La hipertensión arterial en animales de laboratorio / High blood pressure in experimental animals

Las Ciencias Médicas y Biológicas requieren, prioritariamente, que la investigación y la experimentación sean desarrolladas sobre organismos completos (los modelos animales). Su utilización ha permitido desarrollar innumerables ensayos preclínicos para evaluar los mecanismos patógenos y terapéuticos de diversas enfermedades, así como el estudio de las causas, naturaleza y cura de múltiples desórdenes de la salud humana. En este trabajo se muestra una panorámica general de los biomodelos de hipertensión arterial donde se describen: conceptos, características, origen, importancia, utilidad y procedimientos experimentales durante su fase de inducción. También se pondera la justificación de los biomodelos empleados en los estudios preclínicos de esta enfermedad. De igual forma, se describen los antecedentes para medir las alteraciones, las técnicas y los métodos directos e indirectos de medición de la presión arterial, la cual fue provocada experimentalmente en los animales de laboratorio para realizar los estudios de hipertensión humana.

Medical and biological sciences require, as a priority, that research and experimentation be carried out on complete organisms (animal models). Its use has allowed the development of innumerable preclinical tests to evaluate pathogenic and therapeutic mechanisms of various diseases, as well as to study the causes, nature and cure of multiple human health disorders. In this work, we show a general overview of arterial hypertension biomodels where concepts, characteristics, origin, importance, utility and experimental procedures during their induction phase are described. The justification of the biomodels used in preclinical studies of this disease is also considered. Antecedents are also described to measure alterations, techniques and direct and indirect methods of measurement of arterial pressure, which was provoked experimentally in the laboratory animals to carry out the studies of human hypertension.

Effect of Cissus quadrangularis on Fracture Healing in Laboratory Animal / Efeito do Cissus quadrangularis na cicatrização de fraturas em animais de laboratório

Objectives: The present study was designed to examine the efficacy of Cissus quadrangularis paste on fracture healing in artificially induced fractured rabbits. Methods: Fifteen rabbits were separated into three groups namely A, B, and C. Veldt grape paste was applied in groups B and C (Treatment Group) by close reduction and open reduction methods of fracture management; respectively, while group A was kept as control. The blood parameter and fracture healing properties in all animals have been monitored and examined routinely during the study period. Results: Both treated groups revealed lower serum calcium levels (SCL) than the control group after 24 hours of fracture that became within the normal range on the 14th day. Fracture healing in the treated groups has been commenced more rapidly than the control group with complete bridging of discontinuity by a distinct osseous callus in the fracture line on day 7 and complete effacing of fracture line on day 14. Conclusion: We did not find any type of anomalousness, clinical deviations, and alteration of serum calcium level on the 14th day of the fracture in treated animals hence Veldt Grape paste could be readily applicable to the management of the fracture in animals.

Objetivos: avaliar a eficácia da pasta de Cissus quadrangularis na consolidação de fraturas em coelhos fraturados artificialmente. Metodos: quinze coelhos foram separados em três grupos (A, B e C). A pasta foi aplicada nos grupos B e C (Grupo de Tratamento) pelos métodos de redução fechada e redução aberta de gerenciamento de fraturas; respectivamente. O grupo A foi mantido como controle. O parâmetro sanguíneo e as propriedades de cicatrização de fraturas em todos os animais foram monitorados e examinados, rotineiramente, durante o período do estudo. Resultados: ambos os grupos tratados revelaram níveis séricos de cálcio (SCL) mais baixos do que o grupo controle, após 24 horas de fratura que se tornou normal no 14º dia. A cicatrização da fratura nos grupos tratados foi iniciada mais rapidamente do que o grupo controle, com ponte completa de descontinuidade por um calo ósseo distinto na linha de fratura no dia 7 e apagamento completo da linha de fratura no dia 14. Conclusao: não encontramos nenhum tipo de anomalia, desvios clínicos e alteração do nível sérico de cálcio no 14º dia da fratura nos animais tratados, portanto, a pasta Veldt Grape pode ser aplicável ao manejo da fratura em animais.

Efectos de la inyección neonatal de estreptozotocina sobre indicadores bioquímicos y de estrés oxidativo en ratas / Effects of neonatal injection of streptozotocin on biochemical indicators and oxidative stress in rats

Introducción: Debido a sus propiedades químicas, la estreptozotocina es uno de los agentes diabetogénicos más utilizados para generar modelos biológicos de diabetes, por lo que es necesario estudiar cuáles son sus efectos en el organismo del animal de laboratorio. Objetivo: Evaluar, en un periodo de 90 días, los efectos de la inyección neonatal de estreptozotocina en ratas Wistar sobre indicadores bioquímicos y de estrés oxidativo en hígado y riñón. Métodos: La diabetes fue inducida neonatalmente por 100 mg de estreptozotocina en ratas Wistar. Se realizaron determinaciones de glucemia, insulina e indicadores de estrés oxidativos en hígado y riñón en cinco animales por grupo a los días 5, 10, 20, 30, 60, 90 de nacidos. Resultados: En todas las intervenciones, la glucemia e insulina mostraron diferencias significativas en el grupo-STZ respecto al control. El valor máximo de hiperglucemia se observó al quinto día. La concentración de nitratos y nitritos en hígado fue mayor que en riñón. En comparación con el grupo control, en el tejido hepático del grupo-STZ la concentración de nitratos y nitritos resultó significativamente superior los días 10-20. En todas las intervenciones se detectó consumo de glutatión reducido en ambos órganos. En el hígado de las ratas STZ no se demostró daño a lípidos ni proteínas; sin embargo, en riñón se detectó daño significativo en ambas biomoléculas al quinto día. Conclusiones: Tanto la citotoxicidad de la estreptozotocina neonatal como las concentraciones de glucosa e insulina inducidas repercutieron negativamente sobre los indicadores de estrés oxidativo estudiados en tejido hepático y renal(AU)

