Fibrilación auricular recurrente posterior a ablación de venas pulmonares: serie de casos / Recurrent atrial fibrillation after ablation of pulmonary veins: case series / Fibrilação atrial recorrentes pós ablação das veias pulmonares: série de casos

La ablación de las venas pulmonares se ha convertido en un tratamiento clave para fibrilación auricular (FA). Sin embargo, pueden ocurrir recurrencias. La estrategia disponible para la ablación después de una recurrencia de FA es controvertida, compleja y desafiante, y la información es limitada. Mediante la presentación de una serie de casos se resumen y discuten elementos clave en la comprensión y tratamiento del paciente con FA recurrente sintomática después de un procedimiento inicial de ablación de venas pulmonares que requiere un nuevo procedimiento de ablación. En las últimas décadas se ha obtenido una mejor comprensión de los mecanismos fisiopatológicos implicados en la FA recurrente posterior a ablación de venas pulmonares, lo que permite identificar factores asociados, crear scores predictores e implementar técnicas de optimización o estrategias adicionales para mejorar la durabilidad y la eficacia del aislamiento de venas pulmonares. Debido a que la reconexión de venas pulmonares es un hallazgo típico durante los procedimientos repetidos, ésta debe ser considerada el objetivo principal de una nueva ablación. Las estrategias de ablación adicional (desencadenantes extrapulmonares o sustratos arritmogénicos) son controvertidas y requieren investigaciones futuras.

Pulmonary vein ablation has become a key treatment for atrial fibrillation (AF). However, recurrences can occur. The ideal strategy for ablation after AF recurrence is controversial, complex, and challenging, with limited data available. By presenting a series of cases, we summarize and discuss key elements in the understanding and treatment of patients with symptomatic recurrent AF after an initial pulmonary vein ablation procedure who are subjected to a new ablation procedure. In recent decades, there has been a better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in recurrent AF after pulmonary vein ablation, making it possible to identify associated factors, create predictive scores and implement optimization techniques or additional strategies to improve the durability and efficacy of pulmonary veins isolation. Because pulmonary vein reconnection is a typical finding during repeat procedures, it should be considered the primary goal for a repeat ablation procedure. Additional ablation strategies (extrapulmonary triggers or arrhythmogenic substrates) are controversial and require further investigation.

A ablação das veias pulmonares tornou-se um tratamento chave para fibrilação atrial (FA). No entanto, podem ocorrer recorrências. A estratégia ideal para a ablação após uma recorrência da FA é controversa, complexa e desafiadora e existem dados limitados. Através da apresentação de uma série de casos resumimos e discutimos elementos chave no entendimento e tratamento do paciente com FA recorrente sintomática após um procedimento inicial de ablação de veias pulmonares, que são submetidos a um novo procedimento de ablação. Nas últimas décadas obteve-se uma melhor compressão dos mecanismos fisiopatológicos envolvidos na FA recorrente pós-ablação de veias pulmonares, isso permite identificar fatores associados, criar scores preditores, implementar técnicas de otimização ou estratégias adicionais para melhorar a durabilidade e eficácia do isolamento de veias pulmonares. Dado que a reconexão de veias pulmonares é um achado típico durante os procedimentos repetidos deve ser considerado o objetivo principal para uma nova ablação. As estratégias de ablação adicional (desencadeadores extrapulmonares ou substratos arritmogénicos) são controversas e requerem investigação futura.

Malformaciones arteriovenosas pulmonares: presentación de un caso clínico pediátrico y revisión de la literatura / Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations: presentation of a pediatric case and review of the literature

