Does evaluation of tumor volume or/both origination site better guide to optimal surgery for inverted papilloma? / A avaliação do volume do tumor e/ou dos seus locais de origem fornece a melhor orientação para a técnica cirúrgica ideal do papiloma invertido?

Abstract Introduction Sinonasal inverted papilloma is noted for its high rate of recurrence. Staging systems aid to reduce recurrence and avoid excessive surgeries by guiding the selection of the optimal surgical approach. Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of different endoscopic approaches in inverted papilloma by assessing tumor origin site and tumor volume. Methods Krouse classification system that is based on tumor volume was used for staging; furthermore, tumor origin sites were grouped as lateral nasal wall, medial wall and other walls of maxillary sinus. The main treatment method for all patients was endoscopic sinus surgery. Endoscopic extended middle meatal antrostomy, endoscopic Caldwell-Luc and endoscopic medial maxillectomy were the additional surgery types performed in different combinations. Results Fifty-five patients (42 male) with a mean 54.9 ± 14.4 years of age were included. 37 patients were diagnosed with advanced stage inverted papilloma (67.2 %). Recurrence was observed in 12 patients (21.8 %). In early stage lateral nasal wall origination, no recurrence was observed in the simple tumor resection group (0/10). In early stage medial wall origination, no recurrence was observed in the extended middle meatal antrostomy group (0/8). In advanced stage medial wall origination, the recurrence rates of extended middle meatal antrostomy, extended middle meatal antrostomy + endoscopic Caldwell- Luc and endoscopic medial maxillectomy were 100.0 %, 53.8 % and 13.6 %, respectively (p = 0.002). In advanced stage other walls of maxillary sinus origination, recurrence rates of extended middle meatal antrostomy + endoscopic Caldwell-Luc and endoscopic medial maxillectomy were 20 % and 16.6 %, respectively (p = 0.887). Conclusion Tumor origin site, tumor stage and surgery types show an impact on recurrence. Despite the fact that tumor origin site singly could lead to appropriate selection of the surgery type in most cases, tumor stage carries substantial importance in selection of surgery type for sinonasal-inverted papilloma. An operation plan regarding both tumor volume and tumor origin site may aid surgeons in selecting optimal endoscopic surgical method to avoid recurrence or excessive surgeries.

Resumo Introdução O papiloma invertido nasossinusal é conhecido por sua alta taxa de recorrência. Os sistemas de estadiamento ajudam a reduzir a recorrência e evitar cirurgias excessivas e orientam a seleção da abordagem cirúrgica ideal. Objetivo Avaliar a eficácia de diferentes abordagens endoscópicas no papiloma invertido, de acordo com o local de origem e o volume do tumor. Método Para o estadiamento, usou-se o sistema de classificação de Krouse, baseado no volume do tumor; além disso, os tumores foram agrupados de acordo com seus locais de origem: parede nasal lateral, parede medial e outras paredes do seio maxilar. O principal método de tratamento para todos os pacientes foi a cirurgia endoscópica nasossinusal. Foram feitos, em diferentes combinações, os seguintes tipos de cirurgia: antrostomia estendida do meato médio, Caldwell-Luc endoscópica e maxilectomia medial endoscópica. Resultados Foram incluídos 55 pacientes (42 homens) com média de 54,9 ± 14,4 anos. Trinta e sete pacientes foram diagnosticados com papiloma invertido avançado (67,2%). Foi observada recorrência em 12 pacientes (21,8%). No estágio inicial com origem na parede nasal lateral, não foi observada recorrência no grupo de ressecção simples de tumor (0/10). No estágio inicial com origem na parede medial, não foi observada recorrência no grupo de antrostomia estendida do meato médio (0/8). Com tumor em estágio avançado com origem na parede medial, as taxas de recorrência na antrostomia estendida do meato médio, antrostomia estendida do meato médio + Caldwell-Luc endoscópica e maxilectomia medial endoscópica foram de 100,0%, 53,8% e 13,6%, respectivamente (p = 0,002). No tumor em estágio avançado em outras paredes do seio maxilar, as taxas de recorrência na antrostomia estendida do meato médio + Caldwell-Luc endoscópica e maxilectomia medial endoscópica foram de 20% e 16,6%, respectivamente (p = 0,887). Conclusão O local de origem do tumor, o estágio do tumor e os tipos de cirurgia mostram impacto na recorrência. Apesar da consideração de que na maioria dos casos o local de origem do tumor pode, de forma isolada, orientar a seleção apropriada do tipo de cirurgia, o estágio do tumor tem importância substancial na seleção do tipo de cirurgia para papiloma invertido nasossinusal. Um planejamento cirúrgico considerando tanto o volume quanto o local de origem do tumor pode ajudar os cirurgiões a selecionar o tipo ideal de cirurgia endoscópica para evitar recorrências ou remoções excessivas.