Introduction: Streptozotocin is currently one of the most used diabetogenic agents to generate biological models of diabetes due to its chemical properties, so it is necessary to study the consequences of STZ for the organism of the laboratory animal. Objective: To evaluate in a period of 90 days the effects of neonatal injection of streptozotocin in Wistar rats on biochemical indicators and oxidative stress in liver and kidney. Methods: Diabetes was induced neonatally by 100 mg of streptozotocin in Wistar rats. Blood glucose, insulin and oxidative stress indicators in liver and kidney were determined in 5 animals per group at days 5, 10, 20, 30, 60, 90 of birth. Results: Blood glucose and insulin showed significant differences in the STZ-group respect to the control group in all interventions. The maximum value of hyperglycemia was observed on day-5. The concentration of nitrates and nitrites in liver was higher than in kidney. In liver tissue of the STZ-group, this indicator was significantly higher on days 10-20 compared to the control. In all interventions, reduced glutathione consumption was demonstrated in the STZ-group compared to control in both organs. In the liver of STZ rats no lipid or protein damage was demonstrated. However, in the kidney, significant damage in both biomolecules was detected in the STZ-group on day-5. Conclusions: Neonatal streptozotocin cytotoxicity as well as induced glucose and insulin concentrations had a negative impact on oxidative stress indicators studied in liver and kidney tissue(AU)

Ethical considerations in animal research: the principle of 3r's

In the last century, progress in the knowledge of human diseases, their diagnosis and treatment have grown exponentially, due in large part to the introduction and use of laboratory animals. Along with this important progress, the need to provide training and guidance to the scientific community in all aspects related to the proper use of experimental animals has been indispensable. Animal research committees play a primary role in evaluating experimental research protocols, from their feasibility to the rational use of animals, but above all in seeking animal welfare. The Institutional Committee for the Care and Use of Animals (IACUC) has endeavored to share several relevant aspects in conducting research with laboratory animals. Here, we present and discuss the topics that we consider of utmost importance to take in the account during the design of any experimental research protocol, so we invite researchers, technicians, and undergraduate and graduate students to dive into the fascinating subject of proper animal care and use for experimentation. The main intention of these contributions is to sensitize users of laboratory animals for the proper and rational use of them in experimental research, as well as to disseminate the permitted and unpermitted procedures in laboratory animals. In the first part, the significance of experimental research, the main functions of IACUC, and the principle of the three R's (replacement, reduction, and refinement) are addressed.

Allogenic platelet-rich plasma in induced ulcers in rat's cornea / [Plasma rico em plaquetas alogênico em úlceras de córnea induzidas em ratos]

The objective in this study was to evaluate the clinic effect of applying allogenic platelet-rich plasma (PRP) heated or not, for treating cornea ulcers, including the dosage of PDGF-BB in the cornea. The ulcers were induced, standardizing the left eye from 81 rats (Ratus norvegicus, albinus variety), assigned randomly into three groups (N=27): control group (CG) which did not receive any topic treatment; heated PRP group (GA) and PRP group (GP), which received topical treatment every eight hours for five days. Each group underwent evaluation at 24 hours (M1), three days (M3) and five days (M5). The clinical exam evaluated the opacity, vascularization and corneal repair. The corneal PDGF-BB was dosed through the ELISA method. The corneal opacity was decreased in PRP-treated animals (GA and GP) and corneal repair time reduced when compared to CG at M1 and M5. Furthermore, GP showed greater vascularization at M3 compared to M1. Applied allogenic PRP eye drops, heated or not, speed up corneal healing, and reduce corneal repair time. However, the corneal PDGF concentration was not altered in any of the treatments.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito clínico da aplicação de plasma rico em plaquetas alogênico (PRP) aquecido ou não, no tratamento de úlceras de córnea, como a dosagem de PDGF-BB na córnea. As úlceras foram induzidas, padronizando-se o olho esquerdo de 81 ratos (Rattus norvegicus, variedade albinus), aleatoriamente, nos três grupos (N = 27): grupo controle (CG), que não recebeu nenhum tratamento tópico; grupo PRP aquecido (GA) e grupo PRP (GP), que receberam tratamento tópico a cada oito horas, durante cinco dias. Cada grupo foi subdividido em 24 horas (M1), três dias (M3) e cinco dias (M5). O exame clínico avaliou a opacidade, a vascularização e o reparo corneano. O PDGF-BB corneano foi dosado pelo método Elisa. Houve diminuição da opacidade da córnea nos animais tratados com PRP (GA e GP) e diminuição do tempo de reparo da córnea em comparação com CG, M1 e M5. Além disso, foi observada maior vascularização no GP no momento M3 em relação ao M1. A aplicação de colírios de PRP alogênico, aquecidos ou não, acelera a cicatrização da córnea, além de reduzir o tempo de reparo da córnea. No entanto, a concentração de PDGF na córnea não se alterou em nenhum dos tratamentos.(AU)

