The effects of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) application on optic nerve sheath diameter in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a randomized trial

Abstract Background: Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) can overcome respiratory changes that occur during pneumoperitoneum application in laparoscopic procedures, but it can also increase intracranial pressure. We investigated PEEP vs. no PEEP application on ultrasound measurement of optic nerve sheath diameter (indirect measure of increased intracranial pressure) in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Methods: Eighty ASA I-II patients aged between 18 and 60 years scheduled for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy were included. The study was registered in the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials (ACTRN12618000771257). Patients were randomly divided into either Group C (control, PEEP not applied), or Group P (PEEP applied at 10 cmH20). Optic nerve sheath diameter, hemodynamic, and respiratory parameters were recorded at six different time points. Ocular ultrasonography was used to measure optic nerve sheath diameter. Results: Peak pressure (PPeak) values were significantly higher in Group P after application of PEEP (p = 0.012). Mean respiratory rate was higher in Group C at all time points after application of pneumoperitoneum (p < 0.05). The mean values of optic nerve sheath diameters measured at all time points were similar between the groups (p > 0.05). The pulmonary dynamic compliance value was significantly higher in group P as long as PEEP was applied (p = 0.001). Conclusions: During laparoscopic cholecystectomy, application of 10 cmH2O PEEP did not induce a significant change in optic nerve sheath diameter (indirect indicator of intracranial pressure) compared to no PEEP application. It would appear that PEEP can be used safely to correct

Neumoperitoneo secundario a neumatosis intestinal masiva: un reporte de caso / Pneumoperitoneum secondary to massive intestinal pneumatosis: a case report

Introducción. La neumatosis intestinal se define como la presencia de quistes aéreos en la pared del tracto digestivo, a nivel submucoso o subseroso, que comprometen principalmente el intestino delgado. Las manifestaciones clínicas son inespecíficas y los hallazgos imagenológicos son fundamentales en el enfoque diagnóstico. El manejo puede ser médico o quirúrgico, dependiendo del compromiso intestinal y las complicaciones asociadas. Caso clínico. Hombre de 78 años, que ingresó por cuadro de dolor abdominal crónico, con hallazgos imagenológicos de neumoperitoneo. Al ser llevado a intervención quirúrgica se encontró neumatosis intestinal masiva del íleon, requiriendo resección intestinal. Resultado. El paciente presentó una evolución postoperatoria satisfactoria y fue dado de alta, sin complicaciones. Conclusión. La neumatosis intestinal es una enfermedad poco frecuente, que se presenta principalmente en hombres. La sospecha diagnóstica se confirma con imágenes tomográficas. Los pacientes candidatos para el manejo médico deben presentar causas con curso benigno, sin compromiso hemodinámico ni complicaciones. El manejo quirúrgico se reserva para pacientes con abdomen agudo o signos de sepsis.

Introduction. Intestinal pneumatosis is defined as the presence of air cysts in the wall of the digestive tract at the submucosal or subserosal level, mainly compromising the small intestine. The clinical manifestations of the disease are nonspecific, and the imaging findings are essential in the diagnostic approach. Management can be conservative and/or surgical depending on the intestinal compromise and associated complications. Clinical case. The following is the case of a 78-year-old man, who was admitted due to chronic abdominal pain with imaging findings of pneumoperitoneum. Patient underwent surgery and a massive ileum pneumatosis was found, requiring intestinal resection. Results. The patient ́s postoperative course was uneventful, and he was discharged without further complications. Conclusions. Intestinal pneumatosis is an uncommon disease, which mostly affect men population. Clinical suspicion of this condition should be confirmed with abdominal tomography. Candidates for medical management are those with benign course pathologies without hemodynamic compromise and/or complications. Surgical management should be reserved for patients with acute abdomen or sepsis.

Cambios en el índice de stress y presión inspiratoria pico posterior a neumoperitoneo en colecistectomía laparoscópica / Changes in Stress Index and Peak Inspiratory Pressure after Pneumoperitoneum in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

Introducción: es bien sabido que el neumoperitoneo en cirugía laparoscópica afecta tanto al sistema cardiovascular como al sistema respiratorio, pero no se entiende por completo el grado en el que debemos modificar los parámetros ventilatorios para mini-mizar las complicaciones debido a la insuflación del neumoperitoneo. Estos cambios in-cluyen disminución de la distensibilidad y mayores presiones inspiratorias pico.

