Ruxolitinibe para tratamento de pacientes com mielofibrose, risco intermediário-2 ou alto, com plaquetas acima de 100. 000/mm3, inelegíveis ao transplante de células-tronco hematopoéticas: [junho de 2022] / Ruxolitinib for the treatment of patients with myelofibrosis, intermediate-2 or high risk, with platelets above 100,000/mm3, ineligible for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: [June 2022]

CONTEXTO: Mielofibrose é uma neoplasia maligna rara que pode se desenvolver como doença primária, sendo uma doença mieloproliferativa crônica caracterizada pela falha da medula óssea e proliferação clonal de células mieloides associada com excesso de fibras de reticulina e/ou colágeno, e algum grau de atipia no megacariócito. O quadro clínico pode evoluir com esplenomegalia, anemia, sintomas constitucional (fadiga, sudorese noturna, febre), caquexia, dor óssea, infarto esplênico, prurido, trombose e sangramentos. A incidência na União Europeia e EUA é de 0,3 casos por 100.000 habitantes. Não há dados epidemiológicos robustos no Brasil. Ruxolitinibe é um inibidor seletivo das Janus Quinases associadas (JAKs) ­ JAK1 e JAK2. A desregulação da via JAK-STAT tem sido associada a vários tipos de câncer e aumento da proliferação e sobrevida de células malignas. TECNOLOGIA: Ruxolitinibe. PERGUNTA: O uso de ruxolitinibe no tratamento da mielofibrose risco intermediário-2 ou alto (classificação IPSS), em adultos, com contagem plaquetária acima de 100.000/mm3 é eficaz e seguro quando comprado ao

Panmielosis aguda con mielofibrosis / Acute panmyelosis with myelofibrosis

La panmielosis aguda con mielofibrosis (PMAF) es un raro desorden hematológico, definido como un subtipo de leucemia aguda. Se reporta un paciente masculino de 31 años de edad con historia de decaimiento marcado, fiebre vespertina y gingivorragia. El examen físico muestra palidez cutáneo mucosas, esplenomegalia ligera y en exámenes complementarios pancitopenia con 5 por ciento de blastos. En el medulograma no se obtuvo material y la impronta sugiere leucemia mieloide aguda no promielocítica. El estudio de inmunofenotipo por citometría de flujo confirma incremento de mieloblastos positivo para (CD34, CD13, CD17, CD117, CD38) y disminuidos en (CD11c y HLA-DR), con una mielofibrosis marcada en biopsia de medula ósea sin la presencia de blastos. Recibe tratamiento de inducción con esquema 3 + 7 (Citosar + Rubidomicina) después del cual el paciente se encuentra en remisión hematológica con persistencia de la fibrosis medular. Posteriormente inicia tratamiento con lenalidomida, Bifosfonatos (Ácido Zoledronico) y se encuentra en remisión hematológica 11 meses después del diagnóstico, hasta marzo 2020. Se realizan estudios de histocompatibilidad (HLA) para trasplante alogénico(AU)

Acute panmyelosis with myelofibrosis (PMAF) is a rare hematologic disorder, defined as a subtype of acute leukemia. A 31-year-old male patient with a history of marked decay, evening fever, and gingivorrhagia is reported. The physical examination showed mucous skin paleness, slight splenomegaly and the complementary examinations showed pancytopenia with 5 percent blasts. In the medullogram no material was obtained and the imprint suggests non-promyelocytic acute myeloid leukemia. Immunophenotype study by flow cytometry confirmed an increase in myeloblasts positive for (CD34, CD13, CD17, CD117, CD38) and decreased in (CD11c and HLA-DR), with marked myelofibrosis in bone marrow biopsy without the presence of blasts. He received induction treatment with a 3 + 7 scheme (Citosar + Rubidomycin) after which the patient was in hematological remission with persistence of spinal fibrosis. Later, he started treatment with lenalidomide, bisphosphonates (Zoledronic Acid) and was in hematological remission 11 months after diagnosis, until March 2020. Histocompatibility studies (HLA) were performed for allogeneic transplantation(AU)

Meta-analysis of the frequency of JAK2 in primary myelofibrosis according to the detection method used / Metaanálisis de la frecuencia de JAK2 en mielofibrosis primaria según la técnica de detección

Abstract Background and objective: in the global scientific literature, the frequency of JAK2 is highly heterogenous in chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms. The objective of this study was to analyze the prevalence of the JAK2 mutation in primary myelofibrosis (PMF) and compare it according to the detection method used, from 2007-2018. Materials and methods: a systematic review with meta-analysis, using 21 searches in three multidisciplinary databases. The PRISMA guideline phases of identification, screening, selection and inclusion were applied. Reproducibility and evaluation of the methodological quality were ensured. The analyses were based on frequencies and meta-analysis for the prevalence of the mutation with its 95% confidence interval. Results: twenty-nine studies with 744 patients were included, mainly from Korea, Brazil and China. The most commonly used technique was AS-PCR, and the prevalence of JAK2 with this technique ranged from 33.3 to 71.4%; with real-time PCR ranging from 42.9 to 77.3%, sequencing from 14.3-57.4%, and ARMS from 36.4-83.3%. The prevalence of JAK2 showed no statistically significant differences according to the type of diagnostic test used. Conclusion: high frequencies of the JAK2V617F mutation are seen in PMF, which shows that this entity should not be diagnosed solely based on clinical and hematological characteristics, but also on the patients' genetic screening.