Protocolo de prueba de ventilador mecánico para atención de pacientes con COVID-19 en modelo porcino / Mechanical ventilator test protocol for care of patients with COVID-19 in porcine model

RESUMEN A raíz de la pandemia generada por el SARS-CoV-2, los sistemas de salud de los distintos países han experimentado un dramático aumento en la ocupación de las unidades de cuidado intensivo y, por ende, una alta demanda de ventiladores mecánicos. En este artículo se propone un protocolo de pruebas de ventiladores mecánicos de bajo costo en modelos porcinos, como parte del desarrollo de equipos biomédicos que pueden apoyar la crisis sanitaria suscitada por la pandemia. El protocolo aborda aspectos que incluyen la fase previa a la prueba, el manejo anestésico, de vía aérea, seguimiento de laboratorio, recuperación y seguimiento del animal. Como resultado, se presenta a la comunidad académica un protocolo de validación de prototipo de ventilador mecánico en espécimen porcino como un referente para su aplicación y revalidación por parte de grupos interesados en el desarrollo de tecnologías locales de bajo costo.

ABSTRACT As a result of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, health systems globally have seen a dramatic increase in the occupancy of intensive care units, with mechanical ventilators being a resource in high demand in the care of these patients. This article proposes a protocol for testing low-cost mechanical ventilators in pig models, as part of the development of locally manufactured biomedical equipment that can support the health crisis caused by the pandemic. The protocol addresses aspects that include the pre-test phase, anesthetic and airway management, laboratory monitoring, recovery and monitoring of the animal. This document presents to the academic community a validation protocol of a mechanical ventilator prototype in a pig specimen that can be a reference for its application and revalidation by other groups interested in the development of local and low-cost technologies.

Protocolo de prueba de ventilador mecánico para atención de pacientes con COVID-19 en modelo porcino / Mechanical ventilator test protocol for care of patients with COVID-19 in porcine model

RESUMEN A raíz de la pandemia generada por el SARS-CoV-2, los sistemas de salud de los distintos países han experimentado un dramático aumento en la ocupación de las unidades de cuidado intensivo y, por ende, una alta demanda de ventiladores mecánicos. En este artículo se propone un protocolo de pruebas de ventiladores mecánicos de bajo costo en modelos porcinos, como parte del desarrollo de equipos biomédicos que pueden apoyar la crisis sanitaria suscitada por la pandemia. El protocolo aborda aspectos que incluyen la fase previa a la prueba, el manejo anestésico, de vía aérea, seguimiento de laboratorio, recuperación y seguimiento del animal. Como resultado, se presenta a la comunidad académica un protocolo de validación de prototipo de ventilador mecánico en espécimen porcino como un referente para su aplicación y revalidación por parte de grupos interesados en el desarrollo de tecnologías locales de bajo costo.

ABSTRACT As a result of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, health systems globally have seen a dramatic increase in the occupancy of intensive care units, with mechanical ventilators being a resource in high demand in the care of these patients. This article proposes a protocol for testing low-cost mechanical ventilators in pig models, as part of the development of locally manufactured biomedical equipment that can support the health crisis caused by the pandemic. The protocol addresses aspects that include the pre-test phase, anesthetic and airway management, laboratory monitoring, recovery and monitoring of the animal. This document presents to the academic community a validation protocol of a mechanical ventilator prototype in a pig specimen that can be a reference for its application and revalidation by other groups interested in the development of local and low-cost technologies.

Oogenic development and gonotrophic cycle of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in laboratory / Desarrollo oogénico y ciclo gonotrófico de Aedes aegypti y Aedes albopictus en laboratorio

Abstract: Objective: To determine the time of oogenic development and the length of the gonotrophic cycle of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus in laboratory. Materials and methods: Bloodfed females of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus were dissected every 4 h to determine the development status of the follicles according to the Christophers' stages. Results: The minimum time of oocyte maturation in Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus was 64-82 h and 52-64 h post-feeding, respectively. We found that the gonotrophic cycle of Ae. aegypti (3.7-4.2 d) is longer than that of Ae. albopictus (3.2-3.7 d). The follicle length showed significant differences between species at Christophers' stages 2" and 5, whereas follicle amplitude was different between the two mosquitoes at stages 2", 3 and 4. Conclusions: The study provided new evidence on the reproductive strategies of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus females that coexist in the Neotropical region of Mexico.

Resumen: Objetivo: Determinar el tiempo de desarrollo oogénico y del ciclo gonotrófico de Aedes aegypti y Aedes albopictus en laboratorio. Material y métodos: Hembras de Ae. aegypti y Ae. albopictus alimentadas con sangre fueron disecadas cada cuatro horas para determinar el estado de desarrollo folicular, según los estadios de Christophers. Resultados: El tiempo mínimo de maduración del oocito en Ae. aegypti y Ae. albopictus fue de 64-82 h y 52-64 h post-alimentación, respectivamente. El ciclo gonotrófico de Ae. aegypti (3.7-4.2 d) fue mayor que el de Ae. albopictus (3.2-3.7 d). La longitud folicular presentó diferencias significativas entre las especies en los estadios de Christophers 2" y 5, mientras que la amplitud folicular fue diferente entre ambos mosquitos en los estadios 2", 3 y 4. Conclusiones: El estudio proporcionó nueva evidencia sobre la estrategia reproductiva de las hembras de Ae. aegypti y Ae. albopictus que coexisten en la región neotropical de México.

