Influence of migration on the thought process of individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis

Objective: To assess the influence of migration on the psychopathological presentation of individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis (UHR) in São Paulo, Brazil. Methods: This study is part of the Subclinical Symptoms and Prodromal Psychosis (SSAPP) project, a cohort study in São Paulo, Brazil, designed to follow individuals at UHR. After screening with the Prodromal Questionnaire (PQ) and a clinical interview, the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) was administered, a neuropsychological assessment was performed, sociodemographic and migration data were obtained. We then analyzed UHR individuals who had migration data to see if migration had any effect on their cognition and psychopathology. Chi-square tests were used for categorical variables, and Student's t test or analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used for nonparametric and parametric distributions, respectively. Results: The sample was composed of 42 at-risk subjects, of whom 5 had a migration history in the past two generations. Those with migration history showed significantly more formal thought disturbances (p = 0.012) and sleeping problems (p = 0.033) compared to those without. Conclusions: Our data reinforce migration as a risk factor for psychosis in developing countries as well, and highlights the importance of studying the specific effect of this factor in UHR psychopathology.

Signo del atolón o signo del halo invertido en covid-19: a propósito de un caso / Covid-19 Atoll sign or inverted halo sign: about a case

La Sociedad Fleishner define el signo del halo invertido o signo del atolón como un área focal redondeada con la densidad de un "vidrio esmerilado", rodeada por un anillo más o menos completo de consolidación. Este signo fue descrito inicialmente en pacientes con neumonía organizada criptogénica por Voloudaki y Kim. Ha sido descrito en: 1) enfermedades infecciosas (la paracoccidioidomicosis, la aspergilosis, la mucormicosis y virales), 2) síndromes linfoproliferativos (la granulomatosis linfomatoidea), y 3) enfermedades inflamatorias no infecciosas ni neoplásicas (el síndrome de Churg-Strauss, la neumonía intersticial no específica y la granulomatosis de Wegener).

The Fleishner Society defines the inverted halo sign or Atoll sign as a rounded focal area with a "ground glass" density, surrounded by a more or less complete ring of consolidation. This sign was initially described in patients with organizing cryptogenic pneumonia by Voloudaki and Kim. It has been described in: 1) infectious diseases (paracoccidioidomycosis, aspergillosis, mucormycosis, and virals), 2) lymphoproliferative diseases (lymphomatoid granulomatosis), and 3) non-infectious and neoplastic inflammatory diseases (Churg-Strauss syndrome, non-specific interstitial pneumonia, and Wegener's granulomatosis).

COVID -19: una nueva enfermedad respiratoria y una posible amenaza mundial / COVID-19: a new respiratory disease and a possible global threat

A fines de 2019, la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) comunicó la aparición, en la ciudad de Wuhan, situada en la provincia china de Hubei, de varios casos de enfermedad respiratoria aguda con neumonía producidos por un virus distinto a los conocidos . El 7 de enero de 2020, las autoridades chinas confirmaron que habían identificado un nuevo coronavirus al que denominaron provisoriamente, 2019-nCoV (Novel Coronavirus 2019)

