Obesidad y piel / Obesity and skin

Introduction: Obesity is a growing global health problem; it may even be one of the worst public health issues. In Chile, 34.4% of the population is obese, therefore, is it important for clinicians to be aware of all the consequences of obesity. In this review, we will address the relation of four main dermatologic conditions with obesity: psoriasis, hidradenitis suppurativa, acanthosis nigricans and malignant melanoma. Material and methods: Search in pubmed for obesity and psoriasis, hidradenitis suppurativa, acanthosis nigricans and malignant melanoma. Results: Obesity has a direct impact in the prevalence and severity of psoriasis, hidradenitis suppurativa, acanthosis nigricans. The reduction on body weight has proven to reduce severity of psoriasis and hidradenitis suppurativa. Obese patients with psoriasis have a higher risk on adverse effects due to medication and less effectiveness of biological medications. Acanthosis nigricans is a clinical indicator of insulin resistance and a risk predictor for those with greater risk to develop diabetes in the future. The relationship between obesity and malignant melanoma is not clear and needs further research. Conclusion: Obesity is increasing, dermatologist will face this condition more frequently, it has a great impact over psoriasis, hidradenitis suppurativa, acanthosis nigricans and malignant melanoma, thus it should be considered in treatment decisions. (AU)

Prevalencia de acantosis nigricans y factores asociados con el síndrome metabólico en Nobsa (Boyacá, Colombia) / Prevalence of Acanthosis Nigricans and Associated Factors to Metabolic Syndrome in Nobsa (Boyacá, Colombia) / Prevalência de acantose nigricans e fatores associados com a síndrome metabólica em Nobsa (Boyacá, Colômbia)

Introducción: El síndrome metabólico es un conjunto de anormalidades fisiológicas que manifiestan resistencia a la insulina, de la que se derivan complicaciones micro y macrovasculares de alto costo en salud. Objetivo: Estimar la prevalencia de la acantosis nigricans y los factores sociodemográficos asociados en una pobla-ción con síndrome metabólico del municipio de Nobsa (Boyacá, Colombia) en el periodo agosto de 2017-agosto de 2018. Método: Estudio transversal analítico en una muestra de 82 pacientes del programa de crónicos del municipio de Nobsa. Se recolectó información sobre la presencia o ausencia de acantosis nigricans en la exploración física, junto con medidas antropométricas, fototipo de piel y presión arterial; así como concentración sérica de glucosa en ayuno, creatinina y perfil lipídico. Los datos se analizaron mediante la prueba de chi cuadrado. Resultados: En una muestra de 82 pacientes con edad media de 62 años, de los cuales el 91 % fueron mujeres, se encontró una prevalencia de acantosis nigricans del 41,5 % con asociación estadísticamente significativa para niveles elevados de glucosa (p = 0,008) y un odds ratio de 3,75 (IC95 %: 1,3-10,2). Para las demás variables en estudio no se evidenció asociación con significancia estadística. Conclusiones: la acantosis nigricans es un signo clínico indicador de resistencia a la insulina y de niveles alterados de glucemia

Introduction: The metabolic syndrome is a set of physiological abnormalities that manifest insulin resistance, from which high cost micro- and macrovascular complications in health derive. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of acanthosis nigricans and the sociodemographic factors asso-ciated with the population with metabolic syndrome in the municipality of Nobsa (Boyacá, Colombia), from August 2017 to August 2018. Method: Analytical cross-sectional study in a sample of 82 patients from the Nobsa municipality chronic program. Information was collected on the presence or absence of acanthosis nigricans in the physical examination together with anthropometric measurements, skin phototype and blood pres-sure, as well as serum concentration of fasting glucose, creatinine, and lipid profile. The data were analyzed using the Chi square test. Results: In a sample of 82 patients with a mean age of 62 years, of which 91% were women, a pre-valence of acanthosis nigricans of 41.5% was found with a statistically significant association for high glucose levels (p = 0.008) and an Odds Ratio of 3.75 (95% CI: 1.3-10.2). For the other variables under study, no association with statistical significance was evidenced. Conclusions: Acanthosis nigricans is a clinical sign of insulin resistance and altered blood glucose levels

Introdução: A síndrome metabólica é um conjunto de anomalias fisiológicas que manifestam resis-tência à insulina, da qual derivam complicações micro e macro vasculares de alto custo em saúde. Objetivo: Estimar a prevalecia de acantose nigricans e os fatores sociodemográficos associados, a uma população com síndrome metabólica no município de Nobsa (Boyacá, Colômbia) no período de Agosto de 2017 ­ Agosto de 2018. Método: Estudo analítico transversal com uma amostra de 82 pacientes do Programa de crónicos no município de Nobsa. Foram recolhidas informações sobre a presença ou ausência de acantose nigri-cans no exame físico, juntamente com medições antropométricas, fotótipo de pele e pressão sanguí-nea; bem como a concentração sérica da glicose em jejum, creatinina e perfil lipídico. Os dados foram analisados utilizando o teste do qui-quadrado. Resultados: Uma amostra de 82 pacientes com idade meia de 62 anos, 91 % dos quais eram mulhe-res, foi identificada uma prevalência de acantose nigricans de 41,5 % com associação estatisticamente significativa para níveis elevadas de glicose (p = 0,008) e um odds ratio de 3,75 (IC95 %: 1,3-10,2). Para as outras variáveis em estudo, não foi evidenciada associação estatisticamente significativa. Conclusões: A acantose nigricans é um sinal clinico indicador de resistência à insulina e níveis eleva-dos de glicose no sangue

Intraoral acanthosis nigricans and its clinical relevance as a manifestation of a paraneoplastic syndrome: a case report / Acantosis nigricans intraoral y su relevancia clínica como manifestación de un síndrome paraneoplásico: reporte de un caso

Malignant-or-paraneoplastic acanthosis nigricans is a verrucous and hyperpigmented tumor affecting the mucosa and skin. In most cases malignant acanthosis nigricans is a distant manifestation of an intra-abdominal primary cancer. While the diagnosis of malignant acanthosis nigricans is challenging, some specific clinical and histopathological findings could lead to an accurate diagnosis. A rare clinical case of a 59-year-old female, who was referred to the maxillofacial surgery service due to a painful oral lesion in the palatine region, is presented. Upon examination, papillomatous lesions were observed on the hard palate, that were later diagnosed as intraoral malignant acanthosis nigricans secondary to gastric cancer. Both local and systemic evaluations are discussed, highlighting the relevance of a multidisciplinary approach consistent with the fact that these manifestations, although infrequent, should generate suspicion among clinicians and therefore motivation to perform a diligent and complete study since it can reveal the presence of a malignant pathology.

