Pólipo solitario con inserción en techo de fosa nasal / Solitary polyp with insertion into the roof of the nostril

Pólipo coanal es el término utilizado para una masa de tejido blando, solitaria y benigna que se extiende hacia la unión de la cavidad nasal y la nasofaringe; es decir, la coana. Los pólipos coanales nasales se presentan típicamente en tres formas diferentes: pólipos antrocoanales, esfenocoanales y etmoidocoanales. Sitios atípicos de origen han sido reportados en la literatura; por ejemplo, el tabique nasal y el cornete inferior. El conocimiento de los médicos sobre la existencia de pólipos coanales de sitios inusuales puede ayudar en el diagnóstico de los mismos, considerando crucial descartar previamente otros potenciales diagnósticos para estos casos de presentación atípica. A continuación reportamos el caso de un pólipo inflamatorio de inserción en techo de fosa nasal en un paciente de 65 años diagnosticado y tratado en nuestro servicio, cuyo caso es el primero reportado en la literatura.

Coanal polyp is the term used for a solitary, benign soft tissue mass extending into the junction of the nasal cavity and nasopharynx, i.e., the choana. Nasal coanal polyps typically present in three different forms: antrochoanal, sphenocoanal, and ethmoidocoanal polyps. Atypical sites of origin have been reported in the literature; these include the nasal septum and inferior turbinate. Physicians' awareness of the existence of coanal polyps from unusual sites may help in the diagnosis of coanal polyps considering it crucial to previously rule out other potential diagnoses for these cases of atypical presentation. Here we report the case of an inflammatory polyp of insertion in the roof of the nostril in a 65-year-old patient diagnosed and treated in our department, which is the first case reported in the literature.

Hematoma orbitario secundario a cirugía endoscópica nasosinusal / Orbital hematoma secondary to endoscopic sinus surgery

Resumen Durante la cirugía endoscópica nasosinusal, la sección inadvertida y retracción hacia la órbita de la arteria etmoidal anterior (AEA) es el mecanismo habitual del hematoma orbitario (HO); éste se manifiesta con proptosis, dolor y déficit visual potencialmente irreversible. El déficit visual es secundario a isquemia del nervio óptico por aumento de la presión intraocular, siendo suficientes treinta minutos para que ocurra daño visual permanente. Por sus secuelas el tratamiento del HO debe ser rápido y agresivo. Presentamos el caso de un varón de 72 años con diagnóstico de rinosinusitis crónica con pólipos nasales refractaria a tratamiento médico que se sometió a cirugía endoscópica nasal y que desarrolló en el posoperatorio inmediato con un HO. Se manejó precozmente con cantotomía-cantolisis, descompresión orbitaria medial endoscópica y control vascular de la AEA. El paciente evoluciona favorablemente, sin déficit visual. En este artículo se discutirán el diagnóstico y manejo oportunos del hematoma orbitario iatrogénico.

Abstract During endoscopic sinonasal surgery, inadvertent section of the anterior ethmoidal artery (AEA) with retraction into the orbit is the usual mechanism of orbital hematoma (OH), leading to proptosis, pain, and potentially irreversible visual loss. Thirty minutes is sufficient for retinal ischemia and permanent visual loss. The explanation for blindness is due to increased intraorbital pressure. The treatment of iatrogenic HO must be quick and aggressive, because if it is not managed in time, it can cause a permanent visual deficit. We present the case of a 72-year-old man with a diagnosis of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps refractory to medical treatment who underwent nasal endoscopic surgery, evolving in the immediate postoperative period with an HO, requiring canthotomy - cantolysis and early surgical reintervention for endoscopic medial orbital decompression and vascular control of AEA. The patient evolves favorably, without visual deficit. This article will discuss the timely diagnosis and management of iatrogenic orbital hematoma.

Una nueva perspectiva en rinosinusitis: EPOS 2020 / A new perspective on rhinosinusitis: EPOS 2020

Resumen EPOS 2020 (European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps 2020) es una guía clínica desarrollada por un grupo profesionales expertos en el área rinosinusal de la Sociedad Europea de Rinología, que corresponde a la última actualización de sus versiones anteriores (2005, 2007 y 2012). El objetivo principal del documento es entregar recomendaciones claras basadas en la mejor evidencia disponible y algoritmos de manejo concisos para las patologías de rinosinusitis aguda y crónica tanto en adultos como en pacientes pediátricos. Algunas de las novedades más importantes de esta guía, son: nueva clasificación de rinosinusitis crónica en primarias y secundarias, rinosinusitis crónica en pediatría, nuevos conceptos en cirugía sinusal, entre otros. También enfatiza la importancia de manejo multidisciplinario de la patología, incluyendo el autocuidado del paciente, inclusive promoviendo el uso de medicamentos de venta libre, antes del manejo médico en niveles escalonados de atención. El objetivo de esta revisión es dar a conocer de manera resumida el manejo de rinosinusitis aguda y crónica en adultos propuesta en esta guía.

