Asociación entre el diagnóstico de carcinoma mamario y la actividad de la enzima lactoperoxidasa sérica / Association between the diagnosis of mammary carcinoma and serum lactoperoxidase enzyme activity

Fundamento: La enzima lactoperoxidasa tiocianato es una proteína producida por células epiteliales en los acinos mamarios. Los carcinomas de la mama constituyen un tipo de cáncer que se origina por la transformación maligna de las células acinares de la mama y se caracterizan por el crecimiento y multiplicación descontrolado. Por tanto, podría existir una correlación entre el cáncer de mama y el aumento de la actividad sérica de la lactoperoxidasa. Objetivo: Determinar la asociación entre el diagnóstico de carcinoma mamario y la actividad aumentada de la enzima lactoperoxidasa sérica en muestras de pacientes que han sido atendidos en el Hospital Oncológico María Curie de Camagüey en el periodo de abril a agosto del 2022. Métodos: Se desarrolló un estudio correlacional en el Centro de Inmunología y Productos Biológicos de Camagüey, en el período de abril a agosto del 2022. Se empleó la citología por aspiración con aguja fina para el diagnóstico histopatológico del carcinoma mamario y se determinó la actividad de la enzima lactoperoxidasa sérica mediante el método del pirogalol salicilato. Se emplearon las pruebas t de student y chi-cuadrado para el análisis estadístico de los datos. Resultados: El carcinoma ductal infiltrante fue el subtipo de cáncer más frecuente con un 94,1 por ciento del total de las muestras. Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los grupos de muestras analizadas p ( 0.000. De un total de 34 muestras positivas, 32 presentaron aumento de la actividad enzimática. Conclusiones: Hubo asociación entre el diagnóstico de carcinoma mamario y niveles aumentados de la enzima lactoperoxidasa sérica(AU)

Background: The enzyme lactoperoxidase thiocyanate is a protein produced by epithelial cells in the mammary acini. Breast carcinomas are a type of cancer that originates from the malignant transformation of the acinar cells of the breast and are characterized by uncontrolled growth and multiplication. Therefore, there could be a correlation between breast cancer and increased serum lactoperoxidase activity. Objective: To determine the association between the diagnosis of mammary carcinoma and the increased activity of the serum lactoperoxidase enzyme in samples of patients who have been treated at the Maria Curie Oncology Hospital in Camagüey from April to August 2022. Methods: A correlational study was developed at the Center for Immunology and Biological Products of Camagüey, from April to August 2022. Fine-needle aspiration cytology was used for the histopathological diagnosis of mammary carcinoma and the activity of serum lactoperoxidase enzyme by the pyrogallol salicylate method. Student's t and chi-square tests were used in the statistical analysis of the data. Results: Infiltrating ductal carcinoma was the most frequent subtype of cancer with 94,1 percent of the total samples. Significant differences were found between the groups of samples analyzed p ( 0,000. Of a total of 34 positive samples, 32 showed increased enzyme activity. Conclusions: There was an association between the diagnosis of mammary carcinoma and increased levels of the serum lactoperoxidase enzyme(AU)

Lesiones metastásicas a glándula tiroides. Una serie de casos / Metastatic lesions to the thyroid gland. Case series

Las lesiones metastásicas representan hasta un 3 % de los tumores malignos de la glándula tiroides. La mayoría de los casos se originan de tumores de células renales y de pulmón. El abordaje diagnóstico implica una alta sospecha clínica en pacientes con primarios conocidos, sin embargo, puede ser la manifestación inicial de una enfermedad maligna extensa no diagnosticada hasta en un 20 % a 40 % de los pacientes. La biopsia por aguja fina ha demostrado buen rendimiento para el diagnóstico de los nódulos metastásicos. El pronóstico y la opción del tratamiento quirúrgico dependen del control local del primario y del estado de la enfermedad sistémica asociada, por lo tanto, debe ser individualizado. Por lo general, hasta un 80 % de los pacientes con compromiso de la tiroides tienen enfermedad metastásica multiorgánica, y la intención del tratamiento quirúrgico es con fines paliativos para prevenir las complicaciones derivadas de la extensión local de la enfermedad a las estructuras del tracto aerodigestivo superior en el cuello. Se presenta a continuación, una serie de seis casos de pacientes con lesiones metastásicas a glándula tiroides con primarios en riñón, mama y de melanomas

Metastatic lesions represent up to 3% of malignant tumors of the thyroid gland. Most cases originate from lung and renal cell tumors. The diagnostic approach implies a high clinical suspicion in patients with known primaries, however, it can be the initial manifestation of an extensive undiagnosed malignant disease in up to 20% to 40% of patients. Fine-needle biopsy has shown good performance for the diagnosis of metastatic nodules. The prognosis and the option of surgical treatment depend on the local control of the primary condition and the state of the associated systemic disease, therefore it must be individualized. In general, up to 80% of patients with thyroid involvement have multi-organ metastatic disease and surgical treatment is intended to be palliative to prevent complications resulting from local extension of the disease to structures of the upper aerodigestive tract in the neck. A case series of six patients with metastatic lesions to the thyroid gland with primaries in the kidney, breast and melanomas is presented below

Supervivencia de pacientes con cáncer de mama y cirugía conservadora / Survival in Patients with Breast Cancer and Conservative Surgery

Introducción: En la actualidad la cirugía conservadora, más que una opción en el tratamiento quirúrgico del cáncer de mama, es la técnica quirúrgica de elección. Objetivo: Caracterizar la supervivencia de los pacientes con cáncer de mama operados con cirugía conservadora. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio multicéntrico, retrospectivo descriptivo de corte longitudinal, en el Hospital Universitario Clínico Quirúrgico "Arnaldo Milián Castro" y el oncológico "Celestino Hernández Robau", ambos de la ciudad de Santa Clara provincia Villa Clara, en el período comprendido desde enero del 2011 hasta diciembre del 2020. Resultados: La supervivencia global de los pacientes con cáncer de mama y cirugía conservadora en aquellos que presentaron eventos (fallecidos) fue mayor en los portadores de carcinoma ductal infiltrante con 9,3 años. En el caso del estadio tumoral predominó la supervivencia en aquellos pacientes que estaban en estadios Ia y IIa con 9,8 y 9,1 años, respectivamente. Según la inmunohistoquímica, el subtipo molecular con mejor supervivencia global fue el Luminal B con 9,2 años. En cuanto al tratamiento definitivo aplicado presentaron mayor supervivencia global aquellos pacientes que recibieron esquemas de quimioterapia+ radioterapia+ hormono terapia y quimioterapia+ radioterapia con 9,4 y 8,8 años, respectivamente. Conclusiones: Existe una mayor supervivencia global en aquellos pacientes con carcinoma ductal infiltrantes (NOS), estadios tumorales Ia y IIa, con subtipo molecular Luminal B según inmunohistoquímica y con tratamientos definitivos de quimioterapia+ radioterapia+ hormonoterapia(AU)