La acantosis nigricans maligna o paraneoplásica es un tumor verrugoso e hiperpigmentado que afecta la mucosa y la piel. En la mayoría de los casos, la acantosis nigricans maligna es una manifestación distante de un cáncer primario intraabdominal. Si bien el diagnóstico de acantosis nigricans maligna es desafiante, algunos hallazgos clínicos e histopatológicos específicos podrían conducir a un diagnóstico preciso. Se presenta un caso clínico raro de una mujer de 59 años, que fue derivada al servicio de cirugía maxilofacial debido a una lesión oral dolorosa en la región palatina. En el examen, se observaron lesiones papilomatosas en el paladar duro, que posteriormente se diagnosticaron como acantosis nigricans maligna intraoral secundaria a cáncer gástrico. Se discuten tanto las evaluaciones locales como las sistémicas, destacando la relevancia de un enfoque multidisciplinario consistente con el hecho de que estas manifestaciones, aunque poco frecuentes, deberían generar sospecha entre los clínicos y, por lo tanto, motivación para un estudio diligente y completo, ya que puede revelar la presencia de una patología maligna.

Signo de leser-trélat, signo paraneoplásico en cáncer de mama metastásico: presentación de caso / Leser-trélat sign: paraneoplastic sign in metastatic breast cancer, case presentation / Sinal de leser-trélat: sinal paraneoplásico em câncer de mama metastático, apresentação de caso

Resumen El signo de Leser-Trélat es una erupción súbita y de veloz crecimiento de cuantiosas queratosis seborreicas secundarias a una neoplasia interna. Estas pueden estar relacionadas con prurito y acantosis nigricans. Las neoplasias asociadas frecuentemente al signo de Leser-Trélat son los adenocarcinomas gástricos, de colon y mama, representado en menor cantidad por linfomas, carcinoma de células escamosas y malignidades hematológicas. Siendo el signo de Leser-Trélat una dermatosis paraneoplásica infrecuente, se presenta un caso de una paciente de 76 años con cáncer de mama avanzado asociado a este signo.

Abstract The Leser-Trelat sign is a sudden and rapid growth eruption of large seborrheic keratoses secondary to an internal neoplasm. These may be related to pruritus and acanthosis nigricans. The neoplasms frequently associated with the Leser-Trélat sign are gastric, colon and breast adenocarcinomas, represented to a lesser extent by lymphomas, squamous cell carcinoma and hematological malignancies. As the Leser-Trélat sign is an uncommon paraneoplastic dermatosis, a case of a 76-year-old patient with advanced breast cancer associated with this sign is presented.

Resumo O sinal de Leser-Trélat é uma erupção súbita e de veloz crescimento de múltiplas ceratoses seborreicas secundárias a uma neoplasia interna. Estas podem estar relacionadas com prurido e acantose nigricans. As neoplasias associadas frequentemente ao sinal de Leser-Trélat são os adenocarcinomas gástricos, de colón e mama, representado em menor quantidade por linfomas, carcinoma de células escamosas e malignidades hematológicas. Sendo o sinal de Leser-Trélat uma dermatose paraneoplásica infrequente, apresenta-se um caso de uma paciente de 76 anos com câncer de mama avançado associado a esse sinal.

Associação entre acantose nigricans e outros fatores de risco cardiometabólico em crianças e adolescentes com sobrepeso e obesidade / Association between acanthosis nigricans and other cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents with overweight and obesity

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar em um grupo de crianças e adolescentes com obesidade e sobrepeso a presença ou não de acantose nigricans e sua associação com alterações metabólicas. Métodos: Estudo transversal envolvendo 161 indivíduos com excesso de peso, que foram divididos em dois grupos, segundo a presença ou não de acantose nigricans, e nos quais foram obtidas medidas antropométricas (índice de massa corporal, pregas cutâneas, circunferência abdominal), pressão arterial, análises laboratoriais (glicemia de jejum, insulina, perfil lipídico, triglicerídeos, ácido úrico, transaminases) e o índice homeostasis model assessment. Resultados: O grupo com acantose nigricans representou 51,5% da amostra. A média de idade foi semelhante entre os grupos. O grupo com acantose nigricans apresentou maiores índice de massa corporal, escore Z do índice de massa corporal, percentual de gordura corporal, circunferência abdominal (p<0,0001) e pressão arterial sistólica (p=0,006) e diastólica (p=0,002). Não houve diferença significativa na análise do perfil lipídico, exceto o colesterol de alta densidade, que foi menor (p=0,003) no grupo com acantose. Já o ácido úrico (p<0,0001), a glicemia de jejum (p=0,006), a insulina (p<0,0001), a transaminase glutâmica oxalacética (p<0,0001) e o índice homeostasis model assessment (p<0,0001) foram significativamente maiores no grupo com acantose nigricans. Conclusões: Acantose nigricans em crianças e adolescentes com sobrepeso e obesidade esteve associada à elevação dos índices de adiposidade corporal, pressão arterial, insulina e homeostasis model assessment, indicando-a como marcador clínico associado à síndrome metabólica.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the presence or absence of acanthosis nigricans and its association with metabolic alterations in a group of obese and overweight children and adolescents. Methods: A cross sectional study of 161 overweight children and adolescents, who were divided into two groups, according to presence or absence of acanthosis nigricans. Anthropometric measurements (body mass index, skinfolds, abdominal circumference), blood pressure, laboratory tests (fasting glycemia, insulin, lipid profile, triglycerides, uric acid, transaminases) and homeostasis model assessment index. Results: The acanthosis nigricans group represented 51.5% of the sample. The mean age was similar between groups. The group with acanthosis nigricans presented higher body mass index, Z score of body mass index, body fat percentage, abdominal circumference (p<0.0001), systolic (p=0.006) and diastolic blood pressure (p=0.002). There was no significant difference in the analysis of lipid profile, except for the high-density cholesterol, which was lower (p=0.003) in the group with acanthosis. On the other hand, uric acid (p<0.0001), fasting glycemia (p=0.006), insulin (p<0.0001), glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (p<0.0001), and homeostasis model assessment index (p<0.0001) were significantly higher in the group with acanthosis nigricans. Conclusions: Acanthosis nigricans in overweight and obese children and adolescents is associated with elevation of body fat, blood pressure, insulin and homeostasis model assessment index, indicating that it is a clinical marker associated with the metabolic syndrome.

