Transferencia de trapecio inferior con injerto autólogo de semitendinoso y recto interno / Transfer of the lower trapezius muscle tendon augmented with semitendinosus and gracillis tendon

Existen múltiples opciones de tratamientos para las rupturas masivas irreparables posterosuperiores del manguito rotador. Describiremos la transferencia del trapecio inferior con aumentación utilizando semitendinoso y recto interno autólogos, bajo asistencia. De esta manera devolvemos el balance muscular y restablecemos las cuplas de fuerza para la correcta movilidad del hombro afectado. Esta técnica se realiza con dos incisiones y tres portales artroscópicos: la primera para la toma del recto interno y semitendinoso en la rodilla del mismo lado del hombro afectado (aumentación), y la segunda en la escápula para la toma del trapecio inferior y para el pasaje de los tendones al espacio subacromial y posterior fijación con anclas sin nudo

In massive irreparable posterosuperior rotator cuff ruptures, there are several options for treatment. We will describe the transfer of the lower trapezius muscle tendon augmented with semitendinosus and gracillis tendons autologous, under arthroscopic assistance. In this way, muscular balance is restored for correct shoulder mobility. This technique is performed with two incisions and three arthroscopic portals, the first for harvest of the gracillis and semitendinosus tendons, in the knee on the same side of the affected shoulder (augmentation) and the second in the scapula for the harvest of the lower trapezius muscle tendon, and for passage to the subacromial, and fixation with knotless anchors

Pérdida de tejido muscular en la extracción de tendones isquiotibiales en reconstrucción del LCA. Estudio experimental comparativo / Loss of muscle tissue during hamstring graft harvest in ACL reconstruction. Comparative experimental study

Introducción: En la reconstrucción del LCA, la pérdida de tejido muscular durante la extracción del injerto de tendones isquiotibiales dependerá del tamaño de stripper (tenótomo) que se utilice. El objetivo de este trabajo es comparar y cuantificar la pérdida de tejido muscular sano al realizar la extracción del injerto, y de esta forma poder evaluar una estrategia para reducir la morbilidad de la zona dadora.Materiales y métodos: realizamos un trabajo comparativo. Utilizamos diez preparados anatómicos (veinte rodillas) a los que se les realizó la extracción del injerto de isquiotibiales, semitendinoso y recto interno utilizando dos tenótomos (strippers) de distinto diámetro, de 5 y 7 mm. Evaluamos peso y volumen del tejido muscular resecado. Resultados: se compararon los resultados obtenidos, los que mostraron una diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p <0.01) tanto en el volumen como en el peso del material muscular extraído, en ambos músculos involucrados. Conclusión: nuestra hipótesis fue confirmada, encontramos diferencias que varían desde un 33 hasta un 65% más de peso de músculo sano extraído por la simple utilización de un tenótomo (stripper) de mayor diámetro al requerido. Recomendamos la utilización de tenótomo de 5 mm para disminuir la morbilidad de la zona dadora, y resecar menor volumen de tejido muscular. Nivel de Evidencia: III

Introduction: The loss of muscle tissue during hamstring graft harvest in ACL reconstruction, will depend on the size of the tendon stripper used. Our aim is to compare and quantify the loss of healthy muscle tissue when the graft is extracted, thus, be able to evaluate a strategy to reduce the donor site morbidity. Materials and methods: we harvested hamstring graft, semitendinosus and gracilis, in ten cadaver specimens (twenty knees) using two tendon strippers of 5 mm and 7 mm respectively. Then, we measured the weight and volume of the resected muscle tissue by each stripper. Results: outcome measures were compared, showing a statistically significant difference (p <0.01) in both, volume and weight of the extracted material, for both muscles involved.Conclusion: our hypothesis was confirmed. Results show a 33 to 65% higher weight and volume of healthy muscle tissue extraction, only by using a higher diameter stripper than the one required. We strongly recommend using a 5 mm stripper to reduce donor site morbidity and resect a lower volume of muscle tissue. Level of Evidence: III

Mechanical evaluation of tibial fixation of the hamstring tendon in anterior cruciate ligament double-bundle reconstruction with and without interference screws

