Neurotización del nervio circunflejo por vía axilar, estudio cadavérico / Neurotization of the circumflex nerve through an axillary approach, cadaveric study

Objetivo Confirmar factibilidad técnica de la neurotización del nervio axilar por la rama motora de la porción larga del tríceps con el fin de definir la anatomía quirúrgica de los nervios radial y axilar. Materiales y métodos Veinte hombros de cadáver fueron intervenidos para transferencia de la rama del Nervio Radial para la porción larga del tríceps a la rama anterior del Nervio Axilar por abordaje axilar. Se confirmó la escogencia correcta del nervio receptor por abordaje posterior. Resultados Se logró una disección adecuada de la primera rama motora del nervio radial del nervio axilar y de la rama anterior del Nervio Axilar. El origen de la rama motora se encontró en promedio a 3,8mm (+/- 7,3mm) distal al borde superior del tendón del dorsal ancho. El nervio axilar se encontró cefálico al borde superior del dorsal ancho a una distancia promedio de 11,3mm (+/-2,13mm) y distal al redondo menor 3.05mm (+/- 1,3mm), sutura con la primera rama del radial en el 100% de los casos sin tensión y se confirmó la adecuada transferencia en todos los casos. Conclusión La neurotización del nervio axilar con la primera rama del nervio radial se logró con éxito en el 100% por vía axilar. Este abordaje es adecuado, evitando tener que realizar cambios de posición a prono y doble abordaje, y si se requiere procedimientos adicionales de reconstrucción en el mismo tiempo quirúrgico tipo Oberlin y exploraciones supraclaviculares del plexo braquial se pueden realizar sin cambio de posición.

Objective To confirm the technical feasibility of neurotization of the axillary nerve by the motor branch of the long head of the triceps in order to define the surgical anatomy of the radial and axillary nerves. Materials and method Twenty cadaver shoulders were operated on for transfer of the radial nerve branch for the long head of the triceps to the anterior branch of the axillary nerve by axillary approach. The correct choice of the receiving nerve was confirmed by posterior approach. Results An adequate dissection of the first motor branch of the radial nerve of the axillary nerve and of the anterior branch of the Axillary Nerve was achieved, The origin of the motor branch was found on average at 3.8mm (+/−7.3mm) distal to the superior border of the latissimus dorsi tendon. The axillary nerve was found 11.3mm (+/−2.13mm) cephalad to the upper border of the latissimus dorsi and 3.05mm (+/−1.3mm) distal to the teres minor. A tensionless coaptation was obtained in all cases. Conclusion Neurotization of the axillary nerve with the first branch of the radial nerve was successfully achieved through the axillary approach. This approach is adequate, avoiding position change to prone and double approach, and if additional reconstruction procedures are required at the same surgical time, Oberlin type and supraclavicular explorations of the brachial plexus can be performed without changing position.

Tooth and pulp chamber automatic segmentation with artificial intelligence network and morphometry method in cone-beam CT / Segmentación automática de cámaras dentales y pulpares con red de inteligencia artificial y método de morfometría en TC de haz cónico

SUMMARY: This study aims to extract teeth and alveolar bone structures in CBCT images automatically, which is a key step in CBCT image analysis in the field of stomatology. In this study, semantic segmentation was used for automatic segmentation. Five marked classes of CBCT images were input for U-net neural network training. Tooth hard tissue (including enamel, dentin, and cementum), dental pulp cavity, cortical bone, cancellous bone, and other tissues were marked manually in each class. The output data were from different regions of interest. The network configuration and training parameters were optimized and adjusted according to the prediction effect. This method can be used to segment teeth and peripheral bone structures using CBCT. The time of the automatic segmentation process for each CBCT was less than 13 min. The Dice of the evaluation reference image was 98 %. The U-net model combined with the watershed method can effectively segment the teeth, pulp cavity, and cortical bone in CBCT images. It can provide morphological information for clinical treatment.

RESUMEN: El objetivo del presente estudio fue extraer estructuras dentarias y óseas alveolares desde imágenes CBCT automáticamente, lo cual es un paso clave en el análisis de imágenes CBCT en el campo de la estomatología. En este estudio, se utilizó la segmentación de tipo emántica para la segmentación automática. Se ingresaron cinco clases de imágenes CBCT marcadas, para el entrenamiento de la red neuronal U-net. El tejido duro del diente (incluidos esmalte, dentina y cemento), la cavidad de la pulpa dentaria, hueso cortical, hueso esponjoso y otros tejidos se marcaron manualmente en cada clase. Los datos se obtuvieron de diferentes regiones de interés. La configuración de la red y los parámetros de entrenamiento se optimizaron y ajustaron de acuerdo con un análisis predictivo. Este método se puede utilizar para segmentar dientes y estructuras óseas periféricas mediante CBCT. El tiempo del proceso de segmentación automática para cada CBCT fue menor a 13 min. El "Dice" de evaluación de la imagen de referencia fue de 98 %. El modelo U-net combinado con el método "watershed"puede segmentar eficazmente los dientes, la cavidad pulpar y el hueso cortical en imágenes CBCT. Puede proporcionar información morfológica para el tratamiento clínico.