Abstract EPOS 2020 (European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps 2020) is a clinical guide developed by a group of professional experts in the rhinosinusal area of the European Society of Rhinology, which corresponds to the latest update of its previous versions (2005, 2007 and 2012). The main objective of the document is to bring clear recommendations based on the best available evidence and concise management algorithms for the pathologies of acute and chronic rhinosinusitis in both adults and pediatric patients. Some of the most important novelties of this guide are: new classification of chronic rhinosinusitis in primary and secondary, chronic rhinosinusitis in pediatrics, new concepts in sinus surgery, among others. It also emphasizes the importance of multidisciplinary management of the pathology, including self-care of the patient, promoting the use of over-the-counter medications, before medical management at tiered levels of care. The objective of this review is to present in a summarized way the management of acute and chronic rhinosinusitis in adults proposed in this guide.

Dupilumabe no tratamento de rinossinusite crônica com pólipo nasal em adolescente / Dupilumab in the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps in adolescents

O uso do anticorpo monoclonal dupilumabe em adultos tem possibilitado o controle da inflamação crônica, reduzindo significativamente o tamanho e a recorrência de novos pólipos, melhorando os sintomas nasais e, consequentemente, a qualidade de vida desses indivíduos. Relatamos o caso de uma adolescente que evidencia a eficácia de dupilumabe no tratamento da rinossinusite crônica com pólipo nasal.

The use of the monoclonal antibody dupilumab in adults has allowed the control of chronic inflammation, significantly reducing the size and recurrence of new polyps, improving nasal symptoms, and, consequently, quality of life. We report a successful case of dupilumab use in an adolescent for the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps.

Eficácia e segurança do dupilumabe no tratamento da rinossinusite crônica com polipose nasal / Efficacy and safety of dupilumab in the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis

A rinossinusite crônica (RSC) é uma síndrome caracterizada pela inflamação da mucosa nasal e dos seios paranasais por pelo menos 12 semanas, acometendo de 5% a 12% da população geral. A síndrome é associada a alta morbidade e considerada um grande problema de saúde pública devido a sua prevalência, seu custo para a sociedade e ao impacto que acarreta na qualidade de vida dos pacientes e em seu desempenho escolar ou profissional. Ademais, a RSC está associada a diversas comorbidades, como dermatite atópica, distúrbios respiratórios do sono, conjuntivite, otite média, asma e problemas emocionais. O dupilumabe é eficaz e seguro no tratamento da RSC com polipose nasal. A eficácia é progressiva no primeiro ano de tratamento, e a posologia de 300 mg a cada duas semanas é superior em relação à de cada quatro semanas. A interrupção do tratamento com 24 semanas acarreta a perda parcial de seus efeitos benéficos. O imunobiológico também é eficaz no controle da asma nos pacientes que apresentam essa doença como comorbidade. Alguns pacientes podem apesentar aumento transitório de eosinófilos sanguíneos, e 2,7% desenvolveram conjuntivite como reação adversa nos estudos SINUS-24 e SINUS-52. O dupilumabe é uma excelente opção terapêutica no tratamento concomitante de múltiplas doenças caracterizadas pela inflamação de tipo II.

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a syndrome characterized by inflammation of the nasal mucosa and paranasal sinuses for at least 12 weeks, affecting 5% to 12% of the general population. The syndrome is associated with high morbidity and is considered a major public health problem because of its prevalence, its cost to society, and the impact it has on patients' quality of life and on their school or professional performance. Furthermore, CRS is associated with several comorbidities, such as atopic dermatitis, sleep-disordered breathing, conjunctivitis, otitis media, asthma, and emotional problems. Dupilumab is effective and safe in the treatment of CRS with nasal polyposis. Effectiveness is progressive in the first year of treatment, and a dosage of 300 mg every two weeks is more effective than that of every four weeks. Discontinuing treatment at 24 weeks results in partial loss of its beneficial effects. The biological drug is also effective in controlling asthma in patients who have this disease as a comorbidity. Some patients may experience a transient increase in blood eosinophils, and 2.7% developed conjunctivitis as an adverse reaction in the SINUS-24 and SINUS-52 studies. Dupilumab is an excellent therapeutic option in the concomitant treatment of multiple diseases characterized by type II inflammation.

Interferon-α action in cytokine profile in eosinophilic nasal polyp cultures / Ação do interferon-α sobre o perfil de citocinas em culturas de pólipos nasais eosinofílicos

Abstract Introduction Chronic rhinosinusitis is currently classified into two types: chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. In the West, approximately 80% of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps cases are characterized by a predominantly eosinophilic cell infiltrate and a Th2 cytokine pattern. Objective To evaluate the effect of Interferon-α on cytokine levels of the eosinophilic nasal polyp cell culture supernatant. Methods Cell cultures were performed based on nasal polypoid tissue samples collected from 13 patients with eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Polyps were considered eosinophilic according to the histopathological examination. Cell cultures were stimulated with 3000 IU of interferon-α. Before and after the stimulus, concentrations of Interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor αand IL 2, 4, 6 and 10, using cytometric bead array, were assessed. Results Cell samples from eosinophilic nasal polyps from 13 patients were included in the study. Twenty-four hours after interferon-α stimulation, eosinophilic nasal polyp culture supernatants showed significantly decreased IL-4 concentrations and increase in interferon-γ, IL-10 and IL-6 concentrations compared to controls. There were no significant differences in tumor necrosis factor -α and IL-2 concentrations. Conclusion We demonstrated that interferon-α in vitro alters the pattern of cytokines in cell cultures of eosinophilic nasal polyps. Analysis of these alterations suggests that interferon-α promotes a rebalancing of inflammatory profiles in cell cultures, favoring the expression of Th1 and regulatory cytokines over Th2 cytokines.