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare two postero-lateral bundle (PLB) tibial fixation techniques for the reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament with double bundle: a technique without the use of an interference screw, preserving the native tibial insertion of the tendons of the gracilis and semitendineous muscles, and a technique with the use of an interference screw and without preserving the insertion of the tendons. METHODS: A comparative study was conducted in cadavers with a universal mechanical test machine. In total, 23 cadaver knees were randomized for tibial fixation of the PLB using the two techniques: Maintaining the tibial insertion of the tendons during reconstruction, without the use of an interference screw (group A, 11 cases); and fixating the graft with an interference screw, without maintaining the insertion of the tendons (group B, 12 cases). A continuous traction was performed (20 mm/min) in the same direction as the produced tunnel, and force (N), elongation (mm), rigidity (N/mm), and tension (N/mm2) were objectively determined in each group. RESULTS: Group A exhibited a maximum force (MF) of 315.4±124.7 N; maximum tension of 13.57±3.65 N/mm2; maximum elongation of 19.73±4.76 mm; force at the limit of proportionality (FLP) of 240.6±144.0 N; and an elongation at the limit of proportionality of 14.37±6.58 mm. Group B exhibited a MF of 195.7±71.8 N; maximum tension of 8.8±3.81 N/mm2; maximum elongation of 15.3±10.73 mm; FLP of 150.1±68.7 N; and an elongation at the limit of proportionality of 6.86±2.42 mm. When comparing the two groups, significant differences were observed in the variables of maximum force (p=0.016), maximum tension (p=0.019), maximum elongation (p=0.007), and elongation at the limit of proportionality (p=0.003). CONCLUSION: The use of the native insertion of the semitendineous and gracilis tendons, without an additional fixation device, presented mechanical superiority over their fixation with interference screws.

Short term clinical results of single bundle ACL reconstruction, with a quadruple autologous hamstring graft, modified transtibial versus anteriomedial portal approach for femoral tunnel

Anteriior cruciate ligament injuries are known to be the most common spots injuries, and ACL reconstruction is widely used because of the low success rate of convservative treatment. This study was aimed to compare the short-terma functional results of modifying transtibial and transportal technique for femoral tunnel drilling. This Retrospective comparative case control study included 76 patients with an isolated ACL tear, operated with ST tendon autograft ACL reconstruction by the same surgical tea. 36 patients operated with a modified transtibial approach and 40 patients with an antreomedial approach for femoral drilling. The results of the current study revealed that the mean age in the series was 26 years; the majority of patients were male, only 6 patient's asses again after two years of surgery, by instability tests and lysholm scores reveal no significant differences between two group regarding anterioposterior and rotatory instability, also comparable lysholm score results. The Study concluded that modified transtibial femoral drilling of the femoral tunnel in ACL reconstruction surgery is still useful and give comparable results as tranportal drilling (AU)

Ruptura espontánea del semitendinoso secundario al uso de una quinolona / Spontaneous semitendinosus rupture secondary to the use of a quinolone

Resumen La ruptura espontánea de un tendón secundario al uso de una quinolona es un efecto adverso poco común, pero que con el paso de los años se ha venido documentado con mayor frecuencia. A pesar de lo anterior, aún no hay estudios clínicos que permitan aclarar su fisiopatología, qué estrategias pueden disminuir el riesgo de desarrollar una ruptura espontánea o a qué dosis de las diferentes quinolonas se aumenta el riesgo de presentar una ruptura espontánea. Adicionalmente, varías guías de práctica clínica incentivan el uso de las quinolonas como primera línea para el manejo de infecciones respiratorias o de vías urinarias sin hacer consideraciones sobre este efecto adverso. Por lo anterior, presentamos a continuación el caso de un paciente de 31 años que posterior al inicio de ciprofloxacina para el manejo de una diarrea aguda presento una ruptura espontánea del tendón del semitendinoso secundario al uso de la quinolona. (Acta Med Colomb 2019; 44: 115-118).

Abstract The spontaneous rupture of a tendon secondary to the use of a quinolone is an uncommon adverse effect, but over the years has been documented more frequently. Despite this, there are still no clini cal studies to clarify its pathophysiology, nor which strategies can reduce the risk of developing a spontaneous rupture or at what dose of the different quinolones the risk of presenting a spontaneous rupture increases. In addition, several clinical practice guidelines encourage the use of quinolones as the first line for the management of respiratory or urinary tract infections without considering this adverse effect. Therefore, the case of a 31 year old patient who after the start of ciprofloxacin for the management of acute diarrhea had spontaneous semitendinosus tendon rupture secondary to the use of quinolone, is presented. (Acta Med Colomb 2019; 44: 115-118).

