Ultrassonografia morfológica de primeiro trimestre: importante ferramenta para rastreio de aneuploidias e pré-eclâmpsia / First-trimester morphological ultrasound: important tool for aneuploidy and pre-eclampsia screening

No início do século 20, as altas taxas de mortalidade materna e infantil estimularam o desenvolvimento de um modelo de atendimento pré-natal que mantivesse características parecidas até os dias atuais. Nesse modelo, haveria maior concentração de visitas durante o final do terceiro trimestre de gestação, devido às maiores taxas de complicações nas fases finais da gestação e à dificuldade de prever a ocorrência de resultados adversos durante o primeiro trimestre. Atualmente, a avaliação clínica durante o primeiro trimestre, com auxílio da ultrassonografia e marcadores bioquímicos, pode prever uma série de complicações que acometem a gestação, incluindo cromossomopatias, pré-eclâmpsia, restrição de crescimento fetal, anomalias fetais e trabalho de parto pré-termo.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the high rates of maternal and infant mortality stimulated the development of a model of prenatal care that maintained similar characteristics until the present day. In this model, there would be a greater concentration of visits during the end of the third trimester of pregnancy, due to the higher rates of complications in the final stages of pregnancy and the difficulty in predicting the occurrence of adverse outcomes during the first trimester. Currently, clinical evaluation during the first trimester, with the aid of ultrasound and biochemical markers, can predict a series of complications that affect pregnancy, including chromosomal disorders, preeclampsia, fetal growth restriction, fetal anomalies and preterm labor.

Avaliação das habilidades funcionais de crianças e adolescentes com trissomia 21 (T21) e a relação com suas variáveis socioambientais e de saúde / Assessment of the functional abilities of children and adolescents with trisomy 21 (T21) and the relationship with their socio-environmental and health variables, 2021

Introdução. A síndrome de Down (SD), também denominada trissomia 21 (T21), é a cromossomopatia mais frequentemente associada à deficiência intelectual. A informação sobre as potencialidades e dificuldades funcionais das crianças com T21 pode auxiliar pais, terapeutas, gestores da saúde e educadores, favorecendo serviços de apoio à saúde e educação dessa população. Objetivo. Avaliar as habilidades funcionais e a assistência prestada pelos pais de crianças e adolescentes com T21 em idade escolar e explorar a eventual influência de algumas características socioambientais. Método. Estudo observacional, analítico, transversal com amostra de conveniência composta por 44 crianças em idade escolar e adolescentes, parte de um estudo anterior, cujos dados foram coletados através da aplicação do Inventário de Avaliação Pediátrica de Incapacidades (PEDI) e respondidos pelos pais de crianças e adolescentes com T21 que aceitaram participar do estudo, após terem assinado o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. Resultados. 45,5% eram crianças e adolescente com idade entre 7 anos e 7 meses a 12 anos e 54,5% entre 12 anos e 1 mês a 19 anos e 6 meses, predominando o sexo masculino (63,5%). 36,6% tiveram diagnóstico de cardiopatia congênita, 93,0% frequentavam escolas. Dos cuidadores 47,6% tinham apenas o primeiro grau incompleto. Quanto ao acompanhamento terapêutico algumas crianças e adolescentes ainda recebiam cuidados: por fisioterapeutas (9,1%), por fonoaudiólogos (31,8%) e por terapeutas ocupacionais (13,6%). Observou-se diferença estatisticamente significante (p<0,005) no domínio função social e o grau de assistência prestado pelo cuidador no mesmo. As demais relações entre o grau de desempenho da criança e o grau de atenção que o cuidador presta nos demais domínios não evidenciaram diferenças estatisticamente significantes. Quanto às outras variáveis apenas idade e frequência à escola da criança e do adolescente, bem como, receber assistência de Fisioterapia e Fonoaudiologia mostraram discrepâncias entre desempenho e o grau de cuidado prestado, de maneira significante estatisticamente no que se refere ao domínio de autocuidado e função social. Conclusão. A interpretação desses resultados revela haver um descompasso no domínio função social entre o desempenho das crianças e adolescentes e o grau de assistência prestada pelos cuidadores, que parece ser excessiva em relação às necessidades destas crianças e adolescentes. Com relação a outras variáveis apenas idade, frequência à escola e os cuidados de Fisioterapia e Fonoaudiologia mostraram que podem influenciar positiva ou negativamente o desempenho da criança e do adolescente e a relação entre estes e o cuidador, particularmente nos domínios de autocuidado e função social.

Background. Down syndrome (DS), also called trisomy 21 (T21), is the most common chromosomal disorders associated with intellectual disability. Information about the potential and functional difficulties of children with T21 can help parents, therapists, health managers and educators, favoring health support services and education for this population. Objective. Evaluate the functional abilities and the care provided by parents of school-age children and adolescents with T21 and explore the possible influence of some socio-environmental characteristics. Method. Observational, analytical, cross-sectional study with a convenience sample of 44 school-age children and adolescents, part of a previous study, whose data were collected through the application of the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI) and answered by the parents of children and adolescents with T21 who agreed to participate in the study, after signing the informed consent form. Results. 45.5% were children and adolescents aged between 07 years old and 07 months to 12 years old, and 54.5% between 12 years old and 01 month to 19 years old and 06 months, predominantly male (63.5%). 36.6% were diagnosed with congenital heart disease, 93.0% attended schools. As per the caregivers, 47.6% had only an incomplete elementary school. As for therapeutic follow-up, some children and adolescents still receiving care: by physical therapists (9.1%), by speech therapists (31.8%) and by occupational therapists (13.6%). There was a statistically significant difference (p<0.005) in the social function domain and the degree of care assistance provided by the caregiver. The other relationships between the child's level of performance and the level of attention the caregiver pays in the different domains did not show statistically significant differences. As for the other variables, only the age and school attendance of the child and the adolescent, as well as the ones receiving physical therapy and speech therapy assistance, showed discrepancies between performance and the degree of care provided, in a statistically significant way concerning the domain of selfcare and social function. Conclusion. The interpretation of these results reveals a mismatch in the social function domain between the performance of the children and the adolescents and the degree of assistance provided by caregivers, which seems to be excessive to the needs of these children and adolescents. Regarding the other variables, only the age, the school attendance, and the Physical Therapy and Speech Therapy care showed that they can positively or negatively influence the performance of the child and the adolescent and the relationship between them and the caregiver, particularly in the domains of self-care and social function.