Acantosis nigricans y su asociación con insulinorresistencia en población infantil menor a 15 años con sobrepeso u obesidad / Acanthosis nigricans and its association with insulin resistance in children under 15 years of age with overweight or obesity

Contexto: la acantosis nigricans en sujetos adultos con obesidad es un marcador cutáneo de insulinorresistencia.Objetivo: determinar la asociación entre acantosis nigricans e insulinorresistencia en pacientes pediátricos. Sujetos y métodos: estudio de caso-control que evaluó a niños y adolescentes entre 6 a 15 años de edad que asistieron a consulta externa de Dermatología del Hospital Pediátrico Baca Ortiz de Quito, en el período julio a septiembre de 2015. Los pacientes se reclutaron por muestreo no probabilístico, conformándose dos grupos: casos y controles, con 25 sujetos cada uno. Resultados: se determinó en 15 pacientes (60%) con acantosis nigricans presentaron insulinorresistencia; de éstos, se calificó como acantosis nigricans moderada a 6 pacientes (24%) y severa 19 pacientes (76%) siendo más predictivas de insulinorresistencia en sujetos con obesidad (p=0,001). Los pacientes con obesidad y acantosis nigricans severa presentaron un OR de 54 (2,85-99,32) mientras que los pacientes diagnosticados de obesidad y acantosis nigricans moderada presentaron un OR de 12 (1,29-86,20). Conclusión: se encontró que la acantosis nigricans moderada y severa en niños y adolescentes con obesidad constituyo un signo cutáneo de insulinorresistencia. (AU)

Context: acanthosis nigricans in adult subjects with obesity is a cutaneous marker of insulin resistance. Objective: to determine the association between acanthosis nigricans and insulin resistance in pediatric patients. Subjects and methods: a case control study that evaluated children and adolescents between 6 and 15 years of age who attended the outpatient clinic of Dermatology of the Baca Ortiz Pediatric Hospital of Quito, from July to September 2015, were studied. Patients were recruited by non-probabilistic sampling, conforming two groups: cases and controls, with 25 subjects each. Results: it was determined in 15 patients (60%) with acanthosis nigricans presented insulin resistance; Of these, 6 patients (24%) and 19 patients (76%) were classified as moderate acanthosis nigricans, being more predictive of insulin resistance in subjects with obesity (p = 0.001). Patients with severe obesity and acanthosis nigricans had an OR of 54 (2.85-99.32) while patients diagnosed with obesity and moderate acanthosis nigricans had an OR of 12 (1.29-86.20). Conclusion: moderate and severe acanthosis nigricans in children and adolescents with obesity constitutes a cutaneous sign of insulin resistance. (AU)

Diabetes mellitus and the skin

Abstract: Several dermatoses are routinely associated with diabetes mellitus, especially in patients with chronic disease. This relationship can be easily proven in some skin disorders, but it is not so clear in others. Dermatoses such necrobiosis lipoidica, granuloma annulare, acanthosis nigricans and others are discussed in this text, with an emphasis on proven link with the diabetes or not, disease identification and treatment strategy used to control those dermatoses and diabetes.

Insulin Resistance, Dyslipidemia and Cardiovascular Changes in a Group of Obese Children / Insulino-resistência, Dislipidemia e Alterações Cardiovasculares num Grupo de Crianças Obesas

Introduction: Obesity-related comorbidities are present in young obese children, providing a platform for early adult cardiovascular disorders. Objectives: To compare and correlate markers of adiposity to metabolic disturbances, vascular and cardiac morphology in a European pediatric obese cohort. Methods: We carried out an observational and transversal analysis in a cohort consisting of 121 obese children of both sexes, between the ages of 6 and 17 years. The control group consisted of 40 children with normal body mass index within the same age range. Markers of adiposity, plasma lipids and lipoproteins, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance, common carotid artery intima-media thickness and left ventricular diameters were analyzed. Results: There were statistically significant differences between the control and obese groups for the variables analyzed, all higher in the obese group, except for age, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and adiponectin, higher in the control group. In the obese group, body mass index was directly correlated to left ventricular mass (r=0.542; p=0.001), the homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (r=0.378; p=<0.001) and mean common carotid artery intima-media thickness (r=0.378; p=<0.001). In that same group, insulin resistance was present in 38.1%, 12.5% had a combined dyslipidemic pattern, and eccentric hypertrophy was the most common left ventricular geometric pattern. Conclusions: These results suggest that these markers may be used in clinical practice to stratify cardiovascular risk, as well as to assess the impact of weight control programs. .