Reconstrucción artroscópica del ligamento cruzado anterior maximizando la utilización de los injertos isquiotibiales autólogos / Arthroscopic reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligament maximizing the use of hamstring grafts

Introducción: La ruptura del ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA) es una lesión ligamentaria frecuente de la rodilla que causa discapacidades significativas. En nuestro medio en la actualidad es de elección cada vez frecuente el injerto combinado de tendones isquiotibiales (IT) semitendinoso (ST) y recto interno (RI) para la reconstrucción del LCA. Objetivo: Determinar los resultados funcionales e índice de re ruptura después de una reconstrucción de LCA con IT, con técnica de simple banda y maximizando la utilización de los injertos isquiotibiales obteniendo el mayor diámetro final posible del injerto de acuerdo a la altura, sexo y edad, evaluando posteriormente los resultados clínico-quirúrgicos de la reconstrucción del LCA con un seguimiento mínimo de 13 meses. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de cohorte prospectivo en 123 pacientes con ruptura de LCA. Análisis en 3 etapas, prequirúrgica (Rayos x, Resonancia magnética nuclear RMN, examen clínico por maniobras, examen bajo anestesia y aplicación de fórmula predictiva del diámetro del neo LCA), intra quirúrgico (largo de los injertos, medición diámetro con técnica cuádruple, diámetro con técnica quíntuple o séxtuple, medición largo de túneles femoral y tibial ,largo final del injerto plegado, elección de largos y diámetros de los sistemas de fijación, examen fluoroscopico final) y post quirúrgica (RMN, KT1000, Lysholm e IKDC). Resultados: La edad media al momento de la cirugía fue de 25.7 años (rango, 15-40) con un período medio de seguimiento 26.5 meses (rango 15-38 meses). La longitud del semitendinoso fue de 292.8 mm (+/- 22.2 SD) y del recto interno fue de 264.9 mm (+/- 29 SD). El diámetro promedio fue de 9.43 mm (+/- 0.60) y la longitud promedio del injerto final una vez plegado fue de 92.65 mm (+/- 6.9). A 40 pacientes se les efectuó injerto quíntuple (33%) y a 83 pacientes injerto séxtuple (67%). Se encontró diferencia significativa en el diámetro del injerto obtenido, y porcentaje de descarte cuando se compararon quíntuples versus séxtuple. Para la evaluación general se utilizaron las puntuaciones de la actividad del Comité Internacional de Documentación de Rodilla (IKDC) (A:59%, B:33%, C:4% y D:4%) y Lysholm (E:90%, B:6%, C:4%). Los parámetros objetivos utilizados para la evaluación incluyeron pruebas de cambio de pivote y Lachman (9) mientras que la laxitud anterior se midió utilizando el artrómetro de rodilla KT-1000 comparativa en milímetros (<3mm:72%, 3-5mm:24%, >5:4%). Se encontró un 4% de re rupturas independientemente de la técnica utilizada. Conclusión: La reconstrucción del LCA con simple banda maximizando la utilización de los injertos isquiotibiales con técnica quíntuple o séxtuple proporciona un diámetro de injerto con excelentes resultados a corto y mediano plazo. Tipo de estudio: Serie de casos. Nivel de evidencia: IV