Distribución nerviosa interna del músculo temporal humano: consideraciones anatómicas y quirúrgicas / Internal nervous distribution of the human temporal muscle: anatomical and surgical considerations

Resumen Introducción: Conocer en detalle la inervación interna del músculo temporal humano permite realizar múltiples técnicas quirúrgicas y tratamientos de patologías que involucran al territorio craneofacial. Si bien en la literatura se ha descrito la inervación interna del músculo temporal humano basado en micro-disección directa, la técnica de tinción de Sihler es una herramienta ventajosa para el estudio anatómico ya que permite observar ramos nerviosos pequeños sin perder su relación tridimensional con las fibras musculares. Objetivo: Describir la distribución nerviosa al interior del músculo temporal humano en cadáveres al aplicar el método de Sihler y analizar su asociación anátomo quirúrgica. Materiales y Método: Ocho músculos temporales humanos previamente disecados fueron sometidos al método de tinción de Sihler. Cada una de las muestras se observó bajo lupa estereoscópica y transiluminación; finalmente para su descripción se dividió al músculo en tres regiones. Resultados: Se determinó la presencia de tres troncos nerviosos principales: el temporal profundo anterior, el temporal profundo medio y temporal profundo posterior, los que discurren de profundo a superficial. Además, se observaron ramos colaterales de menor calibre del nervio temporal profundo posterior que en forma de arco comunican las tres regiones del músculo. Conclusión: Se describió una distribución nerviosa interna común para los músculos estudiados en las tres dimensiones del espacio, conocimiento útil para innovar en terapias clínico-quirúrgicas del territorio craneofacial.

Introduction: Knowing in detail the inner innervation of the human temporal muscle allows to perform multiple surgical techniques and treatments of pathologies that involve the craniofacial territory. Although the internal innervation of the human temporal muscle based on direct microdissection has been described in the literature, the Sihler staining technique is an advantageous tool for anatomical study since it allows observing small nerve branches without losing its three-dimensional relationship with muscle fibers. Aim: To describe the nervous distribution within the human temporal muscle in cadavers by applying the Sihler method and analyzing its surgical anatomical association. Materials and Method: Eight previously dissected human temporal muscles were subjected to the Sihler staining method. Each one of the samples was observed under stereoscopic magnification and transillumination, finally for its description the muscle was divided into three regions. Results: The presence of three main nervous trunks was determined: the anterior deep temporal, the deep medium temporal and the posterior deep temporal, those that run from deep to superficial. In addition, collateral branches of lesser caliber of the posterior deep temporal nerve that in the form of an arc communicate the three regions of the muscle were observed. Conclusion: A common internal nervous distribution was described for the muscles studied in the three dimensions of space, useful knowledge to innovate in clinical-surgical therapies of the craniofacial territory.

Modelo de predicción de Bacillus cereus para definir las condiciones de calidad y consumo de leche en polvo / A prediction model of Bacillus cereus to define conditions for quality and consumption of milk powder

RESUMEN El objetivo del artículo fue lustrar mediante modelos de predicción microbiológica, la probabilidad de conformidad del producto terminado, estimando el ciclo de vida de la leche en polvo una vez que ha sido reconstituida, enfocado en los aspectos fisicoquímicos y microbiológicos (Bacillus cereus), por medio del modelo cinético de Arrhenius, con redes neuronales artificiales, entrenadas para pronosticar productos conformes respecto a la bacteria. A través del algoritmo de la red neuronal, se concluyó que, una vez la leche en polvo ha sido reconstituida debe mantenerse refrigerada entre 4°C y 6°C, para obtener una vida útil alrededor de los 19 días, pronosticando el 98% de productos conformes.

ABSTRACT The aim of this paper was to show a microbiological prediction model to determine the probability of conformity in products and estimate the life cycle of reconstituted powdered milk, focusing on the physicochemical and microbiological aspects of Bacillus cereus. We used the kinetic model Arrhenius, built under artificial neural networks designed to measure conformity to Bacillus cereus products. Using the neural network algorithm, we found that once milk powder was reconstituted, the temperature should be between 4°C and 6°C to obtain a lifespan around 19 days and 98% conformity.

An Improved Classification System for Brain Tumours Using Wavelet Transform and Neural Network / Un sistema de clasificación mejorado para los tumores cerebrales usando la transformada de ondeletas y la red neuronal

ABSTRACT This paper presents an improved classification system for brain tumours using wavelet transform and neural network. The anisotropic diffusion filter was used for image denoising, and the performance of the oriented rician noise reducing anisotropic diffusion (ORNRAD) filter was validated. The segmentation of the denoised image was carried out by fuzzy c-means clustering. The features were extracted using symlet and coiflet wavelet transforms, and the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm based neural network was used to classify the magnetic resonance (MR) images. This classification technique of MR images was tested and analysed with existing methods, and its performance was found to be satisfactory with a classification accuracy of 93.24%. The developed system could assist physicians in classifying MR images for better decision-making.