Resumo Introdução A rinossinusite crônica, atualmente, é classificada em dois tipos: Rinossinusite Crônica sem Pólipos Nasais (RSCsPN) e Rinossinusite Crônica com Pólipos Nasais (RSCcPN). No Ocidente, cerca de 80% dos casos de RSCcPN caracterizam-se por um infiltrado celular predominantemente eosinofílico e um padrão de citocinas Th2. Objetivo Avaliar o efeito do Interferon-alpha nos níveis de citocinas do sobrenadante de culturas celulares de pólipos nasais eosinofílicos. Método Foram feitas culturas celulares a partir de amostras de tecido polipoide nasal coletadas de 13 pacientes com RSCcPN eosinofílica. Os pólipos eram considerados eosinofílicos segundo exame histopatológico. As culturas celulares foram estimuladas com 3000 UI de IFN-α. Antes e após tal estímulo, foram avaliadas, no sobrenadante das culturas celulares, as concentrações do Interferon-γ (IFN-γ), do Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa (TNF-α) e das Interleucinas (IL) 2, 4, 6 e 10, usou-se o Cytometric Bead Array. Resultados Foram incluídas no estudo amostras celulares dos pólipos nasais eosinofílicos de 13 pacientes. Vinte e quatro horas após o estímulo com IFN-α, os sobrenadantes das culturas dos pólipos nasais eosinofílicos apresentaram, de forma significante, diminuição da concentração de IL-4 e aumento das concentrações de IFN-γ, IL-10 e IL-6, em relação ao controle. Não houve diferença significante nas concentrações de TNF-α e IL-2. Conclusão Demonstramos que o IFN-α, in vitro, altera o padrão de citocinas nas culturas celulares de pólipos nasais eosinofílicos. A análise do conjunto dessas alterações sugere que o IFN-α promove, nas culturas celulares, um rebalanceamento dos perfis inflamatórios, favorece a expressão de citocinas Th1 e regulatórias, em detrimento de citocinas do padrão Th2.

Prospective evaluation of clarithromycin in recurrent chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps / Avaliação prospectiva da claritromicina na rinossinusite crônica com polipose nasossinusal recorrente

Abstract Introduction The antiinflammatory effects of macrolides, especially clarithromycin, have been described in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis without polyps and also other chronic inflammatory airway diseases. There is no consensus in the literature regarding the effectiveness of clarithromycin in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with sinonasal polyposis and the national literature does not report any prospective studies on the efficacy of clarithromycin in chronic rhinosinusitis in our population. Objective To evaluate the effect of clarithromycin in the adjunctive treatment of recurrent chronic rhinosinusitis with sinonasal polyposis refractory to clinical and surgical treatment. Methods Open prospective study with 52 patients with chronic rhinosinusitis and recurrent sinonasal polyposis. All subjects received nasal lavage with 20 mL 0.9% SS and fluticasone nasal spray, 200 mcg / day, 12/12 h for 12 weeks; and clarithromycin 250 mg 8/8 h for 2 weeks and, thereafter, 12/12 h for 10 weeks. The patients were assessed by SNOT 20, NOSE and Lund-Kennedy scales before, immediately after treatment and 12 weeks after treatment. The patients were also evaluated before treatment with paranasal cavity computed tomography (Lund-Mackay) and serum IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE and eosinophil levels. The outcomes evaluated were: SNOT-20, NOSE and Lund-Kennedy. Results Most patients were women, aged 47 (15) years (median / interquartile range), and 61.5% (32/52) had asthma. All patients completed the follow-up after 12 weeks and 42.3% (22/52) after 24 weeks. Treatment resulted in a quantitative decrease in the SNOT-20 [2.3 (1.6) vs. 1.4 (1.6); Δ = −0.9 (1.1); p < 0.01]; NOSE [65 (64) vs. 20 (63); Δ = −28 (38), p < 0.01] and Lund-Kennedy [11 (05) vs. 07 (05); Δ = −2 (05); p < 0.01] scores. SNOT-20 showed a qualitative improvement (>0.8) in 54% (28/52, p < 0.04) of patients, a group that showed lower IgE level [108 (147) vs. 289 (355), p < 0.01]. The group of patients who completed follow-up 12 weeks after the end of treatment (n = 22) showed no worsening of outcomes. Conclusion Long-term adjuvant use of low-dose clarithromycin for chronic rhinosinusitis patients with recurrent sinonasal polyposis refractory to clinical and surgical treatment has resulted in improved quality of life and nasal endoscopy findings, especially in patients with normal IgE levels. This improvement persisted in the patient group evaluated 12 weeks after the end of the treatment.