Resumen Antecedentes y objetivo: en la literatura científica mundial la frecuencia de JAK2 presenta una alta heterogeneidad en las neoplasias mieloproliferativas crónicas. El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar la prevalencia de la mutación JAK2 en mielofibrosis Primaria (MFP) y compararla según la técnica de detección en los años 2007-2018. Material y métodos: revisión sistemática con metaanálisis, usando 21 búsquedas en tres bases de datos multidisciplinarias. Se aplicaron las fases de identificación, tamización, elección e inclusión de la guía PRISMA. Se garantizó reproducibilidad y evaluación de la calidad metodológica. Los análisis se basaron en frecuencias y metaanálisis para la prevalencia de la mutación con su intervalo de confianza de 95%. Resultados: se incluyeron 29 estudios con 744 pacientes, los cuales provienen principalmente de Corea, Brasil y China. La técnica más empleada fue AS-PCR, las prevalencias de JAK2 con esta técnica oscilaron entre 33.3 y 71.4%; con PCR en tiempo real entre 42.9 y 77.3%, con secuenciación de 14.3-57.4% y en ARMS de 36.4-83.3%. La prevalencia de JAK2 no presentó diferencias estadísticamente significativas según el tipo de prueba diagnóstica utilizada. Conclusión: se evidencian altas frecuencias de la mutación JAK2V617F en MFP, lo que evidencia que el diagnóstico de esta entidad no debe realizarse únicamente por características clínicas y hematológicas sino también por la tamización genética de los pacientes.

Clinical and molecular profile of a Brazilian cohort of patients with classical BCR-ABL1-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms

ABSTRACT Background: The classical BCR-ABL1-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are Polycythemia Vera (PV), Essential Thrombocythemia (ET) and Primary Myelofibrosis (PMF). In developing countries, there are few reports that truly reveal the clinical setting of these patients. Therefore, we aimed to characterize a single center MPN population with a special focus on the correct diagnosis based on the recent review of the WHO criteria for the diagnosis of myeloid neoplasms. Methods: This retrospective study analyzed data from medical records of patients with classical BCR-ABL1-negative MPNs diagnosed from January 1997 to October 2017 and followed at the University Hospital of Ribeirão Preto Medical School. Results: A total of 162 patients were assessed, 61 with PV, 50 with ET, and 51 with PMF. The mutational status analysis revealed that 113 (69.3%) harbored the JAK2V617F mutation, 23 (14.1%), the CALR mutation, and 12 (7.4%) had a triple-negative status. None of the patients were found to have mutations on the thrombopoietin receptor gene (MPL), including some ET and PMF patients who were not tested. Among the PV patients, 57 (93.5%) were positive for the JAK2V617F mutation, one (1.6%) presented an in-frame deletion JAK2 exon 12 mutation and one (1.6%) presented a missense JAK2 exon 9 mutation, not previously described. The overall survival was lower in the triple-negative patients with PMF, when compared to the JAK2V617F or CALR-mutated (p= 0.002). Conclusion: The frequency of somatic mutations and survival in our cohort, stratified according to the respective disease, was consistent with the literature data, despite some limitations. Further prospective epidemiological studies of MPN cohorts are encouraged in developing countries.

A subgroup analysis of JUMP, a phase IIIb, expanded-access study evaluating the safety and efficacy of ruxolitinib in patients with myelofibrosis in a Brazilian cohort

Abstract Introduction Ruxolitinib has been approved for the treatment of myelofibrosis (MF). In this study, we present safety and efficacy findings from an analysis of 104 patients with intermediate- and high-risk MF in a Brazilian cohort of the JUMP study who received treatment with ruxolitinib. Methods JUMP is a single-arm, open-label, phase IIIb, expanded-access study. The primary endpoint was to evaluate the safety and tolerability (frequency, duration, and severity of adverse events [AEs]) of ruxolitinib. Results All of the 104 patients received the treatment. Median duration of exposure was 35.8 months. The most common hematologic AEs were anemia (57.7), thrombocytopenia (38.5%), neutropenia (11.5%), and leukopenia (9.6%). Second malignancies (all grades) occurred in 19.2% of patients (n = 20). Serious AEs were reported in 62.5% of patients (n = 65). The proportions of patients with ≥50% reduction from baseline in palpable spleen length at weeks 24 and 48 were 62.7% and 69.2%, respectively. The mean change from the baseline in the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy (FACT)-Lymphoma total score was 10.8 [15.6%] at week 4, 12.6 [14.1%] at week 24, and 12.2 [14.3%] at week 48. The mean change from the baseline for the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACIT)-Fatigue scale was 3.9 [42.8%] at week 4, 4.9 [29.9%] at week 24, and 4.7 [28%] at week 48. At week 48, the estimated progression-free survival, leukemia-free survival, and overall survival probabilities were 91%, 91% and 93%, respectively Overall, 21 deaths were observed in the present study. Conclusion Findings from this study suggest that ruxolitinib could be evaluated as a standard-of-care treatment for the MF population in need of a viable treatment option. NCT01493414