Abstract Background: it is well known that pneumoperitoneum in laparoscopic surgery affects both cardiovascular and respiratory system, but it is not fully understood yet the degree in which we have to make changes in the ventilatory settings to minimize the complica-tions due to insufflation of peritoneum, changes including impaired compliance and hig-her peak inspiratory.

Effect of intraoperative alveolar recruitment maneuver on intraoperative oxygenation and postoperative pulmonary function tests in patients undergoing robotic-assisted hysterectomy: a single-blind randomized study

Abstract Background Robotic-Assisted Hysterectomies (RAH) require Trendelenburg positioning and pneumoperitoneum, which further accentuate alteration in respiratory mechanics induced by general anesthesia. The role of Recruitment Maneuver (RM) as a lung-protective strategy during intraoperative surgical settings has not been much studied. We planned this study to evaluate the effect of RM on perioperative oxygenation and postoperative spirometry using PaO2/FiO2 and FEV1/FVC, respectively in patients undergoing RAH. Methods Sixty-six ASA I‒II female patients scheduled for elective RAH were randomized into group R (recruitment maneuver, n = 33) or group C (control, n = 33). Portable spirometry was done one day before surgery. Patients were induced with general anesthesia, and mechanical ventilation started with volume control mode, with Tidal Volume (TV) of 6-8 mL.kg−1, Respiratory Rate (RR) of 12 min, inspiratory-expiratory ratio (I: E ratio) of 1:2, FiO2 of 0.4, and Positive End-Expiratory Pressure (PEEP) of 5 cmH2O. Patients in group R received recruitment maneuvers of 30 cmH2O every 30 minutes following tracheal intubation. The primary objectives were comparison of oxygenation and ventilation between two groups intraoperatively and portable spirometry postoperatively. Postoperative pulmonary complications, like desaturation, pulmonary edema, pneumonia, were monitored. Results Patients who received RM had significantly higher PaO2 (mmHg) (203.2+-24.3 vs. 167.8+-27.3, p < 0.001) at T2 (30 min after the pneumoperitoneum). However, there was no significant difference in portable spirometry between the groups in the postoperative period (FVC, 1.40 ± 0.5 L vs. 1.32 ± 0.46 L, p= 0.55). Conclusion This study concluded that intraoperative recruitment did not prevent deterioration of postoperative spirometry values; however, it led to improved oxygenation intraoperatively.

Signo de Chilaiditi, diagnóstico tomográfico / Chilaiditi Sign, Tomographic Diagnosis / Sinal de Chilaiditi, diagnóstico tomográfico

Figura 1. Tomografía Computarizada de tórax (corte coronal). Se observan ambos campos pulmonares y las cavidades cardiacas. La flecha roja señala el área hipodensa ovalada correspondiente al aire dentro de un asa de colon interpuesta entre el hemidiafragma derecho (línea hiperdensa arriba) y el borde superior del hígado (abajo), causando una depresión del borde superior del hígado. Fuente: tomada de la historia clínica, previa autorización del paciente.

Figure 1. Chest Computed Tomography Scan (coronal plane) Both lung fields and cardiac chambers are observed. The red arrow indicates the oval hypodense area corresponding to the air inside the loop of colon interposed between the right hemidiaphragm (hyperdense line up) and superior border of the liver (down), causing a depression of the superior border of the liver. Source: taken with authorization from the patient's medical record.

Figura 1. Tomografia Computadorizada de tórax (corte coronal). Observam-se ambos os campos pulmonares e as cavidades cardíacas. A seta vermelha aponta para a área hipodensa oval correspondente ao ar dentro de uma alça do cólon interposta entre o hemidiafragma direito (linha hiperdensa acima) e a borda superior do fígado (abaixo), causando uma depressão da borda superior do fígado. Fonte: obtida com permissão do histórico clínico do paciente.