Fundamento: As comorbidades relacionadas com a obesidade encontram-se patentes em crianças jovens obesas e são, potencialmente, um ponto de partida para as doenças cardiovasculares em adultos jovens. Objetivos: Comparar e correlacionar marcadores de adiposidade com distúrbios metabólicos e alterações cardiovasculares numa coorte de crianças obesas europeias. Métodos: Estudo observacional e transversal de uma coorte composta por 121 crianças obesas de ambos os gêneros, entre 6 e 17 anos de idade. O grupo controle incluiu 40 crianças com índice de massa corporal normal dentro da mesma faixa etária. Analisamos marcadores de adiposidade, lípides e lipoproteínas, o índice de insulino-resistência, a espessura da camada íntima-média da artéria carótida comum e os diâmetros do ventrículo esquerdo. Resultados: Observamos diferenças significativas entre os grupos controle e obeso para todos os parâmetros em análise, com todos os valores mais elevados no grupo obeso, exceto a idade, a lipoproteína de alta densidade e a adiponectina, superiores no grupo controle. No grupo obeso, o índice de massa corporal correlacionou‑se diretamente com a massa ventricular esquerda (r=0,542; p=0,001), com o índice de insulino-resistência (r = 0,378; p = < 0,001) e com a espessura da camada íntima-média da artéria carótida comum (r = 0,378; p = <0,001). Ainda no grupo obeso, 38,1% tinham insulino-resistência, 12,5% apresentavam um padrão de dislipidemia combinada, e hipertrofia excêntrica foi a forma geométrica ventricular mais observada. Conclusões: Os resultados obtidos sugerem que os marcadores analizados podem ser utilizados para aferir risco cardiovascular, assim como para avaliar o impacto analítico e morfológico dos programas de redução de peso. .

Lipodistrofia parcial familiar tipo 1: ¿Un síndrome subdiagnosticado o raro?

La lipodistrofia parcial familiar de tipo1 (LPF 1) es un síndrome caracterizado por la pérdida parcial de grasa subcutánea en extremidades con distribución incrementada de la misma en rostro, cuello y tronco. Es una identidad familiar aunque hay casos espontáneos. Hasta ahora no se conoce mutación responsable. Se debe realizar diagnóstico diferencial con el síndrome de Cushing. Es un síndrome poco frecuente y en oportunidades se llega al diagnóstico cuando los pacientes presentan complicaciones cardiovasculares o afectación pancreática como consecuencia de una grave alteración metabólica. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 45 años con diabetes mellitus desde los 20 años de edad, mal control glucémico (HbA1c: 11.7%) e hipertrigliceridemia (TG: 3000 mg/dl), índice de masa corporal (IMC): 38, extremidades adelgazadas, pérdida de grasa subcutánea en glúteos, sobreelevación de pliegue por encima de los mismos, venas prominentes en miembros inferiores, cara de luna llena y marcada acantosis nigricans, hipertensión (TA: 150/100 mm Hg) y medidas de pliegues subcutáneos disminuidos. El dosaje de leptina fue 16.8 mg/ml. El estudio genético para gen LMNA fue negativo. Se instauraron medidas de cambio de estilo de vida, tratamiento con fenofibrato, insulina premezcla 50/50 y enalapril, obteniéndose una franca mejoría clínica, de la HbA1c (7.8%) y de los TG (243 mg/dl).

Familial partial lipodystrophy (FPL) type 1 is a syndrome characterized by loss of subcutaneous fat in arms and legs and an excess of body fat in face, neck, and torso. This rare syndrome is usually diagnosed when patients present cardiovascular complications or pancreatitis due to the severe metabolic abnormalities. Here we present the case of a 45 year old diabetic female without any pathological family history, a poor glycemic control (HbA1c 11.7%), hypertriglideridemia (3000 mg/dl), a body mass index (BMI) of 38, thin limbs, subcutaneous fat loss in gluteal area and ledge of fat above them, prominent veins in lower extremities, moon face, and acanthosis nigricans; as well as hypertension (150/100 mmHg) and subcutaneous folds measuring less than average were observed. Hypercortisolism was discarded and leptin levels were measured (16.8 mg/ml, VR: BMI > 30: 50 mg/ml). Due to these clinical and biochemical manifestations, and low leptin levels (16.8 mg/ml), Kobberling syndrome was suspected; however, LMNA mutation analysis was negative. Changes in lifestyle and treatment with fenofibrate, biphasic insulin 50/50, and enalapril were initiated showing a a significant metabolic improvement: HbA1c (7.8%) and TG (243 mg/dl). FPL type 1 is a familial disease, although there are spontaneous cases. No specific mutation is responsible for this syndrome. Due to its clinical manifestations, Cushing syndrome must be discarded.

Acantose nigricante: inter-relações metabólicas inerentes à síndrome dos ovários policísticos / Acanthosis nigricans: metabolic interrelations inherent to the polycystic ovary syndrome

OBJETIVO: Estabelecer a prevalência da acantose nigricante (AN) no contexto da síndrome dos ovários policísticos (SOP) e as respectivas associações com a obesidade, a resistência insulínica (RI), a insulinemia e a síndrome metabólica (SM). MÉTODOS: Em um estudo transversal e prospectivo, foram selecionadas cem pacientes acometidas pela SOP, diagnosticadas segundo o Consenso de Rotterdam (2003). O exame cutâneo incluiu, além da verificação da presença da AN, a presença do hirsutismo (escore ≥8) e da acne. Foram investigados os dados clínicos e bioquímicos, os fatores de risco cardiovascular que se fazem presentes na SM, como circunferência abdominal (CA), obesidade, hipertensão e os índices de HDL e triglicérides. O modelo de aferição da resistência insulínica foi realizado por meio do teste homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). RESULTADOS: A prevalência da AN (53%) mostrou correspondência significativa com o hirsutismo (p=0,02), o índice de massa corpórea (IMC) (p<0,01), a insulinemia basal (p<0,01), o HOMA-IR (p<0,01) e a SM (p<0,05). A SM alcançou a prevalência de 36% e associou-se significativamente apenas com a AN (p<0,01). Conquanto ausente o diabetes mellitus, sobressaem as conotações do HOMA-IR alterado (p=0,01) com a SM (p<5%) e a AN (p<0,01). CONCLUSÕES: A AN integra o quadro fenotípico grave da SOP como mais um signo previsível dos riscos da doença cardiovascular. .