Síndrome de Edwards com elevada sobrevida - relato de caso / Edwards Syndrome with high survival - case report

RESUMO Introdução: A Síndrome de Edwards, é a segunda alteração genética mais comum no recém-nascido, caracteriza-se por apresentar três cromossomos no par 18. Essa trissomia com baixa expectativa de vida, apresenta diversas malformações, principalmente alterações cardíacas, ortopédicas, neurológicas e pulmonares, afetando principalmente fetos do sexo feminino. Objetivo: Descrever um caso clínico de uma criança com Síndrome de Edwards com elevada sobrevida, 7 anos, uma exceção ao que é descrito na literatura. Relato de caso: Paciente feminina, 7 anos de idade, que nasceu com Síndrome de Edwards, diagnosticada no pré-natal. A gestação foi sem intercorrência e a criança nasceu a termo apresentando cardiopatias congênitas, como dupla via de saída do ventrículo direito, comunicação interventricular, permanência do canal arterial e estenose pulmonar. Apresenta também disfunção cerebral e alterações esqueléticas. Faz acompanhamento multidisciplinar com fonoaudióloga e fisioterapeuta duas vezes por semana e periodicamente com pediatra e neurologista. Conclusão: Por se tratar de um caso raro e pouco documentado na literatura a existência de crianças com mais de 7 anos de idade, como nesse caso, mostra que é possível superar a expectativa de vida documentada na literatura. Alguns fatores, como ter o diagnóstico no período pré-natal, não ter apresentado intercorrências na gestação, ter nascido a termo, apresentar cardiopatias congênitas que se compensam, somando-se a cuidados multiprofissionais semanalmente, podem ter contribuído para que esta criança tenha conseguido viver até os 7 anos. PALAVRA-CHAVE: Trissomia, síndrome da trissomia do cromossomo 18, sobrevida

ABSTRACT Introduction: Edwards Syndrome, the second most common genetic alteration in newborns, is characterized by having three chromosomes in pair 18. This trisomy with low life expectancy, presents several malformations, mainly cardiac, orthopedic, neurological and mainly affecting female fetuses. Objective: To describe a clinical case of a child with Edwards Syndrome with high survival, 7 years, an exception to what is described in the literature. Case report: Female patient, 7 years old, who was born with Edwards Syndrome, diagnosed prenatally. The pregnancy was uneventful and the child was born at term with congenital heart disease, such as right ventricular double outlet, ventricular septal defect, permanence of the ductus arteriosus, and pulmonary stenosis. She also presents brain dysfunction and skeletal changes. She undergoes multidisciplinary follow-up with a speech therapist and physiotherapist twice a week and periodically with a pediatrician and neurologist. Conclusion: As this is a rare case and the existence of children over 7 years of age, as in this case, is little documented in the literature, it shows that it is possible to exceed the life expectancy documented in the literature. Some factors, such as having the diagnosis in the prenatal period, not having had complications during pregnancy, being born at term, having congenital heart diseases that compensate, adding to weekly multiprofessional care, may have contributed to this child having managed to live up to 7 years old. KEYWORDS: Trisomy, trisomy 18 syndrome, survival

Cariótipos possíveis na síndrome de Klinefelter: uma revisão narrativa / Possible karyotypes in the syndrome Klinefelter: A Narrative Review

Os sinais clínicos da síndrome de Klinefelter foram observados pela primeira vez em 1942, mas sua etiologia só foi definida em 1959. Trata-se de uma condição genética na qual pelo menos um cromossomo X extra é adicionado ao cariótipo masculino normal (46,XY) e acomete cerca de 1 em cada 500 homens. É caracterizada por variabilidade fenotípica que leva a atraso ou ausência de diagnóstico, com uma estimativa de 50% a 75% de homens com Síndrome de Klinefelter nunca obterem o diagnóstico correto. Apesar de o cariótipo clássico (47,XXY) ser encontrado em 80%-90% dos pacientes e o mosaicismo (46,XY/47,XXY) nos 10% restantes, outros cariótipos podem ser encontrados menos frequentemente. Nesse sentido, este estudo tem por finalidade descrever os possíveis cariótipos identificados nos pacientes com Síndrome de Klinefelter. Os resultados mostram que a Síndrome de Klinefelter é usualmente diagnosticada na vida adulta e caracterizada por uma heterogeneidade citogenética quanto aos cariótipos possíveis apresentados pelos pacientes afetados. A condição foi diagnosticada precocemente quando associada à anomalia dos cromossomos autossomos, excesso de cromossomos X extra ou quando foi realizado diagnóstico pré-natal por idade materna avançada. É imprescindível que os profissionais de saúde, em especial os médicos, se familiarizem mais com essa condição, pois o diagnóstico correto e precoce permite a intervenção e tratamento adequados visando melhorar a qualidade de vida desses indivíduos.

Radioterapia en tumor de células gigantes tenosinovial (sinovitis villonodular pigmentada) / Radiation therapy in tenosynovial giant cell tumor (pigmented villonodular synovitis)

Presentar nuestra experiencia de 18 años en el tratamiento con radioterapia y evaluar cifras de control tumoral local en pacientes con diagnóstico de tumor de células gigantes tenosinovial difuso sinovitis villonodular pigmentada difusa. 33 pacientes, tratados durante el período 2000-2018. En 19 (57,6 %) se practicó sinovectomía parcial, 10 (30,3 %) fueron tratados con artroplastia y sinovectomía, 4 (12,2 %) con sinovectomía total. 32 pacientes recibieron radioterapia posoperatoria, 1 paciente preoperatoria. Técnica más empleada fue planificación 2D 51,5 % seguida de conformada con planificación 3D (RTC3D) 48,5 %. La dosis total promedio administrada 44 Gy (rango 10,5 - 50). Tiempo promedio de tratamiento radiante 28 días (8-35). Tiempo de seguimiento entre 0,7 - 240,8 meses, mediana 12 meses, promedio 52,1 meses. 26 pacientes (79 %) presentaron mejoría de la sintomatología inicial y 6 (18 %) refirieron estabilidad de los síntomas. La respuesta clínica al tratamiento en relación al tiempo de seguimiento, 12 pacientes (36,4 %) estaban asintomáticos, 10 con un seguimiento mayor a 60 meses; 14 (42,4 %) refieren respuesta clínica satisfactoria, (2 con un seguimiento mayor a 60 meses) 6 pacientes presentaban enfermedad estable, para un control local del 97 %. El 87,9 % presentaron dermatitis grado I, 1 desarrolló dermatitis grado II, 3 no presentaron efectos adversos. La radioterapia es una modalidad de tratamiento muy efectiva como adyuvante a la sinovectomía, observándose altas tasas de control local de la enfermedad con una baja morbilidad(AU)