Resumo Introdução Os efeitos anti-inflamatórios dos macrolídeos são reconhecidos, principalmente da claritromicina para os pacientes com rinossinusite crônica sem pólipos e outras doenças inflamatórias crônicas das vias aéreas em outras populações. Não existe consenso na literatura quanto a sua prescrição para os pacientes de rinossinusite crônica com polipose nasossinusal e a literatura nacional não dispõe de estudos prospectivos sobre a eficácia da claritromicina na rinossinusite crônica em nossa população. Objetivo Avaliar o efeito da claritromicina no tratamento adjuvante da rinossinusite crônica recorrente com polipose nasossinusal refratária ao tratamento clínico e cirúrgico. Método Estudo prospectivo aberto, com 52 pacientes, portadores de rinossinusite crônica com polipose nasossinusal recorrente. Todos os indivíduos receberam lavagem nasal com SF 0,9% 20 mL e fluticasona spray nasal, 200 mcg/dia, 12/12 horas por 12 semanas; e claritromicina 250 mg, de 8/8 horas, por 2 semanas e posteriormente 12/12 horas, por 10 semanas. Os pacientes foram avaliados através do SNOT 20, do NOSE e Lund-Kennedy antes, pós-tratamento imediato e 12 semanas após o tratamento. Os pacientes também foram avaliados antes do tratamento por tomografia computadorizada das cavidades paranasais (Lund-Mackay) e dosagem sérica de IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE e eosinófilos. Os desfechos avaliados foram: SNOT-20, NOSE e Lund-Kennedy. Resultados A maioria dos pacientes era mulher, idade de 47 (15) anos (mediana/intervalo interquartílico) e 61,5% (32/52) portadores de asma. Todos os pacientes completaram o seguimento após 12 semanas e 42,3% (22/52) após 24 semanas. O tratamento resultou em uma diminuição quantitativa do SNOT-20 [2,3 (1,6) vs. 1,4 (1,6); Δ = -0,9 (1,1); p< 0,01]; do NOSE [65 (64) vs. 20 (63); Δ = -28 (38), p< 0,01] e do Lund-Kennedy [11 (05) vs. 07 (05); Δ = -2 (05); p< 0,01]. O SNOT-20 mostrou uma melhoria qualitativa (> 0,8) em 54% (28/52, p< 0,04) dos pacientes, grupo que evidenciou menor nível de IgE [108 (147) vs. 289 (355), p< 0,01]. O grupo de pacientes que completou o seguimento 12 semanas após o término do tratamento (n = 22) não mostrou uma pioria dos desfechos. Conclusão O uso prolongado adjuvante da claritromicina em baixas doses para pacientes com rinossinusite crônica com polipose nasossinusal recorrente refratária ao tratamento clínico e cirúrgico resultou em melhoria na qualidade de vida e endoscopia nasal, principalmente em pacientes com níveis de IgE normal. Essa melhoria se sustentou no grupo de pacientes avaliado 12 semanas após o término do tratamento.

Micronucleus count in nasal epithelial cells from patients with chronic rhinosinusitis and polyps / Contagem de micronúcleos em células epiteliais nasais de pacientes com rinossinusite crônica e pólipos

Abstract Introduction: Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, a prevalent disease affecting around 2% of the world population, is characterized by symptomatic inflammation of the nasal mucosa and impairment of quality of life. Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps has a multifactorial etiology, involving a dysfunctional host response to environmental factors. Thus, inflammatory models may be useful to shed light on the pathophysiology of this disease. Micronucleus count has been used to screen DNA damage in various tissues. Objective: To investigate the association between frequency of micronucleus in exfoliated cells from the nasal cavity of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps and disease severity. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 21 patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps and 19 controls without disease. None of the participants were smokers. Results: Mean micronucleus count was 3.690 per 1000 cells (±2.165) in individuals with vs. 1.237 per 1000 cells (±0.806) in controls; (Student's t test = 4.653, p< 0.001). Nasal surgery in the past 5 years and aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease were not associated with nicronucleus count (p= 0.251). Conclusion: Micronucleus count seems to be linked to chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, providing a new perspective for the evaluation of this disorder.

Resumo Introdução: A rinossinusite crônica com pólipos nasais, doença prevalente que afeta cerca de 2% da população mundial, é caracterizada por inflamação sintomática da mucosa nasal e comprometimento da qualidade de vida. A rinossinusite crônica com pólipos nasais tem etiologia multifatorial, envolvendo resposta disfuncional do hospedeiro a fatores ambientais. Assim, modelos inflamatórios podem ser úteis para esclarecer a fisiopatologia dessa doença. A contagem de micronúcleos tem sido usada para rastrear danos no DNA em vários tecidos. Objetivo: Investigar a associação entre a frequência de micronúcleos em células esfoliadas da cavidade nasal de pacientes com rinossinusite crônica com pólipos nasais e a gravidade da doença. Método: Estudo transversal que incluiu 21 pacientes com rinossinusite crônica com pólipos nasais e 19 controles sem doença. Nenhum dos participantes era fumante. Resultados: A contagem média de micronúcleos foi de 3,690 por 1.000 células (± 2,165) nos indivíduos doentes e 1,237 por 1.000 células (± 0,806) nos controles (teste t de Student = 4,653; p < 0,001). A cirurgia nasal nos últimos 5 anos e a doença respiratória exacerbada por aspirina não foram associadas à contagem de micronúcleos (p = 0,251). Conclusão: A contagem de micronúcleos parece estar ligada à rinossinusite crônica com pólipos nasais, proporcionando uma nova perspectiva para a avaliação dessa doença.