PURPOSE: To establish the prevalence of acanthosis nigricans (AN) within the context of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and its associations with obesity, insulin resistance, insulinemia, and metabolic syndrome (MS). METHODS: A cross-sectional prospective study was conducted on 100 patients with PCOS diagnosed according to the Rotterdam Consensus (2003). The skin test included, in addition to the detection of the presence of AN, the presence of hirsutism (score ≥8) and acne. In addition to clinical and biochemical data, we investigated cardiovascular risk factors present in MS such as abdominal circumference, obesity, hypertension and HDL and triglyceride levels. Insulin resistance was determined by the HOMA-IR test. RESULTS: The prevalence of AN (53%) was significantly correlated with hirsutism (p=0.02), body mass index (p<0.01), basal insulinemia (p<0.01), (HOMA-IR) (p<0.01), and MS (p<0.01). The prevalence of MS reached 36% and was significantly associated only with AN (p<0.01). Although diabetes mellitus was absent, there was a significant association of altered HOMA-IR (p<0.01) with MS (p<5%) and AN (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: AN is part of the severe phenotypic profile of PCOS as an additional predictable sign of the risks of cardiovascular disease. .

Complicaciones endocrinometabólicas de la obesidad en niños y adolescentes / Endocrine and cardiovascular complications of obesity in children and adolescents

La obesidad es la causa más común de insulinorresistencia en niños y adolescentes. La misma presenta un aumento de su prevalencia involucrando a todos los grupos etarios. La insulinorresistencia determina disturbios metabólicos que son deletéreos para el árbol vascular y otros tejidos. Además se demostró una asociación entre insulinorresistencia e hiperinsulinemia con mayor prevalencia de nódulos tiroideos y aumento del tamaño de la tiroides, que estaría relacionado a la acción bociógena de la insulina y el IGF-1. El objetivo fue evaluar la prevalencia de factores de riesgo cardiovasculares, la presencia de esteatosis hepática y su asociación con hiperinsulinismo. Realizamos un estudio transversal descriptivo de 75 niños entre 2 y 14 años que consultaron al Servicio de Endocrinología en un lapso de 14 meses. Se analizaron las siguientes variables: peso, talla, índice de masa corporal (IMC), glucemia, insulinemia, índice HOMA, acantosis nigricans, transaminasas hepáticas, perfil lipídico, cortisol 8 hs, perfil tiroideocon anticuerpos, ecografía tiroidea y abdominal. Encontramos que 60% de la población presentó niveles de insulina elevados (>15 μUI/ml) con aumento progresivo de la prevalencia de acantosis nigricans, el 12,3% tuvo glucemias alteradas de ayuno y 66,6% índice HOMA >3. El 90% de los pacientes con ecografía tiroidea heterogénea presentó hiperinsulinismo (p <0,05), hallándose nódulos tiroideos en 5 (9,8%) de ellos. Evaluamos la posible relación entre nódulos tiroideos e hiperinsulinismo, y encontramos una asociación positiva en el 80%. La obesidad infantil de beser considerada un problema de salud pública.

besity is the most common cause of insulin resistance in children and adolescents. It has increasing prevalence and involves all age groups. Insulin resistance determines metabolic disturbances that are deleterious to the vasculature and other tissues. An association between insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia on the one side and increased prevalence of thyroid nodules and enlargement of the thyroid gland on the other has been demonstrated, which could be related to the goitrogenic action of insulin and IGF-1. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, the presence of hepatic steatosis and its association with hyperinsulinism. We performed a cross sectional study of 75 children between 2 and 14 years (mean 10 years) who visited the Department of Endocrinology during a span of 14 months. We analyzed the following variables: weight, height, body mass index (BMI), glucose, insulin, HOMA, acanthosis nigricans,liver transaminases, lipid profile, cortisol at 8 AM, thyroid function tests and thyroid antibodies, thyroid and abdominal ultrasonography. In our study we found that 60% of the population showed elevated insulin levels (>15 μIU/ml) with progressive increase in the prevalence of acanthosis nigricans, and 12.3% showed inappropriate glucose levels...

Acantosis nigricans y linfoma no Hodgkin: presentación de un caso / Acanthosis nigricans and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: a case presentation

La acantosis nigricans fue la primera dermatosis en la que se reconoció un carácter paraneoplásico. La característica sobresaliente es la hiperpigmentación simétrica y el engrosamiento aterciopelado de la piel. Se sugiere que algún factor producido por el tumor estimula el crecimiento epidérmico.Objetivo: presentar un caso poco frecuente de un paciente con el diagnóstico de linfoma no Hodgkin y acantosis nigricans.Caso clínico: se presenta el caso de un paciente masculino de 62 años de edad con antecedentes de hipertensión arterial que un año previo a su ingreso manifestó cambios en la coloración de la piel, dermatosis generalizada, hiperpigmentación e hiperqueratosis en las palmas de las manos y el cuello.Conclusiones: el tumor más frecuente asociado con acantosis es el adenocarcinoma abdominal en 90 por ciento de los casos, entre los cuales 64 a 69 por ciento son de origen gástrico; el resto (10 por ciento ) se asocian con cáncer no digestivo; linfoma de Hodgkin, micosis fungoide, cáncer de esófago, próstata y tiroides. En el linfoma no Hodgkin su asociación es considerada muy rara y son pocos los casos reportados en la bibliografía...

