Deterioro del sensorio de un paciente con endocarditis infecciosa en sala de internados / Impairment of the sensorium in a patient with infective endocarditis in an inpatient ward

El caso expuesto a continuación demuestra que, a pesar del diagnóstico precoz de la endocarditis infecciosa, el buen pronóstico del paciente se da cuando el tratamiento es oportuno. Por lo tanto, es de suma importancia tener presente cuales son las posibles complicaciones para tratarlas a tiempo. Paciente de sexo masculino, de 72 años de edad, consultó por fiebre de ocho días de evolución. Al examen físico se constató soplo diastólico en foco aórtico. Retornaron hemocultivos positivos para streptococcus gallolyticus, se inició tratamiento con antibióticos según antibiograma; en la segunda semana de tratamiento presentó deterioro del sensorio, primero estuvo confuso y luego somnoliento. Se realizó una tomografía de cráneo simple en primera instancia y luego resonancia magnética encefálica donde se observaron lesiones compatibles con posibles complicaciones de la endocarditis infecciosa como el émbolo séptico. Se continuó con el mismo esquema de antibióticos por seis semanas con mejoría del sensorio. El germen aislado en el caso clínico se relaciona en un porcentaje no infrecuente en pacientes con patologías gastrointestinales, el dato positivo que se obtuvo dentro de sus hábitos fisiológicos era la constipación crónica como dato importante ya que se relaciona frecuentemente con pólipos intestinales o neoplasias que se descartaba con estudios complementarios. Además, que los patógenos frecuentemente implicados en complicaciones neurológicas fueron por S. aureus y Streptococcus gallolyticus, coincidiendo el último con el germen aislado en este caso clínico, además que presentaba dos de las muchas complicaciones como ictus isquémico y émbolos sépticos en un mismo paciente

The case presented below goes beyond the early diagnosis of infective endocarditis and the association of the patient's prognosis with timely treatment; It is also important to keep in mind about possible complications despite adequate clinical management. A male patient consulted for a fever of eight days of evolution, the positive finding on physical examination was the auscultation of a diastolic murmur in the aortic focus. Positive blood cultures returned for streptococcus gallolyticus, antibiotic treatment had been started according to the antibiogram, and in the second week of treatment there was deterioration of the sensorium. A simple skull tomography had been performed in the first instance and then brain magnetic resonance imaging showing lesions compatible with possible complications of infective endocarditis. The same antibiotic scheme was continued for six weeks with improvement of the sensorium. The isolated germ in the clinical case is related in a not infrequent percentage in patients with gastrointestinal pathologies, the positive data that was obtained within their physiological habits was chronic constipation as important data since it is frequently related to intestinal polyps or neoplasms that are ruled out with complementary studies. In addition, the pathogens frequently involved in neurological complications were S. aureus and Streptococcus gallolyticus, the latter coinciding with the isolated germ in this clinical case, in addition to presenting two of the many complications such as ischemic stroke and septic embolism in the same patient

Profilaxis farmacológica para la prevención de la enfermedad tromboembólica en paciente con enfermedad cerebrovascular / Pharmacological prophylaxis for the prevention of thromboembolic disease in patients with cerebrovascular disease

INTRODUCCIÓN: La enfermedad cerebrovascular es un conjunto de alteraciones atribuidas a lesiones agudas y focales en el sistema nervioso central, en su mayoría secundaria a aterosclerosis DESARROLLO: En la prevención de la enfermedad cerebrovascular, existen dos grandes grupos farmacológicos, los antitromboticos y los anti plaquetarios, los cuales impactan en la calidad de vida de estos pacientes mejorando el pronóstico de los mismos. CONCLUSIONES: La enfermedad cerebrovascular comparte factores de riesgo de enfermedad tromboembólica, por lo que se recomienda iniciar profilaxis.

INTRODUCTION: Cerebrovascular disease is a group of alterations attributed to acute and focal lesions in the central nervous system, mostly secondary to atherosclerosis. DEVELOPMENT: In the prevention of cerebrovascular disease, there are two major pharmacological groups, antithrombotics and antiplatelet drugs. , which impact the quality of life of these patients, improving their prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: Cerebrovascular disease shares risk factors for thromboembolic disease, so it is recommended to start prophylaxis.