Las malformaciones arteriovenosas pulmonares (MAVP) consisten en comunicaciones directas entre el sistema arterial y el sistema venoso pulmonar, sin paso de la sangre por el lecho capilar, produciéndose un cortocircuito de derecha a izquierda extracardíaco, pueden ser congénitas o adquiridas. Algunos casos pueden ser asintomáticos, en cambio en otros pueden ocasionar diversas manifestaciones clínicas y se pueden asociar a complicaciones severas. En niños se observa una baja incidencia y son más frecuentes las formas congénitas. La MAVP se debe sospechar por las manifestaciones clínicas y las imágenes de la radiografía de tórax (RxTx) y su confirmación se realiza mediante una AngioTomografía Computada (TC) de tórax. La embolización endovascular es actualmente el tratamiento de elección, con excelentes resultados, aunque requiere de un seguimiento posterior y de un operador experimentado. Reportamos el caso de una niña que ingresó con clínica muy sugerente, incluyendo: disnea, acropaquia, cianosis periférica, e hipoxemia refractaria. Sin embargo, inicialmente el cuadro clínico fue confundido con una crisis asmática. La Angio-TC de tórax confirmó el diagnóstico y el tratamiento mediante embolización endovascular resultó exitoso.

Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVM) are communications between the arterial and the pulmonary venous system, without passage of blood through the capillary bed, causing a left to right extracardiac shunt. Some cases may be asymptomatic, while others may cause various clinical manifestations and may be associated with severe complications. In children a low incidence is observed, and congenital forms are more frequent. PAVM should be suspected by clinical manifestations and chest x-ray imaging and confirmed by chest Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA). Endovascular embolization is currently the treatment of choice, with excellent results, although it requires subsequent follow-up. We report a patient who was admitted with a very suggestive clinical history, including: dyspnea, clubbing, peripheral cyanosis, and severe hypoxemia, refractory to oxygen therapy. However, initially the clinical picture was confounded with an asthmatic crisis. CTA confirmed the diagnosis and treatment by endovascular embolization was successful.

Angioplastia con balón de venas pulmonares por estenosis tras ablación percutánea de fibrilación auricular / Balloon angioplasty of pulmonary vein stenosis after percutaneous ablation of atrial fibrillation

Resumen Se presenta el caso de un hombre de 31 años, con historia de fibrilación auricular paroxística, a quien se realizó exitosamente una ablación por radiofrecuencia de venas pulmonares guiada por un sistema de mapeo tridimensional EnSite™. Tres meses después del procedimiento presentó hemoptisis y dolor torácico de características pleuríticas, motivo por el cual se le realizó una angiotomografía computarizada coronaria que evidenció una estenosis grave de la vena pulmonar superior izquierda y una estenosis moderada de la vena inferior izquierda. El paciente fue sometido a angioplastia con balón, con la cual se normalizó la perfusión pulmonar.

Abstract We report the case of a 31-year-old male patient with a history of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, who underwent a successful radiofrequency pulmonary vein ablation using EnSite™ three-dimensional mapping system. Three months after the procedure, patient presented with hemoptysis and pleuritic chest pain. A coronary computed tomography angiography was performed, which showed a severe left superior pulmonary vein stenosis and a moderate left inferior pulmonary vein stenosis. A balloon angioplasty was performed with subsequent restoration of pulmonary perfusion.

A Rare Associated Anomaly in Tetralogy of Fallot: Scimitar Syndrome in an Infant

Abstract Pulmonary venous connections may be infrequently abnormal in patients with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). A special subgroup of partial anomalous pulmonary venous return,"scimitar cyndrome", and its coexistence with TOF is less frequently reported. It may proceed unnoticed, as cyanosis already predominates in the clinical picture. This uncommon association must be kept in mind for patients with TOF who have an accessory flow in the inferior vena cava, especially when all pulmonary venous return to the left atrium is not clearly seen.

Locais de Reconexão na Técnica de Reablação após Isolamento das Veias Pulmonares com Criobalão em Pacientes com Fibrilação Atrial Paroxística / Reconnection Sites in Redo Ablation after Cryoballoon Pulmonary Vein Isolation in Patients with Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation

Resumo Fundamento Na fibrilação atrial paroxística (FAP), o isolamento das veias pulmonares com criobalão (IVP-CB) tem eficácia semelhante à da ablação por radiofrequência (IVP-RF). Em procedimentos de reablação após IVP-RF, a reconexão das VPs é alta, ao passo que em pacientes com reablação após IVP-CB, as informações são escassas. Objetivo Determinar os locais de reconexão das VPs em pacientes que foram submetidos à reablação após IVP-CB inicial. Métodos Pacientes que foram submetidos a um procedimento de reablação de fibrilação atrial, após um IVP-CB inicial para FAP foram incluídos. O mapeamento eletroanatômico do AE foi utilizado. Um local de reconexão foi definido com a presença de uma voltagem de 0,3mV ou maior nas VPs e condução unidirecional ou bidirecional nas VPs durante o ritmo sinusal. Os locais de reconexão foram identificados por meio de corte paraesternal longitudinal e posteriormente ablacionados com radiofrequência. Resultados Dos 165 pacientes submetidos ao IVP inicial, 27 necessitaram reablações, dos quais 18 (66,6%) eram do sexo masculino, com média de idade de 55+12,3 anos. O tempo de recorrência foi de 8,9+6,4 meses. A reconexão das VPs foi encontrada em 21 (77,8%) pacientes. Houve um total de 132 lacunas de condução, seis por paciente, 3,6 por VP. Um número significativo de lacunas ocorreu na região ântero-superior da VP superior esquerda (VPSE) e nas regiões septal e inferior da VP superior direita (VPSD). Conclusões As VPs superiores apresentaram os locais de maior reconexão, principalmente na região anterior da VPSE e na região septal da VPSD. A razão por trás disso pode ser devido à maior espessura da parede atrial e à dificuldade em alcançar o contato de criobalão adequado.

Abstract Background In paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF), pulmonary vein isolation using cryoballoon (CB-PVI) has similar efficacy as radiofrequency ablation (RF-PVI) has. In redo ablation procedures following RF-PVI, PV reconnection is high, whereas in patients with redo following CB-PVI, information is scarce. Objective To determine the sites of PV reconnection in patients who underwent redo ablation after initial CB-PVI. Methods Patients who underwent an AF redo procedure, following an initial CB-PVI for PAF were included. LA electroanatomic mapping was used. A reconnection site was defined as the presence of a voltage of 0.3mV or greater in the PV and unidirectional or bidirectional conduction in the PV during sinus rhythm. Reconnections sites were identified using a clock-face view description and were ablated with radiofrequency afterwards. Results Out of the 165 patients who underwent initial PVI, 27 required redo ablations, of which 18 (66.6%) were males, with a mean age of 55+12.3 years. The time of recurrence was 8.9+6.4 months. PV reconnection was found in 21 (77.8%) patients. There was a total of 132 conduction gaps, six per patient, 3.6 per PV. A significant number of gaps were in the anterosuperior region of the left superior PV (LSPV), and in the septal and inferior regions of the right superior PV (RSPV). Conclusions The upper PVs had the most reconnection sites, mostly at the anterior region of the LSPV and the septal region of the RSPV. The reason behind this may be due to greater atrial wall thickness, and difficulty in achieving adequate cryoballoon contact.

Bailout procedure in obstructed supracardiac total anomalous pulmonary vein drainage / Procedimiento de rescate en drenaje venoso pulmonar anómalo total supracardíaco obstructivo

Abstract Total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage is a rare and diverse anomaly, accounting for 1% to 3% of patients with congenital heart disease. Newborns with diagnosis of an obstructed total anomalous pulmonary venous dainage are extremely ill soon after birth and often present with severe cyanosis, pulmonary hypertension and low cardiac output requiring urgent surgical intervention. Transcatheter palliative stenting of the obstructive vertical vein can be an acceptable alternative as a bailout intervention before complete surgical correction is undertaken. This report of two cases highlights the feasibility, safety and effectiveness of the inter ventional palliative procedure and confirms that this technique can be an acceptable and attractive bridge in the algorithm of medical decisions during the evaluation of these critical patients.