Introduction: Nowadays, conservative surgery, rather than an option for the surgical treatment of breast cancer, is the surgical technique of choice. Objective: To characterize the survival of patients with breast cancer operated on with conservative surgery. Methods: A multicenter, retrospective, descriptive and longitudinal study was carried out at Hospital Universitario Clínico Quirúrgico "Arnaldo Milián Castro" and "Celestino Hernández Robau" oncologic hospital, both in the city of Santa Clara, Villa Clara Province, in the period from January 2011 to December 2020. Results: The overall survival of patients with breast cancer and conservative surgery in those who presented events (died) was higher in those with infiltrating ductal carcinoma, accounting for 9.3 years. In the case of tumor stage, survival was predominant in those patients with stages IA and IIA, accounting for 9.8 and 9.1 years, respectively. Concerning immunohistochemistry, the molecular subtype with the best overall survival was Luminal B, accounting for 9.2 years. Regarding the applied definitive treatment, those patients who received chemotherapy-radiotherapy-hormone therapy and chemotherapy-radiotherapy schemes presented better overall survival, accounting for 9.4 and 8.8 years, respectively. Conclusions: Overall survival is higher in patients with infiltrating ductal carcinoma (not otherwise specified), tumor stages IA and IIA, molecular subtype Luminal B according to immunohistochemistry, and definitive treatments with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, hormone therapy scheme(AU)

Cáncer de mama en hombres: revisión de casos en el Hospital Regional de Talca / Breast cancer in men: review of cases at "Hospital Regional de Talca"

Breast cancer in men is a rare pathology. The most common clinical presentation is a palpable and painless retroareolar nodule. In men, it is a rare pathology, there are few studies on the matter, where breast cancer trials frequently exclude men. Objective: to present the incidence of breast cancer in men from the "Regional Hospital of Talca" Method: Retrospective and descriptive study of cases of breast cancer in men who have been treated and followed up in the Breast Pathology Unit of the Regional Hospital of Talca from January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2021.Results: There were 9 cases of breast cancer in men. Average age at diagnosis was 63 years, all patients were 50 years of age or older. One hundred percent of patients consulted for a self-palpable breast nodule. Average size on physical examination was 30 mm. The most frequent histology was invasive ductal carcinoma (56%), followed by invasive tubular carcinoma (22%) and ductal carcinoma in situ (11%). Immunohistochemistry was 100% positive for estrogen and progesterone receptor. Surgery in 56% of cases was total mastectomy with axillary dissection, and in 33% it was total mastectomy alone. 4 patients underwent adjuvant treatment with chemotherapy, and just one required a combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. During follow-up, only 2 patients died. Conclusion. Breast cancer in men is not very prevalent and the management is extrapolated from large studies in women, we believe that it is essential to have studies in male patients, to really have clarity on the behavior and evolution of the disease.

Carcinoma de mama bilateral sincrónico. Presentación de un caso / Synchronous bilateral breast carcinoma. A case report

Introducción: El carcinoma de mama bilateral sincrónico se define por la aparición de tumores simultáneos en ambas mamas. Estudios indican que la frecuencia de estos carcinomas oscila entre 1,4 y 11,8 %. Actualmente, la ecografía mamaria y la mamografía constituyen los métodos de cribado aconsejables para detectar lesiones iniciales. Objetivo: Presentar un caso infrecuente de carcinoma bilateral simultáneo. Presentación de caso: Se trata de una mujer de 67 años de edad, sin antecedentes personales ni familiares de cáncer de mama, que acude a consulta de mastología por aumento de volumen focal en la mama derecha. En mamografía digital se identifican imágenes nodulares espiculadas de alta densidad en ambas mamas, con clasificación BIRADS-5. Se completó el estudio con citología por aguja fina y biopsia posoperatoria con el resultado de carcinoma ductal bilateral con metástasis al ganglio axilar derecho. Conclusiones: El carcinoma bilateral de mama, a pesar de ser una entidad de aparición excepcional, se puede identificar en estadios clínicos avanzados en pacientes sin antecedentes familiares, por lo que es importante la evaluación de ambas mamas en los estudios de imagen, para descartar lesiones sincrónicas con las pertinentes biopsias bilaterales para su conclusión histopatológica.

Introduction: Synchronous bilateral breast cancer is defined by some authors as the simultaneous appearance of tumors in both breasts. Studies indicate that the frequency of these carcinomas range from 1.4 to 11.8%. Currently, breast ultrasound and mammography are the recommended screening methods to detect initial lesions. Objective: To describe a rare simultaneous bilateral breast carcinoma case. Case report:We present the case of a 67-year-old woman, with no personal or family history of breast cancer, who attended a mastology consultation due to focal volume increase in the right breast. Digital mammography was performed, identifying high-density spiculated nodular images in both breasts with BIRADS-5 classification. A study was completed with fine-needle cytology and postoperative biopsy, obtaining the result of bilateral ductal carcinoma with metastasis to the right axillary node.Conclusions: Bilateral breast carcinoma, despite being an entity of exceptional appearance, can be identified in advanced clinical stages in patients with no family history, so it is important to evaluate both breasts in imaging studies, to rule out synchronous lesions, requesting the relevant bilateral biopsies for histopathological conclusion.