To report our eighteen-year experience with radiation therapy in the treatment of diffuse tenosinovial giant cell tumor / diffuse pigmented villonodular synovitis and to assess local control of the disease. A review of 33 patients with treated with radiation therapy during the period 2000-2018 was done. 19 (57.6 %) partial synovectomy was performed, 10 (30.3 %) underwent arthroplasty plus synovectomy, 4 (12.2 %) total synovectomy. 32 patients received radiotherapy postoperative and 1 pre-operative. Most common technique employed was conventional (2D) in 51.5 % and 3D conformal (3DCRT) in 48.5 %. The average total dose was 44 Gy (range 10.5-50), with a mean treatment time of 28 days (8-35). Follow-up time ranged from 0.7- 240.8 months, median time and mean time of 12 and 52.1 months respectively After RT 26 (79 %) of the patients obtained improvement of the initial symptoms and 6 (18 %) were stable. 12 patients (36.4 %) were asymptomatic with follow-up time longer than 36 months (10 of 12 had follow-up time >60 months), 14 (42.4 %) had significant clinical improvement (2 of 14 had follow-up time >60 months), and 6 had stable disease, local control of 97 %. Complications were few, acute skin toxicity was grade I in 29 (87.9%) and grade II in 1 patient. There was no significant chronic toxicity. Radiation therapy is an effective adjuvant treatment modality after synovectomy in patients with high local control rates and low morbidity(AU)

Falsos positivos del cribado de trisomía 21 y 18 del primer trimestre y complicaciones obstétricas / Adverse outcomes in pregnancies with false positive trisomy 21 and 18 screening results

OBJETIVO: Analizar si los casos positivos de cribado combinado de trisomía 21 (t21) o trisomía 18 (t18) en ausencia de aneuploidía (falsos positivos- FP) se relacionan con complicaciones de la gestación, ajustando por factores demográficos y clínicos de riesgo. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio retrospectivo de casos y controles anidado en una cohorte de pacientes que acudieron para cribado del primer trimestre. Los casos fueron las pacientes con FP de riesgo combinado de t21 superior a 1/270 o riesgo de t18 superior a 1/100. Se consideraron complicaciones de la gestación: óbito fetal, parto prematuro menor de 34 semanas o prematuro menor de 37 semanas, preeclampsia, retrasos de crecimiento, pequeño para la edad gestacional (CIR, PEG) y diabetes gestacional (DG). Se ajustó por obesidad, edad, paridad, tabaquismo, y técnicas de reproducción asistida. RESULTADO: Se obtuvieron 204 casos de FP, 149 FP para trisomía 21, 41 para trisomía 18, y 14 FP para ambos riesgos. Se encontró asociación estadísticamente significativa de FP t21 con óbito fetal (OR=3,5; ic95% 1,4-8,7; p=0,01), parto prematuro menor de 37 semanas (OR=2,2; IC95% 1,4-3,4; p=0,001), preeclampsia (OR =2,6; IC95% 1,17-6,1; p=0,02), PEG (OR =2,2; IC95% 1,2-4,1; p=0,02), CIR (OR=2,8; IC95% 1,6-5,1; p=0,001), y DG (OR=2,1; IC95% 1,2-3,7; p=0,01). Los FP t18 se asociaron con óbito (OR=8,9; IC95% 2,9-27; p=0,002). CONCLUSIÓN: Los FP del cribado del primer trimestre, para trisomía 21 y trisomía 18, se asocian con resultados obstétricos adversos.

We have studied whether positive cases of combined trisomy 21 (t21) or 18 (t18) screening in the absence of aneuploidy (false positives -FP-) are related to pregnancy complications adjusting for demographic and clinical risk factors. METHODS: Retrospective case-control study nested in a cohort of patients who came for first trimester aneuploidy screening. The cases were patients with FP combined risk of t21 (greater than 1/270) or t18 risk (greater than 1/100). The control group was a sample of patients with low-risk screening. We considered pregnancy complications: stillbirth, premature delivery before 34 and 37 weeks, preeclampsia, growth retardation, small for gestational age (FGR, SGA), and gestational diabetes (GD). Or were adjusted for obesity, age, parity, smoking, and assisted reproduction techniques. RESULTS: 204 cases of FP were obtained, 149 FP for trisomy 21, 41 for trisomy 18, and 14 FP for both risks. A statistically significant association between t21 FP was found with stillbirth (OR = 3.5; 95% CI 1.4-8.7; p = 0.01), preterm delivery less than 37 weeks (OR = 2.2; 95% CI 1.4-3.4; p = 0.001), preeclampsia (OR = 2.6; 95% CI 1.17-6.1; p = 0.02), SGA (OR = 2.2; 95% CI 1, 2-4.1; p = 0.02), FGR (OR = 2.8; 95% CI 1.6-5.1; p = 0.001), and GD (OR = 2.1; 95% CI 1.2 −3.7; p = 0.01). FP t18s were associated with fetal loss (OR= 8.9 (95% CI 2.9-27) p = 0.002. CONCLUSION: FP from first trimester screening for t21 and t18 are associated with adverse obstetric outcomes.