Resumen El drenaje venoso pulmonar anómalo total es una enfermedad poco frecuente y de presentación diversa y se observa en el 1% a 3% de las cardiopatías congénitas. Si se asocia a obstrucción, se convierte en una afección grave en el recién nacido, mostrando cianosis intensa, hipertensión arterial pulmonar y bajo gasto cardíaco con indicación de intervención quirúrgica de urgencia. El implante de stent por cateterismo de forma paliativa para aliviar la obstrucción puede ser una alternativa aceptable de tratamiento como intervención de rescate antes de la corrección quirúrgica definitiva. Presentamos dos casos de intervención percutánea paliativa mostrando que esta técnica puede ser eficaz como puente al tratamiento quirúrgico definitivo para ser incorporado en la toma de decisiones de estos pacientes críticos.

Successful repair of infantile scimitar syndrome with contralateral pulmonary vein stenosis in an infant

Abstract Infantile scimitar syndrome (SS) is a rare congenital heart disease and has high mortality. Guidelines have not been established, but surgery is indicated in symptomatic patients. Despite the various surgical approaches, outcomes continue to be disappointing. We present our surgical experience with an infantile SS patient who had stenotic pulmonary veins contralateral to the hypoplastic lung with complicated anatomy. There are few cases with this complex pathology in the literature. Moreover, our patient was the first transplant-free survivor with this complexity in the literature.

Fibrilação Atrial (Parte 2) - Ablação por Cateter / Atrial Fibrillation (Part 2) - Catheter Ablation

Resumo Após mais de 20 anos desde sua utilização inicial, a ablação por cateter se tornou um procedimento rotineiramente realizado para tratamento de pacientes com fibrilação atrial (FA). Fundamentado inicialmente no isolamento elétrico das veias pulmonares em pacientes com FA paroxística, subsequentes avanços no entendimento da fisiopatologia levaram a técnicas adicionais não só para obter melhores resultados, mas também para tratar pacientes com formas persistentes de arritmia, assim como pacientes com cardiopatia estrutural e insuficiência cardíaca.

Abstract More than 20 years since its initial use, catheter ablation has become a routinely performed procedure for the treatment of patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Initially based on the electrical isolation of pulmonary veins in patients with paroxysmal AF, subsequent advances in the understanding of pathophysiology led to additional techniques not only to achieve better results, but also to treat patients with persistent forms of arrhythmia, as well as patients with structural heart disease and heart failure.

Simultaneous thoracoscopic approach in a patient with long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation and primary lung cancer: the first described case

Abstract Cardiac rhythm disorders are common in many patients with cancer. The management of synchronous long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation and pulmonary lesions remains a serious surgical dilemma due to the lack of clinical data and surgical guidelines. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first described case of simultaneous thoracoscopic pulmonary segmentectomy and left atrial posterior wall and pulmonary vein isolation combined with left atrial appendage resection in a patient with early-stage primary lung cancer and long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation.

Experiência de um Centro Brasileiro com Crioablação para Isolamento Elétrico das Veias Pulmonares na Fibrilação Atrial Paroxística e Persistente - Resultados Preliminares no Brasil / Experience in a Brazilian Center with Cryoablation for Electric Isolation of the Pulmonary Veins in Paroxysmal and Persistent Atrial Fibrillation - Preliminary Results in Brazil

Resumo Fundamento O isolamento elétrico das veias pulmonares é reconhecidamente base fundamental para o tratamento não farmacológico da fibrilação atrial (FA) e, portanto, tem sido recomendado como passo inicial na ablação de FA em todas as diretrizes. A técnica com balão de crioenergia, embora amplamente utilizada na América do Norte e Europa, ainda se encontra em fase inicial em muitos países em desenvolvimento, como o Brasil. Objetivo Avaliar o sucesso e a segurança da técnica de crioablação em nosso serviço, em pacientes com FA paroxística e persistente. Métodos Cento e oito pacientes consecutivos com FA sintomática e refratária ao tratamento farmacológico foram submetidos à crioablação para isolamento das veias pulmonares. Os pacientes foram separados em dois grupos, de acordo com a classificação convencional da FA paroxística (duração de até sete dias) e persistente (FA por mais de sete dias). Dados de recorrência e segurança do procedimento foram analisados respectivamente como desfechos primário e secundário. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. Resultados Cento e oito pacientes, com idade média de 58±13 anos, 84 do sexo masculino (77,8%), foram submetidos ao procedimento de crioablação de FA. Sessenta e cinco pacientes apresentavam FA paroxística (60,2%) e 43, FA persistente (39,2%). O tempo médio do procedimento foi de 96,5±29,3 minutos e o tempo médio de fluoroscopia foi de 29,6±11,1 minutos. Foram observadas cinco (4,6%) complicações, nenhuma fatal. Considerando a evolução após os 3 meses iniciais, foram observadas 21 recorrências (19,4%) em período de um ano de seguimento. As taxas de sobrevivência livre de recorrência nos grupos paroxístico e persistente foram de 89,2% e 67,4%, respectivamente. Conclusão A crioablação para isolamento elétrico das veias pulmonares é um método seguro e eficaz para tratamento da FA. Nossos resultados estão consoantes com demais estudos, que sugerem que a tecnologia pode ser utilizada como abordagem inicial, mesmo nos casos de FA persistente. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)