Limb ischemia in patients with COVID-19 / Isquemia de membros em pacientes com COVID-19

Abstract This narrative review covers the life-threatening thromboembolic events associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection/COVID-19. It addresses the physical changes that cause vascular and arterial damage to limbs, laboratory management of coagulation, and management of anticoagulation. COVID-19's relationship with deep venous thrombosis and arterial thrombosis is also emphasized. The main thromboembolic events described in the literature are illustrated with examples from our experience with COVID-19 patients.

Resumo Esta revisão narrativa abrange os eventos tromboembólicos com risco de vida associados a infecção por SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19. Aborda as mudanças físicas que causam danos vasculares e arteriais aos membros, o manejo laboratorial da coagulação e o manejo da anticoagulação. A relação de COVID-19 com trombose venosa profunda e trombose arterial também é enfatizada. Os principais eventos tromboembólicos descritos na literatura são ilustrados a partir de nossa experiência com pacientes COVID-19.

Causes of death in growing-finishing pigs in two technified farms in southern Brazil / Causas de morte em suínos de crescimento e terminação em duas granjas tecnificadas no Sul do Brasil

The aim of this study was to investigate the main causes of death in growing-finishing pigs in southern Brazil. During a one-year period (from 2018 to 2019), two industrial pig herds (18 and 20 thousand pigs each farm) in southern Brazil were monitored along the four seasons of the year (12 days per season on each farm), in order to perform necropsies of all pigs that died in that period. The two farms had an average monthly mortality rate ranging from 0.94 to 3.93% in the evaluated months. At necropsy, tissues were collected, fixed in 10% formalin solution and processed routinely for histopathological examination. When necessary, samples were sent for bacterial culture and PCR to identify etiologic agents. A total of 601 necropsies were performed, with 94.9% of conclusive diagnoses. Infectious diseases corresponded to 64.4% of conclusive diagnosis and non-infectious diseases to 35.6%. The most prevalent causes of death were: pneumonia (33%), gastric ulcers (15.4%), circovirosis (9.9%), systemic bacterial embolism (5.4%), polyserositis (4.4%), dilated cardiomyopathy and torsion of abdominal organs (4.3% each), and bacterial pericarditis (3.4%). Regarding pneumonias (199/601), the main agents identified in these cases were Pasteurella multocida, Influenza A virus and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, mainly in associations.(AU)

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi investigar as principais causas de morte de suínos em fase de crescimento e terminação no Sul do Brasil. Durante o período de um ano (entre 2018 e 2019), duas granjas tecnificadas de suínos no Sul do Brasil foram acompanhadas nas quatro estações (12 dias por estação em cada granja), para realização de necropsias dos suínos que morreram nesse período. As duas propriedades apresentavam mortalidade mensal média entre 0,94 e 3,93% nos meses avaliados. Na necropsia, amostras de órgãos foram colhidas, fixadas em formol 10% e processadas rotineiramente para o exame histopatológico. Quando necessário, amostras foram enviadas para o cultivo bacteriano e PCR para identificação de agentes etiológicos. Foram realizadas um total de 601 necropsias, com 94,9% de diagnósticos conclusivos. As doenças infecciosas corresponderam a 64,4% dos diagnósticos conclusivos e as não infecciosas a 35,6%. As principais causas de morte foram: pneumonias (33%), úlcera gástrica (15,4%), circovirose (9,9%), embolia bacteriana sistêmica (5,4%), polisserosite (4,4%), cardiomiopatia dilatada e torção de órgãos abdominais (4,3% cada) e pericardite bacteriana (3,4%). Com relação às pneumonias (199/601), os principais agentes associadas as lesões foram Pasteurella multocida, vírus da Influenza A e Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, principalmente associados entre si.(AU)

Fenómenos embólicos y ecocardiografía transtorácica (ETT) durante cirugía de artroplastía de cadera (AC) / Embolic phenomena in hip Arthroplasty with intraoperative transthoracic echocardiography (TTE)