Laboratorio de Cirugía Experimental: innovación tecnológica al servicio de la asistencia, la docencia e investigación / Laboratory of Experimental Surgery: technological innovation at the service of teaching, research and medical assistance

RESUMEN El Laboratorio de Cirugía Experimental de la Universidad de Ciencia Médicas de Villa Clara cuenta con la tecnología necesaria para el montaje y desarrollo de técnicas y habilidades quirúrgicas y microquirúrgicas, las cuales son utilizadas por los profesionales y estudiantes en la docencia y la investigación biomédica. Se realizaron varias innovaciones con la recuperación de equipos, instrumentos y materiales en desuso; se creó el gimnasio quirúrgico conformado por modelos inanimados sintéticos, y se implementó el modelo «pollo¼, como técnica alternativa al uso de animales vivos en la experimentación animal. Se han desarrollado: importantes proyectos de investigación, entrenamientos de cirugía y microcirugía experimental, diversos programas docentes, y exitosos cursos internacionales con estudiantes y residentes. El laboratorio constituye un valioso aporte de alternativas éticas, económicas y sanitarias, que han favorecido la formación de recursos humanos y un servicio científico-técnico de calidad para la docencia y la investigación.

ABSTRACT The Laboratory of Experimental Surgery at the University of Medical Sciences of Villa Clara has the necessary technology for the assembly and development of skills, as well as, surgical and microsurgical techniques, which are used by professionals and students in teaching and biomedical research. Several innovations were made with the recovery of equipments, instruments and disused materials; the surgical gymnasium was made up of synthetic inanimate models, and the "chicken" model was implemented as an alternative technique to the use of live animals in animal experimentation. Important research projects, training in surgery and experimental microsurgery, diverse teaching programs, and successful international courses with students and residents have been developed. The laboratory constitutes a valuable contribution of ethical, economic and sanitary alternatives, which have favored the formation of human resources and a qualified scientific-technical service for teaching and research.

Evaluación genotóxica de las moléculas con efectos tripanocida y leishmanicida cantin-6-ona y 5-metoxicantin-6-ona en células de médula ósea de ratones / Genotoxic evaluation of the molecules with trypanocidal and leishmanicidal effects, canthin-6-one and 5-methoxycanthin-6-one in mouse bone marrow cells

La tripanosomiasis americana y la leishmaniasis son problemas de salud pública relevantes en Iberoamérica. Las drogas utilizadas actualmente para el tratamiento de estas enfermedades poseen efectos colaterales tóxicos severos. Varios grupos de investigación están abocados a la búsqueda de productos naturales y sintéticos para encontrar nuevos agentes terapéuticos efectivos que no presenten reacciones colaterales adversas. En la evaluación de compuestos de la especie vegetal Zanthoxylum chiloperone (Rutaceae), se demostró que compuestos aislados del extracto presentaban actividad leishmanicida, tripanocida y antifúngica in vivo. Teniendo como antecedentes estos resultados, en el presente estudio se evaluaron los efectos genotóxico y citotóxico del cantín-6-ona y del 5-metoxicantin-6-ona, moléculas aisladas de la planta, en células de médula ósea de animales tratados. El estudio de los efectos genotóxicos se hizo a través del ensayo de modificaciones en la frecuencia de micronúcleos y el efecto citotóxico por modificaciones en la relación entre eritrocitos policromáticos y eritrocitos normocromáticos. Se realizaron 2 ensayos independientes y en cada ensayo los animales fueron divididos en tres grupos de tratamiento: GRUPO I: control negativo que recibió 200 uL de agua y 2.1% de DMSO, vía oral, GRUPO II: compuesto a ser evaluado (canthin-6-ona o 5-methoxicantin-6-ona) con 2.1% de DMSO, y GRUPO III: control positivo que recibió ciclofosfamida 50mg/kg/peso del animal, vía intraperitoneal. El análisis estadístico mostró que ambos compuestos no presentaron efectos genotóxicos ni citotóxicos. Estos resultados permiten proponer a estas moléculas como candidatas a ser sometidas a estudios más detallados como potenciales fármacos contra estas dos enfermedades

American trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis are relevant public health problems in Latin America. The drugs currently used to treat these diseases have severe toxic side effects. Several research groups are dedicated to the search of natural and synthetic products to find new effective therapeutic agents that do not present adverse collateral reactions. In the evaluation of compounds of the plant species Zanthoxylum chiloperone (Rutaceae), it was shown that isolated compounds of the extract had leishmanicidal, trypanocidal and antifungal in vivo activities. Based on these results, the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of canthin-6-one and 5-methoxycanthin-6-one, molecules isolated from the plant, on bone marrow cells of treated mice were evaluated in the present study. The study of genotoxic effects was made through the test of modifications in the frequency of micronuclei and the cytotoxic effects by modifications in the relationship between polychromatic erythrocytes and normochromic erythrocytes. Two independent assays were performed and in each assay the animals were divided into three treatment groups: GROUP I: negative control that received 200 µL of water and 2.1% of DMSO, orally, GROUP II: compound to be evaluated (canthin-6 -one or 5-methoxycanthin-6-one) with 2.1% DMSO, and GROUP III: positive control that received cyclophosphamide 50mg /kg animal weight, intraperitoneal. Statistical analysis showed that both compounds had neither genotoxic nor cytotoxic effects. These results allow these molecules to be proposed as candidates to be subjected to more detailed studies as potential drugs against these two diseases