Abstract Background Electrical isolation of the pulmonary veins is recognized as the cornerstone of non-pharmacological treatment of Atrial Fibrillation (AF), and therefore, has been recommended as the first step in AF ablation according to all guidelines. Even though the cryoballoon technology is widely used in North America and Europe, this experience is still incipient in many developing countries such as Brazil. Objective To evaluate initial results regarding success and safety of the new technology in patients with persistent and paroxysmal AF. Methods One hundred and eight consecutive patients with symptomatic AF refractory to pharmacological treatment were submitted to cryoablation for isolation of the pulmonary veins. Patients were separated into two groups according to AF classification: persistent (AF for over one week); or paroxysmal (shorter episodes). Recurrence and procedural safety data were analyzed respectively as primary and secondary outcomes. The level of significance was 5%. Results One hundred and eight patients, with mean age 58±13 years, 84 males (77.8%), underwent cryoablation. Sixty-five patients had paroxysmal AF (60.2%) and 43 had persistent AF (39.2%). The mean time of the procedure was 96.5±29.3 minutes and the mean fluoroscopy time was 29.6±11.1 minutes. Five (4.6%) complications were observed, none fatal. Considering a blanking period of 3 months, 21 recurrences (19.4%) were observed in a one-year follow-up period. The recurrence-free survival rates of AF in the paroxysmal and persistent groups were 89.2% and 67.4%, respectively. Conclusion Cryoablation for electrical isolation of the pulmonary veins is a safe and effective method for the treatment of AF. Our results are consistent with other studies suggesting that this technology can be used as an initial technique even in cases of persistent AF.

Ablação Por Cateter Sem Uso de Fluoroscopia Para Tratamento de Fibrilação Atrial e Arritmias Atriais: Eficácia e Segurança / Catheter Ablation for Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation and Supraventricular Arrhythmias Without Fluoroscopy Use: Acute Efficacy and Safety

Resumo Fundamento O uso da radiação ionizante em procedimentos médicos está associado a riscos significativos à saúde dos pacientes e da equipe de saúde. Objetivos Avaliar a segurança e a eficácia aguda da ablação por cateter para tratamento da fibrilação atrial (FA) e arritmias supraventriculares (SVTs), utilizando uma abordagem exclusivamente não fluoroscópica, guiada por eco intracardíaco (ICE) e mapeamento 3D. Métodos 95 pts (idade média 60 ± 18 anos, 61% do sexo masculino) programados para ablação de FA (69 pts, 45 FA paroxística e 24 FA persistente) ou SVTs (26 pts - 14 reentrada nodal, 6 Wolf-Parkinson-White [WPW], 5 flutter atrial direito [AD], 1 taquicardia atrial). Nove pacientes (9,5%) tinham marcapasso definitivo ou dispositivos de ressincronização com desfibrilador. Dois sistemas de mapeamento eletroanatômico foram utilizados - CARTO (65%) e NAVx (35%), bem como cateteres de ICE disponíveis - Acunav e ViewFlex. Resultados O isolamento das veias pulmonares (VPs), bem como todos os outros alvos que precisavam de ablação em ambos os átrios, foram alcançados e adequadamente visualizados. Não foram observados derrames pericárdicos, complicações trombóticas ou outras intercorrências nesta série. Punções transseptais difíceis (19 pacientes - 20%) foram realizadas sem fluoroscopia em todos os casos. Não foi utilizada fluoroscopia de backup, e nenhum vestuário de chumbo foi necessário. Avaliações detalhadas dos marcapassos após o procedimento não mostraram nenhum dano aos eletrodos, deslocamentos ou mudanças de limiar. Conclusões Uma estratégia de ablação por cateter sem uso de radiação para FA e outras arritmias atriais é segura e eficaz quando guiada pela utilização adequada do ICE e do mapeamento 3D. Diversos sítios em ambos os átrios podem ser alcançados e adequadamente ablacionados sem a necessidade de fluoroscopia de backup. Não foram observadas complicações. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 114(6):1015-1026)