Sinonasal inverted papilloma: rate of recurrence and malignant transformation in 44 operated patients / Papiloma invertido nasossinusal: taxa de recorrência e transformação maligna em 44 pacientes operados

Abstract Introduction: Although sinonasal inverted papillomas are benign lesions, they are locally aggressive and have a potential malignant transformation ranging from 5% to 15%, with a high recurrence rate. Objective: The aim of this article is to describe the rate of recurrence and malignant transformation in patients with a diagnosis of inverted papilloma who underwent surgery in a tertiary hospital in São Paulo. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of patients diagnosed with sinonasal papilloma who had undergone surgery in a tertiary hospital in São Paulo, between August 1998 and August 2017. A patient chart review was conducted to assess data of patients' demographics, tumors characteristics, follow-up appointments, recurrence and malignancy. Inverted papillomas were analyzed and classified under the Krouse staging system. Results: A total of 69 surgeries were performed in patients with diagnosis of sinonasal papilloma. Inverted papilloma was the most prevalent subtype (49 cases ‒ 80.33%), followed by exophytic papilloma (6 cases ‒ 9.84%) and by oncocytic papilloma (6 cases - 9.84%). The recurrence rate was 34.09% for inverted papilloma (15/44) and the mean time of recurrence was 24.6 months. Malignant transformation occurred in 6 patients (13.64%). Three of these patients presented carcinoma in the first surgery and three patients developed carcinoma during the follow-up. Conclusion: The high recurrence rate and malignancy potential allow us to consider inverted papillomas as aggressive tumors. In a tertiary hospital in São Paulo the recurrence rate the mean time to recurrence is 24.6 months. The recurrence after 10 years implies was 34.09% and the need for long-term follow up. It is possible that the high recurrence rate and the high malignant transformation rate we found are due to the large number of tumors discovered at an advanced stage (most of them staged T3 and T4), secondary to poor access to health system, in developing countries.

Resumo Introdução: Embora os papilomas invertidos nasossinusais sejam lesões benignas, eles são localmente agressivos e apresentam uma potencial transformação maligna que varia de 5% a 15%, com alta taxa de recorrência. Objetivo: Descrever a taxa de recorrência e transformação maligna em pacientes com diagnóstico de papiloma invertido submetidos à cirurgia em um hospital terciário em São Paulo. Método: Análise retrospectiva dos pacientes diagnosticados com papiloma nasossinusal submetidos a cirurgia em um hospital terciário em São Paulo, entre agosto de 1998 e agosto de 2017. Uma revisão de prontuários dos pacientes foi realizada para avaliar dados demográficos, características dos tumores, consultas de seguimento, recorrência e malignidade. Os papilomas invertidos foram analisados e classificados de acordo com o sistema de estadiamento de Krouse. Resultados: Foram realizadas 69 cirurgias em pacientes com diagnóstico de papiloma nasossinusal. O papiloma invertido foi o subtipo mais prevalente (49 casos - 80,33%), seguido pelo papiloma exofítico (6 casos - 9,84%) e pelo papiloma oncocítico (6 casos - 9,84%). A taxa de recidiva foi de 34,09% para o papiloma invertido (15/44) e o tempo médio de recorrência foi de 24,6 meses. Transformação maligna ocorreu em seis pacientes (13,64%); três desses pacientes apresentaram carcinoma na primeira cirurgia e três pacientes desenvolveram carcinoma durante o seguimento. Conclusão: A alta taxa de recorrência e o potencial de malignidade nos permitem considerar os papilomas invertidos como tumores agressivos. Em um hospital terciário de São Paulo, a taxa de recorrência foi de 34,09% e o tempo médio de recorrência de 24,6 meses. A recorrência após 10 anos implica na necessidade de acompanhamento a longo prazo. É possível que a alta taxa de recorrência e a alta taxa de transformação maligna que encontramos sejam devidas à grande extensão dos tumores (a maioria deles nos estágios T3 e T4), decorrente do acesso precário ao sistema de saúde nos países em desenvolvimento.

Surgical outcomes of sinonasal inverted papilloma: a 17 year review / Resultados cirúrgicos do papiloma invertido nasossinusal: uma revisão de 17 anos

Abstract Introduction: Inverted papillomas represent one of the most common benign neoplasic lesions located in the sinonasal tract. Owing to the local erosive behavior, tendency to recur and the potential for malignant transformation, surgical management of inverted papillomas is often challenging. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the surgical outcomes of patients with inverted papillomas, according to the Krouse staging and the different surgical approaches. Methods: Retrospective study of patients diagnosed with sinonasal inverted papillomas who underwent surgical treatment between 2000 and 2016 at a tertiary referral hospital. Cases with follow-up less than 12 months were excluded. The rate and the time of recurrence were the main outcomes. Values of p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: Thirty-six cases with mean age of 60 years, predominantly male (72%), were included. The follow-up period ranged from 1 to 16 years, with an average of 4.5 years. Krouse T1 Stage corresponded to 11.1%; T2 occurred in 50% of cases; while T3 and T4 Stages accounted for 30.6% and 8.3% of patients, respectively. Most cases were approached by an endoscopic technique alone (83.3%), with a recurrence rate of 13.3%. Patients treated via a combined or open approach revealed a recurrence of 16.7%. No differences in the recurrence rate were reported when comparing endoscopic surgery with the open or combined techniques. Krouse Stage T3 had a significant association with inverted papillomas recurrence (p = 0.023). All inverted papilloma relapses occurred up to 2 years post-operatively. One case of malignant transformation was recorded (2.7%). Conclusion: Endoscopic surgery did not increase the recurrence rates and can be a safe and efficient alternative to open or combined techniques. The recurrence of inverted papillomas seem to be related to the persistence of the disease and tend to occur early after primary surgery. Krouse T3 Stages may be associated with a higher recurrence of inverted papillomas.