Leyendo a Spallanzani hoy en día / Reading Spallanzani today

Resumen Recordamos al abate Lázaro Spallanzani (1729-1799) fundamentalmente por su victoriosa contienda con Needham sobre la generación espontánea, pero fue un hombre de múltiples intereses en distintos campos de la ciencia, desde la biología a la volcanología. Se lo llamó el "biólogo de los biólogos", desarrollando una serie de investigaciones sobre la reproducción de los anfibios, en una de las cuales - "Experiencias al servicio de la historia de la generación de animales y plantas" - el lector moderno se estremece de horror ante las crueles mutilaciones que infligiera a los sapos machos tratando de interrumpir su copulación con las hembras. Él mismo las califica de "bárbaras" estas torturas, inadmisibles en un hombre que detentaba una jerarquía eclesiástica, aún en una época como la suya, en que se calificaba a los animales como "anima vili" (cosa sin valor). Mucho se ha avanzado hoy en día en resguardo de nuestros "hermanos menores", como los llamara San Francisco, pero aún falta mucho que hacer en la regulación de la experimentación científica que los utiliza.

Abstract We remember Lazaro Spallanzani (1729-1799) mainly for his controversy with Needham over spontaneous generation, but he was a man of multiple scientific activities in the fields of biology, mineralogy, physics, mathematics and… volcanology! Called "the biologist of biologists", he developed a series of investigations about reproduction of amphibian, in one of them -Experiences in service to the history of the generation of animals and plants- we have found horrific experiments with frogs, including severe and useless mutilation of males, in order to interrupt its copulation with females, acts he describes as "barbaric", and we estimate inadmissible in the ecclesiastic man he was, even in an epoch in which animals were considered "anima vili" (something without value). A brief review of the use of animals in laboratories shows significant advances in the ethical regulations for this practice, but we believe that these achievements are not enough.

Evaluation by fractal dimension of muscle regeneration after photobiomodulation / Avaliação por meio da dimensão fractal da regeneração muscular após fotobiomodulação

Abstract Introduction: Many treatment modalities are used for muscle tissue recovery. Photobiomodulation is a modality that can be employed to improve the quality of tissue repair. The use of fractal dimension (FD) is an innovative methodology in the quantitative evaluation of treatment efficacy. Objective: Use FD as a quantitative analysis method to evaluate the effect of photobiomodulation of 904 nanometers (nm) in the initial phase of the muscle regeneration process. Method: Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: Control Group (CG), Injured and Untreated Group (IUT), and Injured and Treated Group (IT). Muscle injury was induced by cryoinjury in the central region of the anterior tibial (AT) belly of the left posterior limb. This was performed by an iron rod that was previously immersed in liquid nitrogen. Applications started 24 hours after the injury and occurred daily for five days. They were performed at two points in the lesion area. The rats were euthanized on the seventh day. The AT muscles were removed and frozen in liquid nitrogen. Then, the histological sections were stained using the Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) technique and submitted to FD analysis performed by the box-counting method using ImageJ software. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used for data normality, and the Kruskall-Wallis test and Dunn's post-test were used for group comparison (p<0.05%). Results: Differences between IT and IUT groups were statistically significant, and it was possible to observe the reduction of fractability with p=0.0034. Conclusion: FD is a useful tool for the analysis of skeletal muscle disorganization in the initial phase of regeneration and confirms the potentially beneficial effects of photobiomodulation to this process.

Resumo Introdução: Diversas modalidades de tratamento são utilizadas para recuperação do tecido muscular, dentre elas a fotobiomodulação pode ser empregada para melhorar a qualidade da regeneração e a dimensão fractal se apresenta como uma metodologia inovadora na avaliação quantitativa da eficácia do tratamento. Objetivo: Utilizar a dimensão fractal como método de análise quantitativa do efeito do Laser de Arseneto de Gálio (AsGa) na fase inicial do processo de regeneração muscular. Método: Foram utilizados trinta ratos Wistar, machos divididos em: Grupo Controle (CT), Grupo lesado e não tratado (LNT) e Grupo Lesado e tratado (LT). A lesão muscular foi induzida por criolesão na região central do ventre do músculo tibial anterior (TA) do membro posterior esquerdo, por meio de uma haste de ferro previamente imersa em nitrogênio líquido. As aplicações foram iniciadas 24 horas após a lesão, diariamente, durante cinco dias, em dois pontos na área da lesão. No sétimo dia os animais foram eutanasiados; o músculo TA retirado, congelado em nitrogênio líquido e os cortes histológicos corados com a técnica de Hematoxilina-Eosina para serem então submetidos à análise de dimensão fractal realizada pelo método boxcounting através do software Image J. Para a normalidade dos dados utilizou-se Kolmogorov Smirnov, para as comparações teste de Kruskall-Wallis com pós teste de Dunn (p<0,05%). Resultados: A comparação entre LT e LNT foi estatisticamente significativa, sendo possível observar a redução da fractabilidade com p=0,0034. Conclusão: A dimensão fractal é uma ferramenta útil para análise da desorganização músculo esquelética na fase inicial da regeneração e mostra o potencial efeito benéfico da fotobiomodulação nesse processo.

