de Urdaneta recibe la orden, en 1558, de preparar el Tornaviaje, es decir, hallar una ruta de retorno que permita conectar por mar el virreinato de Nueva España y las islas del Sudeste Asiático de forma estable, un paso imprescindible para el establecimiento de bases permanentes y de comercio en Asia. Lo primero que hace es sugerir al rey Felipe II una excusa para ir allí por razonas humanitarias, pues sabe de la dudosa legalidad del viaje de acuerdo a los términos del Tratado de Tordesillas. A continuación, aborda los problemas de logística. Como conocía bien la costa de Jalisco, propone el puerto de Acapulco como terminal americana. Continuaría redactando un informe para Luis de Velasco, pero cuyo destinatario final era Felipe II, en el que explica las razones por las que el viaje debe hacerse desde México, y no directamente desde la península, dada la dificultad que suponía tener que atravesar el estrecho de Magallanes y las grandes distancias.(AU)
Fray Andrés de Urdaneta receives the order, in 1558, to prepare the Tornaviaje, that is to say, to find a return route that allows to connect by sea the viceroyalty of New Spain and the islands of Southeast Asia in a stable way, an essential step for the establishment of permanent bases and commerce in Asia. The first thing he does is to suggest to King Philip II an excuse to go there for "humanitarian reasons", since he knows of the dubious legality of the trip according to the terms of the Treaty of Tordesillas. He then addresses the logistical problems. As he knew the coast of Jalisco well, he proposes the port of Acapulco as the American terminal. He would go on to write a report for Luis de Velasco, but whose final addressee was Philip II, in which he explains the reasons why the voyage should be made from Mexico, and not directly from the peninsula, given the difficulty of having to cross the Strait of Magellan and the great distances involved.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Ciência , Oceano Pacífico , Escorbuto , Domínios Científicos , Organização e Administração , Intoxicação por Ciguatera , Espanha , Ásia OrientalRESUMO
New complex communities of morphologically diverse and sometimes abundant large, multicellular, filamentous bacteria were discovered in the oxygen-deficient, organically laden, shelf sediments under the oxygen minimum zone off the coast of the eastern Pacific, i.e., off the coasts of central and northern Chile; central and northern Perú; Roca Redonda, Galápagos Archipielago, Ecuador; and off the Pacific coasts of Panamá and Costa Rica. Similar microbial communities were also observed in the reduced layer of a muddy-sand beach adjacent to a mangrove swamp on Coiba Island, Pacific Panamá, and in the organically laden bottom underneath a salmon culture pen in southern Chile (region X). Of varying morphology, the diameters of the bacteria range from 1 to 10 mum, and their lengths from around 10 mum to usually several hundreds but at times several thousands of micrometers. The new filamentous bacterial component is at least one order of magnitude smaller than the also multicellular «megabacteria» Thioploca spp. and Beggiatoa spp., and is collectively referred to as «macrobacteria». A recent review only mentioned a few of these free-living filamentous bacteria, remarking on their scarcity despite the obvious advantages of a large size. This prokaryote size-window has been rarely investigated optically by researchers; thus, assemblages that appear to have had world-wide distribution probably since pre-Cambrian times have been overlooked (AU)
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