Actualización en enfermedad con cuerpos de Lewy / Update in Lewy body disease

La enfermedad con cuerpos de Lewy incluye 2 entidades que podrían ser consideradas variantes clínicas de una misma patología: la demencia con cuerpos de Lewy y la demencia en enfermedad de Parkinson. Con la finalidad de describir correctamente lo que sucede en la evolución de la enfermedad se divide el cuadro en etapa prodrómica y de demencia propiamente dicha. La primera está clínicamente representada por aquel período en el cual, si bien el paciente exhibe algunos signos y síntomas propios de la enfermedad, no reúne criterios de demencia. A pesar de ser difícil de definir y por carecerse todavía de contundentes datos clínicos y biomarcadores, se caracteriza principalmente por deterioro leve selectivo en función atencional ­ visuoespacial, trastorno del sueño REM y disautonomía‒. La segunda etapa está claramente caracterizada en los criterios de consenso del año 2005. Recientemente hemos publicado la validación de un instrumento llamado ALBA Screening Instrument, que permite diagnosticar con alta sensibilidad y especificidad la enfermedad aun en etapas tempranas y diferenciarla de otras patologías semejantes. La tomografía por emisión de positrones (PET) para transportador de dopamina es el procedimiento de referencia (gold standard) del diagnóstico. El tratamiento sintomático con anticolinesterásicos y neurolépticos atípicos favorece una buena evolución de la enfermedad y es fundamental tener en cuenta evitar medicamentos que pueden dañar gravemente a los pacientes como los anticolinérgicos y antipsicóticos típicos. Los avances en el diagnóstico y la difusión del impacto de esta enfermedad en la población contribuirán a generar mayores esfuerzos de investigación para hallar un tratamiento eficaz, preventivo o curativo o de ambas características. (AU)

Lewy body disease includes 2 entities that could be considered clinical variants of the same pathology: Dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson's disease Dementia. Two stages of the disease are described in this review, a prodromal stage and one of explicit dementia. The first one is clinically represented by that period in which, the patient exhibits some typical features of the disease, but not dementia criteria. Despite being difficult to define the prodromal stage and that strong clinical data and biomarkers are still lacking, there is evidence to characterize it mainly by mild selective impairment in attention and visuo-spatial function, REM sleep disorder and dysautonomia. The second stage is clearly characterized in the known consensus criteria of 2005. We have recently published the validation of an instrument called ALBA Screening Instrument which showed a high sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis of the disease even in the early stages. It´s useful to differentiate the disease from other similar pathologies. Positron Emission Tomography for dopamine transporter is the gold standard of diagnosis in life. Symptomatic treatment with anticholinesterases and atypical neuroleptics help patients in their evolution of the disease. Anticholinergics and typical antipsychotics are agents to avoid in the treatmen of the disease because can severely damage patients. Future advances in the diagnosis and dissemination of the knowledge of the disease will contribute to generate greater research efforts to find an effective preventive and / or curative treatment. (AU)

Orientación de Enfermería para detectar síntomas prodrómicos y evitar reingreso psiquiátrico temprano / Nursing guidance to detect prodromal symptoms and avoid early psychiatric readmission

A partir de una reflexión sobre los espacios académicos que tiene actualmente el problema de la puerta giratoria y el abordaje de la persona con trastorno mental desde la Enfermería, se logra desarrollar en el presente documento, un lineamiento teórico, histórico y práctico, en forma de orientación, dirigido al profesional de enfermería en salud mental, facilitando la detección temprana de síntomas prodrómicos psiquiátricos, teniendo en cuenta, los diferentes momentos en que se pueda exacerbar dicha sintomatología (prehospitalización, hospitalización y egreso) así como, sugerir un adecuado abordaje a cada uno de los actores participes en el tratamiento ( Familia, Sociedad, Instituciones, Profesionales) previniendo el reingreso psiquiátrico institucional de la persona con trastorno mental.

Having in count the reflection about the different academic meetings that has the early revolving door problem and the psychiatric nursing approach, it is possible to develop this paper, a theorical, historical and practical lineament, in orientation form, addressed to mental health nursing professionals, facilitating the psychiatric prodromal symptom's early detection, having in count, the different moments when it could exacerbate this symptomatology (pre-hospitalization, hospitalization and discharge) ) preventing patient's psychiatric reentry.

Manifestaciones psiquiátricas por priones. Una revisión narrativa / Psychiatric manifestations by prions. A narrative review