Resumo Introdução: Os papilomas invertidos são uma das lesões neoplásicas benignas mais comuns no trato nasossinusal. Devido ao seu comportamento localmente agressivo, tendência para recidivar e potencial de malignização, o tratamento cirúrgico dos papilomas invertidos constitui frequentemente um desafio. Objetivo: Analisar os resultados cirúrgicos dos papilomas invertidos segundo o estadiamento de Krouse, bem como avaliar as diferentes abordagens cirúrgicas. Método: Estudo retrospectivo de pacientes com diagnóstico de papiloma invertido nasossinusal submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico entre 2000 e 2016 em hospital terciário. Casos com acompanhamento inferior a 12 meses foram excluídos. A taxa e o tempo de recidiva foram os principais resultados analisados desfechos avaliados. Valores p < 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. Resultados: Foram incluídos 36 casos, com média de idade de 60 anos, predominantemente do sexo masculino (72%). O período de acompanhamento variou de 1 a 16 anos, em uma média de 4,5 anos. Relativamente ao estadiamento, 11,1% dos pacientes foram classificados como estadio Krouse T1, 50% como T2, 30,6% como T3 e 8,3% como T4. A maioria dos casos foi tratada exclusivamente por cirurgia endoscópica (83,3%), com taxa de recidiva de 13,3%. Pacientes tratados com uma técnica combinada ou aberta apresentaram recidiva de 16,7%. Não foram observadas diferenças quanto à taxa de recidiva entre os casos abordados por via endoscópica e os casos tratados com técnica aberta ou combinada. Verificou-se uma associação significativa entre o estadio T3 de Krouse e recidiva de papilomas invertidos (p = 0,023). Todas as recidivas de papilomas invertidos foram observadas até dois anos após a cirurgia. Um caso de transformação maligna foi registrado (2,7%). Conclusão: A cirurgia endoscópica não aumentou as taxas de recidiva e pode ser uma alternativa segura e eficiente às técnicas abertas ou combinadas. Os casos de recidiva do papiloma invertido parecem estar relacionados com a persistência da doença e tendem a ocorrer precocemente após a cirurgia primária. Os estadios T3 de Krouse podem estar associados a uma maior recidiva.

Abordaje multidisciplinario del papiloma invertido nasal asociado con mucopiocele frontoetmoidal orbitario: técnica endoscópica y abierta por otorrinolaringología, neurocirugía y oftalmología / Multidisciplinary approach of nasal inverted papilloma associated with frontoethmoidal orbitary mucopiocele: endoscopic and open technique by otorhinolaryngology, neurosurgery and ophthalmology

Introducción: el papiloma invertido nasal es un tumor nasosinusal primario de comportamiento intermedio, con potencial de malignización y capacidad de recidiva en asociación con mucocele. El manejo quirúrgico de ambas patologías se ha descrito de manera independiente. Caso clínico: paciente con diagnóstico de papiloma invertido nasal Krause III y mucopiocele frontoetmoidal orbitario derecho con destrucción de techo de órbita y pared posterior del seno frontal en quien se realizó el manejo multidisciplinario mediante abordaje endoscópico y abierto sin recidiva luego de un año de seguimiento. Discusión: a la luz de la evidencia actual, el tratamiento del papiloma nasal invertido es quirúrgico recomendando abordajes endoscópicos en estadios I, II y III, y técnicas combinadas en estadio IV. En nuestro caso se realizó una resección endoscópica completa del tumor con frontoetmoidoesfenoidotomía + maxilectomía medial y fresado de inserciones óseas. Para el mucocele frontal, el abordaje debe permitir la remoción de la mucosa sinusal y la secuestrectomía ósea. Teniendo en cuenta la localización lateral y el compromiso osteolítico del techo de la órbita y la pared posterior del seno frontal, se optó por un abordaje abierto mediante un colgajo osteoplástico con cranealización de seno frontal. El manejo de las secuelas orbitarias consistió en la reconstrucción del techo de la órbita y dacriocistorrinostomía endoscópica.

Introduction: Nasal inverted papilloma is a primary nasosinusal tumor of intermediate behavior, with potential for malignancy and relapse capacity in association with mucocele. The surgical management of both pathologies has been described independently. Case report: Patient with a diagnosis of Krause III nasal inverted papilloma and right frontoethmoidal orbitary mucopiocele with destruction of the orbital roof and posterior wall of the frontal sinus is performed using a multidisciplinary approach with an endoscopic and open approach without relapse after one year of follow-up. Discussion: The treatment of inverted nasal papilloma is surgical recommending endoscopic approaches in stages I, II and III, and combined techniques in stage IV. In our case, a complete endoscopic resection of the tumor was performed with frontoethmoidosphenoidotomy + medial maxillectomy and milling of osseous insertions. For the frontal mucocele, the approach should allow the removal of the sinus mucous membrane and the bone sequestractomy. Considering the lateral location, the osteolytic involvement of the orbital roof and the posterior frontal sinus wall, we opted for an open approach using an osteoplastic flap with frontal sinus cranialisation. The management of the orbital sequelae consisted of reconstruction of the orbital roof and endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy.

The analysis of expression of p16 protein in group of 53 patients treated for sinonasal inverted papilloma / Análise da expressão da proteína p16 em um grupo de 53 pacientes tratados para papiloma invertido nasossinusal

Abstract Introduction: Sinonasal inverted papilloma constitute relevant therapeutic problem due to destructive character of growth, tendency to recur and the possibility of malignant transformation. Therefore, many attempts to identify risk factors for inverted papilloma occurrence have been undertaken, as well as research to find markers that would allow for the earlier detection of tumors and the application of adequate therapy. A widely known risk factor of inverted papilloma is HPV infection. One of the markers of HPV infection and the ongoing effect of this change (although arousing some controversy) is the expression of the p16 protein. Objective: The aim of the study was to analyze the correlation between the expression of p16 as a surrogate of HPV infection in analyzed histopathological material and epidemiological variables, recurrences or malignant transformation. Methods: The retrospective study includes a group of 53 patients (18 women and 35 men) undergoing treatment for sinonasal inverted papilloma in the period of 2002-2012. The intensity of the p16 protein in histopathological material was scored as: 0 - no expression, 1 - diffuse expression (borderline) and 2 - positive expression; or 0 - no expression/diffuse expression (borderline); 1 - positive expression. The Ethics Committee agreement was obtained (1089/12; 245/13). Results and conclusion: There was no statistically significant relationship between the expression of p16 and the age of patients, cigarette smoking, tumor location, tumor staging according to the Krouse and Cannady classification, the presence of dysplasia or the occurrence of relapse.