RESUMEN Este artículo presenta un sistema de clasificación mejorado para los tumores de cerebro usando la transformada de ondeletas (transformada wavelet) y la red neuronal. El filtro de difusión anisotrópica fue utilizado para la eliminación del ruido de la imagen, y se validó el funcionamiento del filtro de difusión anisotrópica orientado a reducir el ruido riciano (ORNRAD, siglas en inglés). La segmentación de la imagen 'desruidizada ' (denoised) fue realizada mediante el agrupamiento difuso c-means fuzzy. Las características fueron extraídas usando las transformadas de ondeletas symlet y coiflet, y la red neuronal basada en el algoritmo de Levenberg-Marquardt fue utilizada para clasificar las imágenes de resonancia magnética (RM) imágenes. Esta técnica de clasificación de imágenes de RM fue probada y analizada con métodos existentes, y se halló que su rendimiento era satisfactorio con una precisión de clasificación de 93.24%. El sistema desarrollado podría ayudar a los médicos a clasificar imágenes de RM para una mejor toma de decisiones.

Use of Artificial Neuron Network to Predict Dental Arch Form

Objective: To develop diagnostic reference for arch form using Artificial Neuron Network (ANN) from tooth size and arch dimension variables on scanned-dental cast from patients with class I malocclusion treated orthodontically. Material and Methods: One hundred and ninety pairs of dental cast pre-post orthodontic treatment gathered from Orthodontic clinics were scanned and then all dimension variables were measured using Image Tool (gender, tooth size and arch dimension). The multivariate data were analyzed statistically using Stata (Lakeway Drive, College Station, Texas USA). The statistic results were compiled to build the neuron network software for analyzing arch form. Results: Gender and all variables from pre-treatment do not influence arch form. Intercanine width, canine depth, intermolar width, and molar depth are variables that influence arch form. The result of the statistical analyses can be used to develop software based on artificial neural network. Output program is the arch form, such as oval, square or tapered. The software can describe arch form with the accuracy of 76.31%. Conclusion: A software using Artificial Neuron Network to describe arch form can be used for diagnostic reference to Class I malocclusion.

Redes en estado de reposo: revisión y aplicaciones de un concepto en evolución / Resting state networks: review and applications of an evolving concept / Redes em estado de repouso: revisão e aplicações de um conceito em evolução

El concepto de redes en estado de reposo se refiere a fluctuaciones coherentes de la actividad cerebral, presentes en forma de redes que aparecen cuando los sujetos no están ocupados en alguna actividad o proceso cognitivo superior. Estas redes han sido identificadas en estudios de resonancia magnética funcional y reflejan un alto nivel de conectividad del cerebro humano. El concepto ha crecido en notoriedad hasta tal punto que ahora es casi rutina entre los grupos que usan resonancia magnética en sus investigaciones. Se ha estudiado la actividad de las redes en estado de reposo en el envejecimiento, el deterioro cognitivo leve y diversas enfermedades neurológicas y psiquiátricas. Además, se ha demostrado su existencia en otros primates y en ratas. En esta revisión se presenta una visión general del concepto, así como de las herramientas para la adquisición y el análisis. Igualmente se discuten algunas investigaciones relevantes sobre el tema y su impacto en diversas entidades clínicas.

The concept of resting state networks refers to coherent fluctuations of brain activity, which appear when the subjects are not engaged in any task or superior cognitive process. Such networks have been identified in functional magnetic resonance studies and reflect a high connectivity level of the human brain. The concept has gained notoriety and has become routine among groups using functional magnetic resonance in their studies. The activity of the resting state networks has been studied in ageing, mild cognitive impairment and several neurological and psychiatric diseases. Additionally, its existence has been proved in non-human primates and rats. A general overview of the concept is presented here, as well as the acquisition and analysis tools. Moreover, some relevant evidence on this subject matter as well as its impact on several clinical entities are discussed.

O conceito de redes em estado de repouso se refere a flutuações coerentes da atividade cerebral, presentes em forma de redes que aparecem quando os sujeitos não estão ocupados em alguma atividade ou processo cognitivo superior. Estas redes têm sido identificadas em estudos de ressonância magnética funcional e refletem um alto nível de conectividade do cérebro humano. O conceito tem crescido em notoriedade até tal ponto que agora é quase rotina entre os grupos que usam ressonância magnética em suas investigações. A atividade das redes em estado de repouso tem sido estudada em envelhecimento, deterioro cognitivo leve e diversas doenças neurológicas e psiquiátricas. Adicionalmente se há demostrado sua existência em outros primatas e em ratos. Nesta revisão se oferece uma visão geral do conceito, assim como das ferramentas para a aquisição e a análise. Igualmente se discutem algumas investigações relevantes sobre o assunto e seu impacto em diversas entidades clínicas.