Embolic event's exist during hip arthroplasty surgery and specially those who had been caused by hip fracture. Complications depends mainly on the preoperative clinical conditions, and may even be subclinical if the patient was previously healthy. Thus, thanks to the technology progress, especially transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), it has been possible to identify these embolic phenomena at an early stage, allowing to be anticipated and treated an eventual cardiorespiratory compromise. A report was made of 2 patients with hip fracture, who underwent hip arthroplasty surgery (HA), in which through transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), it was possible to visualize embolic events, mainly during the acetabular reaming and the press-fit impact of the Cup. One patient presented hemodynamic impact that was early treated. This emphasizes how critical that period of the surgery is, and that when the anesthesiologist must be especially vigilant. There could be different causes: the energy made by the surgeons to make the acetabular reaming or to insert the cup; or even the destruction of the surrounding tissue during the fracture moment. So, in that way blood thrombus, air, fat or bone can get into the blood vessels and produce eventual complications. Therefore, special attention is required to the hemodynamic changes that may occur in these stages of surgery. Particularly, in these cases, in whom the patient's receive regional anesthesia and were positioned on lateral decubitus, it has to monitored by TTE and not by TEE, which gave more limitations at the moment to get the different echocardiograph Windows, thus it was chosen to use the subxiphoid window to see the inferior vena cava. In both cases, it was visualized embolic's events. But as it's said before, only one presented hemodynamic compromised. Also stands out, the relevance that there is more access to TTE in most of the operating centers of the country, unlike the TEE, which the transducer use for it, is more difficult for the anesthesiologist to get access to it and also requires more training.

Durante las cirugías de prótesis de cadera y especialmente aquellas por fractura de cadera pueden presentar eventos embólicos. Las complicaciones dependen principalmente de la condición clínica preoperatoria, pudiendo incluso ser subclínico si el paciente es sano. Así, gracias al progreso de la tecnología, particularmente la ecocardiografía transesofágica (ETE) y transtoraxica (ETT), se ha logrado identificar precozmente dichos fenómenos embólicos, permitiendo anticipar y tratar oportunamente una eventual descompensación cardiorrespiratoria. Se realizó un reporte de 2 pacientes con fractura de cadera, que se sometieron a una cirugía de artroplastía de cadera (AC), en los cuales mediante la vigilancia de ETT, se logró visualizar estos eventos, principalmente durante la fenestración e impactación del cotilo en el acetábulo, presentando uno de estos pacientes un impacto hemodinámico que se trató precozmente. Las causas de las embolías pueden ser variadas, como la presión ejercida por el cirujano para fenestrar e introducir la prótesis o la destrucción del tejido circundante a la lesión durante el momento de la fractura, entre otros. Así, se pueden producir embolias de trombos, grasa, hueso o incluso aire que pueda entrar al torrente sanguíneo y producir eventualmente complicaciones. Con estos hallazgos, ecográficos y en algunas oportunidades clínicos, se podría demostrar lo crítico que es aquel período de la cirugía, en donde se requiere especial atención a los cambios hemodinámicos que se puedan producir, y en el que el anestesiólogo debe estar especialmente vigilante. Particularmente, en estos casos, en que las pacientes recibieron anestesia regional y se intervino en posición de decúbito lateral, se tuvo que realizar monitoreo mediante ETT y no ETE, lo cual entrego más limitantes a la hora de conseguir buena calidad de ventanas cardiacas y por lo tanto, después de visualizar las distintas ventanas se optó por utilizar la ventana subxifoidea para visualizar la vena Cava inferior y así observar los distintos eventos embólicos circulantes. En ambas pacientes se pudieron apreciar eventos embólicos, pero en sólo una paciente tuvo compromiso cardiorrespiratorio con hipotensión, aumento de la frecuencia cardiaca y desaturación. Junto con la demostración de la posibilidad de visualización de embolías con ETT, se destaca la relevancia de que existe mayor acceso a este tipo de ecografía en gran parte de los pabellones de nuestro país, a diferencia de la ETE, en la que la sonda utilizada es de más difícil acceso por parte de los anestesistas y requiere un mayor entrenamiento.