Calidad de vida en pacientes con neoplasias mieloproliferativas crónicas Filadélfia negativas / Quality of life in patients with Philadelphia negative chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms

Resumen Introducción: la carga sintomática de pacientes con neoplasias mieloproliferativas crónicas Filadélfia negativas (NMC-PhN) afecta la calidad de vida (CV). Existen escalas para evaluar la magnitud de los síntomas, una de ellas, MPN-SAF-10. En nuestra región existe escasa información sobre CV de pacientes con NMC-PhN. Objetivos: estimar el puntaje de calidad de vida con la escala MPN-SAF-10 en pacientes con NMC-PhN atendidos en el Hospital de San José (Bogotá, Colombia) y explorar asociaciones entre el tiempo de tratamiento, carga de complicaciones y el efecto en la CV. Material y métodos: estudio de corte transversal analítico para evaluar CV basada en carga sintomática de pacientes con NMC-PhN del Hospital de San José (Bogotá, Colombia). Se realizó análisis descriptivo y estratificado de calidad de vida, tratamiento citorreductor y de diferentes complicaciones, así como pruebas de asociación de los puntajes de riesgo de cada enfermedad con sus respectivos puntajes de CV. Resultados: en 64 pacientes la escala MPN-SAF-10 documentó medianas de puntajes globales de CV de 3 (RIC 1-6), MPN-SAF-10 de 20 (RIC 8-32). Un 49% de los pacientes tuvo algún grado de alteración (30% moderada y 19% severa), sin diferencias entre las tres enfermedades. Los puntajes de CV no variaron entre las NMC-PhN. El tratamiento y duración del mismo no se correlacionaron con la escala de MPN-SAF-10 (hidroxiúrea r: - 0.27; ruxolitinib r: 0.12). Conclusiones: en pacientes con NMC-PhN, la evaluación de CV con la escala MPN-SAF-10 evidencia algún grado de afectación a pesar del tratamiento; ésta es útil para objetivar dicha afectación y debe implementarse en la práctica clínica. (Acta Med Colomb 2019; 44: 82-90).

Abstract Introduction: the symptomatic burden of patients with Philadelphia negative chronic myelopro liferative neoplasms (NMC-PhN) affects the quality of life (QL). There are scales to evaluate the magnitude of the symptoms; one of them, MPN-SAF-10. In our region there is scarce information on QL of patients with NMC-PhN. Objectives: To estimate the quality of life score with the MPN-SAF-10 scale in patients with NMC-PhN treated at Hospital de San José (Bogotá, Colombia) and to explore associations between treatment time, complication load and the effect on the QL. Material and methods: Analytical cross-sectional study to evaluate QL based on symptomatic load of patients with NMC-PhN from Hospital de San José (Bogotá, Colombia). A descriptive and stratified analysis of quality of life, cytoreductive treatment and different complications was carried out, as well as association tests of the risk scores of each disease with their respective QL scores. Results: in 64 patients the MPN-SAF-10 scale documented medians of global QL scores of 3 (RIC 1-6), MPN-SAF-10 of 20 (RIC 8-32). 49% of the patients had some degree of alteration (30% moderate and 19% severe), without differences between the three diseases. The QL scores did not vary between the NMC-PhN. The treatment and its duration did not correlate with the MPN-SAF-10 scale (Hydroxyurea r: - 0.27, Ruxolitinib r: 0.12). Conclusions: in patients with NMC-PhN, the evaluation of QL with the MPN-SAF-10 scale shows some degree of affectation despite the treatment; this is useful to objectify this affectation and should be implemented in clinical practice. (Acta Med Colomb 2019; 44: 82-90).

CD47 expression is decreased in hematopoietic progenitor cells in patients with myelofibrosis

Myelofibrosis (MF) is characterized by increased circulating hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs), abnormal cytokine levels, and the survival advantage of neoplastic progenitors over their normal counterparts, which leads to progressive disappearance of polyclonal hematopoiesis. CD47 is a surface glycoprotein with many functions, such as acting as a phagocytosis inhibitor of the expressing cell, that is increased in normal hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells mobilized into the blood and several human cancer-initiating cells, such as in acute myeloid leukemia. We compared CD47 expression in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells of patients with MF and controls and found it to be decreased in progenitors of MF. Exposure of control HPCs to the cytokines transforming growth factor β and stromal-derived factor 1, which are important regulators of hematopoietic stem cell cycling and are overexpressed in patients with MF, did not modulate CD47 expression.