Management of pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis with pneumoperitoneum: 5-years systematic review

Introduction: Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis (PCI) is a rare condition characterized by gas-filled cysts in the intestinal wall. Although rare, it may also involve other regions, such as the mesentery. PCI is classified as primary or secondary and is associated with multiple predisposing factors. It may be associated with either a benign condition or a potentially fatal condition, such as mesenteric ischemia. The objective of this study was to review the medical literature on the rare benign presentations of PCI, excluding cases associated with intestinal ischemia.Methods: We conducted a systematic literature review according to the PRISMA statement. We searched PubMed and LILACS databases for articles published between January 2015 and December 2020 using the following Medical Subject Headings: "pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis" and "pneumoperitoneum," "pneumatosis intestinalis," and "pneumoperitoneum" or "mesenteric pneumatosis."Results: We included 51 articles comprising 58 patients with PCI and pneumoperitoneum. Most patients were men, and mean patient age was 64.9 years. We identified an idiopathic etiology in 29.31% of cases, and the most common predisposing factor was immune dysfunction (29.31%). A total of 24.13% of patients were asymptomatic. The most commons symptoms were abdominal pain (43.10%), nausea and vomiting (41.37%), and abdominal distention (37.93%). Diagnostic surgery was conducted in 26 patients (44.82%). Only 1 patient underwent surgical treatment.Conclusions: PCI is a clinical condition that may have a benign etiology and not require surgery. Treatment of the benign etiology is conservative. Thus, life-threatening conditions should be excluded in all cases.

Manejo de aerossóis durante a pandemia da COVID-19 / Aerosol management during the COVID-19 pandemic / Manejo de aerosol durante la pandemia COVID-19

Objetivo: Descrever o processo de prototipação de um dispositivo de filtragem para manejo de aerossóis em procedimentos laparoscópicos durante a pandemia do coronavírus SARS-CoV-2. Método: Estudo descritivo, tipo relato de experiência sobre o protótipo de dispositivo de filtragem para manejo de aerossóis em laparoscopia durante a pandemia de COVID-19 pelo SARS-CoV-2, com base nos processos de imersão, ideação e prototipação do design thinking. Resultados: Os processos de imersão preliminar e profunda permitiram a abordagem do problema. A utilização do mapa mental proporcionou a identificação dos fatores relacionados às suspensões de cirurgias em decorrência do SARS-CoV-2. Pelas medidas do aspirador das salas cirúrgicas, idealizaram-se os recursos materiais necessários: extensor de aspiração, filtro bacteriológico e viral, conector e ponteira. Conclusão: O dispositivo para filtragem do dióxido de carbono do pneumoperitônio obteve boa aceitação da equipe cirúrgica e foi incorporado à rotina do setor durante a realização de cirurgias laparoscópicas.

Objective: To describe the prototyping process of a filtration device for aerosol management in laparoscopic procedures during the SARSCoV-2 coronavirus pandemic. Method: Descriptive study with the report of experience on the prototype filter device for aerosol management in laparoscopy during the SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 pandemic, based on immersion, ideation and design thinking prototyping processes. Results: Preliminary and deep immersion processes allowed the problem to be addressed. The use of a mental map helped to identify factors related to surgery suspensions due to the SARS-CoV-2. Based on the measurements of the operating room aspirator, the necessary material resources were idealized: suction extender, bacteriological and viral filter, connector and tip. Conclusion: The device for filtering carbon dioxide from the pneumoperitoneum was well accepted by the surgical team and incorporated into the sector's routine for laparoscopic surgeries.

Objetivo: Describir el proceso de prototipado de un dispositivo de filtración para el manejo de aerosol en procedimientos laparoscópicos durante la pandemia de Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Método: Estudio descriptivo, un relato de experiencia sobre el prototipo de dispositivo de filtrado para el manejo de aerosol en laparoscopia durante la pandemia de COVID-19 por SARS-CoV-2, a partir de los procesos de inmersión, ideación y prototipado del Design Thinking. Resultados: Los procesos de inmersión profunda y preliminar permitieron abordar el problema. El uso del Mapa Mental permitió identificar los factores relacionados con la suspensión de cirugías debido al SARS-CoV-2. A partir de las mediciones del aspirador de las salas quirúrgicas, se idearon los recursos materiales necesarios: extensor de aspiración, filtro bacteriológico y viral, conector y férula. Conclusión: El dispositivo para filtrar dióxido de carbono del neumoperitoneo obtuvo buena aceptación por parte del equipo quirúrgico y fue incorporado a la rutina del sector durante las cirugías laparoscópicas.