Pólipo piloso nasofaríngeo en un recién nacido con obstrucción intermitente de la vía aérea. Presentación de un caso / Nasopharyngeal hairy polyp in a newborn with intermittent airway obstruction. Case report

Los pólipos pilosos nasofaríngeos son tumores benignos poco frecuentes. Se presenta el caso de esta patología en una paciente recién nacida, quien presentó cianosis y dificultad respiratoria por obstrucción de la vía aérea superior, durante las primeras 24 horas de vida. La paciente requirió maniobras de reanimación e intubación endotraqueal. Estudios diagnósticos confirmaron la presencia de una masa en la pared lateral de la faringe. Se realizó la extirpación quirúrgica exitosa con evolución satisfactoria de la paciente

Nasopharyngeal hairy polyps are rare benign tumors. We present a newborn case with a hairy polyp mass causing cyanosis and respiratory distress due to obstruction of the upper airway during the first 24 hours of life. The patient required resuscitation and endotracheal intubation. Diagnostic studies confirmed the presence of a mass in the lateral pharyngeal wall. Surgical treatment and removal of the mass was performed with satisfactory evolution of the patient

Eosinofilia periférica como factor de severidad tomográfica en rinosinusitis crónica / Peripheral eosinophilia as a factor of tomographic severity in chronic rhinosinusitis

Introducción: la rinosinusitis crónica (RSC) es una de las enfermedades más prevalentes a nivel mundial. Los eosinófilos desempeñan un papel importante en la generación del proceso inflamatorio nasosinusal crónico secundario a la generación de una respuesta maladaptativa Th2 y cambios en la microbiota nasal. El objetivo del estudio es determinar si la eosinofilia periférica puede usarse como factor predictor de severidad tomográfica en pacientes que cursan con rinosinusitis crónica. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional de corte transversal con componente analítico en pacientes con diagnóstico de RSC quienes dispusieran en su registro de historia clínica un hemograma con recuento de eosinófilos. El tamaño de la muestra fue de 74 individuos. Resultados: la eosinofilia periférica se estableció como factor de severidad tomográfica, ya que se encontró que por cada incremento de 100 eosinófilos en sangre, aumentaría en un punto el puntaje total de la escala tomográfica Lund-Mackay. Este patrón fue similar en pacientes con pólipos y asma, en los que se encontró un incremento en los puntajes totales de 4 y 5 puntos, respectivamente, con respecto a los pacientes que no presentan estas patologías. Conclusión: la utilización de la eosinofilia periférica como predictor de severidad podría ser de gran utilidad para la comunidad médica. Este biomarcador puede resultar en un ahorro potencial de costos al eliminar la necesidad de tratamientos médicos repetidos en pacientes que de entrada tienen un riesgo incrementado de enfermedad nasosinusal severa.

Introduction: chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is one of the most prevalent diseases worldwide. Eosinophils play an important role in the generation of a chronic nasosinusal inflammatory process secondary to the generation of a Th2 maladaptive response and changes in the nasal microbiota. The objective of the study is to determine if peripheral eosinophilia can be used as a predictor of tomographic severity in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Methods: an observational cross-sectional study with an analytical component was performed in patients with a diagnosis of CSR who had an eosinophil count in their clinical record. The sample size was 74 individuals. Results: peripheral eosinophilia was established as a tomographic severity factor, finding that for each increase of 100 eosinophils in blood, the total score of the Lund-Mackay tomographic scale would increase by 1 point. This pattern was equally concordant in patients with polyps and asthma, with increases in total scores of 4 and 5 points respectively, with respect to patients who do not present these pathologies. Conclusion: the uses of peripheral eosinophilia as a predictor of severity could be very useful for the medical community. This biomarker can result in potential cost savings by eliminating the need for repeated medical treatments in patients who initially have an increased risk of severe nasosinusal disease.

Increased expression of pendrin in eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps / Expressão aumentada de pendrina na rinossinusite crônica eosinofílica com pólipos

Abstract Introduction: Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps is a heterogeneous disease and appropriate diagnostic algorithms in individual cases are necessary for effective medical treatment. Objective: The purpose of this study was to clarify the relationship between the pendrin expression of nasal polyps and clinical and pathological characteristic features of eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis. Methods: A total of 68 patients were classified into eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis or non-eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis groups according to the degree of eosinophilic infiltration into the nasal polyps. Clinical, hematological, and immunohistochemical analyses were performed and statistically compared between both groups. Results: Thirty-eight were classified into eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis and 30 into non-eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis groups. There were no significant differences in age distribution, sex ratio, prevalence of asthma, or any other complications between the groups. The mean Lund-Mackay score and the number of serum eosinophils was significantly higher in the eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis than in the non-eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis groups. The pendrin expression was more frequently detected in the epithelial surface layer of nasal polyps in the eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis than in the non-eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis groups. In addition, mucin 5AC was more widely expressed in the eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis than in the non-eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis. Conclusion: Increased expression of pendrin and mucin 5AC in the nasal polyps would be associated with development of eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis. This finding could allow the development of a novel therapeutic agent targeted specifically to patients with eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis.