Acanthosis nigricans was the first dermatosis in which a paraneoplastic nature was identified. The most significant feature is symmetrical hyperpigmentation and velvety thickening of the skin. It is suggested that any factor produced by the tumor stimulates the epidermal growth.Objective: to present the infrequent case of a patient diagnosed with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and acanthosis nigricans.Clinical case: the case of a sixty-two-year-old male patient with a personal history of high blood pressure is presented. A year before his admission the patient presented changes in the coloration of the skin, widespread dermatosis, hyperpigmentation and hyperkeratosis in the hands and neck.Conclusions: the most frequent tumor associated to acanthosis was abdominal adenocarcinoma, found in the 90 percent of the cases; among them a 64 to 69 percent were of gastric origin; the rest of the cases (10 percent) were associated to non-digestive cancer, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, mycosis fungoides, esophagus cancer, prostate cancer, and thyroid cancer. In relation to Hodgkin’s lymphoma, the association is considered as rare, and there are just a few cases reported in the bibliography...

RAVEN: forma particular de nevo epidérmico. Primer caso argentino / RAVEN: particular type of epidermal nevus. First argentinian reported case

Los nevos epidérmicos (NE) son hamartomas cutáneos de baja frecuencia originados en células pluripotenciales del ectodermo embrionario. Se reconocen diferentes variantes según su morfología y topografía. En 2012 se introdujo una nueva forma clínica con característicassingulares: el RAVEN, acrónimo de rounded and velvety epidermal nevus.Presentamos el primer caso argentino de esta variedad de nevo epidérmico y resaltamos sus características principales...

Complicaciones endocrinometabólicas de la obesidad en niños y adolescentes / Endocrine and cardiovascular complications of obesity in children and adolescents

La obesidad es la causa más común de insulinorresistencia en niños y adolescentes. La misma presenta un aumento de su prevalencia involucrando a todos los grupos etarios. La insulinorresistencia determina disturbios metabólicos que son deletéreos para el árbol vascular y otros tejidos. Además se demostró una asociación entre insulinorresistencia e hiperinsulinemia con mayor prevalencia de nódulos tiroideos y aumento del tamaño de la tiroides, que estaría relacionado a la acción bociógena de la insulina y el IGF-1. El objetivo fue evaluar la prevalencia de factores de riesgo cardiovasculares, la presencia de esteatosis hepática y su asociación con hiperinsulinismo. Realizamos un estudio transversal descriptivo de 75 niños entre 2 y 14 años que consultaron al Servicio de Endocrinología en un lapso de 14 meses. Se analizaron las siguientes variables: peso, talla, índice de masa corporal (IMC), glucemia, insulinemia, índice HOMA, acantosis nigricans, transaminasas hepáticas, perfil lipídico, cortisol 8 hs, perfil tiroideo con anticuerpos, ecografía tiroidea y abdominal. Encontramos que 60% de la población presentó niveles de insulina elevados (>15 µUI/ml) con aumento progresivo de la prevalencia de acantosis nigricans, el 12,3% tuvo glucemias alteradas de ayuno y 66,6% índice HOMA >3. El 90% de los pacientes con ecografía tiroidea heterogénea presentó hiperinsulinismo (p <0,05), hallándose nódulos tiroideos en 5 (9,8%) de ellos. Evaluamos la posible relación entrenódulos tiroideos e hiperinsulinismo, y encontramos una asociación positiva en el 80%. La obesidad infantil debeser considerada un problema de salud pública.

Obesity is the most common cause of insulin resistance in children and adolescents. It has increasing prevalence and involves all age groups. Insulin resistance determines metabolic disturbances that are deleterious to the vasculature and other tissues. An association between insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia on the one side and increased prevalence of thyroidnodules and enlargement of the thyroid gland on the other has been demonstrated, which could be related to the goitrogenic action of insulin and IGF-1. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, the presence of hepatic steatosis and its association with hyperinsulinism. We performed a cross sectional study of 75 childrenbetween 2 and 14 years (mean 10 years) who visited the Department of Endocrinology during a span of 14 months.We analyzed the following variables: weight, height, body mass index (BMI), glucose, insulin, HOMA, acanthosis nigricans, liver transaminases, lipid profile, cortisol at 8 AM, thyroid function tests and thyroid antibodies, thyroid and abdominalultrasonography. In our study we found that 60% of the population showed elevated insulin levels (>15 ìIU/ml) with progressive increase in the prevalence of acanthosis nigricans, and 12.3% showed inappropriate glucose levels. Ninety per cent of patients with heterogeneous thyroid ultrasonography had hyperinsulinemia (p <0.05), and thyroid nodules were found in 5 of them (9.8%). We assessed the possible relationship between thyroid nodules and hyperinsulinism, and founda positive association in 80% of the cases. Childhood obesity should be considered a public health problem.

Nursing care in childcare services: Acantose nigricans as a marker for metabolic risk / Assistência de enfermagem na puericultura: Acantose nigricans como marcador de risco metabólico / Atención de enfermería en la puericultura: Acantose nigricans como marcador de riesgo metabólico

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the association between the presence of Acantose nigricans and metabolic changes in overweight adolescents, so as to ascertain the relevance of the identification of this marker in the nursing consultation. METHOD: a cross-sectional study undertaken between April 2009 and April 2010 with 118 adolescents who were service users of the Center for Child Obesity in Campina Grande in the Brazilian State of Paraíba (PB). The presence of Acantose nigricans, and the subjects' anthropometric measurements, were investigated. The following exams were made: insulin, triglycerides, HDL-Cholesterol, Glucose and the homeostatic model of assessment (HOMA-IR). RESULTS: there was association between the presence of Acantose nigricans and participants with insulin resistance (p=0.008), metabolic syndrome (p=0.031), elevated triglycerides (p=0.045) and altered HDL (p=0.002). CONCLUSIONS: the suggestion is supported that the detection/identification of Acantose nigricans may be used in the nursing consultation as a tool for identifying overweight adolescents with greater risk of metabolic changes. .