Resumo Introdução: Papiloma invertido nasossinusal constitui um problema terapêutico relevante devido ao caráter destrutivo do crescimento, a tendência à recorrência e a possibilidade de transformação maligna. Assim, muitas tentativas têm sido realizadas para identificar fatores de risco para ocorrência de papiloma invertido, bem como pesquisas para encontrar marcadores que permitam a detecção precoce de tumores e a utilização de terapia adequada. Um fator de risco amplamente conhecido de papiloma invertido é a infecção pelo HPV. Um dos marcadores da infecção por HPV e do efeito contínuo dessa alteração (embora suscite alguma controvérsia) é a expressão da proteína p16. Objetivo: Analisar a correlação entre a expressão de p16 como um substituto da infecção pelo HPV no material histopatológico analisado e as variáveis epidemiológicas, recorrências ou transformação maligna. Método: O estudo retrospectivo inclui um grupo de 53 pacientes (18 mulheres e 35 homens) submetidos a tratamento para papiloma invertido nasossinusal de 2002 a 2012. A intensidade da expressão da proteína p16 no material histopatológico foi pontuada como: 0 - sem expressão, 1 - expressão difusa (limite) e 2 - expressão positiva; ou 0 - sem expressão/expressão difusa (limite); 1 - expressão positiva. O Comitê de Ética aprovou o estudo (1.089/12; 245/13). Resultados e conclusão: Não houve relação estatisticamente significante entre a expressão de p16 e a idade dos pacientes, o tabagismo, a localização tumoral e o estadiamento tumoral de acordo com a classificação de Krouse e Cannady, presença de displasia ou ocorrência de recidiva.

Cirugía endoscópica nasal en el tratamiento de papiloma invertido: a propósito de 18 casos / Endoscopic sinus surgery in the management of inverted papilloma: an analysis of 18 cases

RESUMEN Introducción El papiloma invertido nasosinusal es un tumor benigno con tendencia a la recidiva, y con riesgo de malignización. El tratamiento habitual es la extirpación quirúrgica. Objetivo Describir y analizar las características clínicas, epidemiológicas, y resultados del tratamiento quirúrgico por vía endoscópica. Material y método Estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo, incluyendo pacientes con papiloma invertido nasosinusal sometidos a extirpación quirúrgica endoscópica entre los años 2012 y 2016. Se analizaron variables epidemiológicas, clínicas, complicaciones quirúrgicas, recurrencias y transformación maligna. El grado de extensión se evaluó con tomografia computarizada según la clasificación de Krouse. Resultados La serie está constituida por 18 pacientes, con una edad promedio de 57,4 años. La clínica se caracterizó por obstrucción nasal unilateral 72,2% (13/18 pacientes), rinorrea 33,3% (6/18 pacientes), hiposmia 27,8% (5/18 pacientes) y epistaxis 27,8% (5/18 pacientes). Según la clasificación de Krouse, las lesiones iniciales se describen como estadio T1 en 7/18, T2 en 5/18, T3 en 5/18 y T4 en 1/18 pacientes. En el período de seguimiento, se observa recurrencia en 4 pacientes en un período promedio de seguimiento de 5,6 meses, y un caso de transformación maligna. No hubo complicaciones quirúrgicas, excepto un caso de epífora por obstrucción de la vía nasolagrimal. Conclusiones El abordaje endoscópico fue efectivo para el tratamiento de papilomas invertidos nasosinusales.

ABSTRACT Introduction Sinonasal inverted papillomas are benign tumors with a tendency to recur and a potential for malignant transformation. Surgical resection is the treatment of choice. Aim To describe and analyze the clinical characteristics, epidemiology, and surgical results from an endoscopic endonasal approach. Material and method Retrospective and descriptive study of all patients who underwent endoscopic sinus surgery for the treatment of a sinonasal inverted papilloma between the years 2012 and 2016. Variables analyzed include demographics, signs and symptoms, surgical complications, recurrence rate and malignant transformation. Tumor extension was evaluated with the Krouse staging system on computed tomography imaging. Results This series includes 18 patients, with a mean age of 57.4 years. Clinically, patients presented with unilateral nasal obstruction 72.2% (13/18 patients), followed by rhinorrhea 33.3% (6/18 patients), hyposmia 27.8% (5/18 patients) and epistaxis 27.8% (5/18 patients). Based on the Krouse staging system, 7/18 were T1, 5/18 were T2, 5/18 were T3 and 1/18 was T4 on initial evaluation. On follow-up, 4 patients presented with a recurrence at a mean period of 5.6 months, and one patient exhibited malignant transformation. No surgical complications were observed except for one case of epyphora as a consequence of nasolacrimal obstruction. Conclusions The endoscopic approach was effective for the treatment of sinonasal inverted papillomas.