Malformación arteriovenosa cerebelosa. Caso clínico / Cerebellar arteriovenous malformation. Clinical case

Las malformaciones arteriovenosas representan un grupo extenso y heterogéneo de lesiones. Dichas anomalías se caracterizan por ser congénitas y por representar un verdadero desafío diagnóstico y terapéutico. El presente caso trata de una paciente femenina de 7 años, sin antecedentes de importancia que presentó un cuadro evolutivo de 2 meses, caracterizado por cefalea a nivel fronto-parietal derecha y debilidad de miembro superior izquierdo. Mediante exámenes complementarios de imagen se identifica una malformación arteriovenosa-cerebelosa que compromete diencéfalo y tálamo derecho. Durante su estadía hospitalaria es sometida a embolización, lo que mejoró notablemente el cuadro patológico establecido.

Arteriovenous malformations represent a large and heterogeneous group of lesions. These anomalies are characterized by being congenital and representing a true diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. The present case deals with a 7-year-old female patient without health history of importance. She presented a 2-month evolutionary picture, specified by right frontal-parietal headache and left upper limb weakness. Complementary imaging tests identify an arteriovenous-cerebellar malformation that compromises the diencephalon and right thalamus. An embolization was applied during hospitalization, which markedly improved the established pathological picture

Mielitis isquémica como presentación de aorta shaggy en paciente con síndrome aórtico agudo concomitante / Ischaemic myelitis as a presentation of a shaggy aorta in a patient with concomitant acute aortic syndrome

Resumen La aorta shaggy se define como una degeneración ateromatosa agresiva y extensa de la aorta, cuya friabilidad predispone a ulceración y complicaciones embólicas, cursa con alto riesgo de embolia sistémica y no se conocen prevalencia ni incidencia en poblaciones de riesgo. La mayoría de casos publicados hacen referencia a complicaciones en procedimientos quirúrgicos. En la literatura no se hallaron reportes que asocien ateroembolia aórtica con obstrucción de la arteria de Adamkiewicz, cuyo diagnóstico no siempre es posible visualizando su oclusión por angiotomografía o por angiorresonancia, pues el defecto puede ser evanescente o puede existir compromiso distal con obstrucción microvascular, difícilmente aparente con arteriografía selectiva. Se presenta un caso de mielopatía isquémica embólica asociada a aorta shaggy con probable oclusión de la arteria de Adamkiewicz como responsable del deterioro neurológico agudo de la paciente, confirmado por resonancia magnética nuclear. Para caracterizar mejor esta enfermedad y para tener las estrategias diagnósticas y terapéuticas apropiadas en su abordaje oportuno, consideramos importante el reporte de casos similares aumentando así su sospecha diagnóstica.

Abstract A shaggy aorta is defined as an aggressive and extensive atheromatous degeneration of the aorta. Its friability predisposes to ulceration and embolic complications. It carries a high risk of systemic embolisms, and its prevalence and incidence in risk populations is unknown. The majority of published cases mention complications in surgical procedures. No reports have been found in the literature that associate aortic atheroembolism with obstruction of the artery of Adamkiewicz. Its diagnosis is not always possible by visualising its occlusion by computed tomography angiography or by magnetic resonance angiography, since the defects may be evanescent, or there may be a distal compromise with a microvascular obstruction, hardly apparent with selected angiography. A case is presented of embolic ischaemic myelitis associated with a shaggy aorta, with probable occlusion of the artery of Adamkiewicz being responsible form the acute neurological deterioration of the patient, confirmed by a nuclear magnetic resonance scan. In order to better describe the features of this disease and to have the appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for its timely approach, it is considered important to report all similar cases, thus increasing its diagnostic suspicion.

Caso Clínico: Rotura y Embolización de Catéter Femoral / Case Report: Rupture and Embolization of a Femoral Catheter