Conhecimento sobre a bioética e a Lei 11. 794/2008 na graduação / The knowledge of bioethics and Law 11, 794/2008 in undergraduate courses / Conocimiento sobre bioética y la Ley 11. 794/2008 en el grado

Resumo O uso de animais para fins didáticos e de pesquisa requer cuidados específicos. Atualmente, vigora no Brasil a Lei 11.794/2008, que rege parâmetros legais de manejo e conduta neste caso. Esta lei foi acompanhada da instalação ou adequação de comissões de ética em instituições que utilizam animais para ensino e investigação, bem como da criação do Conselho Nacional de Controle de Experimentação Animal. No entanto, apesar dos avanços, especialmente na legislação, ainda não foi consolidada nenhuma grande mudança de comportamento de pesquisadores e alunos de graduação que manuseiam animais em laboratório. A divulgação de informações deixa a desejar, e a prática acaba por repercutir a carência de reflexão ética. Este artigo busca averiguar o atual conhecimento bioético de alunos de graduação e professores com o objetivo de estimular mudanças de conduta. Aprovado CEP-Unioeste CAAE 8563417.8.0000.0107

Abstract Used for education and research, laboratory animals require special care on their handling. Brazilian Law 11,794/2008 establishes the legal parameters for animal manipulation and welfare. It was accompanied by the obligatory installation of the Institutional Ethics Committees on the Use of Animals and the creation of the National Council for Animal Experimentation Control. There have been advances in the field of animal bioethics legislation. However, considering the behavior of those who handle the animals in laboratory environment, especially undergraduate students, these advances are insufficient: the information does not reach them and their attitudes remain in need of ethical reflection. This article seeks to investigate the current bioethical knowledge of undergraduate students and teachers in order to stimulate changes in conduct. Aprovado CEP-Unioeste CAAE: 78563417.8.0000.0107

Resumen El uso de animales con fines didácticos y de investigación requiere cuidados específicos. Actualmente, rige en Brasil la Ley 11.794/2008 que regula los parámetros legales de manejo y conducta en estos casos. Esta ley estuvo acompañada de la instalación o adecuación de comisiones de ética en instituciones que utilizan animales para enseñanza e investigación, así como de la creación del Consejo Nacional de Control de Experimentación Animal. No obstante, a pesar de los avances, especialmente en la legislación, aún no se ha consolidado ninguna gran transformación en el comportamiento de los investigadores y alumnos que manipulan animales en el laboratorio. La divulgación de informaciones es insuficiente, y la práctica acaba reflejando la falta de reflexión ética. Este artículo procura identificar el conocimiento bioético actual de los alumnos de grado y de los profesores, con el objetivo de estimular cambios en la conducta. Aprovado CEP-Unioeste CAAE: 78563417.8.0000.0107

Efeito da competição intraespecífica e da temperatura na atividade locomotora de Aedes aegypti e Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) em condições de laboratório / Effects of intraspecific competition and temperature on locomotor activity of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) under laboratory conditions

Doenças como a dengue, chikungunya, Zika e febre amarela urbana são causadas por patógenos transmitidos pela picada de fêmeas infectadas de Ae. aegypti e Ae. albopictus. Fatores bióticos, como a competição na fase larval, e abióticos, como a variação da temperatura, provocam alterações no ciclo de desenvolvimento dessas espécies. O presente estudo avaliou os efeitos da competição intraespecífica e da temperatura na atividade locomotora de fêmeas virgens de Ae. aegypti e Ae. albopictus. Os objetivos do trabalho foram: comparar o tamanho das fêmeas de Ae. aegypti e Ae. albopictus oriundas de criadouros com baixa e alta competição intraespecífica; avaliar o efeito da competição intraespecífica na atividade locomotora de fêmeas virgens de Ae. aegypti e Ae. albopictus, sob regime de 12 horas de claro e 12 horas de escuro, à 25ºC e analisar o padrão da atividade locomotora de fêmeas virgens de Ae. aegypti e Ae. albopictus, sob regime de 12 horas de claro e 12 horas de escuro, sob diferentes temperaturas (20ºC, 25ºC e 30ºC). As colônias dos mosquitos utilizados nos experimentos são provenientes da FIOCRUZ-RJ. Para o experimento de competição, larvas de ambas as espécies foram criadas sob condições de alta (100 larvas) e baixa (20 larvas) densidades. Para isso, foram utilizadas 14 bacias preenchidas com 500 ml de água e 0,2 g de ração para peixes. Após a competição, as fêmeas oriundas de cada densidade foram transferidas para incubadoras para a realização da análise da atividade locomotora. Após a atividade, verificou-se o tamanho dos adultos oriundos de cada densidade larvária, por meio da medição das asas de cada fêmea. Para a análise da atividade locomotora sob diferentes temperaturas, as fêmeas utilizadas foram desenvolvidas em ambiente com quantidade de ovos similares. Foi utilizado o mesmo procedimento para análise da atividade do experimento anterior, porém, cada experimento ocorreu sob diferentes temperaturas: 20°C, 25°C e 30°C. Para a análise dos dados obtidos foram utilizados os testes T e ANOVA multifatorial. Para o experimento de competição, fêmeas de ambas as espécies oriundas de competição de baixa densidade foram maiores do que as oriundas de desenvolvimento sob alta densidade larvária. A atividade das fêmeas de Ae. aegypti e Ae. albopictus de ambas as densidades foi muito semelhante, sugerindo que fêmeas menores tem atividade equivalente à de fêmeas maiores. Já no experimento que avaliou a atividade das fêmeas sob faixas térmicas distintas, notou-se que, em Ae. aegypti, houve diferença significativa na atividade total sob 20°C quando comparadas a 25°C e 30°C, demonstrando que a temperatura mais baixa foi limitante para a atividade desta espécie. Houve diferenças em algumas médias avaliadas na atividade de Ae. albopictus, porém, esta espécie pareceu ter sido menos influenciada com a variação da temperatura. Análises estatísticas confirmaram que as fêmeas de Ae. aegypti respondem de forma distinta das fêmeas de Ae. albopictus quando as temperaturas foram modificadas. O presente estudo ajuda a esclarecer alguns aspectos relacionados ao comportamento dos mosquitos Ae. aegypti e Ae. albopictus, que são considerados de grande importância para a saúde pública