CO² filtration during pneumoperitoneum inflation and deflation in patients undergoing laparoscopy during the COVID-19 pandemic / Filtragem do CO² durante a insuflação e esvaziamento do pneumoperitônio em pacientes submetidos a videolaparoscopia durante pandemia de COVID-19

ABSTRACT The current Covid-19 pandemic has been the most discussed topic of the year, mostly about protection and ways to avoid dissemination of the virus. In the healthcare system, especially in the operating rooms, the viability of laparoscopic surgery was questioned, mostly because of the transmission through aerosol. This article tries to suggest a way to minimize risks of laparoscopic surgery, during this situation, by using electrostatic filters, a simple, effective and low cost alternative.

RESUMO A atual pandemia do Covid-19 tem sido o assunto mais discutido do ano de 2020, principalmente no que se refere a proteção e as formas de limitar a disseminação do vírus. No cenário hospitalar, mais especificamente no centro cirúrgico, a viabilidade da cirurgia laparoscópica foi questionada, em relação a transmissibilidade do vírus por aerossol. Este artigo sugere uma forma de minimizar os riscos em cirurgias laparoscópicas durante esse cenário, com o uso de filtros eletrostáticos de ventilação mecânica. Uma alternativa simples, eficaz e de baixo custo.

Efeitos da PEEP na ventilação controlada a volume sobre parâmetros hemodinâmicos em suínos submetidos ao pneumoperitônio associado ao cefalodeclive / Effects of PEEP on hemodynamic variables in pigs submitted to volume-controlled ventilation under pneumoperitoneum associated to cephalodeclive

Videolaparoscopic procedures have gained prominence due to their low invasiveness, causing less surgical trauma and better post-surgical recovery. However, the increase in intra-abdominal pressure due to the institution of pneumoperitoneum can alter the patient's homeostasis. Therefore, volume-controlled ventilation, associated with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), improves arterial oxygenation and prevents pulmonary collapse, but it can lead to important hemodynamic changes. The aim of this study was to evaluate, comparatively, the effects of positive end expiratorypressure (PEEP) on hemodynamic variables of pigs submitted to volume-controlled ventilation, during pneumoperitoneum and maintained in head-down tilt and determine which PEEP value promotes greater stability on hemodynamic variables. Twenty-four pigs were used, between 55 and 65-day-old, weighing between 15 and 25 kg, randomly divided into 3 distinct groups differentiated by positive end-expiratory pressure: PEEP 0 (volume-controlled ventilation and PEEP of 0 cmH2O), PEEP 5 (volume-controlled ventilation and PEEP of 5 cmH2O) and PEEP 10 (volume-controlled ventilation and PEEP of 10 cmH2O). Volume-controlled ventilation was adjusted to 8 mL/kg of tidal volume and a respiratory rate of 25 movements per min. Anesthesia was maintained with continuous infusion of propofol (0.2 mg/kg/min) and midazolam (1 mg/kg/h). Pneumoperitoneum was performed with carbon dioxide (CO2), keeping the intraabdominal pressure at 15 mmHg and the animals were positioned on a 30° head-down tilt. The evaluations of hemodynamic variables started 30 min after induction of anesthesia (M0), followed by measurements at 15-min intervals (from M15 to M90), completing a total of 7 evaluations. The variables of interest were collected over 90 min and submitted to analysis of variance followed by Tukey's post-hoc test, with P < 0.05. The PEEP 10 group had higher values of CVP and mCPP, while the PEEP 5 group, mPAP and PVR were higher. The PEEP 0 group, on the other hand, had higher means of CI. Regarding the moments, there were differences in HR, SAP, DAP, MAP, CO, IC and TPR. According to the literature, important hemodynamic effects due to pneumoperitoneum are reported, which can be caused by the pressure used in abdominal insufflation, CO2 accumulation, duration of the surgical procedure, hydration status and patient positioning. Mechanical ventilation associated with PEEP can also cause an increase in intrathoracic pressure and, therefore, reduce cardiac output. Cardiovascular changes are proportional to the PEEP used. Central venous pressure (PVC) measure the patient's preload, and intrathoracic pressure can interfere with this parameter. The peak pressure values in the PEEP 10 group were higher than the other groups, demonstrating that the increase in intrathoracic pressure results in higher PVC values. Regarding PAPm and PCPm, these variables can be influenced according to the PEEP values and the patient's position. In relation to CI, the increase in PEEP may reflect on intrathoracic pressure, resulting in greater compression of the heart, with a consequent reduction in cardiac output and cardiac index. Therefore, it is concluded that the PEEP effects of 0 cmH2O and 5 cmH2O on hemodynamics are discrete, under the proposed conditions.(AU)