Las enfermedades priónicas son un grupo de enfermedades neurodegenerativas raras y rápidamente progresivas que causan síntomas neuropsiquiátricos diversos. Estas enfermedades se describieron hace más de 200 arios, y con el tiempo se reconoció que los animales eran portadores de esta alteración; sin embargo, hasta finales de los noventa este problema conmocionó Europa, ya que para entonces la enfermedad había cruzado la barrera de especie y podía afectar al hombre. La polémica fue mayor al atribuirse la alteración a una proteína con capacidad infecciosa. El proceso patológico común se caracteriza por la conversión de la proteína priónica celular normal (PsPc) a una forma anómala y patológica (PrPSc). En el ser humano se han clasificado como padecimientos idiopáticos, hereditarios o adquiridos por la exposición a material exógeno con contenido priónico. La manifestación neurológica más sobresaliente de las prionopatías consiste en la aparición de una demencia rápidamente progresiva asociada a mioclonías y ataxia cerebelosa, además de síntomas extrapiramidales. Los síntomas psiquiátricos ocurren en etapas tempranas de la enfermedad y su presencia, además de la valoración de factores de riesgo, puede contribuir al diagnóstico oportuno de este síndrome. Clásicamente los síntomas psiquiátricos se han agrupado en tres categorías: síntomas afectivos, alteraciones de la motricidad y síntomas psicóticos. Este tipo de manifestaciones suele aparecer durante un periodo prodrómico previo a los signos neurológicos y consiste en la aparición de aislamiento social, ideas delirantes, irritabilidad/agresión, alucinaciones predominantemente visuales, ansiedad y depresión, así como otros menos frecuentes. El diagnóstico definitivo requiere de un estudio post mortem. La posibilidad de que un número mayor de casos pueda ocurrir en los próximos años o que en muchos pacientes no se haya considerado el diagnóstico es una realidad. En opinión de los autores de este trabajo, los psiquiatras debemos tener conocimiento de los síntomas de esta enfermedad. El objetivo de esta investigación es evaluar las alteraciones neuropsiquiátricas presentes en las prionopatías y, en particular, determinar si las manifestaciones psiquiátricas en conjunto integran un cuadro clínico que apunte al diagnóstico de estas enfermedades, aunque en primer término se revisan aspectos taxonómicos, patogénicos y patológicos. Como elemento agregado en este trabajo, los autores hacen algunas consideraciones diagnósticas basadas en la evidencia científica disponible hasta el momento. Los descriptores controlados aplicados a la búsqueda bibliográfica son los utilizados para indexación de artículos científicos en las bases de datos. Las bases de datos y EMBASE, aunque también se empleó PsycInfo. Los descriptores empleados son: enfermedades priónicas, trastornos psicóticos, depresión, trastornos afectivos, patología, clasificación, proteína priónica, historia, manifestaciones neurológicas y manifestaciones psiquiátricas. Los criterios de selección de material fueron cualitativos. Como conclusión y con base en la extensa bibliografía revisada, los autores plantean que el periodo en que hay más evidencia de alteraciones en la esfera mental se denomine «fase de síntomas psiquiátricos¼, la cual puede extenderse por algunos meses (hasta 4). Los síntomas afectivos son los más característicos de dicha fase. Como conclusiones, se considera que la identificación de estos síntomas en un paciente con factores de riesgo de sufrir esta enfermedad contribuiría a la identificación temprana del padecimiento y normaría qué pautas seguir ante la sospecha del diagnóstico de este grupo de trastornos, sobre todo con la idea de mejorar la calidad de vida de estos pacientes.