INTRODUCCIÓN:La embolización de cuerpos extraños intravasculares es una complicación poco frecuente; sin embargo, está asociada a alteraciones cardíacas y pulmonares en más del 50% de los casos. Actualmente se prefiere realizar el manejo utilizando técnicas de extracción por cateterismo cardíaco, esto debido a la naturaleza menos invasiva del procedimiento y a las menores tasas de mortalidad y complicaciones asociadas. A continuación se presenta un reporte de caso donde se realizó la extracción un catéter intracardiaco mediante vía percutánea. CASO CLÍNICO: Lactante de sexo masculino, de 51 días de vida, con antecedentes de prematuridad extrema y peso adecuado para edad gestacional, ingresado en el servicio de neonatología; a quien como acceso vascular central se le colocó un catéter percutáneo femoral. Tras el retiro del mismo se apreció rotura y embolización de los dos tercios distales; la evaluación radiológica evidenció catéter a nivel de cavidades cardíacas derechas. EVOLUCIÓN: Se inició antibioticoterapia por el riesgo de infección asociado. De forma exitosa se realizó la extracción del cuerpo extraño por intervencionismo percutáneo; el paciente evolucionó favorablemente, no presentó ninguna complicación. CONCLUSIÓN: La rotura y embolización del catéter es un evento poco frecuente que incrementa la morbimortalidad de los pacientes ingresados en neonatología. La extracción percutánea debe ser la primera opción por la eficacia y seguridad del procedimiento.(au)

BACKGROUND: The embolization of foreign intravascular bodies is a rare complication; however, it is associated with cardiac and pulmonary dysfunction in more than 50% of cases. Currently, it is preferred to perform the management using extraction techniques by cardiac catheterization; this is explained by the less invasive nature of the procedure and the lower mortality and complications rates. The following is a case report where an intracardiac catheter was extracted by a percutaneous procedure. CASE REPORT: Male, 52-day-old infant, with history of extreme prematurity and adequate weight for gestational age; hospitalized in the neonatology service; as central vascular access a percutaneous femoral catheter was placed. After removal, rupture and embolization of the distal two thirds were observed; the radiological evaluation showed a catheter at the level of right heart cavities. EVOLUTION: By the associated infection risk, antibiotic therapy was initiated. The foreign body was extracted successfully by percutaneous intervention; the patient presented a favorable evolution without any complications. CONCLUSIONS: The catheter rupture and embolization is a rare event that increases morbidity and mortality rates of patients admitted to neonatology. Percutaneous extraction should be the first option by the procedure efficacy and safety.(au)

Masas cardiacas: registro de la experiencia en un centro de alta complejidad / Cardiac masses: report of experience in a high complexity centre

Resumen Introducción: Las masas cardiacas son una entidad heterogénea, que incluye lesiones neoplásicas y no neoplásicas y se clasifican en primarias y secundarias o metastásicas. Métodos: Estudio observacional analítico de tipo cohorte retrospectivo. Resultados: Se incluyeron un total de 73 individuos de los cuales se analizaron los datos de 66. Las masas cardiacas se diagnosticaron con mayor frecuencia en mujeres (53%). El síntoma más frecuente fue disnea (35%), seguido por dolor torácico (28%); otras manifestaciones comunes fueron fiebre (22%), pérdida de peso (22%) y focalización neurológica (22%). 44 pacientes fueron llevados a intervención quirúrgica o toma de biopsia de lesiones primarias encontrando como principal diagnóstico mixoma en 18 de ellos (27%); el resto de neoplasias primarias cardiacas fueron raras, fibroelastoma 2 casos (3%), al igual que rabdomioma y rabdomiosarcoma con solo un caso; el compromiso secundario fue frecuente con 18 casos (27%) representados principalmente por linfomas con 5 casos (8%), tumores primarios renales con 4 casos (6%) y cáncer de pulmón con 3 casos (5%). Dentro del seguimiento, el 77% estaban vivos en los siguientes seis meses del diagnóstico; la principal causa de muerte fue la progresión de la enfermedad oncológica (8 pacientes), seguida por ataque cerebrovascular (3 pacientes) y choque postoperatorio (2 pacientes). Conclusiones: Los pacientes con masas cardíacas con frecuencia tienen síntomas inespecíficos incluidos en tres ejes principales: insuficiencia cardíaca, síntomas generales y embolia sistémica. La frecuencia de mixoma auricular y las neoplasias secundarias fue similar.