Metástasis de cáncer de mama como colangiocarcinoma perihiliar o lesión tipo Klatskin / Breast cancer metastasis as a cholangiocarcinoma or Klatskin-like lesion

Paciente de sexo femenino de 60 años de edad, con antecedente de carcinoma ductal de mama izquierda, presentó dolor agudo en epigastrio que se acompaña de 6 meses de dispepsia, saciedad precoz y pirosis; con una pérdida de 9 kilogramos en 2 meses. Refirió coluria, negó ictericia y acolia. Las pruebas de función hepática mostraron un patrón de colestasis con elevación de gama glutamiltrasferasa (GGT) y fosfatasa alcalina (FA). Fue diagnosticada con un Colangiocarcinoma perihiliar basado en hallazgos abdominales de tomografía y resonancia, con un nódulo parenquimatoso en el segmento 8 del hígado como un tumor infiltrante periductal. El diagnóstico presuntivo fue el de Tumor de Klatskin, pero la anatomía patológica fue compatible con metástasis de carcinoma ductal de mama (CK7 + / GATA3 +). El informe complementario mostró HER-2 negativo y estrógeno negativo (ER) y progesterona (PR) por lo que el inmunofenotipo final fue ER- / PR-; HER2- con índice de proliferación Ki67 <5%, una metástasis de cáncer de mama triple negativo.

A 60-year-old female, with a medical history of a ductal carcinoma of the left breast, presented with sharp pain in epigastrium with 6 months of dyspepsia, early satiety and pyrosis and with the loss of 9 kilograms in 2 months. She referred choluria and denied jaundice and acholia. Liver function tests showed a cholestasis pattern with only elevated Gama Glutamyl Teransferase and alkaline phosphatase. She was diagnosed with a hilar cholangiocarcinoma based on abdominal CT and MRI findings, with a parenchymal nodule in segment 8 of the liver as a periductal infiltrating tumor. The presumed diagnosis was Klatskin Tumor, but the biopsied site was compatible with breast ductal carcinoma metastasis (CK7 + / GATA3 +). The complementary report showed negative HER-2 and negative estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR) so the final immunophenotype is ER- / PR-; HER2- with proliferation index Ki67 <5%, a triple-negative breast cancer metastasis.

Metaplastic breast carcinoma with extensive osseous differentiation

Metaplastic breast carcinoma is a rare subtype of invasive breast carcinoma. Metaplastic carcinoma with osseous differentiation is exceptionally uncommon. Because of the heterogenous microscopy of the lesion, various clinical and radiological features are observed, leading to diagnostic difficulty. Herein, we present a case of a 43-year-old female with a recurrent breast lump, who was clinically diagnosed as a phyllodes tumor. However, histopathological examination revealed metaplastic carcinoma with extensive osseous differentiation.

Ozonotherapy for Treatment of Radiation Therapy-induced Jaw Osteonecrosis and Bisphosphonates: Case Report / Ozonioterapia para o Tratamento de Osteonecrose em Mandíbula Induzida pela Radioterapia Associada com Bisfosfonato: Relato de Caso / Ozonoterapia para el Tratamiento de la Osteonecrosis de la Mordaza Inducida por Terapia de Radiación y Bisfosfonatos: Relato de Caso

Introduction: The inhibition of osteoclastic activity, associated with different treatment modalities in patients with head and neck cancer, make bones unable to respond to repair processes related to physiological traumas or infection and may result in bone necrosis. The present study aims to report a clinical case of osteoradionecrosis in mandible, and how its sequels were controlled by ozonotherapy. Case report: A 73-year-old female patient with infiltrative ductal breast carcinoma with mandibular metastasis was submitted to chemo and radiotherapy at head and neck region associated with bisphosphonate. Three years later, she was diagnosed with hemimandibular osteoradionecrosis that exhibited communication with oral cavity and with a chronic, suppurative and persistent associated infection. It was applied adjuvant therapy with ozone through the cutaneous fistula and the exposed and necrotic bone. Additionally, non-vital bone debridement was proceeded in two surgical steps. The patient is after a 1-year follow-up non-symptomatic. Conclusion: It is supposed that ozonotherapy, due to its antibacterial and immunoregulatory mechanism of action, was an important therapeutic agent for improving the patient's quality of life.

Introdução: A inibição da atividade osteoclástica, associada a diversas modalidades de tratamento utilizadas em pacientes com câncer de cabeça e pescoço, torna o osso incapaz de responder aos processos de reparo relacionados a traumas fisiológicos ou à infecção, e pode resultar em necrose óssea. O presente estudo tem como objetivo relatar um caso clínico de osteonecrose em mandíbula como consequência do uso de bisfosfonato associado à quimioterapia e à radioterapia para tratamento de câncer de mama com metástase para mandíbula, tendo suas sequelas controladas por meio do uso da ozonioterapia. Relato do caso: Paciente do sexo feminino, 73 anos, com história de carcinoma ductal infiltrante de mama com metástase óssea em mandíbula, a qual foi submetida ao tratamento de quimioterapia e radioterapia em região de cabeça e pescoço; três anos depois, foi diagnosticada com osteonecrose da hemimandíbula direita com exposição completa para a cavidade bucal e infecção crônica, supurativa e persistente. Foi realizada terapia adjuvante com aplicação de ozônio nas fístulas cutâneas e no remanescente ósseo exposto e necrosado, além do desbridamento dos sequestros ósseos em duas etapas cirúrgicas. Paciente encontra-se em acompanhamento há 1 ano, sem sintomatologia associada. Conclusão: Observou-se que a ozonioterapia, em razão da sua ação antibacteriana e cicatrizante, foi um importante agente terapêutico para a melhora da qualidade de vida da paciente.

Introducción: La inhibición de la actividad osteoclástica, asociada con las diversas modalidades de tratamiento utilizadas por los pacientes con cáncer de cabeza y cuello, hace que el hueso no pueda responder a los procesos de reparación relacionados con traumas o infecciones fisiológicas y puede provocar necrosis ósea. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo informar un caso clínico de osteonecrosis mandibular como consecuencia del uso de bisfosfonato asociado con quimioterapia y radioterapia para tartar el cáncer de mama con mandíbula metastásica, controlando sus secuelas mediante el uso de la terapia con ozono. Relato del caso: Paciente de 73 años con antecedentes de carcinoma ductal mamario infiltrante con metástasis en la mandíbula ósea fue sometida a quimioterapia y radioterapia en la región de la cabeza y el cuello. Tres años después, le diagnostica con osteonecrosis hemimandibular derecha con exposición completa a la cavidad oral e infección crónica, supurativa y persistente. La terapia adyuvante se realizó con la aplicación de ozono en las fístulas cutáneas y en el remanente óseo expuesto y necrótico, además del desbridamiento de los secuestros óseos en dos etapas quirúrgicas. El paciente ha estado bajo seguimiento durante 1 años in síntomas asociados. Conclusión: Debido a su acción antibacteriana y curativa, la ozonioterapia fue un importante agente terapéutico para mejorar la calidad de vida del paciente.