OBJETIVO: analisar a associação entre a presença de Acantose nigricans e alterações metabólicas em adolescentes com excesso de peso, a fim de verificar a relevância da identificação desse marcador na consulta de enfermagem. MÉTODO: estudo transversal, realizado entre abril/2009 e abril/2010, com 118 adolescentes, usuários do Centro de Obesidade Infantil de Campina Grande, Paraíba. Investigaram-se a presença de Acantose nigricans e as medidas antropométricas nos sujeitos. Foram realizados os exames: insulina, triglicerídeos, HDL-Colesterol, glicose e homeostático modelo de avaliação. RESULTADOS: houve associação entre a presença de Acantose nigricans e participantes com resistência insulínica (p=0,008), síndrome metabólica (p=0,031), triglicerídeo elevado (p=0,045) e HDL alterado (p=0,002). CONCLUSÕES: reforça-se a sugestão de que a detecção/identificação da Acantose nigricans pode vir a ser utilizada na consulta de enfermagem como ferramenta para a identificação de adolescentes com excesso de peso com maior risco de alteração metabólica. .

OBJETIVO: analizar la asociación entre la presencia de Acantose nigricans y alteraciones metabólicas en adolescentes con exceso de peso, a fin de verificar la relevancia de la identificación de este marcador en la consulta de enfermería. MÉTODO: estudio transversal realizado entre abril/2009 y abril/2010, con 118 adolescentes, usuarios del Centro de Obesidad Infantil de Campina Grande/PB. Fueron investigadas la presencia de Acantose nigricans y las medidas antropométricas en los sujetos. Fueron aplicados los test: insulina, triglicéridos, HDL-Colesterol, Glucosa y homeostático modelo de evaluación (HOMA-IR). RESULTADOS: fue encontrada asociación entre la presencia de Acantose nigricans y participantes con resistencia en contra de la insulina (p=0,008), síndrome metabólica (p=0,031), triglicéridos elevados (p=0,045) y HDL alterado (p=0,002). CONCLUSIONES: se subraya la sugestión de que la detección/identificación de la Acantose nigricans podrá ser utilizada en la consulta de enfermería como herramienta para la identificación de adolescentes con exceso de peso con mayor riesgo de alteración metabólica. .

Frequency of various types of neoplasia in a group of acromegalic patients / Frequência de neoplasia de diversos tipos em um grupo de pacientes acromegálicos

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of colon cancer, primary hyperparathyroidism, thyroid tumor, and skin cancer in all acromegalic patients in follow-up at the Clinics Hospital - Botucatu Medical School, from 2005 to 2011. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: These patients were evaluated retrospectively for colon cancer, primary hyperparathyroidism, dermatological, and thyroid tumors. RESULTS: Of 29 patients included at the beginning of the study, two were excluded. Among 19 patients submitted to colonoscopy, one presented colon adenocarcinoma (5%). Thyroid nodules were present in 63% of patients, and papilliferous carcinoma was confirmed in two patients (7,7%). Four patients were confirmed as having primary hyperparathyroidism (15%). The most common dermatologic lesions were thickened skin (100%), acrochordons (64%), epidermal cysts (50%), and pseudo-acanthosis nigricans (50%). Only one patient presented basal cell carcinoma. CONCLUSION: Although a small number of acromegalic patients was studied, our findings confirm the high frequency of thyroid neoplasias and primary hyperparathyroidism in this group of patients.

OBJETIVO: Determinar a frequência de câncer de cólon, hiperparatireoidismo primário, tumores de tireoide e pele em todos os acromegálicos em seguimento no Hospital de Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu de 2005 a 2011. SUJEITOS E MÉTODOS: Esses pacientes foram avaliados retrospectivamente quanto a presença de câncer de cólon, hiperparatiroidismo primário, tumores da tiroide e pele. RESULTADOS: Dos 29 pacientes incluídos no início do estudo, dois foram excluídos. Dentre os 19 pacientes submetidos à colonoscopia, um apresentou adenocarcinoma de cólon (5%). Nódulos de tireoide estiveram presentes em 65% dos pacientes e carcinoma papilífero, em dois deles (7,7%). Quatro pacientes apresentaram hiperparatireoidismo primário (15%). A maioria das lesões de pele foram: espessamento (100%), acrochordons (64%), cistos epidérmicos (50%), pseudoacantose nigricans (50%) e apenas um paciente apresentou carcinoma basocelular. CONCLUSÃO: O tamanho da amostra é pequeno, mas nossos achados confirmam a alta frequência da neoplasia da tireoide e hiperparatireroidismo neste grupo de pacientes.

Diagnóstico de resistencia a la insulina por métodos indirectos en escolares obesos / Diagnosis of insulin resistance by indirect methods in obese school children

El incremento de la adiposidad, conduce a un deterioro de la tolerancia a la glucosa y de la acción de la insulina. Se determinó la resistencia a la insulina (RI) por métodos indirectos y se correlacionó con variables clínicas, antropométricas y bioquímicas en escolares obesos normoglicémicos. Estudio descriptivo-correlacional, realizado en 72 escolares, que acudieron al ambulatorio El Concejo de la Universidad de Carabobo (UC) y al servicio de Gastroenterología y Nutrición Pediátrica de la Ciudad Hospitalaria “Enrique Tejera” (CHET), de Valencia, Venezuela, entre enero y abril de 2011. Criterio de Inclusión: obesidad exógena. Se evaluaron antecedentes personales y familiares, presencia de acantosis nigricans y valoración nutricional y bioquímica. Se encontró mayor porcentaje de RI, a través de la utilización del método QUICKI (66,7%), seguido del HOMA (55,6%) y la insulina basal (45,9%). Las medias de índice de masa corporal y circunferencia de cintura, fueron significativamente mayores (p<0,05), en pacientes con RI, estimadas por los métodos HOMA y QUICKI. El método QUICKI, detectó diferencias significativas (p<0,05), entre las glicemias e insulinas basales y entre las insulinas postprandiales, de los pacientes con sensibilidades insulínica disminuida y normal; mientras que el HOMA, detectó estas diferencias (p<0,05), en las glicemias e insulinas basales. Se observó una correlación estadísticamente significativa (p<0,05), entre la presencia de acantosis nigricans y la RI, estimada por los métodos HOMA, QUICKI e insulina basal. En conclusión, de los métodos evaluados, los índices QUICKI, HOMA y la insulina basal, fueron los más eficaces para detectar la RI.