Abstract Introduction: Cardiac masses are a heterogeneous condition, and include neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions that can be classified as primary, secondary, or metastatic. Methods: An analytical observational study of a retrospective cohort. Results: A total of 74 subjects were included, of which the data of 66 of them were analysed. Cardiac masses were diagnosed more often in women (53%). The most frequent symptom was dyspnoea (35%), followed by chest pain (28%). Other common signs were fever (22%), weight loss (22%), and a neurological focus (22%). A total of 44 patients had surgery or a biopsy taken of the primary lesions found. The primary diagnosis was a myxoma in 18 (27%). The rest of the primary cardiac tumours were rare, with a fibroelastoma in 2 cases (3%), rhabdomyoma 2 cases (3%), and only one case of rhabdomyosarcoma. There was secondary involvement in 18 cases (27%), mainly as lymphomas in 5 cases (8%), primary renal tumours in 4 cases (6%), and lung cancer in 3 cases. During follow-up, 77% were alive in the six months following the diagnosis. The main cause of death was progression of the oncological disease (8 patients), followed a cerebrovascular attack (3 patients), and post-surgical shock (2 patients). Conclusions: Patients with cardiac masses of have non-specific symptoms included in three main groups: heart failure, general symptoms, and systemic embolisms. The frequency of atrial myxoma and secondary tumours was similar.

Profilaxia de tromboembolismo venoso, podemos fazer melhor? Perfil de risco e profilaxia de tromboembolismo venoso em Hospital Universitário do interior do Estado de São Paulo / Venous thromboembolism, can we do better? Profile of venous thromboembolism risk and prophylaxis in a University Hospital in the State of São Paulo

O tromboembolismo venoso (TEV) é uma doença silenciosa e potencialmente letal que acomete parcela importante dos pacientes hospitalizados. Com alta morbimortalidade e elevado custo financeiro para o sistema de saúde, o TEV pode ser prevenido com uso da profilaxia, já estabelecida pela literatura. No mundo real, a profilaxia para TEV possui média de adequação inferior a 50%. Objetivos Definir o perfil epidemiológico do doente com TEV em um hospital universitário e a taxa de adequação da profilaxia para TEV no referido serviço, além de determinar meios para melhorá-la. Métodos Estudo transversal observacional realizado pela coleta de dados no prontuário médico dos pacientes que preencheram critérios de inclusão. Comparou-se a taxa de adequação da profilaxia para TEV prescrita para pacientes clínicos e cirúrgicos, segundo diretrizes da Sociedade Brasileira de Angiologia e Cirurgia Vascular (SBACV), de acordo com sua classificação de risco para TEV. Resultados A taxa global de adequação das prescrições de profilaxia para TEV foi de 42,1% versus 57,9% de inadequação. Pacientes clínicos obtiveram taxa de adequação de 52,9%, enquanto pacientes cirúrgicos obtiveram taxa de adequação de 37,5%. Conclusões As taxas de prescrição adequada para profilaxia para TEV ainda se encontram aquém do esperado. Educação continuada, estímulo à aplicação da estratificação de risco à beira do leito e adequações no sistema de prescrição eletrônica podem aumentar as taxas de prescrição adequada para profilaxia de TEV

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a silent and potentially lethal disease that affects a considerable proportion of hospitalized patients. It has high morbidity and mortality and is responsible for a heavy financial burden on healthcare systems. However, VTE can be prevented using prophylaxis measures that have been established in the literature. Nonetheless, in the real world, mean rates of appropriately administered VTE prophylaxis are lower than 50%. Objectives To define the epidemiological profile of patients with VTE in a University Hospital and the rate of appropriately administered VTE prophylaxis at that service and to identify measures to improve the rate. Methods A cross-sectional, observational study was conducted with data collected from the medical records of patients who met the inclusion criteria. The rates of correct VTE prophylaxis prescribed to clinical and surgical patients were compared, assessed according to guidelines published by the Brazilian Society of Angiology and Vascular Surgery (SBACV), based on VTE risk classification. Results The overall rate of correctly-prescribed VTE prophylaxis was 42.1%, while 57.9% of patients were not managed correctly in this respect. Clinical patients had a 52.9% rate of appropriate prophylaxis, while the equivalent rate for surgical patients was 37.5%. Conclusions Rates of correctly-prescribed VTE prophylaxis are still lower than they should be. Ongoing education, measures to encourage bedside risk stratification, and improvements to the electronic prescription system could increase appropriate VTE prophylaxis rates

Rara coincidencia de dos tumores: mixoma cardíaco e hipernefroma. Presentación de un paciente / Rare coincidence of two tumors: cardiac myxoma and hypernephroma. A case report