Abordaje endoscópico transeptal de tumores benignos de cavidades paranasales / Transseptal endoscopic approach of benign tumors of paranasal sinuses

RESUMEN La cirugía endoscópica nasosinusal es un procedimiento frecuente en la práctica otorrinolaringológica, y en la última década se han introducido nuevas técnicas para ayudar a la resección de tumores en regiones tradicionalmente consideradas de difícil acceso. Una de estas técnicas es el abordaje transeptal, que permite el abordaje de la pared anterior y lateral del seno maxilar, así como el trabajo a cuatro manos para el abordaje de estos tumores. El objetivo de esta revisión es describir el abordaje endoscópico transeptal, como técnica complementaria en la cirugía endoscópica de tumores nasales benignos, específicamente de papiloma invertido y angiofibroma nasofaríngeo juvenil.

ABSTRACT Endoscopic sinus surgery is a frequent procedure in Otorhinolaryngology practice, in the last decade new techniques have been introduced to help the resection of tumors in regions traditionally considered of difficult access. One of these techniques is the trans-septal approach, which allows the approach of the anterior and lateral wall of the maxillary sinus, as well as four-handed work for approach of these tumors. The aim of this review is to describe the transeptal endoscopic approach as a complementary technique in the endoscopic surgery of benign nasal tumors, specifically inverted papilloma and juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma.

Manejo endoscópico de papiloma invertido nasosinusal: experiencia de 15 años en Hospital Clínico Regional de Concepción / Endoscopic management of sinonasal inverted papilloma: 15 years experience in Concepción Clinical Hospital

Introducción: El papiloma invertido es uno de los tumores benignos más frecuentes de la región nasosinusal. Los principales problemas en su manejo son la recurrencia y transformación maligna. Su tratamiento es la extirpación quirúrgica. Objetivos: Describir y analizar las caracterfsticas cínicas y epidemiológicas, así como el resultado del tratamiento endoscópico practicado en el Hospital Clínico Regional de Concepción. Material y método: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo, de todos los pacientes con diagnóstico de papiloma invertido nasosinusal operados vfa abordaje endoscópico entre los años 1997 y 2012. Se analizaron variables epidemiológicas y clínicas, incluyendo análisis de las recurrencias y transformación/asociación a cáncer. Resultados: Se encontraron 57 casos de papiloma invertido nasosinusal, 55 de los cuales se abordaron endoscópicamente, 65,5% hombres, 54,7 años en promedio de edad. La obstrucción nasal fue el principal síntoma. La mayor cantidad se concentró en estadio 2 (47,3%) y 3 (32,7%) de Krouse. Complicaciones relevantes 7,8%, las cuales fueron resueltas sin secuelas. Seguimiento promedio de 4,1 años, con una recurrencia de 5 (9,1%) casos, una persistencia (1,8%). Asociación con carcinoma escamoso en el 5,5% de los casos. Conclusión: La experiencia con la resección endoscópica en el papiloma invertido nasosinusal ha demostrado ser efectiva en nuestro medio, con baja tasa de complicaciones y recurrencias.

Introduction: The inverted papilloma is one of the most common benign tumors of the sinonasal region. The main problems in their management are the recurrence and malignant transformation. Their treatment is surgical removal. Aim: To describe and analyze the clinical and epidemiological characteristics, as well as the results of endoscopic treatment in a tertiary hospital. Materials and methods: A retrospective, descriptive study of all patients with diagnosis ofsinonasal inverted papilloma operated by endoscopic approach between 1997 and 2012 was carried out. Epidemiological and clinical variables were analyzed, including analysis of recurrences and transformation to / association with cancer. Results: 57 cases of sinonasal inverted papilloma were found, 55 of which were endoscopically resected, 65.5% male, 54.7 years old on average. Nasal obstruction was the main symptom. Most of them were in Krouse stage 2 (47.3%) and 3 (32.7%); 7.8% of major complications, which were resolved without sequels. The follow up average was 4.11 years, with a recurrence of 5 (9.1%) cases, and (1.8%) persistence. Association with squamous-cell carcinoma was found in 5.5% of cases. Conclusion: The clinical and epidemiological characteristics do not differ greatly from those reported in the literature. Experience with endoscopic resection in sinonasal inverted papilloma has proven effective in our clinical practice, with a low rate of complications and recurrences, this approach currently being the first choice in most cases.

Papiloma invertido rinosinusal recurrente bilateral, con extensión intracraneal e intraorbitaria. Reporte de un caso / Recurrent and bilateral inverted sinonasal papilloma with intraorbital and intracranial extension. A case report / Papiloma invertido rinossinusal recorrente bilate-ral, com extensão intracraniana e intraorbitária. Reporte de um caso

El papiloma invertido (PI) es una neoplasia relativamente rara de la cavidad nasal y los senos paranasales. Se la considera un tumor benigno, pero su comportamiento biológico no es tan benigno por su crecimiento local agresivo, tasa alta de recurrencia, y riesgo de transformación maligna con asociación a carcinoma. Por tanto, requiere una extirpación quirúrgica completa y seguimiento postoperatorio a largo plazo. El PI bilateral es infrecuente y lo es aún más cuando se asocia con extensión intraorbitaria e intracraneal simultáneas. Estos comportamientos extremadamente agresivos han sido reportados por separado, especialmente en casos recurrentes. Ha sido excepcional el informe de casos con enfermedad bilateral y compromiso multifocal, sin malignización asociada. En estos casos el tratamiento quirúrgico recomendado es el abordaje endoscópico endonasal combinado con abordajes externos (convencional o minitrepanación endoscópica). La radioterapia de intensidad modulada puede ser de gran utilidad en pacientes con enfermedad resecada de manera incompleta. Se presenta un caso de esta rara enfermedad.