Síndrome de Down e patologias associadas: uma revisão narrativa da literatura / Down syndrome and associated pathologies: a narrative review of the literature / Síndrome de Down y patologías asociadas: una revisión narrativa de la literatura

Objetivo: identificar por meio de uma revisão narrativa de literatura as patologias mais recorrentes em indivíduos com Síndrome de Down. Método: trata-se de uma revisão narrativa. Realizou-se um levantamento da literatura no Portal Pubmed e nas bases de dados de publicações científicas indexadas: Scientific Eletronic Library Online (Scielo), Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), Base de Dados de Enfermagem (BDENF) e Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) e Portal PubMed, usando os descritores "Down's syndrome", "Pathologies", "Trisomy 21", "Intellectual Disability", "Clinical manifestations". Resultados: foram encontrados 696 artigos, dos quais 24 foram analisados na íntegra, destes, foram selecionados 9 artigos que compuseram a amostra desta revisão. A maioria dos estudos selecionados mensurou as características fenotípicas peculiares nos indivíduos com essa anomalia, a saber: olhos oblíquos, orelhas baixas, braquidactilia, hipotonia, baixa estatura, braquicefalia, fissuras oblíquas na pálpebra, epicanto, manchas de Brushfield na íris, dentre outras. Conclusão: torna-se necessária uma atenção e acompanhamento regular dos profissionais de saúde acerca das patologias malignas, doenças autoimunes e inflamatórias que acometem as pessoas com SD.

Objective: to identify through a narrative literature review the most recurrent pathologies in individuals with Down syndrome. Method: this is a narrative review. A survey of literature was conducted on the Pubmed Portal and in the databases of indexed scientific publications: Scientific Electronic Library Online (Scielo), Latin American and Caribbean Literature on Health Sciences (LILACS), Nursing Database (BDENF) and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) and PubMed Portal, using the descriptors "Down's syndrome", "Pathologies", "Trisomy 21", "Intellectual Disability" , "Clinical manifestations". Results: 696 articles were found, of which 24 were fully analyzed, of which 9 articles were selected that comprised the sample of this review. Most of the selected studies measured the peculiar phenotypic characteristics in individuals with this anomaly, namely: oblique eyes, low ears, brachydactyly, hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, oblique clefts in the eyelid, epicant, Brushfield spots on the iris, among others. Conclusion: it is necessary to have regular attention and follow-up of health professionals about malignant pathologies, autoimmune and inflammatory diseases that affect people with DS.

Objetivo: identificar a través de una literatura narrativa revisar las patologías más recurrentes en individuos con síndrome de Down. Método: esta es una revisión narrativa. Una encuesta de literatura se realizó en el Portal Pubmed y en las bases de datos de publicaciones científicas indexadas: Biblioteca Electrónica Científica en Línea (Scielo), Literatura Latinoamericana y del Caribe en Ciencias de la Salud (LILACS), Base de Datos de Enfermería (BDENF) e Índice Acumulativo de Literatura de Enfermería y Salud Aliada (CINAHL) y PubMed Portal, utilizando los descriptores "Síndrome de Down", "Patologías", "Trisomy 21", "Discapacidad Intelectual" , "Manifestaciones clínicas". Resultados: se encontraron 696 artículos, de los cuales 24 fueron analizados en su totalidad, de los cuales se seleccionaron 9 artículos que comprendían la muestra de este examen. La mayoría de los estudios seleccionados midieron las peculiares características fenotípicas en individuos con esta anomalía, a saber: ojos oblicuos, orejas bajas, braquidactilia, hipotonía, estatura baja, braquicefalia, hendiduras oblicuas en el párpado, epicante, manchas de Brushfield en el iris, entre otros. Conclusión: es necesario tener atención regular y seguimiento de los profesionales de la salud sobre patologías malignas, enfermedades autoinmunes e inflamatorias que afectan a las personas con DS.

Trisomía 9, trisomía 13 y trisomía 18: resultados del análisis citogenético prenatal, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, años 2000-2017 / Trisomy 9, trisomy 13 and trisomy 18: results of the prenatal cytogenical analysis, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, years 2000-2017

INTRODUCCIÓN: En Chile, la norma técnica de la Ley N° 21.030 de 2017 considera tres aneuploidías como letales; las trisomías 9, 13 y 18, cuyo diagnóstico se confirma con un cariograma. No existe a la fecha registro nacional de frecuencia prenatal de estas patologías. OBJETIVO: Determinar la frecuencia de trisomías 9, 13 y 18 en los estudios citogenéticos prenatales en muestras de células obtenidas con amniocentesis y cordocentesis, procesados en el Laboratorio de Citogenética del Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo de los resultados de cariograma de líquido amniótico (LA) y sangre fetal (SF), procesados desde enero de 2000 a diciembre de 2017. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 2.305 muestras (402 de SF y 1.903 de LA), de ellas 442 (19%) fueron trisomías letales (TL), dentro de ellas fueron TL libres 416 (95%), TL estructurales 15 (2,7%) y mosaicos 11 (2,3%). La trisomía 18 fue en ambos tipos de muestra la más frecuente (73,5%), seguida de trisomía 13 (24,2%) y trisomía 9 (2,3%). Se desglosan resultados conforme al tipo de TL, muestra, motivo de derivación, edad materna y edad gestacional. CONCLUSIONES: El cariograma confirma el diagnóstico de aneuploidías y aporta datos relevantes para el consejo genético. La cromosomopatía letal más frecuente fue la trisomía 18. Se observó que uno de cada cinco cariogramas referidos por anomalías congénitas y/o marcadores de aneuploidía revelaban una TL.

INTRODUCTION: In Chile, the technical standard of Law No. 21,030 of 2017 considers three aneuploidies as lethal; trisomies 9, 13 and 18, whose diagnosis is confirmed with a Karyotype. To date there is not a national registry of prenatal frequency of these pathologies. OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of trisomies 9, 13 and 18 in prenatal cytogenetic studies in samples of cells obtained with amniocentesis and cordocentesis, processed in the Cytogenetics Laboratory of the Universidad de Chile Clinical Hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Descriptive and retrospective study of the results of karyotypes of amniotic fluid (LA) and fetal blood (SF) processed from January 2000 to December 2017. Results: 2,305 samples (402 of SF and 1,903 of LA) were included, of which 438 (19%) were lethal trisomies (TL), corresponding to free TL 416 (95%), structural TL 12 (2,7%) and mosaics 10 (2.3%). Trisomy 18 was the most frequent in both types of sample (73,5 %), followed by trisomy 13 (24,2%) and trisomy 9 (2.3%). RESULTS are shown according to the type of TL, sample, reason for referral, maternal age and gestational age. CONCLUSIONS: The karyotype confirms the diagnosis of aneuploidies and provides relevant data for genetic counseling. The most frequent lethal chromosomopathy was trisomy 18. It was observed that one in five karyotypes referred for congenital anomalies and / or aneuploidy markers revealed a TL.