Clasificación automática de glóbulos rojos en frotis de sangre periférica / Healthy lifestyles and risk behavior of medical students

Introducción: El diagnóstico del estado eritrocitario en frotis de sangre periférica es un proceso realizado normalmente de forma manual a partir de observación microscópica, lo cual implica una considerable inversión de tiempo y recursos, además de posibles problemas de subjetividad y dificultad en la reproducibilidad del diagnóstico. Objetivo: Desarrollar una aplicación que permita la clasificación automática de glóbulos rojos en frotis de sangre periférica, de utilidad como herramienta de ayuda diagnóstica. Metodología: Se usaron técnicas de procesamiento de imágenes para segmentar los eritrocitos en las fotografías microscópicas y medir en ellos área, perímetro, solidez, circularidad, excentricidad, textura y dimensión box-counting. Se usó una red neuronal artificial para clasificar los eritrocitos según sus características en siete clases, incluyendo normalidad y seis alteraciones patológicas. La red se entrenó de acuerdo con la clasificación de 262 eritrocitos realizada por un hematólogo experto. Los desarrollos se hicieron en matlab®, una poderosa plataforma de computación científica. Resultados: La red escogida alcanza el 97.3% de aciertos en los datos de validación. Las equivocaciones en la red corresponden a células de dudosa clasificación aún para un experto, por presentar características correspondientes a varias clasificaciones patológicas. Conclusiones: La aplicación desarrollada clasifica de manera rápida y acertada los diferentes tipos de glóbulos rojos presentes en una muestra microscópica de frotis de sangre periférica, siendo de utilidad como herramienta de apoyo diagnóstico.

Introduction: The process of erythrocyte classification in peripheral blood smear is normally done manually from microscopic observation. This implies not only a considerable investment of time and resources but also brings potential problems of subjectivity and difficulty in the reproducibility of diagnosis. Objective: To develop an application that allows the automatic classification of red blood cells in peripheral blood smears, as a diagnostic aid tool. Methodology: Image processing techniques were used in order to segment erythrocytes in the microscopic photographs and to measure characteristics as area, perimeter, solidity, circularity, eccentricity, texture and boxcounting dimension. An artificial neural network was used to classify the red blood cells in the images in seven classes, including normal and six pathological changes, according to their characteristics. The network was trained according to the classification of 262 erythrocytes by an expert hematologist. The developments were made in matlab®, a powerful scientific computing platform. Results: The chosen network reaches 97.3% correct in the validation data. Mistakes in the network correspond to cells with various pathological classifications features, which make them difficult to classify even for an expert. Conclusions: The developed application classifies quickly and accurately the different types of red blood cells in a microscopic sample of peripheral blood smear, so it could be useful as a diagnostic support tool.

Evaluation of thymic lymphocyte loss of broiler using Digital Analysis of the Lymphoid Depletion System (ADDL) / Avaliação de perda de linfócitos do timo em frangos usando análise digital do sistema de depleção linfóide (ADDL)

The thymus is a lymphoid organ and usually evaluated for the degree of lymphocyte loss with subjective histological techniques. This study aimed to adapt and to apply of the digital analysis of the lymphoid depletion system (ADDL) in the thymus in order to obtain a more accurate analysis. Glucocorticoid was used to induce immunosuppression in 55 broilers at 21 days of age; other 15 broilers were the control group. After euthanasia of the broilers, postmortem examination was made. Both thymic chains were collected and six lobes were selected for histological examination of the degree of lymphocyte depletion (scores 1 to 5) and for submission to all stages of processing by the ADDL system. The artificial constructed neural networks (ANN) obtained 94.03% of correct classifications. In conclusion, it was possible to adopt objective criteria to evaluate thymic lymphoid depletion with the ADDL system.(AU)

O timo é um órgão linfóide, que é normalmente avaliado para o grau de perda de linfócitos a partir de técnicas histológicas subjetivas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo a adaptação e aplicação do sistema de análise digital de depleção linfóide (ADDL) para o timo, a fim de tornar sua análise mais acurada. Glicocorticóides foram utilizados a fim de induzir imunossupressão em 55 aves de 21 dias de idade. Outras 15 aves formaram o grupo controle. Posteriormente, para cada um dos aves, realizou-se a eutanásia e necropsia. Ambas as cadeias do timo foram coletadas e foram selecionadas seis lóbulos para processamento histológico, análise quanto ao grau de depleção linfocitária (escores de 1-5) e submissão a todas as fases do processamento pelo sistema ADDL. Observou-se que a rede neural artificial (RNA) construída obteve 94,03% de classificações corretas. Em conclusão, foi possível adotar critérios objetivos para avaliar a depleção linfóide tímica utilizando o sistema ADDL.(AU)

Morphometric analysis of feedforward pathways from the primary somatosensory area (S1) of rats