Tumor de Klatskin y metástasis cerebral como presentación inusual en cáncer de mama / Klatskin tumor and brain metastasis in a breast cancer patient: Case report

Introducción: El cáncer de mama es la principal causa de muerte en mujeres a nivel mundial, se los clasifica en base a la expresión del receptor de estrógenos, de progesterona y de ERBB2. El tumor de Klatskin es infrecuente y se origina en la bifurcación del conducto biliar extrahepático. Presentación del caso: Paciente femenina de 60 años con diagnóstico de cáncer de mama estadío IIIB, que presenta hemiplejía derecha secundaria a lesión cerebral metastásica, inicialmente catalogada como neurocisticercosis. Después de 1 año 7 meses desarrolla ictericia colestásica cuya evaluación clínica permite evidenciar tumor de Klatskin mediante colangioresonancia. Discusión: El presente caso muestra una paciente con múltiples metástasis secundarias a cáncer de mama. Incluyendo, de igual manera, un tumor de Klatskin, el cual fue descubierto posterior a un síndrome colestásico. Son pocos los casos de la literatura que registran procesos metastásicos hacia conductos biliares con origen en un carcinoma ductal infiltrante. Conclusiones: Pocos casos en la literatura registran procesos metastásicos hacia las vías biliares con origen en infiltración ductal carcinoma; sin embargo, es fundamental informar para la evidencia clínica y el estudio de la literatura.

Introduction: Breast cancer is the principal cause of death in women worldwide, classi ed based on the expression of estrogen receptor, progesterone, and ERBB2. Klatskin tumor is rare and originates in the bifurcation of the extrahepatic bile duct. Case presentation: A 60 years old female patient diagnosed with stage IIIB breast cancer presents right hemiplegia secondary to metastatic brain injury, initially classi ed as neurocysticercosis. After one year and seven months, she developed cholestatic jaundice, whose clinical evaluation allows Klatskin tumor evidence through cholangioresonance. Discussion: The present case is about a patient with multiple metastases secondary to breast cancer. Including, in the same way, a Klatskin tumor, which was discovered after a cholestatic syndrome. Conclusions: Few cases in the literature register metastatic processes towards bile ducts originating from in ltrating ductal carcinoma; however, it is essential to report for clinical evidence and study of the literature.

Câncer de Mama Multifocal: Relato de Caso / Multifocal Breast Cancer: Case Report / Cáncer de Mama Multifocal: Relato de caso

Introdução: O câncer de mama é a neoplasia que mais acomete o sexo feminino, sendo a primeira causa de morte por câncer em mulheres.O carcinoma mamário representa um grupo heterogêneo de doenças. Casos individuais diferem uns dos outros na morfologia, fenótipo e prognóstico. As patologias malignas das mamas podem se manifestar como tumores unifocais, multifocais e/ou multicêntricos. A incidência de tumores multifocais e multicêntricos no câncer de mama varia de 13% a 70%. Relato do caso: Paciente L.C., sexo feminino, 65 anos, com relato de nódulo palpável em mama direita em setembro de 2015. O estudo anatomopatológicodo nódulo mostrou carcinoma intraductal. Realizada quadrantectomia, com anatomopatológico que identificou carcinoma papilífero bem diferenciado intracístico e invasivo damama, associado a componente intraductal cribriforme e papilar, com margens e linfonodo sentinela livres e imuno-histoquímica compatível com perfil triplo-negativo. Em fevereiro de 2019, apresentou duas novas lesões em mama contralateral, identificadas como carcinoma ductal invasivo multifocal com papiloma intraductal associado, e carcinoma ductal invasivo associado a componente intraductal in situ dos tipos papilar, sólido e cribriforme, com imuno-histoquímica com perfis moleculares distintos entre si, sendo uma lesão do tipo luminal A e a outra, luminal híbrido. Conclusão: Este estudo relata um caso de uma paciente que apresentou lesões neoplásicas em ambas as mamas, em tempos distintos e com perfis histológicos e imuno-histoquímicos diferentes. Dessa forma, destacam-se a raridade do caso e a relevância da terapia dirigida a alvos específicos, uma vez que a paciente apresentava lesões com perfis moleculares distintos.

Introduction: Breast cancer is the neoplasm that most affects females, being the first cause of death by cancer in women. Breast carcinoma is a heterogeneous group of diseases. Individual cases differ from each other in morphology, phenotype and prognosis. Malignant breast pathologies can manifest as single, multifocal and/or multicentric tumors. The incidence of multifocal and multicentric tumors in breast cancer varies from 13% to 70%. Case report: Patient L.C., female, 65 years old, with a palpable nodule in the right breast in September 2015. The anatomopathological study of the nodule showed intraductal carcinoma. She underwent quadrantectomy, with anatomopathological examination that identified well-differentiated intracystic and invasive papillary carcinoma of the breast, associated with a cribriform and papillary intraductal component, with free sentinel lymph node and margins and immunohistochemistry compatible with triple negative profile. In February 2019, she presented two new lesions in contralateral breast, identified as invasive multifocal ductal carcinoma, with associated intraductal papilloma, and invasive ductal carcinoma, associated with an in situ intraductal component of the papillary, solid and cribriform types, with immunohistochemistry with different molecular profiles, being one lesion classified as luminal A and the other, hybrid luminal. Conclusion: This study reports a case of a patient who had neoplastic lesions in both breasts, at different times and with distinctive histological and immunohistochemical profiles. Thus, the rarity of the case and the relevance of the therapy aimed at specific targets are highlighted, since the patient presented lesions with different molecular profiles.