Método de filtrado de CO2 para cirugía laparoscópica en tiempos de pandemia de COVID-19 / Carbon dioxide filtering system for laparoscopic surgery in times of COVID-19 pandemic

RESUMEN Antecedentes: la pandemia de COVID-19 presentó nuevos desafíos en el manejo de la patología quirúrgica laparoscópica. Objetivos: presentar el sistema de filtrado de bajo costo utilizado para la laparoscopia durante la pandemia en nuestro Servicio de Cirugía. Material y métodos: se realizó búsqueda bibliográfica y se diseñó un protocolo y sistema de filtrado para evacuar el CO2 contenido en el neumoperitoneo para evitar el contagio por el virus SARS-CoV-2. Resultados: se pone en práctica el empleo de un sistema de filtrado del neumoperitoneo en época de pandemia, el cual es de bajo costo y armado sencillo con materiales disponibles habitualmente en las áreas quirúrgicas. Conclusiones: la cirugía laparoscópica es factible durante la pandemia de SARS-CoV-2 utilizando un método sencillo y económico de filtrado del neumoperitoneo.

ABSTRACT Background: Background: the COVID-19 pandemic gave rise to new challenges in the management of laparoscopic surgery. Objectives: the aim of this study is to present a low-cost filtering system used for laparoscopic surgery during the pandemic in our Department of Surgery. Material and methods : a bibliographic search was conducted and a protocol and filtering system were designed to evacuate the pneumoperitoneum avoiding contact with the SARS-CoV-2. Results: this low-cost filtering system to evacuate the pneumoperitoneum during the pandemic is easy to assemble using materials that are usually available at the operating room. Conclusions: laparoscopic surgery is feasible during the COVID-19 pandemic using a simple, low-cost carbon dioxide filtering system.

Sistema de evacuación seguro de neumoperitoneo y humo quirúrgico en cirugía laparoscópica mediante trampa de agua en tiempos de COVID-19 / Safe evacuation system for pneumoperitoneum and surgical smoke in laparoscopic surgery using a water trap in times of COVID-19

INTRODUCCIÓN: La reciente pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) ha hecho resurgir preocupación sobre la exposición inadvertida del equipo quirúrgico a agentes infecciosos transmisibles por vía aérea durante el acto quirúrgico. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir la confección de un sistema de filtrado simple y de bajo costo que permite reducir el riesgo de exposición al virus, particularmente en el proceso de aspiración, recambio y remoción del neumoperitoneo en cirugía laparoscópica. MATERIALES Y MÉTODO: Se diseñó e implementó un circuito cerrado de evacuación y de filtrado del neumoperitoneo en cirugías ginecológicas laparoscópicas en un centro de salud terciario. El circuito incluye un filtro HEPA (High Efficiency Particulate Air) y una trampa de vacío que contiene una solución de inactivación en base a amonio cuaternario o hipoclorito de sodio. RESULTADOS: Desde su implementación se han realizado 17 cirugías laparoscópicas ginecológicas por diversas patologías. Dos de ellas fueron en pacientes Covid-19 (+). A la fecha no se han reportado contagios en el equipo médico que participó en la cirugía. CONCLUSIONES: Es posible implementar un sistema de evacuación del neumoperitoneo en cirugía laparoscópica presumiblemente eficaz en minimizar el riesgo de exposición al virus SARS-COV-2 (Covid-19). Su bajo costo lo hace especialmente recomendable en países en vías de desarrollo.

INTRODUCTION: The recent SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemics has raised concern on the incidental exposition of health team to air transmissible infectious agents during surgeries. The main goal of this work is to communicate a simple and low-cost filtering system allowing to reduce the risk of contagion related to the virus, associated with pneumoperitoneum removal during surgical laparoscopy. METHODS: A closed circuit of gas removal and filtering was developed and implemented in laparoscopic gynecologic procedures at a tertiary teaching hospital. The circuit included an HEPA (High Efficiency Particulate Air) filter and a vacuum trap containing an inactivating solution based on quaternary ammonium or sodium hypochlorite. RESULTS: Since its introduction, seventeen laparoscopic surgeries have been carried out for different gynecologic pathologies. Two of them in Covid (+) cases. To date, no contagion has been reported among health teammates participating in these surgeries. CONCLUSIONS: It is possible to implement a pneumoperitoneum evacuation system in laparoscopic surgery presumably effective in minimizing the risk of exposure to the SARS-COV-2 virus (Covid-19). Its low cost makes it especially recommended in developing countries.