Prion diseases are a group of rare and rapidly progressive neurodegenerative conditions that may cause neuropsychiatric symptoms. This group of diseases has been described since the 18th century, but they were recognized decades later, when it became clear that the humans were affected by infected animals. There was controversy when the problem was attributed to a single protein with infective capacity. The common pathological process is characterized by the conversion of the normal cellular prion protein into an abnormal form. In humans, the illness has been classified as idiopathic, inherited and acquired through exposure to exogenous material containing abnormal prions. The most prominent neurological manifestation of prion diseases is the emergence of a rapidly progressive dementia, mioclonus associated with cerebellar ataxia and also extra pyramidal symptoms. Psychiatric symptoms occur in early stages of the illness and can contribute to timely diagnosis of this syndrome. Psychiatric symptoms have traditionally been grouped in three categories: affective symptoms, impaired motor function and psychotic symptoms. Such events usually occur during the prodromal period prior to the neurological manifestations and consists in the presence of social isolation, onset of delusions, irritability/aggression, visual hallucinations, anxiety and depression, and less frequent first-rank symptoms among others. Definite diagnosis requires post mortem examination. The possibility that a large number of cases may occur in the next years or that many cases have not been considered with this diagnosis is a fact. In our opinion, psychiatrists should be aware of symptoms of this disease. The main objective of this research consisted of assessing the correlation between this disturbance and neuro-psychiatric symptoms and particularly if this psychiatric manifestations integrate a clinical picture suggestive for the diagnosis of these diseases, but firstly reviewed taxonomic, pathogenic and pathological aspects. The authors of this project also added an element in relation to some diagnostic considerations based on scientific evidence. For the search controlled descriptors applied to the research for indexing scientific articles in databases were used. The electronic data bases used were PubMed, EMBASE and also PsycInfo. The descriptors were prion diseases, psychotic disorders, depression, mood disorders, pathology, classification, prion protein, history, neurological manifestations, and psychiatric manifestations. The selection criteria for the material were qualitative. To conclude, and based on the extensive literature review, the authors propose that the period where the evidence is more robust for mental impaired is named "psychiatric symptoms phase, which can be extended for a few months, being the psychiatric affective symptoms the most characteristic of this phase. In conclusion, we considered that the identification of these symptoms in a patient with risk factors for developing the disease will contribute to the early identification, and would regulate the guidelines in suspected diagnosis of this group of disorders. The intention is provide a better quality of life to the sick people.

Craniofacial pain can be the sole prodromal symptom of an acute myocardial infarction: an interdisciplinary study / El dolor cráneo-facial puede ser el único síntoma prodrómico de un infarto agudo de miocárdio: estudio interdisciplinario

We recently found craniofacial pain to be the sole symptom of anacute myocardial infarction (AMI) in 4% of patients. Wehypothesized that this scenario is also true for symptoms ofprodromal (pre-infarction) angina. We studied 326 consecutivepatients who experienced myocardial ischemia. Intra-individualvariability analyses with respect to ECG findings and paincharacteristics were performed for those 150 patients whoexperienced at least one recurrent ischemic episode. AMI patients(n=113) were categorized into two subgroups: “abrupt onset”(n=81) and “prodromal angina” (n=32). Age, gender and riskfactor comparisons were performed between groups. Craniofacialpain constituted the sole prodromal symptom of an AMI in 5% ofpatients. In those who experienced two ischemic episodes, womenwere more likely than men to experience craniofacial pain in bothepisodes (p<0.01). There was no statistically significant differencebetween episodes regarding either ECG findings or the use of thetwo typical pain quality descriptors “pressure” and “burning”. This study is to our knowledge the first to report that craniofacialpain can be the only symptom of a pre-infarction angina.Craniofacial pain constitutes the sole prodromal AMI symptomin one out of 20 AMI patients. Recognition of this atypicalsymptom presentation is low because research on prodromalAMI symptoms has to date studied only patients with chest pain.To avoid a potentially fatal misdiagnosis, awareness of thisclinical presentation needs to be brought to the attention ofclinicians, researchers and the general public.