Hipoplasia de timo con trisomía del cromosoma10 / Thymus hypoplasia with chromosome 10 trisomy

INTRODUCCIÓN: La hipoplasia de timo es una entidad que puede asociarse a múltiples patologías fetales de ahí la importancia de su diagnóstico y su manejo. OBJETIVO: Utilidad y métodos de evaluación del timo en la ecografía morfológica y valor de la interpretación del análisis genético de los microarrays. CASO CLÍNICO: Se presenta el caso clínico de una gestante en la que se detecta una glándula tímica hipoplásica utilizando para su medición el índice timo-torácico en un plano de tres vasos. Ante estos hallazgos se realiza una amniocentesis para análisis genético usando la QF-PCR y un análisis ARRAY-CGH. RESULTADOS: En el análisis de ARRAY-CGH se observa una duplicación patológica en mosaico compatible con una trisomía del cromosoma 10, alteración genética infrecuente de la que se han reportado unos 50 casos en recién nacidos vivos. Esta alteración presenta un rango muy amplio de alteraciones, desde malformaciones graves a niños completamente normales. En los controles posteriores la gestación es normoevolutiva y finaliza en la semana 40 mediante un parto eutócico de inicio espontáneo naciendo un bebé fenotípicamente normal con un timo de menor tamaño del habitual siendo pronto para saber las consecuencias de esta alteración en su inmunidad. CONCLUSIONES: Por un lado, el timo es una estructura fácil de visualizar en la ecografía morfológica de la semana 20 y su medición mediante el índice timo-torácico nos aporta información útil acerca de posibles patologías fetales. Por otro, tener en cuenta que debemos ser muy cautelosos con la interpretación de resultados de pruebas genéticas cuando éstas no tienen un significado clínico claro.

INTRODUCTION : Thymus hypoplasia can associate many different pathologies so is highly important the diagnosis and the management. OBJECTIVE: Utility and methods in the evaluation of the fetal thymus in the morphological ultrasound and interpretation of microarray results. CLINICAL CASE: We present a case of fetal hypoplastic thymus gland in a pregnant woman. We measure it using the thymus-torax index in a three vessel view. A genetical analysis was made using QF-PCR and Array-CGH. RESULTS: In the ARRAY-CGH analysis it is found a pathological mosaicism that match with chromosome 10 trisomy, a very uncommon genetical alteration with only 50 reported cases. This trisomy can traduce from serious malformations to complete normal children. The parents decide to continue with the pregnancy and in week 40 it finishes with an uncomplicated delivery of a healthy child. In the newborn pediatrics remark a thymus gland smaller than expected but it is early to say if it will have or not consequences in its immunity. CONCLUSION: On one hand the thymus is a structure that we can easily display in the morphological ultrasound in the 20 week of pregnancy and its measure, using the thymus-torax index, can be very helpful in the detection of fetal pathologies. On the other hand, is important being careful when we interpret a genetical alteration without a clear clinical significance.

Trisomía 9p: Una breve descripción clínica, diagnóstica y terapéutica / Trisomy 9p: A brief clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic description

La trisomía del 9p se caracteriza por la duplicación de todo o de algún segmento del brazo corto del cromosoma 9. Es una de las anomalías autosómicas estructurales más frecuentes en recién nacidos. Esta región es relativamente pobre en genes, por lo que puede ser más compatible con la supervivencia. Se caracteriza por presentar retraso del crecimiento, psicomotor y mental, dismorfias cráneo-faciales, alteraciones esqueléticas, así como anomalías en el sistema nervioso central, cardiopatías congénitas y alteraciones renales en menor frecuencia. Para realizar el diagnóstico, debe desarrollarse el estudio citogenético mediante la técnica de banda G, y, si está disponible, se recomienda la hibridación por fluorescencia in situ, complementada por la hibridación genómica comparativa, para la mejor comprensión de la correlación genotipo-fenotipo. La evaluación debe ser interdisciplinaria, en la que se incluya un oportuno asesoramiento genético familiar y, con ello, las opciones terapéuticas disponibles y de forma precoz.

Trisomy 9p is characterized by the partial or complete duplication of the short arm of chromosome 9. It is one of the most common autosomal structural abnormalities in newborn infants. This is a relatively poor gene region, so it may be more compatible with survival. It is characterized by delayed mental and psychomotor growth, craniofacial dysmorphisms, skeletal alterations, central nervous system abnormalities, congenital heart disease, and, to a lesser extent, kidney disorders. To establish a diagnosis, it is necessary to perform a cytogenetic study with G bands and, if available, fluorescence in situ hybridization complemented with comparative genomic hybridization for a better understanding of the genotype-phenotype correlation. Assessment should be interdisciplinary and encompassing a timely family genetic counseling, together with available therapeutic options in an early manner.

Trisomía 9: reporte de un caso / Trisomy 9: a case report

La trisomía 9 es una enfermedad rara, que ha sido descrita por primera vez en 1970, a la fecha existen más de 150 casos reportados, caracterizados por dismorfias faciales, anomalías congénitas y retraso en el desarrollo psicomotor y/o discapacidad intelectual. Este es el primer caso reportado en nuestra población en un infante de sexo masculino con peso y talla bajos, fisura labiopalatina y retraso madurativo en varias áreas del desarrollo, en quien el cariotipo mostró un mosaico cromosómico con el 70% de sus células con la trisomía del cromosoma 9. El asesoramiento genético en estos casos es de vital importancia para orientar a los padres sobre posibles causas y explicar sobre la condición genética, su manejo y establecer pautas de seguimiento para hacer prevención terciaria

Transformación leucémica en paciente con linfoma folicular e hiperleucocitosis al diagnóstico / Leukemic transformation in a patient with follicular lymphoma and hyperleukocytosis at diagnosis

La fase leucémica como presentación de un linfoma folicular es rara y debe ser considerada factor de mal pronóstico. Por otra parte, la asociación entre linfoma folicular y síndrome mielodisplásico no se ha descrito. Se presenta el caso de una paciente en la que se detectó marcada leucocitosis y a la que se diagnosticó un linfoma folicular. Recibió quimioterapia con R-CHOP y FCR cuando recayó. Meses después, se realizó un aspirado medular en el cual se observaron cambios compatibles con mielodisplasia, únicamente recibió terapia de soporte y finalmente evolucionó a leucemia mieloide aguda. Aunque se conoce que la mielodisplasia puede ser secundaria al uso de quimioterapia, la paciente presentó además trisomía del cromosoma 11, descrita previamente en mielodisplasia y linfoma tipo Burkitt, la cual pudiera estar en relación con la evolución a leucemia mieloide aguda(AU)