Diseases such as dengue, chikungunya, Zika and urban yellow fever are caused by pathogens transmitted by the bites of infected females of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus. Biotics factors essentially competition on larval stages, and abiotics factors, for instance, temperature variation, occasion adjustments on development cycle of these species. The present study evaluated the effects of intraspecific competition and temperature on locomotor activity of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus. The aims of this study were: to compare the size of females Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus from breeding sites with low and high intraspecific competition; to evaluate the effect of intraspecific competition on locomotor activity of virgin females of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus, under regime of 12 hours of light and 12 hours of dark at 25°C and to analyze the pattern of the locomotor activity of virgins females of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus, under regime of 12 hours of light and 12 hours of dark, under different temperatures (20ºC, 25ºC e 30ºC). The mosquitoes colonies used on experiment are from FIOCRUZ-RJ. For the competition experiment, larvae from both species were raised under conditions of high (100 larvae) and low (20 larvae) densities. For this 14 containers filled with 500 ml of water and 0,2 g of fish food were used. After the competition, the females from each density were transferred to incubators to perform locomotor activity analysis. After the activity, the size of adult from each larval density, were verified by wings measurement of each female. For the analysis of the locomotor activity under different temperatures, the females used were developed in an environment with similar amount of eggs. The same procedure was used to the analyze the activity of the previous experiment, however, each experiment happened under different temperatures: 20°C, 25°C e 30°C. For the analysis of the obtained data were applied T tests and ANOVA multivariate. For the competition experiment, females of both species from low density of competition were longer than females from competition under high larval density. The activity of females of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus from both densities was very similar, suggesting that smaller females have equivalent activity to that of larger females. In the experiment that evaluated the activity of females under different thermal bands, it was noticed that in Ae. aegypti there was significant difference in total activity under 20°C when compared with 25°C and 30°C degrees, demonstrating the lower temperature was limiting to activity for this species. There were differences in some averages evaluated in Ae. albopictus activity, however, this species seemed to have been less influenced with the temperature variation. Statistical analysis confirmed that females of Ae. aegypti respond differently than females of Ae. albopictus when the temperatures were modified. The present study helps to clarify some aspects about the behavior of mosquitoes Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus which are considered of great concern for public health

Técnicas de necropsia y toma de muestras en animales de experimentación: Una revisión bibliográfica y actualización / Necropsy and sampling techniques in experimental animals: A bibliographic review and update

Se plantea como objetivo describir las técnicas de necropsia en animales de experimentación, una revisión bibliográfica y actualización. Se describieron las técnicas de necropsia en cobayos (Cavia porcellus), conejos (Oryctolaguscuniculus), ratones (Mus musculus), la rata (Rattusnorvegicus (variedad albina), incluyendo peces. La necropsia sistemática incluye una revisión de la historia clínica, y/o datos del experimento realizado. El siguiente paso corresponde al examen externo, donde se describen lesiones sobre el tejido tegumentario, sistema locomotor, mucosas, cavidades naturales y cambios post-mortem. Posteriormente se realiza el desollado, de manera simultánea la apertura de cavidades, con la evaluación de órganos, mediante un exhaustivo examen macroscópico. Este procedimiento continua con la extracción de órganos y toma de muestras. Por último se debe elaborar un informe de necropsia donde el patólogo veterinario emitirá las conclusiones o diagnósticos comentarios, recomendaciones y las apreciaciones enmarcados en la epicrisis del caso. El proceso de necropsia junto con la recolección y envío de muestras apropiadas para la realización de pruebas de laboratorio es trascendental en el proceso de emisión de un diagnóstico, de la práctica de la toma de muestra y envío al laboratorio depende el diagnostico morfológico y etiológico. En conclusión se describieron las técnicas de necropsia y toma de muestras en animales de experimentación con énfasis en cobayos (Cavia porcellus), conejos (Oryctolaguscuniculus), ratones (Mus musculus), la rata (Rattusnorvegicus, variedad albina), incluyendo peces, como una herramienta básica para el diagnostico de patologías en animales de experimentación así como se mencionaron las condiciones de envío de muestras a los distintos laborator