En un estudio previo encontramos que un dolor en la región cráneo-facial puede ser el único síntoma de un infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM) en el 4 por ciento de los casos. En el presentetrabajo la hipótesis fue que este escenario es cierto también para la angina pre-infarto o angina prodrómica.En el estudio se incluyeron 326 pacientes consecutivos con isquemia cardiaca sintomática. Se realizó un análisis intraindividual con respecto a características del dolor y hallazgoselectrocardiográficos en los 150 pacientes que presentaron episodios recurrentes de isquemia cardiaca. Los pacientes con infarto agudo se categorizaron en dos grupos: “comienzoabrupto” (n=81) y “angina prodrómica” (n=32). Se realizaron comparaciones entre grupos con respecto a edad, género y factores de riesgo cardiovasculares. El dolor en la región cráneofacial constituyó el único síntoma prodrómico (pre-infarto) de un IAM en el 5 por ciento de los casos. En aquellos pacientes que experimentaron dos episodios isquémicos, las mujeres tuvieron una mayor prevalencia de dolor cráneo-facial en los dos episodios (p<0.01). No se detectaron diferencias estadísticas entre episodios con respecto a hallazgos electrocardiográ ficos o al empleo de los descriptores verbales del dolor de origen cardíaco “opresivo” y “quemante”.Este es el primer estudio de investigación en documentar queel dolor en la región cráneo-facial puede ser el único síntoma de una angina pre-infarto. En efecto, esto ocurre en uno decada 20 casos de IAM. El reconocimiento de esta presentación clínica es baja debido a que históricamente los criterios de inclusión de los estudios de angina pre-infarto incluyeron únicamente pacientes con dolor de pecho. Para evitar el error diagnóstico con consecuencias fatales para el paciente, es importante que esta información llegue tanto a los clínicos como al público en general.

Clinical characteristics and influence of childhood trauma on the prodrome of bipolar disorder

Objectives: To describe the onset pattern, frequency, and severity of the signs and symptoms of the prodrome of the first hypomanic/manic episode and first depressive episode of bipolar disorder (BD) and to investigate the influence of a history of childhood maltreatment on the expression of prodromal symptoms. Methods: Using a semi-structured interview, the Bipolar Prodrome Symptom Scale-Retrospective (BPSS-R), information regarding prodromal symptoms was assessed from patients with a DSM-IV diagnosis of BD. History of childhood maltreatment was evaluated using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Results: Forty-three individuals with stable BD were included. On average, the prodrome of mania lasted 35.8±68.7 months and was predominantly subacute or insidious, with rare acute presentations. The prodrome of depression lasted 16.6±23.3 months and was also predominantly subacute or insidious, with few acute presentations. The prodromal symptoms most frequently reported prior to the first hypomanic or manic episode were mood lability, depressive mood, and impatience. A history of childhood abuse and neglect was reported by 81.4% of participants. Presence of childhood maltreatment was positively associated with prodromal symptoms, including social withdrawal, decreased functioning, and anhedonia. Conclusions: This study provides evidence of a long-lasting, symptomatic prodrome prior to first hypomanic/manic and depressive episode in BD and suggests that a history of childhood maltreatment influences the manifestations of this prodrome.

Depresión en la tercera edad como factor de riesgo y su posible rol como pródromo de demencia / Depression and dementia in the mental health of old age

Depresión y demencia, sobre todo enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) son entidades críticas en la salud mental de la tercera edad. Ambas condiciones disminuyen la calidad de vida e incrementan el deterioro de actividades de vida diaria de individuos de la tercera edad. EA tiene pobre pronóstico al ser una enfermedad neurodegenerativa; mientras que la depresión es básicamente reversible. Los estudios de seguimiento longitudinal y de caso-control reportan una estrecha asociación entre depresión de inicio tardío y deterioro cognitivo progresivo, pues se ha demostrado riesgo de incremento en 2 a 5 veces para desarrollar demencia en pacientes con depresión de inicio tardío. Por otro lado, la depresión de inicio precoz ha demostrado en forma consistente ser también un factor de riesgo para demencia, y escasas probabilidades de ser pródromo de demencia.La naturaleza de la asociación (si depresión es un pródromo o consecuencia de demencia, o un factor de riesgo para desarrollar demencia) permanece aún sin ser esclarecida. Independiente de ello, las estrategias para tratar depresión podrían alterar el riesgo de desarrollar demencia.

Depression and dementia, in particular Alzheimer´s disease (AD) are critically important issues in the mental health of old age. Both conditions apparently reduce quality of life and increase the impairment of activities of daily living for elderly persons. AD usually shows poor prognosis owing to progressive neuronal degeneration, while depression is basically reversible. Longitudinal follow-up and case-control studies reported a strong association between late-onset depression and dementia, and therefore increased risk was observed in 2-5 times to develop dementia in patients with late-onset depression. Furthermore, early-onset depression have also consistenly demonstrated to be a risk factor for dementia and unlikely to be prodromal to dementia. The nature of this association (if depression is a prodrome or consequence of, or risk factor for dementia) remains unclear. Regardless of this, treatment strategies for depression could alter the risk of dementia.