Dermatosis neutrofílica de las manos y rostro posterior a mordedura de perro: reporte de caso y revisión de la literatura / Neutrophilic dermatosis of the hands and face after dog bite: case report and literature review

La Dermatosis neutrofílica de las manos es consi-derada una variante localizada acral del Síndrome de Sweet, más frecuente en mujeres y principal-mente asociada a enfermedades hematológicas. Las lesiones aparecen como pápulas, vesículas, nó-dulos, placas, úlceras y ampollas, principalmente en el dorso de las manos. Aproximadamente la mi-tad de los pacientes presenta fenómeno de patergia como factor desencadenante.En el presente caso clínico se describe una derma-tosis neutrofílica de las manos posterior a morde-dura de perro, asociado a mielofibrosis primaria y desarrollo de lesiones faciales.

Neutrophilic dermatosis of the hands is conside-red an acral localized variant of Sweet Syndrome, more frequent in women and mainly associated with hematological diseases. The lesions appear as papules, vesicles, nodules, plaques, ulcers, and blisters, mainly on the back of the hands. Appro-ximately half of the patients present a phenome-non of pathergy as a triggering factor. Herein we describe a case of neutrophilic dermatosis of the hands after a dog bite, associated with primary myelofibrosis and development of facial lesions.

Male with myelofibrosis and ulceronecrotic lesions

SUMMARY Granulocytic sarcoma also called myeloid sarcoma is an extramedullary tumour of immature granulocytic cells. It is a rare entity, and mostly accompanied by acute myeloid leukaemia. It is observed during the course of myeloproliferative disorders especially in chronic myeloid leukaemia and myelodysplastic syndromes. Here, we report a case of a 60-year-old male with past history of myelofibrosis admitted to the emergency room due ulceronecrotic lesions, fever and dysphagia. We emphasize the importance of recognizing this entity and its severity.

RESUMO O sarcoma granulocítico, também chamado de sarcoma mieloide, é um tumor extramedular de células granulocíticas ¡maturas. É uma entidade rara, e principalmente acompanhada de leucemia mieloide aguda. É observado durante o transtorno mieloproliferativo, especialmente na leucemia mieloide crónica e síndromes mielodisplásicas. Aqui, relatamos um caso de um homem de 60 anos com antecedente de mielofibrose admitida na sala de emergência devido a lesões ulceronecróticas, febre e disfagia. Enfatizamos a importância de reconhecer essa entidade e sua gravidade.

Descripción de las caracteristicas clínicas de las neoplasias mieloproliferativas crónicas (NMPC). Primer informe del registro colombiano de NMPC / Description of the clinical characteristics of chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). First report of the colombian registry of MPNs

Resumen Introducción y objetivos: las neoplasias mieloproliferativas crónicas (NMPC) son relativamente raras, con incidencias que varían entre 0.47-1.03/100 000 habitantes. Se presenta el primer informe del trabajo del registro colombiano de NMPC, cuyo objetivo es describir las características clínicas de estos pacientes en nuestro país. Material y métodos: estudio descriptivo observacional, multicéntrico, retrospectivo y prospectivo en ocho centros del país, de abril de 2013 a diciembre de 2014. Las variables cualitativas se presentan con frecuencias absolutas y relativas; y las cuantitativas se resumen en medidas de tendencia central y dispersión. Resultados: once centros fueron aprobados, ocho ingresaron pacientes. En los primeros 179 casos reportados, 50% eran hombres, la edad promedio al diagnóstico 58.7 años (rango 19-92). Noventa y tres muestran trombocitemia esencial (TE); 55, policitemia vera (PV); y 31, mielofibrosis (MF). El 41% tenía esplenomegalia al diagnóstico; el 20% tuvo complicaciones trombóticas; y 12.85%, sangrado. Sólo en 57.5% se realizó JAK; de ellos, en 53.5% fue positivo, en especial sólo 60% de las PV. El 8% de los casos no tenía estudio de médula ósea, el 29.3% tiene algún grado de fibrosis. El hallazgo más frecuente fue hiperplasia megacariocítica en 59.78%. Más de 50% de pacientes estaban sintomáticos al diagnóstico. Sólo el 11% no recibió tratamiento farmacológico; los más frecuentes fueron hidroxiurea en 149 casos y ASA en 79. Con promedio de seguimiento de 52.6 meses; el 97.21% de los pacientes están vivos. Conclusiones: los hallazgos sugieren que algunas características de las NMPC podrían ser diferentes a lo reportado en otras series, lo que valida la importancia del esfuerzo de recoger información local.

Abstract Introduction and objectives: chronic MPNs are relatively rare, with incidences varying between 0.47-1.03 / 100 000 inhabitants. The first report of the work of the Colombian registry of chronic MPNs, whose objective is to describe the clinical characteristics of these patients in our country, is presented. Materials and methods: descriptive observational, multicenter, retrospective and prospective study in eight centers of the country, from April 2013 to December 2014. Qualitative variables are presented with absolute and relative frequencies, and the quantitative ones are summarized in measures of central tendency and dispersion. Results: eleven centers were approved; 8 admitted patients. In the first 179 cases reported, 50% were men; the average age at diagnosis was 58.7 years (range 19-92). Ninety-three present essential thrombocythemia (ET); 55, polycythemia vera (PV); and 31, myelofibrosis (MF). 41% had splenomegaly at diagnosis; 20% had thrombotic complications, and 12.85%, bleeding. JAK was performed in only 57.5%. Of them, in 53.5% was positive, especially in only 60% of the PV. 8% of the cases had no bone marrow study; 29.3% had some degree of fibrosis. The most frequent finding was megakaryocytic hyperplasia in 59.78%. More than 50% of patients were symptomatic at diagnosis. Only 11% did not receive pharmacological treatment, being the most frequent hydroxyurea in 149 cases and ASA in 79, with an average follow-up of 52.6 months. 97.21% of patients are alive. Conclusions: the findings suggest that some characteristics of chronic MPNs could be different from those reported in other series, which validates the importance of the effort to collect local information.