We used biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) to anterogradely label individual axons projecting from primary somatosensory cortex (S1) to four different cortical areas in rats. A major goal was to determine whether axon terminals in these target areas shared morphometric similarities based on the shape of individual terminal arbors and the density of two bouton types: en passant (Bp) and terminaux (Bt). Evidence from tridimensional reconstructions of isolated axon terminal fragments (n=111) did support a degree of morphological heterogeneity establishing two broad groups of axon terminals. Morphological parameters associated with the complexity of terminal arbors and the proportion of beaded Bp vs stalked Bt were found to differ significantly in these two groups following a discriminant function statistical analysis across axon fragments. Interestingly, both groups occurred in all four target areas, possibly consistent with a commonality of presynaptic processing of tactile information. These findings lay the ground for additional work aiming to investigate synaptic function at the single bouton level and see how this might be associated with emerging properties in postsynaptic targets.

Las enfermedades ¿son solo padecimientos?: biomedicina, formas de atención "paralelas" y proyectos de poder / Is disease merely illness?: Biomedicine, "parallel" forms of care and power

Partiendo de la propuesta de Giovanni Berlinguer, de que los procesos de salud/enfermedad constituyen algunos de los principales espías de las contradicciones de un sistema, se describen en primer lugar algunos casos ocurridos en contextos capitalistas centrales y periféricos, así como en Estados denominados "socialistas reales", que permiten observar dicho papel. En segundo lugar, observamos los procesos y sobre todo las interpretaciones que se han desarrollado en América Latina y especialmente en México respecto del papel atribuido a la medicina tradicional en la identidad y pertenencia de los pueblos originarios, y que subrayan la incompatibilidad de las cosmovisiones indígenas con la biomedicina, analizando algunos proyectos que se impulsaron en términos de salud intercultural, y que concluyeron en su mayoría en fracasos, tanto desde el punto de vista de la salud, como político. Se subraya el contenido y la perspectiva casi exclusivamente ideológicos de dichos proyectos, y su poca relación con la realidad de los pueblos originarios. Por último, se trata de ver si la trayectoria de estas concepciones y programas de salud expresan y explican el notable repliegue que sufren desde hace casi diez años la mayoría de los movimientos étnicos en América Latina.

Following Giovanni Berlinguer's proposal that health/disease processes are one of the primary spies into the contradictions of a system, this article describes cases that occurred in central and peripheral capitalist contexts as well as in the so-called "real socialist" States that allow such a role to be seen. Secondly, we observe the processes and above all the interpretations developed in Latin America and especially Mexico regarding the role attributed to traditional medicine in the identity and sense of belonging of indigenous peoples, which emphasize the incompatibility of indigenous worldviews with biomedicine. To do so we analyze projects that were carried out under the notion of intercultural health, which in large part resulted in failure both in health and political terms. The almost entirely ideological content and perspective of these projects is highlighted, as is the scant relationship they hold with the reality of indigenous people. Lastly, the impact and role that the advance of these conceptualizations and health programs might have had in the disengagement experienced over the last nearly ten years in the ethnic movements of Latin America is considered.

Sensory evaluation of dairy supplements enriched with reduced iron, ferrous sulfate or ferrous fumarate / Evaluación sensorial de suplementos lácteos enriquecidos con hierro reducido, sulfato ferroso o fumarato ferroso

Objective. To determine the degree of liking of the Oportunidades programme dietary supplements (DS) -purees and beverages- added with different iron salts (IS): reduced iron (RI), ferrous sulphate (FS) or ferrous fumarate (FF) during 24 weeks of storage. Materials and methods. The DS were evaluated through a hedonic scale for aroma, flavour and colour attributes; at time zero and every eight weeks, each panel member evaluated three DS with same flavour and presentation but different IS. Seventy women participated as panel members. Results. The chocolate and banana DS exhibited a change in preference by colour and flavour due to storage. DS with FS or RI showed the least preference by flavour and colour in the context of the three IS considered. The chocolate and neutral DS enriched with FS changed their colour and flavour. Conclusion. DS were, in general, well-liked; nonetheless, for purees enriched with FS and for beverages enriched with RI, the less-liked attributes were colour and flavour.

Objetivo. Determinar el nivel de agrado de los suplementos alimenticios (SA) (papillas y bebidas) del Programa Oportunidades, adicionados con diferentes sales de hierro (SH): hierro reducido (HR), sulfato ferroso (SF) o fumarato ferroso (FF), durante 24 semanas de almacenamiento. Material y métodos. Se evaluaron mediante una escala hedónica los atributos olor, sabor y color; a tiempo cero y cada ocho semanas, cada juez evaluó tres suplementos, mismo sabor, presentación y diferente SH. Participaron 70 mujeres. Resultados. Los SA sabor chocolate y plátano presentaron modificación del agrado por color y sabor durante el almacenamiento. Los SA con SF o HR presentaron el menor agrado para sabor y olor por efecto de las SH. En los SA sabor chocolate y natural adicionados con SF se afectó el color y el sabor. Conclusión. Los SA en general presentaron agrado; sin embargo, en las papillas adicionadas con SF y las bebidas con HR los atributos limitantes fueron color y sabor.