RESUMEN La asociación de dos tumores de diferente origen en un mismo paciente es cada vez más frecuente en la práctica clínica actual. Se presenta un caso con una rara asociación de mixoma cardíaco e hipernefroma, previamente tratado. Ante la presencia de manifestaciones neurológicas, inicialmente se planteó el diagnóstico de metástasis cerebral del tumor renal; luego, con el hallazgo ecocardiográfico de una masa intracardíaca, se pensó en la posibilidad de trombo, por lo que se decidió practicar cirugía cardíaca con carácter urgente para resecarla. El estudio anatomopatológico confirmó la existencia de un mixoma cardíaco, por lo que se trata de un enfermo con dos enfermedades tumorales cuya coincidencia ha sido pocas veces descrita.

ABSTRACT The association of two tumors of different origin in the same patient is becoming more frequent in the current clinical practice. Here is presented a case with a rare association of cardiac myxoma and hypernephroma, previously treated. Due to the presence of neurological symptoms, there was initially set a diagnosis of brain metastasis from the renal tumor; then, with the echocardiographic finding of an intracardiac mass, the possibility of thrombus was considered, therefore a cardiac surgery was decided to be performed urgently in order to resect it. The pathologic examination confirmed the existence of a cardiac myxoma, then, we have a patient with two tumor diseases whose coincidence has been rarely described.

Reporte de casos de síndrome de dedo azul / Blue finger syndrome: Case reports

RESUMEN El síndrome de dedo azul (SDA) se caracteriza por la coloración violácea o azul de uno o más dedos, puede serla primera manifestación de múltiples enfermedades, tanto las que presentan alteraciones directamente en los dedos o ser la expresión de enfermedades sistémicas; los mecanismos fisiopatológicos más comunes son trombosis, embolia, vasoconstricción grave o afección del lecho vascular que puede ser inflamatoria o no inflamatoria. Describimos 5 casos de SDA, donde resaltamos la importancia del diagnóstico temprano y enfatizamos en el concepto de evaluación y abordaje como una urgencia médica, sin importar la causa, ya que su manejo y tratamiento inicial, más el intento de lograr un tratamiento dirigido a una etiología podría disminuir complicaciones irreversibles como la necrosis o amputación.

ABSTRACT Blue finger syndrome (BFS), usually noted by the violet or blue coloration of one or more fingers, may be the first manifestation of several diseases. These may present with alterations directly on the fingers or be the expression of systemic diseases. The most common pathophysiological causes are thrombosis, embolism, severe vasoconstriction, or vasculature involvement that may be inflammatory or non-inflammatory. A description is presented of 5 cases of BFS, where the emphasis is placed on the importance of early diagnosis. The concept of evaluation and approach as a medical emergency is also stressed, because depending on this, it could reduce irreversible complications, such as necrosis and/or amputation.

Embolia pulmonar tumoral: una manifestación inicial infrecuente del cáncer / Pulmonary tumour embolism: An infrequent initial manifestation of cancer

Resumen Generalmente la embolia pulmonar puede ser resultado de una trombosis, sin embargo, existen otros tipos de embolismos pulmonares. Se describe el caso de una paciente de 44 años de edad con artritis reumatoide, uso de terapia biológica y sin diagnóstico previo de cáncer, que presentó embolismo pulmonar en el contexto de trombosis venosa en miembros inferiores sin respuesta a la anticoagulación por lo que se estudiaron otras posibles etiologías, documentando finalmente embolismo tumoral por adenocarcinoma de origen desconocido posiblemente de mama. La posibilidad de embolia pulmonar tumoral se debe considerar ante la no respuesta al tratamiento con anticoagulación.

Abstract Pulmonary embolism is usually caused by thrombosis; however there are other types of pulmonary embolisms. The case is presented of a 44 year-old patient with rheumatoid arthritis on biological therapy, with no previous diagnosis of cancer. The patient had a pulmonary embolism in the context of venous thrombosis in the lower limbs, with no response to anticoagulation treatment. It was finally documented as a tumour embolism due to adenocarcinoma of unknown origin, possibly of the breast. The possibility of a pulmonary tumour embolism should be considered in the absence of a response to anticoagulation therapy.