Neoplasias mieloproliferativas crônicas e Philadelphia negativo ­ revisão bibliográfica e relato de caso / Chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms and Philadelphia negative - bibliographic review and case report

RESUMO A presente pesquisa visa elucidar por meio de revisão bibliográfica, a Neoplasia mieloproliferativa crônica Philadelphia positivo (NMP Ph). Essa NMP é exemplificada pela Leucemia Mieloide crônica (LMC), e a Neoplasia mieloproliferativa crônica Philadelphia negativo classicas (NMP Ph-), exemplificada pela policitemia vera (PV), trombocitemia essencial (TE), e Mielofibrose primária (MFP), as quais possuem características clínicas similares, mas apresentam diferentes histórias naturais e diferentes requisitos terapêuticos. Sendo uma revisão bibliográfica que conta com um relato de caso presenciado pela autora. Foram utilizadas fontes de referência como Cochrane Library, Oxford Journals, Pubmed, Science Direct, Research Gate, e Elsevier. Tendo como objetivo prover uma visão geral dos dados atuais sobre as neoplasias mieloproliferativas clássicas e discutir criticamente os resultados dos estudos publicados até agora e as questões abertas remanescentes e, finalmente, fornece uma visão sobre os próximos passos e as perspectivas futuras. Palavras-chave: Neoplasia Mieloproliferativa. Neoplasia Mieloproliferativa Crônica.Mielofibrose primária. Trombocitemia Essencial.Policite

Eficacia y seguridad del uso de ruxolitinib en pacientes con mielofibrosis primaria con respuesta inadecuada a terapia estándar inicial / Efficacy and safety of the use of ruxolitinib in patients with primary myelofibrosis with inadequate response to initial standard therapy