Abstract Background The use of ionizing radiation in medical procedures is associated with significant health risks for patients and the health care team. Objectives Evaluate the safety and acute efficacy of ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF) and supraventricular arrhythmias (SVTs) using an exclusively non-fluoroscopic approach guided by intracardiac echo (ICE) and 3D-mapping. Methods 95 pts (mean age 60 ± 18 years, 61% male) scheduled for AF Ablation (69 pts, 45 paroxysmal AF and 24 persistent AF) or non-AF SVT (26 pts - 14 AV node reentry, 6 WPW, 5 right atrial (RA) flutters, 1 atrial tachycardia) underwent zero fluoro procedures. Nine patients (9.5%) had permanent pacemakers or defibrillator resynchronization (CRT-D) devices. Both CARTO (65%) and NAVx (35%) mapping systems were used, as well as Acunav and ViewFlex ICE catheters. Results Pulmonary vein isolation (PVI), as well as all other targets that needed ablation in both atria were reached and adequately visualized. No pericardial effusions, thrombotic complications or other difficulties were seen in these series. Difficult transseptal puncture (19 patients - 20%) was managed without fluoroscopy in all cases. No backup fluoroscopy was used, and no lead apparel was needed. Pacemaker interrogations after the procedure did not show any lead damage, dislocation, or threshold changes. Conclusions A radiation-free (fluoroless) catheter ablation strategy for AF and other atrial arrhythmias is acutely safe and effective when guided by adequate ICE and 3D-mapping utilization. Multiple different bi-atrial sites were reached and adequately ablated without the need for backup fluoroscopy. No complications were seen. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 114(6):1015-1026)

Ruptura de vena cava inferior secundaria a uso de sonda de ecografía intracardiaca tratada de manera exitosa con balón de alta distensibilidad / Inferior vena cava rupture associated with the use of an intracardiac echocardiography probe and successfully treated with a high-compliance balloon

Resumen La ruptura de la vena cava inferior durante los procedimientos de intervencionismo percutáneo es una complicación infrecuente que se asocia con alta tasa de mortalidad aunque sea detectada a tiempo y se realice reparo quirúrgico, el cual es hoy el estándar de manejo. No existen hasta el momento casos reportados de manejo percutáneo de perforación de la vena cava durante procedimientos de electrofisiología. Se describe el caso de una paciente llevada a aislamiento eléctrico de venas pulmonares para el manejo de fibrilación auricular paroxística, en quien, durante el procedimiento, se produjo perforación accidental de la vena cava inferior con la sonda de ecocardiografía intracardiaca, la cual fue tratada exitosamente mediante el uso de un balón de alta distensibilidad con lo que se logró adecuada hemostasia sin necesidad de intervención quirúrgica. Se considera que el uso de un balón de alta distensibilidad puede ser una herramienta útil en el control del sangrado asociado a lesiones vasculares iatrogénicas, y que por consiguiente todo intervencionista debería tener presente.