Perforated acute abdomen in a patient with COVID-19: an atypical manifestation of the disease / Abdome agudo perfurativo em paciente com COVID-19: uma manifestação atípica da doença

Abstract Introduction: The Coronavirus belongs to a family of RNA viruses that can cause respiratory infection, with the possibility of gastrointestinal manifestations in approximately 5-50% of the cases. Objective: To report a surgical case with a diagnosis of COVID-19 that developed acute perforated abdomen and pneumothorax. Case report: This was an 80-year-old female patient with respiratory symptoms, with dry cough and fever and diffuse abdominal pain with signs of peritonitis. She had leukocytosis, kidney dysfunction and an increase in D-dimer with positive PCR for COVID. Computed tomography of the chest and abdomen showed pneumothorax on the right and extensive pneumoperitoneum. Conclusion: The presentation of COVID-19 with severe pulmonary and abdominal complications requires specialized and emergency treatments, but it has high mortality rates.

Resumo Introdução: O coronavírus pertence a uma família de vírus RNA que pode causar infecção respiratória com possibilidade de manifestações gastrintestinais em torno de 5% a 50% dos casos. Objetivo: Relatar caso operado com diagnóstico de COVID-19 e evolução com abdome agudo perfurativo e pneumotórax. Relato do caso: Paciente do sexo feminino de 80 anos com sintomas respiratórios com tosse seca e febre e dor abdominal difusa com sinais de peritonite. Apresentava leucocitose, disfunção renal e aumento de D-dímero com PCR positivo para COVID. Tomografia computadorizada de tórax e abdome demonstrando pneumotórax à direita e extenso pneumoperitônio. Conclusão: A apresentação do COVID-19 com sérias complicações pulmonar e abdominal requer tratamentos especializados e em regime de emergência, entretanto com altas taxas de mortalidade.

Neumoperitoneo no quirúrgico: el espectro de la neumatosis cistoide intestinal / Non-Surgical Pneumoperitoneum: The Spectrum of Pneumatosis Cystoides

La neumatosis intestinal es una condición que tradicionalmente se ha asociado a mal estado general, pobre pronóstico y manejo quirúrgico. No obstante, existe una forma de presentación benigna que no conlleva estas implicaciones y se denomina neumatosis cistoides. Esta entidad se caracteriza por la presencia de quistes llenos de gas en la pared intestinal, que pueden generar neumoperitoneo sin evidencia de signos de irritación peritoneal y que resuelven sin necesidad de manejo quirúrgico. El objetivo de este trabajo es realizar una revisión de la literatura acerca de la neumatosis intestinal, enfocado en el establecimiento de sus diversas etiologías y hallazgos en las diferentes modalidades diagnósticas. Debido a que las imágenes diagnósticas juegan un papel clave en el momento de definir el manejo y la necesidad de intervención quirúrgica de estos pacientes, es importante que el radiólogo conozca y pueda diferenciar los diferentes orígenes de la neumatosis intestinal en las imágenes, así como sus posibles implicaciones. Esto, asociado a una adecuada comunicación con el servicio tratante, puede ayudar a determinar la mejor forma de manejo para el paciente.

Pneumatosis intestinalis is a condition that has traditionally been associated with poor general condition, poor prognosis and surgical management. However, there is a benign form of presentation that does not carry these implications and is called Pneumatosis Cystoides. This entity, characterized by the presence of gas-filled cysts inside the intestinal wall can generate pneumoperitoneum without evidence of signs of peritoneal irritation and resolve without surgical management need. The aim of this paper is to review the literature about pneumatosis intestinalis, focused on establishing its various etiologies and findings in different diagnostic modalities. Because diagnostic images have a key role in defining the management and need for surgical intervention of these patients, it is important that the radiologist knows and differentiate the different origins of pneumatosis intestinalis in images, as well as their possible implications. Proper communication with the treating service, can help determine the best form of management for the patient