Obesity leads to a deterioration of glucose tolerance and the action of insulin. The purpose of this study was to determine insulin resistance (IR) by indirect methods, and its correlation with clinical, anthropometric and biochemical variables in obese normoglycemic school children. This was a descriptive-correlational study of 72 school prepubescent children, who attended the ambulatory “El Concejo” of the University of Carabobo (UC) and at the Gastroenterology and Pediatric Nutrition service of the city hospital “Enrique Tejera” (CHET), in Valencia, Venezuela, between January-April 2011. Inclusion criteria: exogenous obesity. We assessed personal and family history, presence of Acanthosis Nigricans and nutritional and biochemical status. We found a higher percentage of IR, through the use of the QUICKI method (66.7%), followed by the HOMA (55.6%) and basal insulin (45.9%). The mean (c) indexes of body mass and waist circumference were significantly greater (p < 0.05) in patients with IR, by HOMA and QUICKI techniques. The QUICKI method detected significant differences (p < 0.05) in the values of glycemia, basal insulin and postprandial insulin, among patients with diminished and normal insulin sensitivities. While HOMA, detected these differences (p < 0.05) in the values of glycemia and basal insulin. A statistically significant relationship was observed (p < 0.05), between the presence of Acanthosis Nigricans and IR, by the HOMA, QUICKI and basal insulin methods. In conclusion, the evaluated techniques, QUICKI, HOMA and basal insulin indexes, were most effective for detecting the IR.

Menarquia y factores asociados / Menarche and associated factors

Introducción: la menarquia es el indicador de maduración sexual más comúnmente utilizado, influida por factores genéticos y ambientales, y se asocia al riesgo de desarrollar enfermedades como la obesidad, el cáncer de mama, las enfermedades cardiovasculares, entre otras. Objetivos: caracterizar demográficamente las adolescentes en estudio; evaluarlas nutricionalmente utilizando el índice de masa corporal y la circunferencia de cintura, así como identificar la relación entre la menarquia, el color de la piel, el bajo peso al nacer, el exceso de peso corporal, la obesidad abdominal y la presencia de acantosis nigricans. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo transversal en la Secundaria Básica Urbana José María Heredia, desde junio de 2010 a enero de 2011. La población estuvo constituida por 85 adolescentes, a las cuales se les preguntó acerca de la menarquia, se les realizaron las mediciones antropométricas, y se buscó la presencia de acantosis nigricans. Resultados: la edad media de las adolescentes fue 12,05 años, de las cuales el 63,5 porciento había experimentado la menarquia, y su edad media de presentación fue de 11,00±0,801 años. El 17,6 por ciento presentó exceso corporal, el 34,1 por ciento adiposidad abdominal y el 12,9 porciento acantosis nigricans, asociadas estadísticamente con la aparición de la menarquia. Conclusiones: la mayoría de las adolescentes que habían experimentado la menarquia eran maduradoras tempranas, y de color de piel blanca; mostraron un riesgo incrementado de desarrollar exceso de peso corporal, obesidad abdominal y signos clínicos de resistencia a la insulina. La aparición de la menarquia no estuvo influida por el bajo peso al nacer(AU)

Introduction: menarche is the most common sexual maturity indicator, influenced by genetic and environmental factors and associated to the risk of developing diseases such as obesity, breast cancer, cardiovascular diseases and others. Objectives: to characterize demographically the adolescents under study; to evaluate them from the nutritional viewpoint by using the body mass index and the waist circumference, as well as to identify the association among menarche, race, low birthweight, overweight, abdominal obesity and presence of acanthosis nigricans. Methods: a cross-sectional, observational and descriptive study was conducted in Jose Maria Heredia junior high school from June 2010 to January 2011. The population was made up of 85 adolescents, who were asked about menarche, were anthropometrically measured and searched for acanthosis nigricans. Results: the average age of female adolescents was 12,05 years. Menarche was experienced by 63,5 percent of them and the average age of onset was 11,00±0,801 years. In this group, 17,6 percent presented with overweight, 34,1 percent with abdominal adiposity and 12,9 percent had acanthosis nigricans, all of these factors statistically associated with the onset of menarche. Conclusions: most of the female adolescents experienced menarche at early ages; they were Caucasians and showed a high risk of developing overweight, abdominal obesity and clinical signs of insulin-resistance. The onset of menarche was not affected by low birthweight(AU)

Carcinoma suprarrenal funcionante metastásico / Metastatic adrenal carcinoma functioning

El carcinoma suprarrenal es una enfermedad infrecuente que afecta entre 0.45 a 2 personas cada millón. Relación mujer: hombre 2.7:1, con un promedio de edad de 45 años. Mayor compromiso de la glándula izquierda. En el 53% de los casos se diagnostica por síndromes funcionantes. El resto se expresa por efecto de masa o por detección de metástasis. Son fundamentales las imágenes y el testeo hormonal. Es muy agresivo, de mal pronóstico y generalmente avanzado al diagnóstico. A la fecha existen escasos recursos terapéuticos. A continuación, se presenta una paciente de 23 años con un cáncer de suprarrenal funcionante estadio IV.

The adrenal carcinoma is an infrequent disease that affects0.45 to 2 cases per millon population per year. Women aremore frequently affected than men (2.7:1), with an averageage of 45 years. More common is the commitment of theleft gland. In 53% of cases, functioning tumor exists. Therest are diagnosed from local tumour invasion. Images andhormonal laboratory are basic. It is very aggressive, withpoor prognosis and advanced at diagnosis. To date thereare few therapeutic resources. We present here a 23 yearsold patient with such diagnosis and metastatic stage.