Abstract Rupture of the inferior vena cava during percutaneous intervention procedures is an uncommon complication. It is associated with a high rate of mortality, even when it is detected at the time and the current standard management, surgical repair is performed. At present there are no cases reported of the percutaneous management of a vena cava perforation during electrophysiology procedures. The case is described of a patient subjected to electric ablation of pulmonary veins for the management of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. During the procedure there was an accidental rupture of the inferior vena cava with the echocardiography cardiac catheter. She was successfully treated using a high-compliance balloon, with adequate haemostasis being achieved without surgical intervention. The use of a high-compliance balloon is considered as a useful tool in the control of bleeding associated with iatrogenic vascular injuries, and for this reason all interventionist should be aware of it.

Thoracoscopic pulmonary vein and left atrial posterior wall isolation combined with left atrial appendage resection in patients with long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a modified technique for totally thoracoscopic left atrial posterior wall and pulmonary vein isolation in patients with long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation. Methods: From April 2017 to December 2018, we included in this study 28 consecutive patients who underwent thoracoscopic left atrial posterior wall and pulmonary vein radiofrequency isolation combined with left atrial appendage resection. We used a device with irrigated electrodes (Medtronic Cardioblate Gemini-s). The original surgical technique "GALAXY" proposed by Doty in 2012 was modified. The number of ablations was significantly increased, and frequent position changing of the ablation device and change of device angulation were added. Results: Sinus rhythm was restored in all patients. There was no operative mortality, no myocardial infarction, and no stroke or transient ischemic attack. One patient required sternotomy and another survived left anterolateral thoracotomy due to bleeding. A 180-day follow-up (24-hour Holter monitoring) revealed no sign of recurrence of atrial fibrillation or other supraventricular arrhythmia in any patient. Mean follow-up was nine months (range: 6-16 months). At the last follow-up, 26 patients (92,9%) were in sinus rhythm (24-hour Holter monitoring). Conclusion: A frequent ablation device position changing during the surgery makes it possible to achieve complete left atrial posterior wall and pulmonary veins isolation. An increased number of applications allows to avoid a false positive transmural damage assessment showed by impedance drop. Also, frequent position changing of the ablation device and increased number of applications do not affect the number of postoperative complications.

Thawing rate predicts acute pulmonary vein isolation after second-generation cryoballoon ablation

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether thawing rate could be a novel predictor of acute pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) and explore the predictive value of thawing rate as a factor ensuring long-term PVI (vagus reflex). METHODS: A total of 151 patients who underwent cryoballoon ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF) were enrolled in this retrospective study between January 2017 and June 2018. The thawing rate was calculated using the thawing phase of the cryoablation curve. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to analyze the predictive value of the thawing rate for acute PVI and vagus reflex. RESULTS: ROC curve analyses revealed that the interval thawing rate at 15°C (ITR15) was the most valuable predictor of PVI, with the highest area under curve (AUC) value of the ROC curve. The best cut-off value of ITR15 for PVI was ≤2.14°C/S and its sensitivity and specificity were 88.62% and 67.18%, respectively. In addition, the ITR15 of the successful PVI group after cryoballoon ablation was significantly slower than the failed PVI group. ITR15 was a predictor of vagus reflex and the occurrence of vagus reflex group had a slower ITR15 compared to the non-occurrence group. CONCLUSIONS: Thawing rate was a novel predictor of acute PVI and the ITR15 was the most valuable predictor of acute PVI. In addition, ITR15 was a predictive factor ensuring long-term PVI (vagus reflex). Our study showed that thawing rate may serve in the early identification of useless cryoballoon ablation.

Compression of the left atrium and pulmonary veins due to ascending and descending aortic aneurysms

Abstract An 89-year-old female patient presented to our cardiology outpatient clinic complaining of shortness of breath and back pain. Chest X-ray demonstrated a widened mediastinum. Transthoracic echocardiography showed an ascending aortic aneurysm and the modified apical 5-chamber view showed that left atrium was compressed between the ascending and descending aortas. Color Doppler turbulence was also seen in the compressed area. A contrast-enhanced chest computed tomography scan in axial and coronal planes showed that left atrium and pulmonary veins were compressed by ascending and descending aortic aneurysms. Herein, we illustrated this rare condition diagnosed by transthoracic echocardiography in combination with computed tomography.