Introducción: El cáncer de mama es la neoplasia que más afecta a las mujeres, siendo la primera causa de muerte por cáncer en las mujeres. El carcinoma de mama representa un grupo heterogéneo de enfermedades. Los casos individuales difieren entre sí en morfología, fenotipo y pronóstico. Las patologías mamarias malignas pueden manifestarse como tumores únicos, multifocales y/o multicéntricos. La incidencia de tumores multifocales y multicéntricos en el cáncer de mama varía del 13% al 70%. Relato del caso: Paciente L.C., mujer, 65 años, con un nódulo palpable en el seno derecho en septiembre de 2015. El estudio anatomopatológico de la lesión mostró carcinoma intraductal. La paciente se sometió a una cuadrantectomía, con un examen anatomopatológico que identificó un carcinoma papilar invasivo e intraquístico bien diferenciado de mama, asociado con un componente intraductal cribiforme y papilar, con ganglio linfático y márgens libres y inmunohistoquímica compatible con perfil triple negativo. En febrero de 2019, presentó dos nuevas lesiones en el seno contralateral, identificadas como carcinoma ductal multifocal invasivo, con papiloma intraductal asociado y carcinoma ductal invasivo, asociado con un componente intraductal in situ de los tipos papilar, sólido y cribiforme, con inmunohistoquímica con diferentes perfiles moleculares, siendo una lesión del tipo luminal A y la otra, luminal híbrida. Conclusión: Este estudio reporta un caso de una paciente que tenía lesiones neoplásicas en ambos senos, en diferentes momentos y con diferentes perfiles histológicos e inmunohistoquímicos. Por lo tanto, se destaca la rareza del caso y la relevancia de la terapia dirigida a objetivos específicos, una vez que la paciente presentó lesiones con diferentes perfiles moleculares.

Estudio transversal: Manejo quirúrgico de Cáncer de Mama en el Hospital José Carrasco Arteaga, Enero 2017- Enero 2018 / Cross-Sectional Study: Surgical Management of Patients with Breast Cancer in José Carrasco Arteaga Hospital January 2017 ­ January 2018

INTRODUCCIÓN: El cáncer de mama ocupa el primer lugar dentro de la patología maligna que afectan a la mujer a nivel mundial, representando el 16% de los cánceres femeninos. El manejo quirúrgico del cáncer de mama ha evolucionado a lo largo de los años, disminuyendo la morbimortalidad y mejorando la calidad de vida de las pacientes. El objetivo del presente estudio es analizar el abordaje quirúrgico de las pacientes tratadas en la unidad de Cirugía Oncológica del Hospital de Especialidades José Carrasco Arteaga. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional transversal para determinar la prevalencia de las cirugías de cáncer de mama realizadas en la Unidad de Cirugía Oncológica del Hospital de Especialidades José Carrasco Arteaga. Se incluyeron variables como edad, diagnóstico, tipo histológico, etapa, localización, tipo de cirugía y márgenes. Se analizaron los datos con estadística descriptiva utilizando el paquete estadístico SPSS versión V24.0. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 66 pacientes en el estudio. Los porcentajes de cirugías conservadoras y mastectomías fueron 56.06% versus 43.94% respectivamente. El tipo histológico más frecuente fue el ductal infiltrante (75.74%). Del total de pacientes diagnosticados con cáncer de mama el 46.97% fue en etapa clínica IIB; el cuadrante superior externo estuvo afectado en el 72.7% de pacientes y el lado más frecuentemente con tumor fue el izquierdo en el 50%. CONCLUSIONES: El cáncer de mama es diagnosticado con mayor frecuencia en mujeres posmenopáusicas, el tipo histológico más frecuente es el carcinoma ductal infiltrante, el porcentaje de cirugías conservadoras es mayor a las mastectomíasra de Unidad Técnica de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital de Especialidades José Carrasco Arteaga, Cuenca ­ Ecuador(AU)

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer ranks first among cancers that affect women worldwide, representing 16% of female cancers. The surgical approach to breast cancer has undergone changes over the years, reducing morbidity and mortality and improving life quality for these patients. The purpose of this study is to analyze the surgical approach in patients treated in the Oncologic Surgery unit of José Carrasco Arteaga Hospital. METHODS: Cross-sectional observational study to analyze the prevalence of breast cancer surgeries performed in the Oncologic Surgery Unit of José Carrasco Arteaga Hospital. Variables such as age, diagnosis, histological type, stage, location, type of surgical procedure and surgical margins were included. All the data was analyzed with descriptive statistics using SPSS version 24.0. RESULTS: 66 patients were included in the study. The percentages of conservative surgeries and mastectomies were 56.06% versus 43.94% respectively. The most frequent histological type was infiltrating ductal carcinoma (75.74%). Of the total of patients diagnosed with breast cancer, 46.97% were in clinical stage IIB; the upper external quadrant was affected in 72.7% of patients and the most frequent location was the left side (50%). CONCLUSIONS: Breast cancer occurs most frequently in postmenopausal women, the most frequent histological type is infiltrating ductal carcinoma, and the percentage of conservative surgeries is greater than mastectomies.(AU)

Carcinoma ductal infiltrante na gestação, desafio diagnóstico e terapêutico: relato de caso / Infiltrating ductal carcinoma during pregnancy, diagnostic and therapeutic challenge: a case report

Introdução: O câncer de mama é a neoplasia mais frequentemente diagnosticada no mundo, sendo a segunda que mais afeta a mulher no ciclo gravídico-puerperal e a principal causa de morte por câncer em mulheres. O câncer de mama associado à gravidez refere-se àquele diagnosticado durante a gravidez ou no primeiro ano pós-parto. A incidência está aumentando à medida que as mulheres atrasam a primeira gestação. Descrição: O artigo traz o relato do caso de uma gestante com câncer de mama na cidade de Juiz de Fora, MG. Discussão: A gestação deve ser considerada como agravante do câncer de mama, sendo o tratamento semelhante ao da população geral. Prematuridade e baixo peso ao nascer são os eventos indesejáveis mais comuns. Conclusão: A abordagem multidisciplinar é fundamental para estabelecer um plano de tratamento individualizado e a paciente ser acolhida, orientada e participar de todo o processo de decisão terapêutica.(AU)