Cómo se representa la información fonológica en el cerebro: una explicación en términos de las redes relacionales / Representation of phonological information in the brain: a n explanation in terms of relational networks

Gracias a la afasiología y a la neuroanatomía sabemos que hay dos sistemas fonológicos: la percepción fonológica (en el área de Wernicke) y la producción fonológica (en el área de Broca). Por otro lado, gracias a la lingüística sabemos que el sistema léxico-gramatical conecta los significados con la fonología. A partir de todo esto se espera mostrar que las redes relacionales permiten representar cómo se conectan los dos sistemas fonológicos, el léxico-gramatical y el semántico.

Thanks to aphasiology and neuroanatomy, it is known that there are two phonological systems: phonological perception (in Wernicke´s area) and phonological production (in Broca’s area). On the other hand, thanks to Linguistics, we know that the lexicogrammatical system connects meanings with phonology. On this basis, this report aims at showing the way in which relational networks allow us to represent how the two phonological systems, lexico-grammatical and semantics, are connected.

Origens e ramificações do plexo braquial no cachorro-do-mato Cerdocyon thous (Linnaeus, 1766) / Origins and ramifications of brachial plexus in the crab-eating-fox Cerdocyon thous (Linnaeus, 1766)

Este estudo teve o objetivo de descrever a origem e ramificação dos nervos de vinte plexos braquiais de cachorro-do-mato (Cerdocyon thous). Dez animais da espécie, obtidos post mortem por atropelamento em rodovias, foram utilizados para o estudo, de acordo com a autorização do IBAMA/SISBIO nº33667-1. Depois de coletados, os cadáveres foram fixados em solução de formaldeído a 50% e conservados por pelo menos 14 dias em solução de formaldeído a 10% antes das dissecções. Após remoção da pele, incisões na musculatura peitoral e afastamento dos membros, acessou-se o espaço axilar e os nervos do plexo tiveram seu trajeto dissecados individualmente até sua inserção muscular. Para melhorar a visualização dos ramos ventrais cervicais e torácicos que originavam cada nervo, removeram-se a musculatura que encobria os forames intervertebrais, os processos transversos e os corpos vertebrais ventralmente, expondo inclusive a medula espinhal. Registros fotográficos e desenhos esquemáticos documentaram a origem e ramificação dos nervos. Os vinte plexos braquiais foram resultantes das conexões entre os ramos ventrais dos três últimos nervos espinhais cervicais (C6, C7 e C8) e do primeiro torácico (T1). Estes ramos derivaram os nervos supra-escapular, subescapular, axilar, musculocutâneo, radial, mediano, ulnar para a musculatura intrínseca e os nervos braquiocefálico, toracodorsal, torácico lateral, torácico longo, peitoral cranial e peitoral caudal para a musculatura extrínseca do membro torácico. Constatou-se que os ramos ventrais de C7 foram os que mais contribuíram na formação de nervos (61,5%), seguido de C8 (55,4%), de T1 (41,2%) e de C6 (30,8%). O teste t de comparação entre as médias, ao nível de significância de 5%, não demonstrou diferenças na origem do plexo quando comparados os antímeros e os sexos. Do total dos 260 nervos dissecados, 68,8% foram originados pela combinação de dois ou três ramos, enquanto apenas 31,2% tiveram formação por um único ramo. A combinação entre C8 e T1 foi a que mais formou nervos para o plexo (23,8%) nesta espécie. Quando comparadas a origem, ramificação e área de inervação do plexo braquial do C. thous com outras espécies domésticas e silvestres, verificou-se maior semelhança com o cão doméstico. Os resultados deste estudo podem embasar o diagnóstico de disfunções neuromusculares, as técnicas de bloqueios anestésicos e análises morfofuncionais comparativas envolvendo esta espécie.

This study aimed to describe the origin and branching of nerves from twenty brachial plexuses of crab-eating foxes (Cerdocyon thous). Ten animals of the species, obtained post mortem from being run over on highways, were used for the study, in accordance with the authorization from IBAMA / SISBIO No. 33667-1. Once collected, the cadavers were fixed in 50% formaldehyde and kept for at least 14 days in a solution of 10% formaldehyde before dissections. After removal of skin, incisions in breast muscles and reflection of thoracic limbs allowed access to axillary space and the nerves could have trajects dissected individually to each muscle insertion. To improve visualization of the cervical and thoracic ventral roots that originated every single nerve, muscles that covered the intervertebral foramina, transverse processes and vertebral bodies were removed ventrally and the spinal cord exposed. Schematic drawings and photographic records documented the origin and branching of nerves. The twenty plexuses were resulted from connections between the ventral branches of the last three cervical spinal nerves (C6, C7 and C8) and first thoracic (T1). These branches derived the nerves suprascapular, subscapular, axillary, musculocutaneous, radial, median and ulnar to the intrinsic muscles and brachiocephalic, thoracodorsal, lateral thoracic, long thoracic, cranial and caudal pectoral nerves to the extrinsic muscles of the thoracic limb. It was found that the ventral rami of C7 were the main contributors in the formation of nerves (61.5%), followed by C8 (55.4%), T1 (41.2%) and C6 (30.8%). The t-test comparison between means at a significance level of 5% showed no differences in the origin of plexus when compared antimeres and sexes. Of the total of 260 dissected nerves, 68.8% originated by the combination of two or three roots, while only 31.2% were formed by a single root. The combination between C8 and T1 was the most frequent origin of nerves to the plexus (23.8%) in this species. Comparing the origin, branching and innervation area of the brachial plexus in C. thous with other domestic and wild species, there was a greater similarity with the domestic dog. These results may give the anatomical basis to diagnosis of neuromuscular disorders, anesthetic blocks techniques and comparative morphofunctional analyzes involving this species.