The aim of this study was to describe the necropsy techniques in experimental animals, a literature review and update. Necropsy techniques were described in guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus), rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), mice (Mus musculus), rat (Rattus norvegicus (albino variety), including fish, systematic necropsy includes a review of clinical history, and/or data of the experiment performed. The next step corresponds to the external examination, where lesions are described on the integumentary tissue, locomotor system, mucous membranes, natural cavities and post-mortem changes, followed by flaying, simultaneously opening cavities, with the evaluation of organs, through an exhaustive macroscopic examination. This procedure continues with the extraction of organs and sampling. Finally, a necropsy report must be prepared where the veterinary pathologist will issue the conclusions or diagnoses comments, recommendations and assessments framed in the epicrisis of the case, the necropsy process together with the collection and shipment of appropriate samples for the performance of laboratory tests is crucial in the process of issuing a diagnosis, the practice of sampling and sending to the laboratory depends on the morphological and etiological diagnosis. In conclusion, necropsy and sampling techniques were described in experimental animals with emphasis on guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus), rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), mice (Mus musculus), rat (Rattus norvegicus albino variety), including fish, as a basic tool for the diagnosis of pathologies in experimental animals, as well as the conditions for sending samples to different laboratories.

Evolución y logros de la Gerencia de Producción y Servicios Básicos del Instituto Nacional de Higiene "Rafael Rangel" / Evolution and achievements of the Production Management and Basic Services of the National Institute of Hygiene "Rafael Rangel"

La Gerencia de Producción y Servicios Básicos del INHRR responde a las necesidades de las áreas técnicas del Instituto a través de la producción de insumos requeridos para el control de productos de uso y consumo humano, diagnóstico de enfermedades transmisibles, desarrollo de nuevas técnicas y líneas de investigación, orientadas a garantizar la salud integral de la población venezolana; tales como: animales de laboratorio, hemoderivados de uso diagnóstico, cultivos celulares, medios de cultivo, reactivos, colorantes, agua purificada, agua calidad inyectable y estuches biológicos. Además brinda servicios auxiliares de descontaminación, lavado, embalaje, esterilización de materiales y uniformes de laboratorio. Presta servicio de secuenciación de ácidos nucleicos a los laboratorios del Instituto y usuarios externos, así como también asesoría técnica y científica a entes internos, nacionales e internacionales en actividades de su competencia

The Production and Basic Services Management of INHRR responds to the needs of the technical areas of the Institute through the production of inputs required for the control of products of human use and consumption, diagnosis of transmissible diseases, development of new techniques and lines of research aimed at guaranteeing the integral health of the Venezuelan population; such as: laboratory animals, blood products for diagnostic use, cell cultures, culture media, reagents, dyes, purified water, water for injection and biological kits. It also provides auxiliary services of decontamination, washing, packaging and sterilization of materials and laboratory uniforms. Also it provides nucleic acid sequencing service to the Institute´s laboratories and external users, as well as technical and scientific adviser to internal, national and international entities in activities of their competence

Revisión comentada de la legislación colombiana en ética de la investigación en salud / Commented review of the Colombian legislation regarding the ethics of health research

Resumen La ética de la investigación en salud no se agota en el marco normativo y trasciende la Resolución 8430 de 1993. Las normas constituyen una herramienta fundamental que determina los estándares mínimos de protección de los sujetos de investigación y, por lo tanto, su conocimiento y aplicación, así como la reflexión sobre ellas, son deberes de todos los investigadores en salud. En este texto se presentan y discuten desde un punto de vista analítico las normas para el ejercicio de la investigación en salud, entendiendo por salud un proceso multidimensional y por investigación en salud, un proceso multidisciplinario que trasciende este campo y abarca la investigación básica, la clínica y de salud pública, la colectiva y la de ciencias afines. Las principales categorías analíticas que se presentan se relacionan con los principios y los participantes en la investigación, las entidades reguladoras, los comités de ética y los sujetos y poblaciones especiales o vulnerables, y con los códigos de ética profesional, el consentimiento informado y el tratamiento de los datos. A pesar de los aportes de las normas éticas a la cualificación del ejercicio investigativo en salud, se concluyó que la normatividad vigente en Colombia debe actualizarse con respecto a los desarrollos técnicos y científicos y las especificidades de los diversos tipos de investigación en salud.

Abstract The scope of ethics in health research transcends its legal framework and the regulations established in Resolution 8430 of 1993. These norms represent a fundamental tool to determine the minimum protection standards for research subjects, and, therefore, they should be known, applied properly, and reflect upon by all researchers in the field. Here I present and discuss from an analytical point of view the regulations that guide research in health. In this framework, health is understood as a multidimensional process, and research in health as a multidisciplinary exercise involving basic, clinical and public health research, collective health, and other related sciences. The main analytical categories are related to the principles and actors involved in research (regulatory authorities, ethical committees, and special or vulnerable subjects and populations), and to professional ethics codes, in addition to informed consents and data management. Despite the contribution of this legislation to the qualification of health research, my conclusion is that the national legislation in ethics for health research requires updating regarding technological and scientific developments, as well as specifications from the multiple types of health studies.