INTRODUCCIÓN: Antecedentes: El presente dictamen expone la evaluación de tecnología de la eficacia y seguridad ruxolitinib en pacientes con mielofibrosis primaria con respuesta inadecuada a terapia estándar inicial. Aspectos Generales: A mielofibrosis es un trastorno de la médula ósea que se caracteriza por una producción excesiva de reticulina y fibras de colágeno. La mielofibrosis puede originarse de diversas condiciones hematológicas, como, por ejemplo, una neoplasia mieloproliferativa previa, leucemia mieloide crónica, policitemia vera, o trombocitemia esencial. También puede originarse de condiciones no-hematológicas, como cáncer metastásico, tuberculosis, infecciones micóticas, VIH, trastornos metabólicos, adiación, toxinas, etc. Tecnologia Sanitaria de Interés: Ruxolitinib (Jakavi, Novartis) es un inhibidor selectivo de las quinasas asociadas a Janus (JAK) JAK1 y JAK2, previniendo la activación de la vía de señalización JAK-STAT. JAK1 juega un rol importante en la señalización de varias citosinas pro-inflamatorias, y JAK2 es usado principalmente por receptores de factores de crecimiento hematopoyético. Sus principales efectos celulares y sistémicos son la inhibición de la proliferación, inducción de apoptosis, y reducción de los niveles plasmáticos de citosinas. METODOLOGIA: Estrategia de Búsqueda: Se realizó una búsqueda de literatura publicada sobre Ruxolitinib en el tratamiento de ielofibrosis en las bases de datos: Medline y Tripdatabase. Adicionalmente, se ealizaron búsquedas en los portales web de entidades que realizan revisiones sistemáticas, evaluaciones de tecnologías sanitarias y guías de práctica clínica: The Cochrane Library, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) del Reino Unido, European Society For Medical Oncology (ESMO), National Guideline of Clearinghouse (NGC), y National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) de los Estados Unidos, y The Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) de Escocia. RESULTADOS: La presente evaluación de tecnología tuvo como objetivo obtener evidencia respecto a la eficacia de ruxolitinib en pacientes con mielofibrosis primaria con síntomas constitucionales asociados a la enfermedad, para el incremento en calidad de vida, disminución de síntomas constitucionales, y disminución de esplenomegalia. Nuestra búsqueda encontró evidencia de una guía de práctica clínica, una revisión sistemática Cochrane, una evaluación de tecnología y dos ensayos clínicos. Tanto la actualización de la guía del BCSH, la revisión sistemática Cochrane, y la evaluación de tecnología de NICE, se basan en los dos únicos ensayos clínicos de ruxolitinib en pacientes con mielofibrosis: COMFORT-I y COMFORT-II. Ambos estudios fueron auspiciados por la compañía farmacéutica elaboradora del ruxolitinib, lo que obliga a interpretar con cautela los resultados de dichos estudios por el alto riesgo de sesgo de la industria, especialmente si los efectos son imprecisos, modestos e inconsistentes como ha sido el caso de ambos estudios, como se detalla subsiguientemente. Hasta la actualidad, la evidencia disponible sobre ruxolitinib en mielofibrosis proviene de dos ensayos clínicos de fase III que muestra resultados con alto riesgo de sesgo y por lo tanto con algo grado de incertidumbre respecto al potencial beneficio frente a placebo que ofrecería este medicamento en lo referente a la calidad de vida, sobrevida global, síntomas constitucionales y tamaño del bazo. Además, cuando se le compara con otras terapias (agentes antineoplásicos, glucocorticoides, preparaciones anti-anemia, agentes inmunomoduladores, análogos de purina, análogos de pirimidina, análogos de mostaza de nitrógeno, antigonadotropinas, interferones), ruxolitinib no muestra diferencias estadísticamente robustas en parámetros clínicamente relevantes desde la perspectiva del paciente. Además, este medicamento se asocia a mayor riesgo de anemia, trombocitopenia y neutropenia respecto al placebo, aunque no frente a otras terapias (no se reportó neutropenia frente a mejor terapia disponible). CONCLUSIONES: La evidencia identificada en guías de práctica clínica, evaluaciones de tecnologías y revisiones sistemáticas se basa en sólo dos ensayos controlados aleatorizados, COMFORT 1 Y COMFORT II. Respecto a la calidad de vida, ambos estudios utilizaron el EORTC QLQ-C30 para evaluar este desenlace. No se reportó análisis estadístico de esta escala en COMFORT-I. Para el caso del COMFORT-11, la revisión Cochrane encontró que hubo un pequeño beneficio de ruxolitinib sobre mejor terapia disponible con una muy débil asociación estadística que hace difícil su interpretación en el contexto de un alto riesgo de sesgo por la gran proporción de pérdidas en el seguimiento, y el hecho que fue un estudio de etiqueta abierta. Similares limitaciones se tienen respecto a los síntomas constitucionales. La evidencia disponible sobre ruxolitinib en mielofibrosis es de baja calidad y por lo tanto con algo grado de incertidumbre respecto al potencial beneficio frente a placebo que ofrecería este medicamento en lo referente a la calidad de vida, sobrevida global, síntomas constitucionales y tamaño del bazo. Además, cuando se le compara con otras terapias (agentes antineoplásicos, glucocorticoides, preparaciones anti-anemia, agentes inmunomoduladores, análogos de purina, análogos de pirimidina, análogos de mostaza de nitrógeno, antigonadotropinas, interferones), ruxolitinib no muestra diferencias estadísticamente robustas en parámetros clínicamente relevantes desde la perspectiva del paciente. El Instituto de Evaluación en Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación-IETSI, no aprueba el uso de ruxolitinib en pacientes con mielofibrosis primaria con respuesta inadecuada a terapia estándar inicial.

Identificação e caracterização molecular de duas fusões gênicas recorrentes em leucemia mielóide aguda: ETV6-ANLN e NPM1-HAUS1 / Identification and molecular characterization of two recurrente gene fusions in acute myeloid leukemia: ETV6-ANLN and NPM1-HAUS1

Leucemia Mielóide Aguda (LMA) é uma neoplasia hematológica associada a alta morbidade e mortalidade. Os mecanismos genômicos causadores da LMA são diversos e incluem mutações em ponto, inserções, deleções, alterações do número de cópias, na metilação e translocações cromossômicas. Enquanto os genes envolvidos nas translocações cromossômicas mais frequentemente encontradas em LMA já tenham sido identificados, ainda existem dezenas de translocações cromossômicas recorrentes cujos genes envolvidos nos pontos de quebra cromossômicos não são conhecidos. Esta identificação é essencial para a melhor compreensão dos mecanismos da leucemogênese e muitas vezes podem ter um impacto clínico, modificando a estratificação prognóstica ou a conduta terapêutica. No presente trabalho, através da técnica de sequenciamento de DNA de nova geração, identificamos os genes envolvidos em duas translocações cromossômicas recorrentes em LMA: t(7;12)(p15:p13) e t(5;18)(q35;q21) que levam aos genes de fusão ETV6-ANLN e NPM1-HAUS1 respectivamente. A fusão ETV6-ANLN justapõe o exon 1 do gene ETV6 aos exons 2 a 25 do gene ANLN, gerando uma proteína bastante similar ao ANLN selvagem. Esta fusão gênica é expressa em precursores hematopoiéticos CD34+ e nas linhagens granulocítica e linfoide T, tendo provavelmente ocorrido em uma célula tronco hematopoiética ou em um precursor comum linfóide e mielóide. A fusão NPM1-HAUS1 justapõe os exons 1 a 11 do gene NPM1 ao exon 9 do gene HAUS1, gerando uma proteína similar ao NPM1, porém com a presença de um sinal de exportação nuclear na porção C-terminal da proteína. Como consequência, a proteína híbrida NPM1-HAUS1 localiza-se no núcleo e no citoplasma, ao contrário da NPM1 selvagem que tem localização exclusivamente nuclear. Como a localização citoplasmática da proteína NPM1 é leucemogênica em outros contextos, esse é provavelmente o mecanismo leucemogênico inicial associado a esta translocação cromossômica. Em conclusão, nós identificamos e caracterizamos duas novas fusões gênicas recorrentes em LMA. (AU)

Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is a neoplastic myeloid disease characterized by progressive substitution of normal hematopoiesis by leukemic blasts that is associated with high morbidity and mortality. AML is a genomic disease caused by distinct genomic mechanisms such as single nucleotide substitutions, insertions, deletions, copy number variations and chromosomal translocations. While the genes involved in common chromosomal translocations have been well studied, there are several recurrent chromosomal translocations for which the affected genes have not been characterized. The identifications of such genes is essential for better understanding of AML pathophysiology and has the potential to improve diagnostic, prognostic and the therapeutic approach of patients harboring such chromosomal translocations. In the present study we have identified the genes involved in two recurring chromosomal translocations in AML by means of next generation DNA sequencing: t(7;12)(p15:p13) and t(5;18)(q35;q21) that lead to the gene fusions ETV6-ANLN and NPM1-HAUS1 respectively. The gene fusion ETV6-ANLN juxtaposes ETV6 exon 1 to ANLN exons 2 to 25, culminating with a putative protein highly similar to wild type ANLN. This gene fusion is expressed in hematopoietic precursors, granulocytes and T cell lymphocytes, probably occurring in a hematopoietic stem cell or a common myeloid lymphoid precursor. The gene fusion NPM1-HAUS1 leads to the fusion of NPM1 exons 1 to 11 to HAUS1 exon 9, generetaing a putative protein similar to wild type NPM1 with the addition of a novel nuclear export signal (NES) in the C-terminal region of the protein. Regarding subcellular localization, NPM1-HAUS1 localizes in the nucleus and cytoplasm in opposition to wild type NPM1 that localizes exclusively in the nucleus. Since NPM1 cytoplasmic localization has been shown to be associated with leukemogenesis, this is probably the neoplastic mechanism associated with this gene fusion. In conclusion, we have described and characterized two novel gene fusions associated with recurrent chromosomal translocations in AML. (AU)

Primary myelofibrosis: current therapeutic options

Primary myelofibrosis is a Philadelphia-negative myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by clonal myeloid expansion, followed by progressive fibrous connective tissue deposition in the bone marrow, resulting in bone marrow failure. Clonal evolution can also occur, with an increased risk of transformation to acute myeloid leukemia. In addition, disabling constitutional symptoms secondary to the high circulating levels of proinflammatory cytokines and hepatosplenomegaly frequently impair quality of life. Herein the main current treatment options for primary myelofibrosis patients are discussed, contemplating disease-modifying therapeutics in addition to palliative measures, in an individualized patient-based approach

Efeito de SMADs e de microRNAs na expressão gênica de TGF-ß1 e seu papel na angiogênese em pacientes com mielofibrose e trombocitemia essencial / Effects of SMADs and microRNAs in TGF-ß1 gene expression and its role in the angiogenesis pathophysiology in myelofibrosis and essential thrombocythemia patients