Follicular lymphoma rarely presents with a leukemic phase and this should be considered a negative prognostic factor. Also, follicular lymphoma and myelodysplastic syndrome association has not been previously reported. Herein we present a patient who debuted with marked hyperleukocytosis and was diagnosed with follicular lymphoma, receiving CHOP-R and FCR after she relapsed. Several months later, secondary myelodysplastic changes were observed in her bone marrow. She received supportive therapy and finally progressed into acute myeloid leukemia. Although secondary myelodysplasia is known to be produced by chemotherapy, this patient additionally had trisomy 11, previously described in myelodysplasia and Burkitt's lymphoma, which could be linked to progression to acute myeloid leukemia(AU)

Trisomía parcial del cromosoma 13: presentación de un caso / Partial trisomy of chromosome 13: presentation of a case

Fundamento: La trisomía del cromosoma 13 es una enfermedad genética con una incidencia reportada de 1x 20 000 nacidos vivos, que resulta de la presencia de un cromosoma 13 supernumerario; es la trisomía reportada menos frecuente en la especie humana y con diferentes expresiones clínicas. Objetivo: Reportar el caso debido a su poca frecuencia y a su forma de presentación clínica. Reporte del caso: Recién nacido a término, que nace en buenas condiciones, bajo peso al nacer, con diagnóstico prenatal de trisomía parcial 13. Evolucionó tempranamente con distres respiratorio siendo necesario el uso de ventilación mecánica y convulsiones. Se retiró de la ventilación con esfuerzo respiratorio efectivo. Otra anomalía presentada fue una comunicación interauricular e insuficiencia cardiaca. Conclusiones: El pronóstico de vida en estos pacientes se relaciona claramente con la gravedad de las malformaciones y a su vez con el grado de alteración cromosómica, es esta forma de presentación la menos complicada y la de mayor sobrevida, por lo que se recomienda una atención médica de alta especialización para lograr la estabilidad de este paciente el mayor tiempo posible.

Background: Trisomy of chromosome 13 is a genetic disease with a reported incidence of 1x 20 000 live births, resulting from the presence of a supernumerary chromosome 13; is the trisomy reported less frequent in the human species and with different clinical expressions. Objective: To report the case due to its infrequency and to its clinical presentation. Case report: Newborn to term, born in good condition, underweight at birth, with prenatal diagnosis of partial trisomy 13. Early evolution with respiratory distress with the need of using the mechanical ventilation and convulsions. Ventilation was retired with effective respiratory effort. Another anomaly presented was atrial septal defect and heart failure. Conclusions: The prognosis of life in these patients is clearly related to the severity of the malformations and, in turn, to the degree of chromosomal alteration, this form of presentation is the least complicated and the one with the highest survival rate, Of high specialization to achieve the stability of this patient as long as possible.

Defeito do septo átrio ventricular em adulto portador de trissomia do 21 / Case report defect of the septure ventricular atrial in adult trissomy carrier of 21

Introdução: Dos pacientes com Síndrome de Down que possuem cardiopatias congênitas, metade possuem defeitos no septo atrioventricular, em associação de comunicação interatrial, comunicação interventricular e a persistência do canal arterial. Descrição do caso: M.N.S,42 anos, portador de trissomia do 21. Encaminhado para a cardiologia,dia 07/09/16, para realização do cateterismo cardíaco após dor torácica recorrente e sopro sistólico. Na admissão, referiu precordialgia, com intensidade forte e duração de um dia, sem irradiações e fatores desencadeantes. Possui histórico de internações recorrentes de dor precordial e história familiar marcante de cardiopatias. Na avaliação clínica, encontrou-se sopro sistólico panfocal acentuado pela manobra de Rivero-Carvallo e diminuído com a manobra de Valsalva, confirmando sobrecarga de câmaras direitas. Realizou-se CATE de câmaras direitas e esquerdas no dia 09/09, onde conclui-se a presença de defeito septo AV de forma intermediária, hipertensão arterial pulmonar,hiperfluxo pulmonar,dilatação moderada da artéria pulmonar, aumento das dimensões do átrio esquerdo e constatou-se que o retorno venoso dáse para átrio esquerdo por uma comunicação interatrial ampla. Foi submetido à correção cirúrgica no dia 19/09/16, onde foi realizado plastia da valva mitral, correção da comunicação interatrial ostium primum com remendo pericárdico bovino e o fechamento do forame oval. Após a cirurgia, foi encaminhado para o CTI, onde permaneceu estável, sendo extubado no dia 21/09. Recebeu alta do CTI no dia 26/09 e encaminhado para a enfermaria para cuidados pós-cirúrgicos. Conclusão: É possível concluir que o despreparo de pequenos centros urbanos faz com que o serviço de saúde se direcione para os grandes centros urbanos e como muitas vezes isso não é possível, o diagnóstico e a terapêutica se dão tardiamente. (AU)

Introduction: Of the patients with Down syndrome who have congenital heart defects,half have defects in the atrioventricular septum,in the association of atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect and persistence of the ductus arteriosus. Case description: MNS,42 years old,with trisomy 21. Referred to cardiology,day 07/09/16, to perform cardiac catheterization after recurrent chest pain and systolic murmur. On admission, he reported precordialgia,with strong intensity and duration of one day, without irradiation and triggering factors. He has a history of hospitalizations recurrence of precordial pain and marked family history of cardiopathies. In the clinical evaluation, a panfocal systolic murmur accentuated by the Rivero-Carvallo maneuver and decreased with the Valsalva maneuver, confirming overhead of right chambers. CATE of right chambers and on the 09/09, where the presence of an AV septal defect is found in pulmonary arterial hypertension, pulmonary hyperflow, moderate dilation of the pulmonary artery, enlargement of the left atrium, and venous return to the left atrium by extensive atrial septal defect. It was submitted to surgical correction on day 19 / 09, where mitral valve repair was performed,correction of the ostium primum atrial septal defect with bovine pericardial patch, and closure of the oval foramen. After surgery, the patient was referred to the ICU where he remained stable and was extubated on September 21. He was discharged from the ICU on September 26 and was sent to the ward for post-surgical care. Conclusion: It is possible to conclude that the lack of preparation of small urban centers causes the health service to be directed to large urban centers and how often this not possible, diagnosis and therapy are delayed. (AU)