Inverted papilloma (IP) is a relatively rare neoplasm of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Although it is considered a benign tumor, its biological behavior is not so benign because of local aggressive growth, high recurrence rate, and risk of malignant transformation with associated carcinoma. Therefore, it requires complete surgical removal and long term postoperative follow-up. Bilateral IP is unusual and even more so when associated with simultaneous intra-orbital and intra-cranial extensions. These extremely aggressive behaviors have been separately reported in the literature, especially in recurrent cases. Report of cases with bilateral and multifocal involvement without malignancy has been exceptional. Surgical management in these cases includes an endonasal endoscopic approach combined with external approaches, either conventional or endoscopic minitrepanation. Intensity modulated radiation therapy can be useful in patients with incompletely resected disease. A case of this rare disease is reported.

O papiloma invertido (PI) é uma neoplasia relativamente rara da cavidade nasal e os senos paranasais. Se a considera um tumor benigno, mas seu comportamento biológico não é tão benigno pelo seu crescimento local agressivo, taxa alta de recorrência, associação com carcinoma e risco de transformação maligna. Por tanto, requere uma extirpação cirúrgica completa e seguimento pós-operatório a longo prazo. O PI bilateral é infrequente e é ainda mais quando se associa com extensão intraorbitária e intracraniana simultâneas. Estes comportamentos extremadamente agressivos tem sido reportados por separado, especialmente no caso o informe de casos com doenças bilateral e compromisso multifocal, sem malignização associada. Nestes casos o tratamento cirúrgico recomendado é a abordagem endoscópico endonasal combinado com abordagens externos (convencional ou mini-trepanação endoscópica). A radioterapia de intensidade modulada pode ser de grande utilidade nos pacientes com doença ressecada de maneira incompleta. Se apresenta um caso desta rara doença.

Sphenoid Sinus Inverted Papilloma: A Case Report and Literature Review

Introduction: Inverted papilloma is a rare benign tumor of the nasal fossa, which usually originates from its lateral wall. Only 5% of cases demonstrate exclusive sinus involvement. Primary sphenoid sinus involvement is even rarer. Although considered a benign lesion, the tumor has a potentially invasive nature and has also been found to have an associated malignancy rate of 7 to 15%. Objectives: To report a case of inverted nasal papilloma originating in a rare location: the sphenoid sinus. Resumed: Report a 56-year-old woman, presented to our outpatient clinic complaining of frontal headache, occasional otalgia and recent forgetfulness. She was initially evaluated by a neurologist and then submitted to a head magnetic resonance imaging. A lesion was found to be filling both sphenoid sinuses. Sinus computed tomography showed an opacified sphenoid sinus with apparent bony integrity. The patient underwent sphenoidotomy through a transnasal endoscopic approach. A bleeding papillomatous lesion was identified. A biopsy was performed and histopathologic study suggested inverted papilloma. The lesion was then completely resected. The patient has been followed for 60 days after surgery; no signs of recurrence were found upon flexible nasofibroscope examination. Conclusion: Inverted Papilloma exclusively involving the sphenoid sinus is a rare entity. Non specific symptomatology and Clinical presentation make this kind of tumor a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. The Endoscopic Sphenoidotomy has been the treatment of choice. Close follow-up is required in order to detect possible recurrences and malignant transformation...

Angioleiomyoma of the Nasal Cavity

Introduction Vascular leiomyoma of the nasal cavity is an extremely rare tumor that represents less than 1% of all vascular leiomyomas. It is more prevalent in women between the fourth and sixth decades, reaching primarily the inferior nasal turbinates. Objectives Reporting and assisting the systematization of more accurate diagnostic methods in clinical and complementary investigation of vascular leiomyoma in the nasal cavity. Resumed Report We present the case of a 49-year-old woman diagnosed with vascular leiomyoma in the nasal cavity, which manifested mainly with nasal obstruction. During investigation, computer tomography was not diagnostic, the cytologic study was not conclusive, and according to the biopsy, it was a squamous papilloma. Conclusion We suggest that the technical difficulty in obtaining an adequate amount of material for preoperative biopsy, associated with the topography of the lesion in the vestibular nasal region, may have contributed to changing the postoperative diagnosis. Thus, pathologic study of the surgical fragment is the more accurate method for diagnosis...

Pseudo-tumor pituitario e hipopituitarismo secundario a un papiloma invertido del seno esfenoidal / Pseudo-pituitary tumor and hypopituitarism secondary to a sphenoid sinus inverted papilloma

El papiloma invertido (PI) es un tumor epitelial benigno, poco frecuente, que se origina mayormente de la pared nasal lateral. A pesar de ser benigno, constituye una lesión altamente invasiva de tejidos vecinos y puede sufrir una transformación maligna. El PI primario del seno esfenoidal con extensión intracraneana e invasión dural, aun sin evidencia histológica de malignidad, ha sido excepcionalmente descrito. Describimos el caso de una mujer de 59 años de edad que fue evaluada por cefaleas intensas de 5 años de evolución y anormalidades del campo visual. Una resonancia magnética nuclear (RMN) mostró una masa selar heterogénea de 1.4 por 2 cm con extensión supraselar y al seno esfenoidal, con erosión del piso selar y compresión del quiasma óptico. Recibió 16 mg/día de prednisona durante aproximadamente 3 meses con una regresión casi total de la masa en la RMN. En la evaluación hormonal se halló insuficiencia gonadal, tiroidea y adrenal central. En una nueva RMN se observó crecimiento del tumor con compromiso total del seno esfenoidal. Una biopsia endoscópica confirmó el diagnóstico de PI. Se realizó una cirugía sinusal transnasal endoscópica con una resección completa evidenciada en una RMN un año más tarde.