Resumo Introdução: A rinossinusite crônica com pólipos nasais é uma doença heterogênea e algoritmos diagnósticos apropriados em casos individuais são necessários para um tratamento médico eficaz. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi esclarecer a relação entre a expressão da pendrina de pólipos nasais e propriedades clínicas e patológicas características da rinossinusite crônica eosinofílica. Método: Um total de 68 pacientes foram classificados como tendo rinossinusite crônica eosinofílica ou rinossinusite crônica não eosinofílica de acordo com o grau de infiltração eosinofílica nos pólipos nasais. Análises clínicas, hematológicas e imunohistoquímicas foram realizadas e comparadas estatisticamente entre os dois grupos. Resultados: Entre os pacientes, 38 apresentavam rinossinusite crônica eosinofílica e constituíram o grupo 1; 30 tinham rinossinusite crônica não eosinofílica e constituíram o grupo 2. Não houve diferenças significantes na distribuição etária, razão entre os sexos, prevalência de asma ou qualquer outra complicação entre os grupos. O escore médio de Lund-Mackay e o número de eosinófilos séricos foram significantemente maiores no grupo com rinossinusite crônica eosinofílica do que no grupo com rinossinusite crônica não eosinofílica. A expressão da pendrina foi mais frequentemente detectada na camada epitelial superficial dos pólipos nasais na rinossinusite crônica eosinofílica do que no grupo com rinossinusite crônica não eosinofílica. Além disso, mucina 5AC foi mais amplamente expressa na rinossinusite crônica eosinofílica do que na rinossinusite crônica não eosinofílica. Conclusão: O aumento da expressão da pendrina e mucina 5AC nos pólipos nasais estaria associado ao desenvolvimento de rinossinusite crônica eosinofílica. Esse achado pode permitir o desenvolvimento de um novo agente terapêutico voltado especificamente para pacientes com rinossinusite crônica eosinofílica.

Sleep quality assessment in chronic rhinosinusitis patients submitted to endoscopic sinus surgery: a meta-analysis / Avaliação da qualidade do sono em pacientes com rinossinusite crônica submetidos à cirurgia endoscópica nasossinusal: uma meta-análise

Abstract Introduction: Chronic rhinosinusitis can lead to poor sleep quality in affected individuals. Endoscopic nasal surgery has been indicated for patients with chronic rhinosinusitis, resulting in improved quality of life, but it is still unknown if there is a similar improvement in sleep quality after the surgical procedure. Objective: To estimate the sleep quality of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis after undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery. Methods: The literature search was conducted in the indexed databases PubMed, Embase, Lilacs, SciELO, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scopus, Database of Thesis and Dissertations of CAPES, Cochrane Library, Clinical Trials and in the grey literature. It included studies that reported the sleep quality of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis after undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery based on questionnaires assessing quality of life. Two researchers independently conducted the study selection and extraction. The random effects model was chosen to conduct the meta-analysis that was performed using the statistical package STATA, version 11. Results: Overall, 4 studies and 509 subjects were included in the systematic review. Improved sleep quality was observed in 90% of the patients. There was an improvement (on average, from 57% to 67%) in each of the five symptoms related to sleep quality. The results of the meta-analysis revealed high heterogeneity. Conclusions: This review shows that a large percentage of patients report improved sleep quality after endoscopic sinus surgery.

Resumo Introdução: A rinossinusite crônica pode levar a uma má qualidade do sono nos indivíduos afetados. A cirurgia endoscópica nasal tem sido indicada para pacientes com rinossinusite crônica, resulta em melhoria da qualidade de vida, mas ainda não se sabe se há melhoria semelhante na qualidade do sono após o procedimento cirúrgico. Objetivo: Estimar a qualidade do sono em pacientes com rinossinusite crônica após serem submetidos à cirurgia endoscópica nasossinusal. Método: A busca na literatura foi feita nas bases de dados indexadas PubMed, Embase, Lilacs, SciELO, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scopus, Banco de Teses e Dissertações da Capes, Cochrane Library, Clinical Trials e na literatura cinzenta. Foram incluídos estudos que relataram a qualidade do sono de pacientes com rinossinusite crônica após ser submetidos à cirurgia endoscópica nasossinusal, com base em questionários que avaliaram a qualidade de vida. Dois pesquisadores conduziram independentemente a seleção e extração dos estudos. O modelo de efeitos aleatórios foi escolhido para conduzir a meta-análise que foi feita com o pacote estatístico STATA, versão 11. Resultados: No total, 4 estudos e 509 indivíduos foram incluídos na revisão sistemática. Melhora na qualidade do sono foi observada em 90% dos pacientes. Houve melhora (em média, de 57% a 67%) em cada um dos cinco sintomas relacionados à qualidade do sono. Os resultados da meta-análise apresentaram alta heterogeneidade. Conclusões: Esta revisão mostra que uma grande porcentagem de indivíduos relata melhoria na qualidade do sono após a cirurgia endoscópica nasossinusal.

Complicación orbitaria recurrente por rinosinusitis. Reporte de un caso / Recurrent orbital complication by rhinosinusitis. A case report

El compromiso orbitario es la complicación más frecuente de la rinosinusitis aguda en pediatría, y el etmoides es el seno más afectado. La recurrencia es infrecuente. Existen solo tres casos publicados en la literatura. Una anomalía anatómica del proceso unciforme o un mucocele podrían ser factores predisponentes, que pueden obstruir el drenaje normal de los senos junto con la presencia de etmoiditis.La tomografía computada y la resonancia magnética orientan el diagnóstico. El tratamiento quirúrgico está indicado ante la falta de respuesta al tratamiento instaurado luego de 48 horas o disminución de la agudeza visual o recurrencias sin patología tumoral de base.Se presenta a un paciente de 4 años de edad que consultó por un cuadro compatible con etmoiditis complicada recurrente. Presentó celulitis preseptal en seis oportunidades y un episodio de absceso subperióstico, desde los 3 meses de edad. Evolucionó favorablemente luego de la operación quirúrgica.