Neumatosis quística intestinal y peritoneal, causa de neumoperitoneo. Revisión de la literatura a propósito de un caso / Intestinal and peritoneal cystic pneumatosis as a cause of pneumoperitoneum. Review of the literature about a case

Introducción. La neumatosis intestinal es una condición rara que se caracteriza por la infiltración submucosa o subserosa de gas en el tubo digestivo. Se encuentra más frecuentemente en el intestino delgado y, pocas veces, en localización extraintestinal. Su prevalencia estimada es de 0,03 %.Métodos. Se hizo una búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos biomédicas Medline Pubmed, Science Direct, Tripdatabase y Uptodate, usando como palabras clave 'neumoperitoneo' y 'neumatosis cistoide intestinal' Para la presentación del caso clínico, se tomaron datos de la historia clínica y, además, imágenes de radiografía, tomografías y material fotográfico del procedimiento quirúrgico.Presentación del caso. Se trata de una mujer de 63 años de edad con antecedentes de colagenopatía, que consultó por dolor y distensión abdominal. Aunque no tenía signos de irritación peritoneal, las imágenes diagnósticas revelaron neumoperitoneo y líquido libre en la cavidad peritoneal, por lo que se sospechó una perforación intestinal y se practicó una laparotomía exploratoria, en la cual se encontró neumatosis quística intestinal y peritoneal.Conclusiones. No todos los casos de neumoperitoneo requieren cirugía. Existen casos espontáneos y sin irritación peritoneal, secundarios a neumatosis quística intestinal. En los casos de neumoperitoneo en pacientes estables con un diagnostico etiológico no muy claro, y en quienes se desee descartar perforación intestinal o isquemia mediante exploración quirúrgica, la laparoscopia diagnóstica es una buena opción y menos agresiva que la laparotomía

Introduction: Intestinal pneumatosis is a rare condition that is characterized by submucosal or subserosal gas infiltration in the digestive tract. It is found more frequently in the small intestine, and rarely in an extraintestinal location. Its estimated prevalence is 0.03%.Methods: A literature search was performed in the Medline Pubmed, Sciencedirect, Trip database and Up to date databases, using as keywords Pneumoperitoneum and Intestinal Cystoid Neumatosis. For the presentation of the clinical case, medical history data were collected, in addition to radiography images, tomography and photographic material of the surgical procedure.Clinical case: This is a 63-year-old woman with a history of collagenopathy, who consulted for abdominal pain and distension. Although she had no signs of peritoneal irritation, diagnostic images revealed pneumoperitoneum and free fluid in the peritoneal cavity. Intestinal perforation was suspected, and an exploratory laparotomy was performed, in which intestinal and peritoneal cystic pneumatosis in was found.Conclusions: Not all cases of pneumoperitoneum require surgery. There are spontaneous cases without peritoneal irritation, secondary to intestinal cystic pneumatosis. In cases of pneumoperitoneum in stable patients, with a not very clear etiological diagnosis, and in those who wish to rule out intestinal perforation or ischemia by surgical exploration, diagnostic laparoscopy is a good option and less aggressive than laparotomy

Does CO2 pneumoperitoneum in laparoscopy interfere with collagen deposition in abdominal surgical wounds?

Abstract Purpose To determine by histomorphometric analysis whether CO2 pneumoperitoneum interferes with collagen deposition in surgical wounds in the aponeurosis of rats. Methods This experiment involved 80 male Wistar rats, randomly allocated into four groups according to pneumoperitoneum period (PRE: 30 min preoperatively; POST: 30 min postoperatively; PP: 30 min pre- and postoperatively; C: control group). CO2 pneumoperitoneum was insufflated to 5 mmHg of pressure. A laparotomy was performed; 1 cm of the left colon was then resected, and an end-to-end anastomosis was performed to simulate surgical trauma, after which the abdominal wall was closed. On postoperative days 7 or 14, a sample of the abdominal wall was collected, stained with picrosirius red and observed under polarized light in an optical microscope. The amount of collagen was estimated by computerized histomorphometric analysis. Results There were no significant differences in collagen deposition between the control and experimental groups on postoperative days 7 (p=0.720) or 14 (p=0.933). The amount of collagen increased as expected in all groups between postoperative days 7 and 14 (p=0.0003). Conclusion At 5 mmHg, CO2 pneumoperitoneum does not interfere with collagen deposition in abdominal wall surgical wounds in rats.