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in the world, being the second that most affects women in the pregnancy-puerperal cycle and the leading cause of cancer death in women. Pregnancy-associated breast cancer refers to cancer diagnosed during pregnancy or in the first year postpartum. The incidence is increasing as women delay first pregnancy. Description: The article reports the case of a pregnant woman with breast cancer in the city of Juiz de Fora, MG. Discussion: Pregnancy should be considered as aggravating breast cancer, being the treatment similar to the general population. Prematurity and low birth weight are the most common undesirable events. Conclusion: The multidisciplinary approach is fundamental to establish an individualized treatment plan and the patient to be welcomed, guided and to participate in the whole therapeutic decision process.(AU)

Mammary adenectomy followed by immediate reconstruction for treatment of patients with early-infiltrating breast carcinoma: a cohort study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Use of mammary adenectomy for breast carcinoma treatment remains controversial. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to verify the oncological safety of mammary adenectomy and immediate breast reconstruction for treating selected patients with infiltrating breast carcinoma and to evaluate patients' satisfaction with the reconstructed breasts. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cohort study conducted among patients treated at Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: This study was based on 152 selected patients (161 operated breasts) with infiltrating breast carcinoma who underwent mammary adenectomy and immediate breast reconstruction. In all patients, the diameter of the largest focus of the tumor was less than 3.0 cm, the imaging tumor-nipple distance was greater than 2.0 cm and the pathological assessment showed clear margins. The cumulative incidence of local recurrence (LR), recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) curves were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. After at least one year of follow-up, 64 patients were asked about their satisfaction with the reconstructed breast(s). RESULTS: At a mean follow-up time of 43.5 months, seven cases of LR (4.4%), four distant metastases (2.6%) and five deaths (3.3%) were recorded. The five-year actuarial LR-free survival, RFS and OS were 97.6%, 98.3% and 98.3%, respectively. No cases of nipple-areolar complex recurrence were reported. Forty-one patients (64%) indicated a high level of satisfaction with the reconstructed breasts. CONCLUSIONS: Mammary adenectomy is a safe and efficacious procedure for selected patients with early-infiltrating breast carcinoma and results in a high rate of patient satisfaction with the reconstructed breasts.

Impact of HER2 receptor status on axillary nodal burden in patients with non-luminal A invasive ductal breast carcinoma / Receptores HER2, compromiso ganglionar axilar y sobrevida en mujeres con cáncer de mama ductal invasivo

ABSTRACT Background: Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignancy in women. Aim: To assess the impact of HER2 status on axillary lymph node (ALN) involvement in patients with invasive ductal carcinoma of no special type (IDC-NST) both at diagnosis and during the 4-year postoperative period. Patients and Methods: We retrospectively included 375 women with an early clinical stage of non-luminal IDC-NST who between 2007 and 2013 underwent breast surgery at a clinical hospital. They were divided into phenotype-based groups: HR+HER2-, HR+HER2+, HR-HER2+ and HR-HER2-. Only patients with sentinel lymph node (SLN) macrometastases underwent ALN dissection. If > 3 ALNs were positive, radiotherapy was delivered. All patients were treated with chemotherapy, HER2+ BC patients received trastuzumab, and hormone receptor (HR)-positive BC patients received hormonal therapy. Results: Larger tumor size, higher grade, HR+, HER2+ status, and lymphovascular invasion (LVI) were predictive for ALN metastases at diagnosis. The poorest overall, disease-free, and distant recurrence-free survival (OS, DFS, DRFS) were found in the HR-HER2- group, while the poorest locoregional recurrence-free survival (LRFS) was observed in HR-HER2+ and HR-HER2- groups. HER2 status was not predictor of survival. Conclusions: HER2+ status was predictive for ALN involvement at diagnosis but had no effect on 4-year LRFS in these patients.

Antecedentes: El cáncer de mama es el tumor maligno más común en mujeres. Objetivo: Conocer el impacto del estado HER2 sobre el compromiso ganglionar axilar al momento del diagnóstico y durante los primeros cuatro años después de la cirugía en mujeres con carcinoma ductal invasivo de tipo no especial (IDC-NST). Pacientes y Métodos: Incluimos retrospectivamente a 375 mujeres en etapas clínicas iniciales de IDC-NST que fueron operadas en un hospital clínico. Ellas se dividieron en grupos de acuerdo al fenotipo: HR+HER2-, HR+HER2+, HR-HER2+y HR-HER2-. La disección de ganglios axilares se efectuó solo en las pacientes con macrometástasis en el ganglio centinela. Si había más de tres ganglios comprometidos, se efectuó radioterapia. Todas las pacientes se trataron con quimioterapia. Las pacientes HER2+ recibieron trastuzumab y las pacientes HR+ recibieron hormonoterapia. Resultados: Tumores más grandes, de mayor grado de malignidad, HR+, HER2+ y la invasión linfovascular fueron predictivos de la presencia de metástasis axilares al momento del diagnóstico. La sobrevida más baja se observó en pacientes HR-HER2+. La sobrevida libre de recurrencia locorregional más baja, se observó en pacientes HR-HER2+ y HR-HER2-. HER2 no fue predictor de sobrevida. Conclusiones: En estas mujeres, HER2+fue predictor de la presencia de compromiso ganglionar axilar al momento del diagnóstico pero no de la sobrevida a cuatro años.

Carcinoma ductal in situ de la mama con características apocrinas: reporte de un caso / Ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast with apocrine characteristics: case report

Resumen Se presenta el caso de una femenina de 69 años con un carcinoma ductal in situ de la mama, el cual presentaba diferenciación apocrina y alto grado nuclear. La forma de presentación clínica se hizo patente en forma de microcalcificaciones detectadas en la mamografía, y corroboradas histológicamente como comedonecrosis. La diferenciación apocrina se comprobó por medio de tinciones de inmunohistoquímica. El diagnóstico se realizó en una biopsia excisional, pero dado a que uno de los márgenes se encontraba comprometido, la paciente se sometió posteriormente a una mastectomía.

Abstract We present the case of a 69 year old female diagnosed with a ductal in situ carcinoma of the breast. The tumor had apocrine differentiation and a high nuclear grade. The clinical presentation corresponded to microcalcifications detected on mammography, which were histologically patent in the form of comedo type necrosis. The aforementioned apocrine differentiation was reassured using the aid of immunohistochemistry. The biopsy was an excisional biopsy, but due to positive quirurgical margins, the patient was later reintervened for total mastectomy.