OBJETIVO: Investigar o efeito da expressão de RNAm dos SMADs e de microRNAs (miRNAs) que possuem o TGFB1 como alvo na expressão gênica (RNAm e proteína) de TGF-ß1 e seu papel na fisiopatologia da angiogênese em pacientes com mielofibrose (MF) e trombocitemia essencial (TE). MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos 21 pacientes com MF primária (MFP), 21 com MF pós-TE (MFPTE) e 24 com TE, além de 98 indivíduos controles pareados de acordo com gênero e idade com os pacientes. As análises realizadas no sangue periférico foram: quantificação das concentrações plasmáticas e de RNAm de TGFB1, VEGFA e FGF2; quantificação de RNAm de SMADs 1 a 7 e de miRNAs 193a-5p, 369-5p, 542-5p, 590-3p, e 590- 5p; e detecção das mutações JAK2V617F (com quantificação alélica), MPLW515K/L e CALR. Em 26 biópsias de medula óssea dos pacientes, foram determinados o grau de microvasculatura (angiogênese estimada - CD34), a imunoexpressão de TGF-b1 ativo, TGF-ß1 latente e c-MPL. RESULTADOS: As concentrações de TGF- ß1 plasmático foram semelhantes entre os pacientes e controles, enquanto o VEGFA plasmático foi maior em todos os grupos de pacientes comparados aos seus controles. O FGF2 plasmático também foi maior em todos os grupos de pacientes, e a expressão de seu RNAm foi maior nos pacientes com TE do que em seus controles. As expressões de SMADs e de miRNAs foram semelhantes entre pacientes e controles. TGF-ß1 e FGF2 plasmáticos apresentaram correlações positivas nos pacientes com MFP, e correlações negativas nos seus controles, assim como nos controles de MFPTE. Em todos os grupos estudados foi observada correlação positiva entre TGF-ß1 e VEGFA plasmáticos. Além disso, foram demonstrados diferentes perfis de correlações entre a expressão gênica de TGF-ß1 e os diversos SMADs e miRNAs em cada grupo de pacientes e controles. Os pacientes com MFP com maior angiogênese (de acordo com a mediana da concentração plasmática de VEGFA e FGF2) apresentaram maiores concentrações plasmáticas de TGF-ß1 do que aqueles com menor angiogênese. A angiogênese medular estimada (CD34) não foi diferente entre os três grupos de pacientes estudados. Além disso, não foram encontradas correlações entre a imunoexpressão de CD34 e as expressões de RNAm de TGFB1, VEGFA e FGF2 medulares nem em leucócitos de sangue periférico, ou a concentrações plasmáticas de TGF-ß1, VEGFA e FGF2. As imunoexpressões de TGF-b1 ativo, TGF-ß1 latente e c-MPL foram semelhantes entre os três grupos de pacientes. As frequências das mutações avaliadas foram similares às descritas na literatura. Os pacientes com MFPTE portadores de mutação CALR apresentaram menores concentrações plasmáticas de VEGFA e FGF2 do que os JAK2V617F positivos, enquanto os pacientes com TE portadores de mutação CALR exibiram menores concentrações plasmáticas de TGF-ß1 do que os portadores de JAK2V617F. CONCLUSÕES: O presente trabalho permitiu confirmar a correlação positiva entre o TGF-ß1 com outros dois marcadores de angiogênese (VEGFA e FGF2). As expressões de SMADs e de miRNAs estudados foram semelhantes entre pacientes e controles, visto não haver diferenças na expressão gênica de TGF-ß1. Entretanto, disparidades encontradas nas correlações entre a expressão gênica de TGF-ß1 e diferentes SMADs e miRNAs nos pacientes e controles poderiam indicar que a regulação da expressão gênica de TGF-ß1 nas doenças estudadas seja distinta da apresentada nos indivíduos sem essas doenças

AIM: To investigate the effects of the expression of SMADs mRNA and microRNAs (miRNAs) that target TGFB1 in TGF-ß1 gene expression (mRNA and protein) and its role in the angiogenesis pathophysiology in myelofibrosis (MF) and essential thrombocythemia (ET) patients. METHODS: Twenty-one primary MF (PMF), twenty-one MF post-ET (MPET) and twenty-four ET patients were included, besides 98 controls matched for gender and age with patients. In peripheral blood were assessed: TGF-ß1, VEGFA and FGF2 plasmatic levels and mRNA quantification; SMADs 1 to 7 mRNA quantification and miRNAs 193a-5p, 369-5p, 542-5p, 590-3p, and 590-5p quantification; and detection of JAK2V617F (and allele burden), MPLW515K/L and CALR mutations. Estimated angiogenesis (microvessel grade - CD34), active TGF-b1, latent TGF-ß and c-MPL immunoexpression were determined in 26 bone marrow biopsies. RESULTS: Plasmatic TGF-ß1 levels were similar in patients and controls, while all the patients groups had higher plasmatic VEGFA than controls. Plasmatic FGF2 was higher in all the patients groups, and its mRNA expression was higher in ET patients than in controls. No differences in SMADs and miRNAs expression were found between patients and controls. There was a positive correlation between plasmatic TGF-ß1 and FGF2 in PMF, and a negative correlation between these variables in their controls, as well as in MPET controls. In all studied groups, there was a positive correlation between plasmatic TGF-ß1 and VEGF. In addition, different profiles of correlations were demonstrated between TGF-ß1 gene expression and the several SMADs and miRNAs studied in each group of patients and controls. PMF patients with higher angiogenesis (according to the median of VEGFA and FGF2 plasma levels) had higher plasmatic TGF-ß1 levels than those with lower angiogenesis. Estimated angiogenesis (CD34) in bone marrow biopsies were not different among PMF, MPET and ET patients. Moreover, there were no correlation between CD34 immunoexpression and TGFB1, VEGFA and FGF2 mRNA bone marrow or peripheral blood expression or plasmatic levels, as well as latent TGF-ß1, active TGF-b1, and c-MPL immunoexpression were similar in patients studied groups. The frequencies of evaluated mutations were similar to previously reported. MPET patients harboring CALR mutations had lower plasmatic VEGFA and FGF2 than JAK2V617F mutated, while ET patients carrying CALR mutations had lower plasmatic TGF-ß1 than JAK2V617F mutated. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirmed the positive correlation among TGF-ß1 and two other markers of angiogenesis (VEGFA and FGF2). SMADs and miRNAs expressions were similar between patients and controls, since there were no differences in TGF-ß1 gene expression between patients and controls. However, disparities found in the correlations between TGF-ß1 gene expression and different SMADs and miRNAs in patients and controls may indicate that TGF-ß1 gene expression regulation in studied diseases is distinct from those presented by individuals without these diseases