nverted papilloma (IP) is a benign uncommon epithelial tumor, arising mostly from the lateral nasal wall. Though benign, this lesion is highly invasive into surrounding tissues and malignant transformation may occur. Primary IP of the sphenoid sinus and intracranial extension with dural invasion, even without histological evidence of malignancy, has only rarely been described. Hypopituitarism as a complication of this lesion has never been reported. We describe the case of a 59-year-old woman who was evaluated because of a 5-year-history of severe headaches and abnormalities in the visual field. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a 1.4 per 2.0 cm heterogeneous sellar lesion with suprasellar and sphenoid sinus extension, eroding the sellar floor with optic chiasm compression. Otolaryngologists gave her 16 mg/day of prednisone during approximately 3 months with a near total regression of the mass on MRI. The endocrine biochemical evaluation showed pituitary gonadal, thyroid and adrenal insufficiency. A new MRI showed growth of the tumor with obliteration of the sphenoid sinus. An endoscopic sinus biopsy revealed an IP, so a transnasal endoscopic sinus surgery was performed with complete resection evidenced by MRI a year later.

Revisión de 25 casos de papiloma invertido en 8 años / Review of 25 cases of inverted papilloma in 8 years

Introducción: El papiloma invertido es un tumor benigno inusual del tracto nasosinusal, caracterizado por el riesgo de recurrencia y transformación maligna. Objetivo: Nuestro objetivo es describir la serie de casos diagnosticados con papiloma invertido del tracto nasosinusal entre 2002 y 2010. Material y método: Se trata de un análisis retrospectivo de los casos nuevos de papiloma invertido del tracto nasosinusal atendidos en nuestro Hospital entre los años 2002 y 2010. Resultados: Se presentaron 25 casos nuevos de papiloma invertido. Los síntomas tenían en promedio 2 años de evolución, siendo la obstrucción nasal y rinorrea los más frecuentes. La etapificación preoperatoria fue realizada mediante tomografía computarizada en 15 pacientes. El abordaje endoscópico fue el preferido. Cincuenta y seis por ciento de los pacientes correspondía a la etapa 2 de la clasificación de Krause. El promedio de seguimiento fue 29 meses. Durante ese periodo, 4 casos presentaron recurrencia, correspondiendo al 16% de nuestra serie. La mitad de ellos presentó displasia o atipia al momento de la recurrencia. Ocurrió 1 caso de transformación maligna, el cual se presentó como un carcinoma indiferenciado. Conclusión: Las características generales son similares a los reportes internacionales. En nuestro medio los pacientes son diagnosticados en etapas avanzadas de la enfermedad, no obstante, el abordaje endoscópico es el método quirúrgico preferido.

Introduction: Inverted papilloma is an unusual benign tumor of the sinonasal tract, characterized by an important risk of recurrence and malignant transformation. Aim: Our objective is to describe the case series diagnosed with inverted papilloma of the sinonasal tract between the years 2002 and 2010. Material and method: A retrospective analysis of new cases of inverted papilloma of the sinonasal tract treated at our Hospital between the years 2002 and 2010. Results: 25 cases of newly diagnosed inverted papilloma presented in our institution. The symptoms had on average 2 years of evolution, being nasal obstruction and rhinorrhea the most frequent. Preoperative staging by computed tomography (CT) was performed in 15 patients. The endoscopic aproach was preferred as surgical approach. 56% of the patients corresponded to stage 2 of Krause classification. Median folow up was 29 months. During that period, 4 patients had recurrence, corresponding to 16% in our series. Half of these patients had dysplasia or atypia at the time of recurrence. 1 case of malignant transformation ocurred, which presented as an undifferentiated carcinoma. Conclusions: General characteristics were similar to those reported in international reports. In our setting, patients are diagnosed in advanced stages of disease, nevertheless, endoscopic approach is the preferred surgery method.

A evolução da cirurgia endoscópica no tratamento do papiloma invertido / Evolution of endoscopic surgery in the treatment of inverted papilloma

O papiloma invertido (PI) apresenta diversos tipos de tratamento cirúrgico. A abordagem endoscópica exclusiva tem se mostrado na última década como boa opção em relação à abordagem externa. OBJETIVO: Descrever a amostra dos pacientes com diagnóstico de papiloma invertido, mostrar a experiência do serviço no manejo do tumor e comparar os dados com os da literatura. Forma do Estudo: Estudo de coorte histórica com corte transversal. MÉTODO: Estudo retrospectivo dos prontuários de 17 pacientes operados em um serviço de Rinologia entre 2005 e 2011. Foram avaliados perfil epidemiológico, estadiamento de Krouse, via de acesso cirúrgico, malignização e recorrência pós-operatória e a correlação entre recidivas e estadiamento pré-operatório, via de acesso cirúrgico e malignização. RESULTADOS: Cinco (29,41%) dos pacientes foram classificados como estádio T2 de Krouse, nove (52,94%) como T3 e três (17,65%) como T4. Três (17,65%) pacientes apresentaram malignização e quatro (23,5%) recidiva. Onze pacientes (64,70%) foram submetidos à via endoscópica exclusiva, três (17,6%)à via combinada e três (17,6%) à via aberta. CONCLUSÃO: O acesso endoscópico exclusivo atualmente é um método não só eficaz como também seguro para o tratamento dos estádios mais avançados do PI.