Evaluation of prenatal care in unit with family health strategy / Evaluación del cuidado prenatal en unidad con estrategia salud de la familia / Avaliação da assistência pré-natal em unidade com estratégia saúde da família

We analyzed prenatal care (PN) provided at a unit of the Family Health Strategy Service in São Paulo, according to the indicators of the Program for the Humanization of Prenatal and Birth (PHPB). We compared adequacy of PN in terms of sociodemographic variables, procedures, examinations and maternal and perinatal outcomes. Cross-sectional study with data from records of 308 pregnant women enrolled in 2011. We observed early initiation of PN (82.1%), conducting of a minimum of six consultations (84.1%), puerperal consultation (89.0%); to the extent that there is a sum of the actions, there is a significant drop in the proportion of adequacy. Prenatal care was adequate for 67.9%, with a significant difference between adequacy groups in relation to gestational age and birth weight. Prenatal care deficiencies exist, especially in regards to registration of procedures, exams and immunization. The difference between adequacy groups with respect to perinatal outcomes reinforces the importance of prenatal care that adheres to the parameters of the PHPB.
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Se evaluó el prenatal (PN) de un servicio de salud que cuenta con Estratégia Salud de la Familia, de la ciudad de São Paulo, conforme indicadores del Programa de Humanización del Prenatal y Nacimiento (PHPN) y se comparó la adecuación del PN con variables sociodemográficas, procedimientos, exámenes y los resultados maternos y perinatales. Estudio transversal con datos de los registros de 308 embarazadas inscritas en 2011. Se observó el inicio precoz de PN (82,1%), realización del mínimo de seis consultas (84,1%) y la consulta puerperal (89%) y, en la medida en que hay una suma de las acciones, hay una caída significativa en coeficiente de adecuación. El PN fue adecuado para el 67,9%, con una diferencia significativa entre los grupos de adecuación en relación a la edad gestacional y el peso al nacer. Hay deficiencias en el PN, especialmente en los registro de procedimientos, exámenes y vacunas. La diferencia entre los grupos en adecuación con respecto a los resultados perinatales refuerza la importancia de un PN conforme parámetros del PHPN.
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Analisou-se a assistência pré-natal (PN) de uma unidade com Estratégia Saúde da Família do Município de São Paulo, conforme os indicadores do Programa de Humanização do Pré-Natal e Nascimento (PHPN), e comparou-se adequação do PN com variáveis sociodemográficas, procedimentos, exames e desfechos maternos e perinatais. Estudo transversal com dados de registros de 308 gestantes inscritas em 2011. Observou-se início precoce do PN (82,1%), realização do mínimo de seis consultas (84,1%), consulta puerperal (89,0%) e, à medida que há um somatório das ações, há uma queda importante na proporção de adequação. O PN foi adequado para 67,9%, com diferença significante entre os grupos de adequação em relação à idade gestacional e peso ao nascer. No PN existem deficiências, especialmente no registro de procedimentos, exames e imunização. A diferença nos grupos de adequação com relação aos desfechos perinatais reforça a importância de um PN, conforme os parâmetros do PHPN.

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Brown-Séquard: On neural networks and brain localization of functions / Brown-séquard: Sobre redes neurais e localização de funções cerebrais

The notion that the brain (encephalon) is a network of interconnected neurons has a long and memorable history. Cytoarchitectonic and hodological studies coupled with advanced neuroimaging techniques have produced a substantial body of knowledge on structural and functional organization. Acquiring the rich knowledge held today took a long and winding journey. Important advancements were made in the 19th century, with the remarkable Brown-Séquard figuring as one of the protagonists. Regarding the brain, he proposed nine mental and physical functions (organs) related to distributed cell clusters, interconnected according to their roles, the "network of anastomosing cells", dynamically submitted to "dynamogenic and inhibitory activities", and "action at a distance" concepts, the latter also related to his notion of "recovery". It is remarkable that someone was able to propose, ahead of his time, and with the limited technical resources available, such significant concepts that paved the way for the current state of knowledge.