Do you know this syndrome? Dyspigmentation along the Blaschko lines caused by trisomy 7 mosaicism

Abstract Dyspigmentation along the Blaschko lines is strongly suggestive of a mosaic skin disorder. We report a 9-year-old male patient who presented with swirls and streaks of both hypo and hyperpigmentation involving the entire body. Additionally, he had hypertrichosis, musculoskeletal and minor neurodevelopment abnormalities but no intellectual disability. Cultured fibroblast displayed trisomy 7 mosaicism, which can explain this pigmentary phenotype. Widespread dyspigmentation associated with involvement of other organs should prompt systemic examination to detect additional anomalies and genetic evaluation should be considered, even with normal fetal karyotype.

Un caso de deleción parcial 1p36. 1 y trisomía parcial 6p diagnosticadas por cariotipo / A case of partial 1p36. 1 deletion and partial trisomy 6p diagnosed by karyotype

La deleción de la región cromosómica 1p36 es una de las anomalías subteloméricas más frecuentes y causa rasgos dismórficos distintivos. Por otro lado, la trisomía distal del brazo corto del cromosoma 6 es una anormalidad cromosómica poco frecuente de fenotipo variable. Objetivo: Presentar el caso de un paciente con ambas alteraciones cromosómicas, y resaltar la vigencia e importancia del cariotipo como herramienta diagnóstica en dismorfología. Caso clínico: Lactante de 2 meses de edad con múltiples anomalías craneofaciales, hemangioma en la nuca, fosita sacra, acortamiento rizomélico, pies y manos pequeños, criptorquidia unilateral izquierda e hipotonía. Además, antecedente de restricción del crecimiento intrauterino. Producto del octavo embarazo de una mujer G8A7C1 de 28 años. Con estos hallazgos inespecíficos en el fenotipo se solicitó cariotipo que mostró una deleción parcial de 1p36.1 y una trisomía parcial de cromosoma 6p. Conclusión: El cariotipo convencional sigue siendo una herramienta importante para el etiológico en pacientes con anomalías congénitas (múltiples), mostrando en este caso una deleción parcial de 1p36.1 y una trisomía parcial de cromosoma 6p, alteraciones cromosómicas estructurales.

The deletion of chromosomal region 1p36 is one of the most common sub-telomeric microdeletion syndromes and has distinctive dysmorphic features. On the other hand, partial trisomy of the short arm of chromosome 6 is a rare chromosomal abnormality with a variable phenotype. Objective: To report a case with both chromosome abnormalities, and to highlight the importance of the karyotype as a diagnostic tool in dysmorphology. Clinical case: The case of is presented of a two month-old infant with several craniofacial anomalies, neck haemangioma, sacral pit, rhizomelic shortening, small hands and feet, left unilateral cryptorchidism, and hypotonia. The infant also suffered intrauterine growth restriction and is the product of the eighth pregnancy of a 28 years old woman. Due to the unspecific findings in phenotype, a karyotype was requested, which showed a partial deletion of 1p36.1 and a partial trisomy of chromosome 6. Conclusion: The development of new techniques in molecular biology has improved diagnostic possibilities in medical genetics. However, the traditional karyotype remains as an important diagnostic tool in patients with multiple congenital anomalies.

Mosaic trisomy 8 detected by fibroblasts cultured of skin / Mosaico trisomía 8 detectada por los cultivos de fibroblastos de la piel

Introduction: Mosaic trisomy 8 or "Warkany's Syndrome" is a chromosomopathy with an estimated prevalance of 1:25,000 to 1:50,000, whose clinical presentation has a wide phenotypic variability. Case Description: Patient aged 14 years old with antecedents of global retardation of development, moderate cognitive deficit and hypothyroidism of possible congenital origin. Clinical Findings: Physical examination revealed palpebral ptosis, small corneas and corectopia, hypoplasia of the upper maxilla and prognathism, dental crowding, high-arched palate, anomalies of the extremities such as digitalization of the thumbs, clinodactyly and bilateral shortening of the fifth finger, shortening of the right femur, columnar deviation and linear brown blotches that followed Blaschko's lines. Cerebral nuclear magnetic resonance revealed type 1 Chiari's malformation and ventriculomegaly. Although the karyotype was normal in peripheral blood (46,XY), based on the finding of cutaneous mosaicism the lesions were biopsied and cytogenetic analysis demonstrated mosaic trisomy 8: mos 47,XY,+8[7]/46,XY[93]. Clinical Relevance: Trisomy 8 is clinically presented as a mosaic, universal cases being unfailingly lethal. In this particular case, cutaneous lesions identified the mosaic in tissue, although the karyotype was normal in peripheral blood. The cutaneous mosaicism represented by brown linear blotches which follow Blaschko's lines is a clinical finding that has not previously been described in Warkany's syndrome.

Introducción: La trisomía 8 en mosaico o Síndrome de Warkany, es una cromosomopatía con una prevalencia estimada de 1:25,000 a 1:50,000, que se presenta clínicamente con una amplia variabilidad fenotípica. Descripción del Caso: Paciente de 14 años con antecedente de retardo global del desarrollo, déficit cognitivo moderado e hipotiroidismo de posible origen congénito. Hallazgos Clínicos: Al examen físico presenta ptosis palpebral, corneas pequeñas y corectopia, hipoplasia de maxilar superior y prognatismo, apiñamiento dental, paladar alto ojival, anomalías en extremidades como digitalización de pulgares, clinodactilia y acortamiento bilateral del quinto dedo en manos, acortamiento de fémur derecho, desviación de columna y máculas lineales pardas que siguen las líneas de Blaschko. En la resonancia nuclear magnética cerebral se aprecia malformación de Chiari tipo 1 y ventriculomegalia. El cariotipo en sangre periférica fue normal (46,XY) sin embargo, ante el hallazgo de mosaicismo cutáneo, se realizó biopsia de las lesiones y su análisis citogenético demostró trisomía 8 en mosaico: mos47,XY,+8[7]/46,XY[93]. Relevancia Clínica: La trisomía 8 se presenta clínicamente en mosaico, los casos universales son indefectiblemente letales. En este caso particular, las lesiones cutáneas identificaron el mosaico en tejido, frente al cariotipo normal en sangre periférica. El mosaicismo cutáneo representado por las máculas lineales pardas (que siguen las líneas de Blaschko) es un hallazgo clínico que no se había descrito en el síndrome de Warkany.