Inverted papilloma (IP) has several treatment avenues. The endoscopic approach in the last decade has proven to be a good option over the traditional approach. OBJECTIVE: Describe the epidemiological profile of patients with inverted Papilloma, describe our experience on managing this tumor and compare our data with the literature. Study Design: Cross-sectional, historical cohort. METHOD: Retrospective study of medical records of 17 patients treated for histopathologicallyconfirmed inverted papilloma between 2005 and 2011. We assessed patients age, gender, tumor side, symptoms, diagnosis, comorbidities and habits, Krouse staging, surgical approach, intraoperative and postoperative, and malignant postoperative recurrence and also the correlation between recurrence with preoperative staging, the surgical approach used, and the presence of malignancy. RESULTS: Five (29.41%) patients were classified as Krouse stage T2, 9 (52.94%) as T3 and 3 (17.65%) as T4. Three (17.65%) patients had malignancy and the recurrence rate was 23.5% (4 pacients). Eleven patients (64.70%) underwent endoscopic approach, 3 (17.6%) the combined aprroach (endoscopic assisted) and 3 (17.6%) external approach. CONCLUSION: The endoscopic approach is currently becoming a method not only effective but also safe for the treatment of more advanced stages of IP.

Análise retrospectiva de 26 casos de papiloma invertido nasal / Retrospective analysis of 26 cases of inverted nasal papillomas

Papiloma invertido (PI) corresponde a 0,5 por cento-4 por cento dos tumores nasais benignos. A importância está na agressividade local, taxa de recorrência elevada e possibilidade de transformação maligna. O tratamento é controverso, encontrando melhor suporte na cirurgia endoscópica. OBJETIVO: Descrever aspectos clínico-epidemiológicos e tratamento dos casos de PI de um hospital terciário. CASUÍSTICA E MÉTODO: Estudo retrospectivo, realizado por revisão de prontuários de 26 pacientes com diagnóstico de PI nasal, avaliando localização tumoral, estadiamento clínico, tempo de seguimento, recidiva tumoral, malignidade, tipo de cirurgia realizada e complicações pós-operatórias. RESULTADO: Na casuística, havia 13 homens e 13 mulheres, com idade média de 57,8 anos. O tempo médio de seguimento foi de 29,4 meses, com 7,6 por cento de taxa de recidiva. Houve predomínio de tumores T3 e T4 e 3,8 por cento de taxa de malignidade. Todos foram submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico, predominando a cirurgia endoscópica endonasal. CONCLUSÃO: O PI é um tumor nasal originado principalmente na parede lateral nasal, mas também acomete seios paranasais. Avanços na cirurgia endoscópica vêm ganhando destaque pela menor invasividade e taxas de sucesso semelhantes às técnicas tradicionais externas, permitindo a exérese completa do tumor e proporcionando menor taxa de recidiva e tratamento completo no caso de malignidade.

Inverted papilloma (IP) comprises 0.5-4 percent of benign nasal tumors. The importance is shown by local aggressiveness, a high recurrence rate and the possibility of malignant transformation. The treatment is controversial, but endoscopic approaches tends to be the choice today. AIM: To describe clinical, epidemiological and treatment of IP cases in a tertiary hospital. METHODS: Retrospective study consisting of chart reviews of 26 patients diagnosed with IP; evaluation of tumor location, clinical staging, follow up, tumor recurrence, malignancy, type of surgery and postoperative complications. RESULTS: There were 13 men and 13 women, the mean age was 57.8 years. The mean follow up time was 29.4 months; the recurrence rate was 7.6 percent. There was a preponderance of T3 and T4 tumors and a 3.8 percent malignancy rate. All patients underwent surgical treatment, mostly endonasal endoscopic surgery. CONCLUSION: IP is an uncommon nasal tumor that originates mainly in the lateral nasal wall, but it also affects the paranasal sinuses. Advances in endoscopic surgery are gaining room due to lower invasiveness and success rates similar to traditional external techniques for completely resecting the tumor. There is a lower recurrence rate, and endoscopy a definitive treatment for malignancy cases in this study.

Papiloma invertido (Papiloma Schneideriano) com envolvimento da cavidade oral: relato de caso incomum / Inverted papilloma (Schneiderian papilloma) with involvement of the oral cavity: report of an unusual case

O papiloma invertido schneideriano é uma neoplasia de origem no epitélio de revestimento que surge da mucosa respiratória revestindo a cavidade nasal e os seios paranasais. Frequentemente, surge como uma lesão unilateral no septo nasal e estende-se secundariamente para o nariz e os seios paranasais. Este trabalho relata um caso incomum desta patologia, com o envolvimento da cavidade oral em um homem branco, de 61 anos de idade, cuja avaliação clínica revelou uma massa vegetante no rebordo alveolar direito da maxila, com duração de aproximadamente 4 meses. Após avaliação radiográfica, constatouse o envolvimento do seio maxilar. A análise microscópica, hibridização in situ e análise imunoistoquímica da peça cirúrgica levaram a um diagnóstico de displasia moderada em PIS associado à infecção por HPV.

Inverted Schneiderian papilloma (ISP) is a neoplasm of epithelial lining origin which arises in the respiratory mucosa that lines the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. The inverted Schneiderian papilloma frequently appears as a unilateral lesion in the nasal septum and extends secondarily to the nasal and paranasal sinuses. This paper reports an unusual case of this pathology with involvement of the oral cavity in a 61-year-old white man. Clinical evaluation revealed a vegetating mass in the alveolar ridge of the right maxilla that had been present for approximately 4 months. After radiographic evaluation, involvement of the maxillary sinus was detected. Microscopic evaluation, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical analysis of the specimen led to a diagnosis of ISP moderate dysplasia associated with HPV infection.