Reconstrução de parede torácica com retalhos musculocutâneos e fasciocutâneos em pacientes com câncer de mama localmente avançado e metastático / Thoracic wall reconstruction using myocutaneous and fasciocutaneous flaps in patients with locally advanced and metastatic breast cancer

Introdução: Câncer de mama localmente avançado é caracterizado pelos estádios clínicos IIIb ou IV e representam de 20 a 25% de todos os casos. A reconstrução dos defeitos é feita com retalhos musculocutâneos e fasciocutâneos, sendo os mais utilizados o latíssimo do dorso e o reto abdominal. O objetivo é avaliar resultados das reconstruções de parede torácica em câncer de mama localmente avançados com retalhos musculocutâneos e fasciocutâneos. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo, observacional descritivo, em único centro. Variáveis estudadas: dimensões do defeito e do retalho, tipo de retalho utilizado para a reconstrução, metástases cutâneas e viscerais, evolução pós-operatória e complicações. Resultados: 11 pacientes, com média de idade de 49 anos, com o lado esquerdo mais acometido. O tipo tumoral mais encontrado foi o carcinoma ductal invasivo. Os retalhos realizados foram: 2 latíssimos do dorso com desenho VY (LDVY), 2 latíssimos do dorso associados a retalho toracoabdominal (LDVYTA), 4 verticais do músculo reto do abdome (VRAM) e 3 toracoabdominais (TA). A área média dos defeitos foi 421,72cm2 e a área média dos retalhos utilizados foi de 451cm2. A complicação mais frequente foi deiscência parcial da ferida operatória, presente em 7 pacientes. Da amostra, 6 pacientes atingiram êxito letal. VRAM foi o retalho que apresentou mais complicações. A sobrevida média para VRAM foi de 25,5 meses, para LDVY de 17 meses, TA de 17 meses e LDVYTA de 20,5 meses. Conclusão: Os retalhos musculocutâneos e fasciocutâneos são eficazes para a reconstrução da parede torácica após a ressecção de neoplasias mamárias localmente avançadas.

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women worldwide. Locally advanced breast cancer is characterized by clinical stage IIIb or IV and accounts for 20­25% of all cases. Defects are reconstructed using myocutaneous and fasciocutaneous flaps, primarily from the latissimus dorsi and rectus abdominis muscles. The objective is to evaluate the results of thoracic wall reconstructions in cases of locally advanced breast cancer using fasciocutaneous and myocutaneous flaps. Methods: This was a retrospective, observational, and descriptive single-center study. Variables studied included defect size and flap dimensions, myocutaneous flap type, presence of cutaneous and visceral metastasis, postoperative evolution, and complications. Results: We selected 11 patients with a mean age of 49 years; the left side was the most commonly affected. The most common tumor type was invasive ductal carcinoma. The flaps were made of latissimus dorsi VY (LDVY) in two patients, latissimus dorsi associated with thoracoabdominal flaps (LDVYTA) in two, vertical rectus abdominus myocutaneous flap (VRAM) in four, and thoracoabdominal flaps (TA) in three. The mean defect area was 421.72 cm2, while the mean flap area was 451 cm2. The most frequent complication was partial dehiscence (seven patients). Six patients achieved lethal exit. VRAM flaps presented more complications. The mean survival for VRAM was 25.5 months, LDVY was 17 months, TA was 17 months, LDVYTA was 20.5 months. Conclusion: Myocutaneous and fasciocutaneous flaps are effective for chest wall reconstruction after locally advanced breast cancer resection.

Identification of a subtype of poorly differentiated invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast based on vimentin and e-cadherin expression / Identificação de um subtipo pouco diferenciado de carcinoma ductal invasivo de mama, baseado na expressão da vimentina e E-caderina

Abstract Objective The use of molecular markers can identify a subgroup of tumors with distinct recurrence patterns. The present study aimed to characterize the immunohistochemical expression of vimentin (VIM), of E-cadherin (CDH1), and of cytokeratin 5 (CK5) in patients with invasive ductal carcinomas (IDCs). Methods We have constructed a tissuemicroarray (TMA) from87 patients with IDC of the breast. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed to study the expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors (ER and PgR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), VIM, CDH1, CK5, and Ki67. The tumors were classified as luminal A and B (n = 39), HER2 enriched (n = 25), and triple-negative (TNBC) (n = 23), based on the IHC expression. Results We have observed that luminal A and B tumors lack the VIM+/CDH1-/low phenotype. This phenotype was observed in 16.5% of the HER2+ tumors and in 60% of the TNBC tumors (p = 0.0001). Out of a total of 20 TNBC tumors, the CK5 (basal-like marker) was positive in 11 of them. The VIM+/CDH1-/low phenotype was observed in 5 CK5+ TNBC tumors (45%) and in 7 out of 9 CK5- TNBC tumors (78%) (p = 0.02). The median Ki67 index in the VIM+/CDH1-/low tumors was 13.6 (range: 17.8-45.4) compared with 9.8 (range: 4.1-38.1) in other tumors (p = 0.0007). The presence of lymph nodemetastasis was less frequent in patients with VIM+/CDH1-/low tumors (23% versus 61%; X2 test; p = 0.01). Conclusion Our findings suggest that the expression of VIM and CDH1 can identify a subset of IDCs of the breast with a mesenchymal phenotype associated with poor prognosis, high-grade lesion, and high mitotic index.