A noção que o cérebro (encéfalo) é uma rede de neurônios interconectados possui uma história longa e memorável. Estudos citoarquitetônicos e hodológicos acoplados a técnicas avançadas de neuroimagem produziram uma quantidade expressiva de material sobre sua organização estrutural e funcional. Chegar ao rico conhecimento atual requereu percorrer um longo e penoso caminho. Passos importantes começaram no século 19, tendo o notável Brown-Séquard como um dos protagonistas. Considerando o cérebro ele propôs nove funções (órgãos) mentais e físicos relacionados a conglomerados celulares distribuídos, interconectados de acordo com suas ações, a "rede de células anastomosadas", submetida dinamicamente aos conceitos da "atividades dinamogênicas e inibidoras" e "ação à distância", este também relacionado à sua noção de "recuperação". É incrível uma pessoa ter sido capaz de propor, adiante do seu tempo, com os limitados recursos técnicos disponíveis, conceitos tão significantes que prepararam o caminho para o conhecimento atual.

Mecanismos neuronales en el modelo cognitivo de depresión de Beck / Neural Mechanisms in Beck's Cognitive Model of Depression

El modelo cognitivo de la depresión que fuera formulado por Beck hace más de 40 años se fundamentaba en procesamientos sesgados de la atención, memoria y el pensamiento, con rumiación y desvíos hacia los llamados “pensamientos negativos repetitivos”, como jugando roles primarios en el desarrollo y mantenimiento de la depresión. En 2011, el propio Beck y sus colaboradores hacen un resumen de los hallazgos referentes a los mecanismos neurales que subyacen a los aspectos cognitivos de la depresión. Sin embargo, sólo se consideran aquellos aspectos referentes al procesamiento cognitivo sin hacer lo mismo con el procesamiento emocional que es el endofenotipo nuclear del trastorno depresivo y se refleja en la lectura de las emociones por el cerebro emocional y la corteza de la ínsula según el esquema de Damasio actualizado por Craig (14), que deberá tenerse en cuenta como la base fundamental de las terapias cognitivo/conductuales y las cognitivo/emocionales junto al necesario tratamiento farmacológico, adecuadamente complementados en tiempo y forma

The cognitive model of depression, which was formulated by Beck more than 40 years ago, was grounded on biased processings of attention, memory and thought, with rumination and deviations towards the so-called "negative repetitive thoughts", as playing primry roles in the development and maintenance of depression. In 2011, Beck himself, as well as his collaborators, summarized the findings concerning the neural mechanisms underlying the cognitive aspects of depression. However, only those aspects relating to the cognitive processing are considered and not the emotional processing that is the nuclear endophenotype of depressive disorder and is reflected in the reading of emotions by the brain and the insular cortex, according to Damasio's scheme updated by Craig (14), which should be considered the fundamental basis of cognitive/behavioral therapies and cognitive/emotional therapies together with the necessary pharmacological treatment, adequately complimented in due time and forma

La evolución del aprendizaje: más allá de las redes neuronales / The evolution of learning: beyond neural networks

El tema del aprendizaje, ha sido ampliamente estudiado desde distintas perspectivas y en años recientes gracias al avance tecnológico, ha sido parte de diversos estudios con redes neuronales artificiales, las cuales tienen un punto de engranaje con la evolución de sistemas complejos. El desarrollo de éstas ha permitido comprender cómo la naturaleza ha dotado a los sistemas con la habilidad para adaptarse al medio, que es la línea que permite la pervivencia de las especies, lo cual puede ser clave para la comprensión del aprendizaje, y su necesidad de desarrollarse como un sistema flexible. El presente artículo, centra la investigación en la pregunta: cómo es que el proceso de aprendizaje llegó al cerebro?, y analiza el papel de diversos factores evolutivos relacionados con dicho proceso, desde las proteínas que han heredado la capacidad de ser flexibles en el entorno y cómo este proceso se aplica a sistemas más complejos como las redes neuronales, las cuales han ido moldeando sus características para permitir procesos cognitivos de orden superior como la lectura y la escritura como respuesta evolutiva a la cultura, las cuales se han desarrollado hasta alojarse en la neocorteza, lo cual por supuesto permite el desarrollo del connectome, que se caracteriza por la aprehensión de toda acción capaz de crear una respuesta adaptativa al medio.

with artificial neural networks, which have a point of gear with the evolution of complex systems. The development of these processes have enabled to understand how nature has provided systems with the ability to adapt to the environment, which is the line that allows the survival of the species, which may be the key to understanding of learning and its need to develop as a flexible system. This article focus on the question: How did learning process arrive to the brain? So it discusses the role of diverse evolutionary factors related to learning, since the proteins which have inherited the ability to be flexible into the environment andhow this process is applied to complex systems such as neural networks, which have been shaping their characteristics to allow cognitive processes of a higher order such as reading and writing as the evolutionary response to culture and how this makes possible to net on the neocortex, which of course allows the development of the connectome, a network characterized by the apprehension of any action which is capable of creating an adaptive response to the environment.