Sintomas obsessivo-compulsivos em escolares: prevalência, dimensões psicopatológicas, agregação familiar, comorbidades e fatores clínicos associados / Obsessive-compulsive symptoms in schoolchildren: prevalence, dimensions, familial aggregation, comorbidities and associated clinical factors

O objetivo central desta tese de doutorado foi investigar as características clínicas de sintomas obsessivo-compulsivos (SOC), como fenômeno intermediário entre o desenvolvimento normal e o transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo (TOC), em uma ampla amostra comunitária (não-clínica) composta por crianças em idade escolar (6 a 12 anos) e seus familiares biológicos. Para tal, determinou-se a prevalência e a distribuição sociodemográfica dos SOC descrevendo sua fenomenologia caracterizada a partir de dimensões de SOC, agregação familiar, associação com outras comorbidades psiquiátricas e outras variáveis de comprometimento clínico (ex: fatores de risco, problemas sociais, escolares e de comportamento). Dividimos o presente estudo em duas etapas. Na Etapa I, o objeto de estudo foram 9.937 crianças de 6 a 12 anos regularmente matriculadas em escolas públicas (crianças-index) e seus familiares biológicos (n total=29.459). Nesta etapa utilizou-se a Family History Screening (FHS), escala de rastreamento para sintomas psiquiátricos internacionalmente validada, e um módulo adicional com sete itens para identificar quatro dimensões de SOC ("Agressão/ sexual/ religiosa"; "arranjo/ simetria"; "contaminação/ lavagem" e colecionismo"). Nessa primeira etapa obtivemos dados sobre 9.937 crianças-index (podendo ser irmãos entre si), 3.305 irmãos biológicos (13 a 18 anos) e 16.218 pais. As mães biológicas foram informantes em 88% das entrevistas. Os SOC estiveram presentes em 19.4% da amostra total, sendo 14,7% das crianças-index; 15,6% dos irmãos; 34,6% das mães e 12,1% dos pais. A presença dos SOC foi associada ao sexo masculino e aumento da idade em crianças e adolescentes. Houve agregação familiar das dimensões de SOC nas famílias, sendo que a dimensão de "contaminação/ lavagem" foi a mais familiar (OR: 1,44; IC 95% 1,23-1,67; p < 0,001). Crianças-index com SOC apresentaram maior frequência de outros sintomas psiquiátricos, bem como maior comprometimento escolar...

The present thesis investigated the clinical characteristics of obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS), as an intermediate phenomenon between normal development and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) by assessing an extensive community (non- clinical) sample of schoolchildren (6-12 years) and their biological relatives. We determined the prevalence and sociodemographic status of OCS, describing its phenomenology characterized from OCS dimensions, familial aggregation, association with other psychiatric comorbidities, and other variables of clinical impairment (e.g.: risk factors , social, school and behavior problems). The study was divided in two phases. In phase I, 9,937 children (aged 6 to 12 years) enrolled in regular public schools (index-children) and their biological relatives (overall n = 29,459) were assessed. In this phase, we used the Family History Screening (FHS), an internationally validated instrument developed for psychiatric symptoms assessment. An additional seven-item module to identify four OCS dimensions ("aggressive/ sexual/ religious"; "symmetry/ arranging", "contamination/ cleaning" and "hoarding ") was also used. In the first phase data on 9,937 index-children (may be siblings to each other), 3,305 biological siblings (13-18 years) and 16,218 parents were obtained. The biological mothers were informants in 88 % of the interviews. OCS were present in 19.4 % of the total sample, 14.7 % of index-children, 15.6 % of siblings, 34.6 % of mothers and 12.1 % of parents. The presence of OCS was associated with male gender and increasing age in children and adolescents. Familial aggregation of OCS dimensions was found; the "contamination/ cleaning" was the most familial dimension (OR: 1.44; 95% IC 1.23 to 1.67; p < 0.001). OCS were associated with higher frequency of other psychiatric symptoms as well as greater rates of social/ school problems and searching for previous treatments. The main limitations of this phase include by proxy interviews...