Orbital infection is the most frequent complication of ethmoiditis. Recurrent periorbital cellulitis is a very rare complication of rhinosinusitis with only three reports in the literature describing this pathological process.This complication can be favored by an anatomical abnormality of the uncinate process or mucocele obstructing the normal drainage pathway, in addition to ethmoidal sinusitis.Computed tomography and magnetic resonance guide the diagnosis. The treatment is based on antibiotics, corticosteroids and local decongestants. Surgical treatment is indicated in the absence of response to treatment established after 48 hours or decrease in visual acuity or recurrent orbital complications without underlying tumor pathology. In this report, we present a case of orbital complication of rhinosinusitis in a 4 year-old-child with six episodes of unilateral periorbital cellulitis and one episode of subperiosteal orbital abscess since the age of 3 months. There was a complete resolution with no recurrence after the surgical intervention

Poliposis nasosinusal / Nasosinusal Polyposis

La poliposis nasosinusal, es una entidad caracterizada por un proceso inflamatorio de la mucosa nasosinusal, con sintomatología obstructiva, para su diagnóstico es necesario la exploración endoscópica y la tomografía computarizada, siendo la cirugía endoscópica nasosinusal, el tratamiento recomendado. Objetivo:recopilar información actualizada acerca de la poliposis nasosinusal con respecto a su fisiopatología, diagnóstico y tratamiento. Material y Métodos: se realizó la búsqueda de artículos en las bases de datos como HINARI, SciELO, Biblioteca Cochrane, PubMed, con las palabras clave rinosinusitis polipoide y poliposis nasosinusal, en inglés y español; se encontraron varios artículos, de los cuales se seleccionaron 20, de revistas biomédicas publicadas en los últimos 5 años y según su importancia de los conceptos básicos de esta entidad. Conclusión: existe debate en la fisiopatología de la poliposis nasosinusal, aunque se acepta la teoría alérgica y la reacción inflamatoria como las causas. Además, el manejo medicamentoso, no es un tratamiento definitivo, teniendo que recurrir al tratamiento quirúrgico para mejorar la sintomatología, donde el tratamiento recae principalmente, en la cirugía endoscópica nasosinusal...(AU)

Postoperative Management of Eosinophilic Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps: Impact of High-Dose Corticosteroid Nasal Spray

Abstract Introduction Eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis (ECRS) is characterized by an eosinophilic inflammation driven by Th2-type cytokines. Glucocorticosteroids are the most common first-line treatment for ECRS with nasal polyps. Objective We have evaluated the long-term treatment with double-dose intranasal corticosteroids in refractory ECRS nasal polyps resistant to the conventional dose and assessed the risk of adverse systemic effects Methods Sixteen subjects were enrolled in this study. All subjects had ECRS after endoscopic sinus surgery that resulted in recurrentmild andmoderate nasal polyps and were undergoing a postoperative follow-up application of mometasone furoate at a dose of 2 sprays (100 μg) in each nostril once a day (200 μg). All the patients were prescribed mometasone furoate, administered at a dose of 2 sprays (100 μg) in each nostril twice a day (400 μg) for 6 months. Results The average scores of the symptoms during the regular dose of intranasal steroid treatment were 5.2 ± 2.2, but 6 months after the high-dose application, they had significantly decreased to 2.5 ± 1.4 (p < 0.05). The polyp size showed an average score of 1.38 during the regular dose which was significantly reduced to 0.43 (p < 0.01) by the double dose. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) showed normal ranges in all the patients tested. The cortisol plasma concentration was also normal. Conclusion Doubling the dose of the nasal topical spray mometasone furoate might be recommended for the treatment of recurrent nasal polyps in the postoperative follow-up of intractable ECRS. (AU)

Nasal polyposis: more than a chronic inflammatory disorder-a disease of mechanical dysfunction - the São paulo position

Introduction: The importance of our study lies in the fact that we have demonstrated the occurrence ofmechanical dysfunction within polypoid tissues, which promotes the development of polyps in the nasal cavity. Objective: To change the paradigm of nasal polyposis (NP). In this new conception, the chronic nasal inflammatory process that occurs in response to allergies, to pollution, to changes in the epithelial barrier, or to other factors is merely the trigger of the development of the disease in individuals with a genetic predisposition to an abnormal tissue remodeling process, which leads to a derangement of the mechanical properties of the nasal mucosa and, consequently, allows it to grow unchecked. Data: Synthesis We propose a fundamentally new approach to intervening in the pathological process of NP, addressing biomechanical properties, fluid dynamics, and the concept of surface tension. Conclusion: The incorporation of biomechanical knowledge into our understanding of NP provides a new perspective to help elucidate the physiology and the pathology of nasal polyps, and new avenues for the treatment and cure of NP (AU)

What is the impact of positive airway pressure in nasal polyposis? An experimental study