Resumo Objetivo O uso de marcadores moleculares pode identificar subtipos tumorais com diferentes taxas de recidiva. O objetivo do presente estudo é caracterizar a expressão imunohistoquímica da vimentina (VIM), da E-caderina (CDH1) e de CK5 em pacientes com carcinoma ductal invasivo (CDI) da mama. Métodos Utilizamos uma matriz de amostras teciduais (TMA, na sigla em inglês) de 87 pacientes com CDI da mama. Para avaliar a expressão dos receptores de estrogênio (RE) e receptores de progesterona (RP), HER2, VIM, CDH1, CK5 e Ki67, utilizamos imunohistoquímica. Os tumores foram classificados como luminal A e B (n = 39), HER2+ (n = 25) e triplo negativo (TNBC) (n = 23). Resultados Foi observado que tumores luminais A e B não expressaram o fenótipo VIM+/CDH1-/low. Este fenótipo foi observado em 16,5% dos tumores HER2+ e em 60% dos tumores TNBC (p = 0,0001). Dos 20 tumores TNBC, a CK5 (marcador de tumor basalóide) foi super expressa em 11 amostras. O fenótipo VIM+/CDH1-/low foi observado em 5 tumores CK5+ TNBC (45%) e em 7 dos 9 tumores CK5- TNBC (78%) (p = 0,02). A expressão média de Ki67 nos tumores VIM+/CDH1-/low foi 13.6 (amplitude de 17,8 a 45,4) comparado com 9,8 (amplitude de 4,1 a 38,1) nos outros tumores (p = 0,0007). A presença demetástase linfonodal foimenor em tumores com fenótipo VIM+/CDH1-/low (23% contra 61%; teste X2; p = 0,01). Conclusão Nossos achados sugerem que a expressão de VIM e CDH1 pode identificar um subtipo de CDI da mama com fenótipo mesenquimal associado a pior prognóstico, lesões de alto grau e alto índice mitótico.

Características del cáncer de mama masculino en una población uruguaya / Characteristics of male breast cancer in a Uruguayan population / Características do câncer de mama masculino em uma população uruguaia

El cáncer de mama (CM) en el hombre (CMM) es una entidad poco frecuente. Si bien tiene algunas semejanzas con el CM femenino, es una patología con un perfil propio. El objetivo del estudio consiste en conocer las características del CMM y su manejo en nuestro medio. Materiales y métodos: estudio retrospectivo que incluyó pacientes diagnosticados de CMM en tres centros del Uruguay en un período de 15 años. Resultados: se incluyeron 12 pacientes; la mediana de edad fue 68 años; un tercio de ellos tenían antecedentes familiares (AF). Características clínico patológicas: todos los tumores fueron carcinomas ductales con grado histológico (GH) 2-3, » se hallaban en estadio (E) I, la mitad (6) en EII, 6 tuvieron metástasis axilares, 2/3 fueron receptores de estrógeno (RE) / receptores de progesterona (RP) +. Se definieron 3 subtipos biológicos: I) HER2- RE/RP+: 2/3 de los pacientes; II) HER2+: 1/6; y III) triple negativo: 1/6. Todos los pacientes con enfermedad localizada fueron sometidos a mastectomía y la mayoría recibió tratamiento con quimioterapia (QT). La totalidad de quienes presentaron enfermedad localizada RE/RP+ recibieron hormonoterapia adyuvante con buena adherencia y tolerancia. Dos de los once pacientes tratados con criterio radical recayeron en la evolución; el resto permanece en controles o tratamiento sin evidencia de recaída. Conclusión: presentamos una serie de pacientes con CMM, con un perfil similar al reportado en la literatura. La edad de presentación fue superior a la del CM femenino, y la mayoría fueron RE/RP +, HER 2-; sin embargo, en esta serie los pacientes se presentaron en estadio localizado y con tumores de alto grado en una proporción mayor a lo descrito en la literatura.

Breast cancer (BC) in men (MBC) is an uncommon clinical entity. Even though it shares some similarities with female BC, it has a distinctive profile. The objective of this study was to identify the characteristics of MBC and learn how it is managed in our setting. Materials and methods: retrospective study including patients diagnosed with MBC in three centers in Uruguay for a period of 15 years. Results: 12 patients were enrolled; the median age was 68 years; a third of whom had a family history (FH). Clinical and pathological characteristics: all of the tumors were ductal carcinomas of histological grade (HG) 2-3, 1/4 were stage (S) I, half (6) were SII, 6 had axillary metastases, 2/3 were estrogen receptor (ER) / progesterone receptor (PR) +. Three biological subtypes were defined: I) HER2- ER/PR+: 2/3 of patients; II) HER2+: 1/6; and III) triple-negative: 1/6. All patients with localized cancer underwent a mastectomy and most were treated with chemotherapy (CHT). All of those who presented with localized, ER/PR+ cancer received adjuvant hormone therapy, with good adherence and tolerance. Two of the eleven patients treated with radical surgery recurred during evolution; the rest remain in follow-up or treatment without evidence of recurrence. Conclusion: we presented a series of patients with MBC, with a profile similar to the one reported in the literature. Age at presentation was higher than that of female BC, and most were ER/PR +, HER 2-. However, patients in this series presented with breast cancer in the localized stage and high-grade tumors in a higher proportion than is described in the literature.

O câncer de mama (CM) em homens (CMM) é uma entidade clínica incomum. Embora tenha algumas semelhanças com o CM feminino, é uma patologia com o seu próprio perfil. O objetivo deste estudo foi conhecer as características do CMM e seu manejo no nosso meio. Materiais e métodos: estudo retrospectivo com pacientes com diagnóstico de CMM em três centros do Uruguai em um período de 15 anos. Resultados: foram incluídos 12 pacientes; a mediana da idade foi 68 anos; um terço deles tinha antecedentes familiares (AF). Características clínico-patológicas: todos os tumores foram carcinomas ductais de grau histológico (GH) 2-3, 1/4 estavam no estágio (E) I, a metade (6) no EII, 6 apresentaram metástases axilares, 2/3 foram receptores de estrogênio (RE) / receptores de progesterona (RP) +. Foram definidos 3 subtipos biológicos: I) HER2- RE/RP+: 2/3 dos pacientes; II) HER2+: 1/6; e III) triplo-negativo: 1/6. Todos os pacientes com doença localizada foram submetidos a mastectomia e a maioria receberam tratamento com quimioterapia (QT). A totalidade dos que apresentaram doença localizada RE/RP+ recebeu hormonioterapia adjuvante com boa adesão e tolerância. Dois dos onze pacientes tratados com critério radical recaíram na evolução; o resto permanece sob monitoramento ou tratamento sem evidência de recaída. Conclusão: apresentamos uma série de pacientes com CMM, com um perfil semelhante ao descrito na literatura. A idade de apresentação foi maior do que para o CM feminino, e a maioria foram RE/RP +, HER 2-; entretanto, os pacientes desta série apresentaram-se com estágio localizado e tumores de alto grau em uma proporção maior do que a descrita na literatura.