Consideraciones éticas de la comunicación diagnóstica en la enfermedad de Alzheimer prodrómica / [Ethical considerations regarding the communication of diagnosis of prodromal Alzheimer’s disease].

Population aging has increased age-related diseases such as dementia, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) being the most common in older adults (50

). It is one of the most feared conditions for its irreversible and incurable, by its chronicity and it consists of a long process of depersonalization. The clinical diagnosis is mainly based on DSM-IV and NINCDS-ADRDA. Definitive diagnosis is post-mortem, as it requires histopathological confirmation. However, there have been new diagnostic criteria based EA biomarkers, which can be done in life, anticipating the course of several years before dementia. Thus, physicians are increasingly exposed to AD patients in early stages, having to face the dilemma of communicating the diagnosis to a patient with cognitive failures and disease awareness, with the implications that generates about him and his family. The objectives of this paper will analyze the ethical problem of communication of clinical diagnosis of AD in prodromal stages (pre-dementia) in our country, based on the analysis of ethical principles (autonomy and non maleficence) involved in decision making.

Translation and adaptation of the Bipolar Prodrome Symptom Scale-Retrospective: Patient Version to Brazilian portuguese / Tradução e adaptação da Bipolar Prodrome Symptom Scale-Retrospective: Patient Version para português brasileiro

BACKGROUND: Bipolar disorder (BD) is a chronic and often severe mental disease, associated with a significant burden in affected individuals. The characterization of a premorbid (prodromal) period and possible development of preventive interventions are recent advances in this field. Attempts to characterize high-risk stages in BD, identifying symptoms prior to the emergence of a first manic/hypomanic episode, have been limited by a lack of standardized criteria and instruments for assessment. The Bipolar Prodrome Symptom Scale-Retrospective (BPSS-R), developed by Correll and collaborators, retrospectively evaluates symptoms that occur prior to a first full mood episode in individuals with BD. OBJECTIVE: To describe the translation and adaptation process of the BPSS-R to Brazilian Portuguese. METHOD: Translation was conducted as follows: 1) translation of the scale from English to Brazilian Portuguese by authors who have Portuguese as their first language; 2) merging of the two versions by a committee of specialists; 3) back-translation to English by a translator who is an English native speaker; 4) correction of the new version in English by the author of the original scale; 5) finalization of the new version in Brazilian Portuguese. RESULTS: All the steps of the translation process were successfully accomplished, resulting in a final version of the instrument. CONCLUSIONS: The Brazilian Portuguese version of the BPSS-R is a potentially useful instrument to investigate prodromal period of BD in Brazil

INTRODUÇÃO: O transtorno bipolar (TB) é um transtorno mental crônico e muitas vezes grave, associado a um significativo prejuízo psicossocial nos indivíduos afetados. A caracterização de um período pré-mórbido (prodrômico) e o possível desenvolvimento de intervenções preventivas são avanços recentes na área. Tentativas de caracterizar estágios de alto risco para o TB, através da identificação de sintomas antes do aparecimento de um primeiro episódio maníaco/hipomaníaco, têm sido limitadas pela falta de critérios padronizados e instrumentos de avaliação. A Bipolar Prodrome Symptom Scale-Retrospective (BPSS-R), desenvolvida por Correll e colaboradores, avalia retrospectivamente os sintomas que ocorrem antes de um episódio sindrômico de humor em indivíduos com TB. OBJETIVO: Descrever o processo de tradução e adaptação da BPSS-R para português brasileiro. MÉTODO: A tradução foi conduzida como segue: 1) tradução da escala de inglês para português brasileiro por autores que têm o português como língua materna; 2) junção das duas versões por um comitê de especialistas; 3) retrotradução para inglês por um tradutor que tem inglês como língua materna; 4) correção da nova versão em inglês pelo autor do instrumento original; 5) finalização da nova versão em português brasileiro. RESULTADOS: Todos os passos do processo de tradução foram completados com sucesso, resultando em uma versão final do instrumento. CONCLUSÕES: A versão da BPSS-R em português brasileiro é um instrumento potencialmente útil para investigar o período prodrômico do TB no Brasil