Background: Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) ruptures are a frequent knee ligament injury causing significant disabilities. The combined grafting of both hamstrings Semitendinosus (ST) and Gracilis (Gr) for the ACL reconstruction is nowadays in our country an increasingly common choice. Objective: To determine the functional outcome and the re rupture index after a simple band technique ACL reconstruction, maximizing the use of the hamstrings, obtaining the largest possible final diameter of the graft according to the body height, sex, age of the patient and to assess the clinical outcome with a minimum follow up of 13 months. Materials and methods: Prospective cohort study. 123 patients with ACL rupture. 3 phases analysis. Pre operative (X rays, MRI, clinical testing, examine under anesthesia and application of the neo ACL diameter predictive formula), intra operative (grafts lengths, quadruple graft diameter, quíntuple or séxtuple graft diameter, bone tunnels lenghts, final graft length, loop length and diameter of the fixation devices, final fluorcoscopy examination) y post operative (MRI, KT1000, Lysholm and IKDC) Results: The mean age at surgery was 25.7 years (range, 15-40). The mean follow up was 26,5 months (range, 15-38 m). The length of the semitendinosus was X: 292.8 mm (+/- 22.2 SD) and the Gracilis was X: 264.9 mm (+/- 29 SD). The mean diameter was 9.43 mm (+/- 0.60) and the average length of the final graft once folded was 92.65 mm (+/- 6.9). In 40 patients (32.7%) the five stranded technique was performed meanwhile in 83 patients six stranded graft (67.3%) was performed. A significant difference was found in the diameter of the obtained graft, and the percentage discarded when comparing the five versus six stranded techniques. Follow-up evaluations scales results by subjective and objective tests were (IKDC) (A:59%, B:33%, C:4% y D:4%) and Lysholm (E:90%, B:6%, C:4%). The comparative anterior laxity in millimeters was assessed by the KT-1000 (<3mm:72%, 3-5mm:24%, >5:4%). A 4% rupture was found regardless of the used technique. Conclusion: The reconstruction of the ACL with a single band, maximizing the use of hamstrings graft with a five stranded or six stranded technique, provides a graft diameter with excellent results in the short to medium term. Type of Study: Case series. Level of evidence: IV

Tratamiento quirúrgico de avulsión crónica proximal de isquiotibiales en deportista juvenil con fisis abiertas / Surgical treatment of proximal chronic avulsion hamstring injuries in young athlete with open physis

Introducción: Durante la práctica deportiva se realizan movimientos explosivos de gran intensidad, uno de los gestos más frecuentes en el fútbol es el remate. En ese momento se efectúan movimientos excéntricos/concéntricos entre grupos agonistas (cuádriceps) y antagonistas (isquiotibiales) pudiendo producir lesiones en la pelvis. Una de las más graves es la avulsión o arrancamiento parcial o total del fragmento óseo del isquion en deportistas juveniles con fisis abiertas. Hay que tener en cuenta que es una lesión poco frecuente y grave la cual provoca una incapacidad funcional significativa acompañada de dolor residual en los deportistas jóvenes, y en algunos casos se asocia con la formación de osificación heterotópica; la cual puede requerir tratamiento quirúrgico para lograr un retorno deportivo a un nivel prelesional. El objetivo de este trabajo es reportar el caso de un jugador de fútbol juvenil con lesión avulsiva proximal de isquiosurales durante un gesto deportivo por mecanismo indirecto

Introduction: Proximal hamstring injuries during an abrupt eccentric gesture may involve partial or complete avulsion of the ischium bone fragment in young athletes with open physis. It is an infrequent but serious injury that causes a significant functional disability accompanied by residual pain in young athletes, and in some cases is associated with the formation of heterotopic ossification, which may require surgical treatment. The objective of this article is to report a case of youth soccer player with proximal avulsed hamstring injury doing a sporting gesture by indirect mechanism

Tibial tunnel enlargement and joint instability after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. A prospective comparison between autograft and allograft

Abstract Purpose: To investigate tibial tunnel widening and knee instability after ACL reconstruction with hamstring autograft or irradiated soft tissue allograft. Methods: Eight-two patients were divided into two groups: autograft group and allograft group. Radiographic and clinical evaluations were performed. Results: Seventy patients were followed up with median of 36.3 months (range 36-38 months). Tibial tunnel widening was at or greater than 30% for nine patients in the autograft group and 15 patients in the allograft group (P = 0.0417). The average percentage of tibial tunnel widening was 26.7 ± 4.0 % and 29.7 ± 5.3 % in autograft and allograft groups, respectively (P = 0.0090). Knee range of motion was not affected by the reconstruction operation or different grafts. Thigh atrophy improved significantly within 24 months after ACL reconstructions in both groups. ACL reconstruction with the allograft leaded to less knee stability than that with the autograft from one year after operation (P = 0.0023). There was no significant difference between two groups with respect to Lysholm score (P = 0.1925) and Tegner score (P =0 .0918) at the final follow-up. Conclusion: The allograft group reported significantly more tibial tunnel widening and knee instability compared with the autograft group.