Effects of pneumoperitoneum and trendelenburg position on intraocular pressure (IOP) in isofluorane anesthetised cats / Efeitos do pneumoperitônio e da posição de trendelenburg sobre a pressão intraocular em gatos anestesiados com isoflurano

The aim of this study was to determine whether a pneumoperitoneum of 10 mmHg combined or not with the Trendelenburg position could lead to significant changes in intraocular pressure (IOP), ocular pressure perfusion (OPP), and cardiorespiratory variables; as well as determine whether a correlation exists between IOP and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), and/or partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood (PaCO2) in cats. Animals were allocated in two groups (n=7/group): GC (without inclination) and GTREN (Trendelenburg position). The variables were recorded before (baseline) and during 30 minutes (T5-T30) after insufflation. In GTREN, a reduction in heart rate was observed at T5 and in respiratory rate at T5 and T15. There was an increase in IOP at T5-T30 in comparison to baseline. There was a reduction in potential of hydrogen in arterial blood in both groups at all times in comparison to baseline. Partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood was increased at T15-T30 in GC and at T5-T30 in GTREN. In conclusion, the pneumoperitoneum of 10mmHg CO2 did not significantly affect IOP or OPP in cats anaesthetised with isofluorane and kept under spontaneous ventilation. However, induced pneumoperitoneum combined with Trendelenburg position resulted in an increase in IOP in cats subjected to the same anaesthetic conditions, but did not affect OPP.

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar se o pneumoperitônio de 10 mmHg associado, ou não, à posição de Trendelenburg poderia levar a alterações significativas na Pressão Intraocular (PIO), Pressão de Perfusão Ocular (PPO) e variáveis cardiorrespiratórias, bem como determinar se havia correlação entre a PIO e a Pressão Arterial Média (PAM) e/ou Pressão Parcial de Dióxido de Carbono no Sangue Arterial (PaCO2) em gatos. Os animais foram alocados em dois grupos (n = 7/grupo): GC (sem inclinação) e GTREN (posição de Trendelenburg). As variáveis foram registradas antes (linha de base) e durante 30 minutos (T5-T30) após a insuflação. No GTREN, foi observada redução na frequência cardíaca em T5 e, na frequência respiratória, em T5 e T15. Houve aumento da PIO no T5-T30 comparativamente ao valor basal. Houve redução no Potencial de Hidrogênio no sangue arterial em ambos os grupos em todos os momentos comparativamente à linha de base. A Pressão Parcial de Dióxido de Carbono no sangue arterial aumentou em T15-T30 no GC e em T5-T30 no GTREN. Concluiu-se que o pneumoperitônio de 10mmHg CO2 não afetou significativamente a PIO ou a PPO em gatos anestesiados com isofluorano e mantidos sob ventilação espontânea. No entanto, o pneumoperitônio induzido combinado à posição de Trendelenburg resultou em aumento da PIO em gatos submetidos às mesmas condições anestésicas, mas não afetou a PPO.

Perforación gástrica asociada al consumo de helado con nitrógeno líquido / Gastric perforation associated with the intake of ice cream with liquid nitrogen

La ingestión de nitrógeno líquido es una causa infrecuente de perforación gástrica, se conoce poco sobre como este compuesto afecta el tejido gastrointestinal, sus mecanismos de lesión y sus consecuencias clínicas. Cada vez es más frecuente el uso del nitrógeno líquido de forma comercial en productos de repostería y gastronomía, por lo que es importante reconocer sus potenciales efectos cuando la manipulación no es la adecuada. En este caso clínico describimos una perforación gástrica secundaria al consumo de helado preparado con nitrógeno líquido.

Liquid nitrogene ingestion is a frecuent cause of gastric perforation. It is unknown how this compound afects the gatrointestinal tissue, it mechanisisms of injury and the clinical consecuences. Nowadays, the use of liquid nitrogene in gastronomy is becoming a tendency, for this reason it is important to identify the potencial healt effects of this compound when is not correctly manipulated. The following article describes a secondary gastric perforation, as a consecuence of the consumption of ice cream prepared with liquid nitrogene.