Introduction: It has been hypothesized that increasing the interstitial hydrostatic pressure within the sinonasal mucosa of patients with nasal polyposis (NP) might decrease the size of nasal polyps. Objective: To evaluate the effects of positive airway pressure, delivered by a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) device, in patients with NP and in control subjects. Methods: Twelve patients with NP and 27 healthy subjects were exposed to CPAP (20 cm H2O) for 2 hours. Visual analog scale (VAS), Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) scale, acoustic rhinometry (AR), peak nasal inspiratory flow (PNIF) and nasal endoscopy (NE-Meltzer polyp grading system) were performed before and after the intervention, for all patients. Results: The control group showed a significant worsening in nasal obstruction symptoms, as measured by VAS and NOSE (p < 0.01), and a significant decrease in nasal patency, as measured by the PNIF and AR (p < 0.01). For the NP group, VAS, NOSE, and AR did not differ significantly (p = 0.72, p = 0.73, and p = 0.17, respectively), but PNIF values worsened (p = 0.04) after exposure to CPAP. There was a statistically significant reduction in the nasal polyps' size (p = 0.04). Conclusions: Positive pressure worsened the nasal obstruction symptoms and decreased objective parameters of nasal patency in control subjects. In patients with NP, exposure to CPAP reduced the nasal polyps' size, and the nasal patency, asmeasured by PNIF. However, it had no significant effects in AR and in nasal obstruction symptoms (AU)

Rinosinusitis crónica: una revisión de su etiopatogenia / Chronic rhinosinusitis: a review of its etiopathogenesis

RESUMEN La rinosinusitis crónica (RSC) se define como una inflamación sintomática de las cavidades nasales y paranasales. Es una enfermedad altamente prevalente, que conlleva una gran carga económica asociada y cuyo tratamiento médico actual consigue un alivio sintomático en aproximadamente 50% de los pacientes. Tradicionalmente se ha clasificado de acuerdo a la presencia o ausencia de pólipos nasales, sin embargo, no se conoce con total claridad los mecanismos que llevan a la diferenciación de ambos fenotipos. Se estima que existirían tanto factores exógenos como endógenos involucrados que configurarían un origen multifactorial de la enfermedad. La RSC es motivo de intensa investigación científica actual dado su impacto y prevalencia, de manera de determinar con mejor precisión los objetivos de un eventual tratamiento de mayor efectividad. Es por ello que presentamos una revisión actualizada en relación a los mecanismos fisiopatológicos subyacentes en RSC.

ABSTRACT Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is defined as a symptomatic inflammation of the nasal and paranasal cavities. It is a highly prevalent disease carrying a large associated economic burden, and its current medical treatment achieves symptomatic relief in approximately 50% of patients. Traditionally, it has been classified according to the presence or absence of nasal polyps. However, the mechanisms that lead to the differentiation of both phenotypes are not fully understood. It has been estimated that there are both exogenous and endogenous factors involved that would configure a multifactorial origin of the disease. Given its impact and prevalence, CRS is currently a subject of intense scientific research, in order to accurately determine the targets for a more effective treatment. For this reason, we present an updated review in relation to the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms in CRS.

Síndrome de Churg Strauss como diagnóstico diferencial de poliposis nasosinusal, a propósito de un caso / Churg Strauss Syndrome as a differential diagnosis of nasosinusal poliposis, case report

RESUMEN El síndrome de Churg-Strauss (SCS) es una vasculitis necrotizante sistémica de etiología desconocida, que afecta vasos sanguíneos de pequeño y mediano tamaño. Característicamente se definen tres estadios: prodrómico, hipereosinofílico y una etapa de vasculitis sistémica. Dentro del prodrómico se encuentran manifestaciones del área otorrinolaringológica, que suelen preceder por años a las manifestaciones propias de las vasculitis. Entre ellas destacan la otitis media crónica, rinitis alérgica y rinosinusitis crónica poliposa. Reportamos el caso de un paciente de sexo masculino de 64 años con poliposis nasosinusal bilateral, con biopsia compatible con SCS, encontrándose en estado prodrómico de la enfermedad. Además, presentamos una revisión de la literatura sobre esta patología.

ABSTRACT Churg-Strauss syndrome (CSS) is a necrotizing systemic vasculitis of unknown etiology, which involves small and medium-sized vessels. It is characterized by three stages: prodromic, hypereosinophilic and systemic vasculitis. In the prodromal stage we can find otolaryngological manifestations (including chronic otitis media, allergic rhinitis, chronic rhinosinusitis with polyps) that usually precede the proper manifestations of the vasculitis by years. Here, we report a 64-year old male patient with sinonasal polyps and biopsy compatible with CSS, being in the prodromal stage of the illness. Also, we present a review of this disease.

Síndrome de Pai: dos nuevos casos con manifestaciones inusuales / Pai syndrome: Two new cases with unusual manifestations

El síndrome de Pai se describe como la presencia de 3 anomalías congénitas: fisura de labio medial, pólipos cutáneos nasales y faciales, y lipoma pericallosal. La expresión clínica es variable. El desarrollo neuromadurativo suele ser normal. Existen 42 casos descritos en la literatura. Se proponen distintos tipos de herencia, pero, hasta la actualidad, no existe un gen asignado para esta patología. Se presentan dos pacientes con síndrome de Pai, uno de ellos con hallazgos clínicos aún no descritos (defectos de segmentación vertebral y osteoma coroideo).

Pai syndrome is a very rare congenital disorder characterized by medial cleft lip, nasal and facial cutaneous polyps, and pericallosal lipoma. Broad phenotypic variability exists in this condition. Neurodevelopment is usually normal. Up to date 42 cases have been reported in the literature. Different types of inheritance have been proposed, but most cases are sporadic. No gene has been identified. We report two cases with Pai syndrome, one of them with novel clinical findings as vertebral segmentation defects and choroidal osteoma.