Infecciones respiratorias agudas en niños y signos de alarma identificados por padres y cuidadores en México / Acute respiratory infections among children and identification of alarm signs by parents and caregivers in Mexico

Objetivo. Estimar la prevalencia de las infecciones respiratorias agudas (IRA) en las dos semanas previas a la entrevista en niños menores de 5 años y describir signos de alarma identificados por padres o cuidadores (PC). Material y métodos. Análisis de las Encuestas Nacionales de Salud y Nutrición 2006 y 2012 y de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2000. Resultados. La prevalencia disminuyó entre 20062012 (47-44.9%); reducción significativa en los menores de un año y en los pertenecientes al nivel socioeconómico más bajo. En la ENSANUT 2012 la prevalencia fue mayor en los menores de un año. La fiebre fue el principal signo de alarma (28.6%) reconocido por PC en contraste con "respira rápido" (10.2%) y "no puede respirar" (20.9%). Conclusiones. La magnitud del problema ha disminuido, principalmente en los grupos más vulnerables como los niños más pequeños y los pertenecientes a los niveles socioeconómicos más bajos. Sin embargo, existen necesidades de capacitación, principalmente a nivel comunitario.

Objective. To estimate the prevalence of acute respiratory infection (ARI) during the two weeks previous to the interview among children <5 years of age and to describe the frequency of identification of alarm signs by parents or caregivers (PC). Materials and methods. Analysis of data from the National Health and Nutrition Surveys 2012 and 2006 and of National Health Survey 2000. Results. ARI prevalence decreased from 2006 to 2012 (47.0-44.8%), particularly in the lower socioeconomic strata and children <1 year of age. 2012 Survey revealed highest prevalence for <1 year children. Fever was the main pneumonia-associated alarm sign (28.6%) in contrast to "breathes rapidly" (10.2%) or "unable to breathe" (20.9%). Conclusions. Results show that the magnitude of the problem has decreased in recent years, mainly among the more vulnerable groups, such as smaller children and those belonging to the lowest socioeconomic strata. However, training is required, particularly at the community level.

Hacia un modelo de diagnóstico precoz en las enfermedades mentales / Toward a model of early diagnosis in mental disorders

La intervención temprana en Psiquiatría se ha demorado mucho en aparecer como una estrategia central en la reducción de la morbilidad, la mortalidad y las consecuencias sociales de las enfermedades mentales. En otros campos de la Medicina, esta opción ha recibido un apoyo sistemático y se invierten grandes esfuerzos para educar al público y a los profesionales de salud primaria acerca del valor del diagnóstico precoz y los beneficios de una intervención oportuna. Hay un considerable impulso tras los esfuerzos conceptuales efectuados en los trastornos psicóticos, y ahora que estos han alcanzado la etapa de "prueba de concepto", esta podría comenzar a extenderse por todo el espectro de trastornos mentales graves. Sin embargo, existe ambivalencia y resistencia a esta reforma basada en la evidencia, un asunto que merece la realización de un análisis a fondo

Early intervention in Psychiatry has much delayed to appear as a key strategy in reducing morbidity, mortality, and the social consequences of mental illness. In other fields of Medicine, this option has received a systematic support and great efforts are invested to educate people and primary care proffesionals about the value of early diagnosis and the benefits of a timely intervention. There is a significant impetus behind the conceptual efforts on psychotic disorders, and now that they have reached the stage of "proof of concept", this could start to spread across the entire spectrum of serious mental disorders. However, there is ambivalence and resistance to this reform based on the evidence, an issue that deserves a thorough analysis