Síndrome de trisomía 18: reporte de un caso clínico / Trisomy 18 syndrome: a case report

Introducción El síndrome de trisomía 18 (T18) ocurre por la presencia de un cromosoma 18 extra completo en la mayoría de los casos. La prevalencia en recién nacidos oscila entre uno en 6.000 a uno en 8.000. Los afectados tienen una elevada mortalidad, solo el 4% supera el primer año de vida. Son pocos los casos reportados que superan los 5 años. Objetivo El objetivo de este artículo es reportar un caso de T18 de larga sobrevida con características en la cavidad oral no descritas en la literatura, y aportar información a médicos y pediatras sobre la etiología, el fenotipo, la sobrevida y el consejo genético. Reporte de caso Paciente de sexo femenino de 7 años con 2 cariotipos realizados en cultivo de linfocitos que mostraron 47,XX+18 en todas las metafases. Con talla y peso bajos, facies dismórficas, retardo severo del desarrollo psicomotor y cognitivo, imposibilidad para alimentarse, ausencia del lenguaje verbal, sordera neurosensorial, marcha atáxica, hipoplasia cerebelosa; genitales con labios mayores y menores hipoplásicos. En la cavidad oral paladar en forma de cúpula, macroglosia, no se observaron incisivos centrales superiores y primeros molares superiores e inferiores. En las radiografías se encuentran hallazgos de formación de las piezas dentales ausentes en la boca, concluyéndose erupción tardía. Conclusiones En los casos de T18 la mortalidad in útero y neonatal es alta, las características clínicas in útero y en recién nacidos han sido bien descritas. Dado que son pocos los casos que superan los 5 años el fenotipo aún está por establecerse. En la paciente aquí reportada se encontraron hallazgos en la cavidad oral no descritos en la literatura.

Introduction The trisomy 18 syndrome occurs due to the presence of an extra chromosome 18 in most cases. The prevalence in infants is estimated at 1:6000 to 1:8000. Those affected have a high mortality rate, only 4% may survive their first year of life. There are few reported cases exceeding five years of age. Objective The aim of this paper is to report a case of trisomy 18 of long survival with oral cavity features not described in the literature, and to provide information to physicians and paediatricians about aetiology, phenotype, survival and genetic counselling. Case report A 7 year-old female patient with 2 karyotypes performed by lymphocyte culture showing 47XX+18 in all metaphases. She presented with growth deficiency, dysmorphic facies, severe psychomotor retardation and cognitive disability, inability to feed, lack of verbal language, sensorineural hearing loss, ataxia, cerebellar hypoplasia, and genitals with hypoplastic labia majora and minora. In the oral cavity: dome shaped palate, macroglossia, absence of upper central incisors and first upper and lower molars in mouth. X-ray findings showed formation of missing teeth, with late eruption being concluded. Conclusions In cases of trisomy 18 syndrome there is an increased risk of neonatal and infant mortality. The clinical characteristics in utero and in neonates have been well described. Since few cases exceeding five years of age have been reported, the phenotype is yet to be established. In the case being reported we describe oral cavity findings not documented in the literature.

Resultado de estudio prenatal invasivo para el diagnóstico de aneuploidía en el Hospital Sótero del Río / Results of an invasive prenatal study for the diagnosis of aneuploidy at Hospital Sótero del Río

ANTECEDENTES: Las aneuploidías y malformaciones congénitas son causa importante de morbi-mortalidad perinatal e infantil en Chile. OBJETIVO: Evaluar la realidad local del diagnóstico genético antenatal para mejorar el resultado perinatal. MÉTODOS: Estudio retrospectivo y descriptivo. Se realizó amniocentesis a embarazadas con indicación de estudio genético prenatal por sospecha ecográfica de alteraciones cromo-sómicas, entre octubre de 2010 y marzo de 2015, en el Hospital Sótero del Río. RESULTADOS: Los hallazgos ecográficos más frecuentes fueron: cardiopatías congénitas, malformaciones del sistema nervioso central y restricción de crecimiento fetal precoz. 164 pacientes aceptaron el estudio invasivo antenatal, obteniéndose resultados de 154. El promedio de edad materna y edad gestacional del examen fueron 30 años y 27+3 semanas, respectivamente. En embarazos con trisomía 21 y 13, el 71% de las pacientes tenía sobre 35 años. Un 31% de las muestras presentaron cariotipo anormal, siendo la más frecuente la trisomía 21 (14%), trisomía 18 (9%), monosomía X (4,5%) y trisomía 13 (2,6%). CONCLUSIÓN: El diagnóstico genético prenatal permite un adecuado manejo perinatal, coordinación apropiada entre las unidades de Obstetricia y Neonatología, y la preparación de las pacientes y sus familias para un pronóstico perinatal adverso.

BACKGROUND: Malformations and aneuploidy are a major cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality in Chile. Invasive techniques are offered to determine the fetal karyotype, when there is an abnormal finding in the ultrasound. AIMS: To assess the local situation of prenatal genetic diagnosis to improve the management of this population. METHODS: This is a retrospective and descriptive study of patients from october 2010 to march 2015, who had an amniocentesis for genetic testing due suspected fetal malformations or aneu-ploidy. RESULTS: The sonographic findings most frequently found were: congenital heart disease, malformations of the central nervous system and early growth restrictions. 164 patients agree to perform invasive prenatal genetic, obtaining 154 results. The average maternal age was 30 years and the mean gestational age at amniocentesis was 27+3 weeks. In trisomy 21 pregnancies, 71% of patients were higher than 35 years. 31% of the samples had abnormal karyotype: trisomy 21 (14%), trisomy 18 (9%), Turner's syndrome (4.5%) and trisomy 13 (3%). CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal genetic diagnosis allows appropriate perinatal management and contributes to prepare the patient and their families for an adverse perinatal outcome.