Desensibilización de contraste iodado en paciente adulto con antecedente de episodio de alergia mayor al iodo / Desensitization of iodinated contrast in an adult patient with a history of a major iodine allergy episode

[RESUMEN]. Las reacciones adversas al medio de contraste iodado son situaciones que se ven en los servicios de imágenes. Se estima que las reacciones de hipersensibilidad leves se presentan entre 3,8 al 12,7% de los pacientes en los que se utilizan contrastes iónicos de alta osmolaridad y el 0,7 al 3,1% cuando se utilizan medios no iónicos de baja osmolaridad, mientras que el riesgo de una reacción anafiláctica severa ha sido estimado entre el 0,1 al 0,4% con los primeros y 0,02 al 0,04% con los últimos. Para prevenirlas y disminuir la aparición de estas reacciones se emplean estrategias como el uso de premedicación y la desensibilización. En este trabajo se presenta un protocolo de desensibilización realizado en una paciente con antecedentes de alergia mayor al iodo que requiere de la realización de una cinecoronariografía diagnóstica con contraste iodado. Se diseñó un protocolo de desensibilización intravenosa que consistió en la definición de una serie de diluciones y sus respectivos tiempos de administración. Se confeccionó una tabla para la preparación, detallando el listado de materiales y la descripción del procedimiento a seguir. El éxito del protocolo y la posibilidad de resolución del caso sienta precedente para aplicarla en pacientes con características similares y para realizar una revisión en conjunto con otros servicios de los protocolos de pretratamiento en pacientes con alergia a contraste iodado, atendiendo a la gravedad de las complicaciones que desencadenan las reacciones anafilactoides.

[ABSTRACT]. Adverse reactions to iodinated contrast medium are situations seen in imaging services. It is estimated that mild hypersensitivity reactions occur in 3.8 to 12.7% of patients in wich high osmolarity ionic contrast agents are used, and 0.7 to 3.1% when low osmolarity non-ionic media are used. Meanwhile the risk of a severe anaphylactic reaction has been estimated between 0.1 to 0.4% in the first group, and 0.02 to 0.04% in the second one. To prevent them and reduce the appearance of these reactions, strategies such as the use of premedication and desensitization are used. This work presents a desensitization protocol used in a patient with backgound of major allergy to iodine, that actually requires a coronary angiography with iodinated contrast. An intravenous desensitization protocol was designed. It consisted of defining a series of dilutions and their respective administration times. A table was made for the preparation, detailing the list of materials and the description of the procedure to be followed. The success of the protocol and the possibility of resolution of the case seats precedents for applying it in patients with similar characteristics and for carrying out a review in conjunction with other services of the pre-treatment protocols in patients with allergies to iodinated contrast, taking into account the severity of the complications that trigger anaphylactoid reactions.

Thyroid Volume in Pregnancy is Associated with Parity, Gestational Age, and Body Mass Index in an Iodine-sufficient Area / O volume tireoidiano em gestantes está associado à paridade, idade gestacional e índice de massa corporal em uma área suficiente em iodo

Abstract Objective We compared thyroid volume (TV) and presence of nodular goiter (NG) in pregnant vs. non-pregnant women in an iodine-sufficient area. We also evaluated the relationship between gestational age, parity, and TV in the pregnant women group, and determined the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles of normal TV in pregnancy. Methods This cross-sectional study included 299 healthy women (216 pregnant) without previous thyroid diseases. Thyroid ultrasounds were performed and compared between pregnant and non-pregnant women. The range of normal distribution of TV (2.5th and 97.5th percentiles) in pregnancy was determined after excluding individuals with positive thyroid antibodies, NG, and/or abnormal serum thyrotropin (TSH) or free thyroxine (FT4). Results Thyroid volume was larger among pregnant compared to non-pregnant women (8.6 vs 6.1 cm3; p< 0.001) and was positively correlated with gestational age (rs = 0.221; p= 0.001), body mass index (BMI, rs 0.165; p= 0.002), and FT4 levels (rs 0.118 p= 0.021). Nodular goiter frequency did not differ between the two groups. There was a negative correlation between TV and TSH (rs -0.13; p= 0.014). Thyroid volume was lower among primiparous compared to multiparous patients (7.8 vs 8.9; p< 0.001) and was positively correlated with parity (rs 0.161; p= 0.016). The 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles of TV were 4.23 and 16.47 cm3, respectively. Conclusion Thyroid volume was higher in pregnant compared to non-pregnant women and was positively related to parity, BMI, and gestational age in a normal iodine status population. Pregnancy did not interfere with the development of NG.

Resumo Objetivo Comparamos o volume tireoidiano (VT) e a presença de bócio nodular (BN) em mulheres grávidas e não grávidas em uma área suficiente em iodo. Também avaliamos a relação entre idade gestacional, paridade e VT no grupo de gestantes e determinamos os percentis 2,5 e 97,5 de VT normal na gestação. Métodos Este estudo transversal incluiu 299 mulheres saudáveis (216 grávidas) sem doenças tireoidianas prévias. Ultrassonografias de tireoide foram realizadas e comparadas entre mulheres grávidas e não grávidas. A faixa de distribuição normal de VT (percentis 2,5 e 97,5) na gestação foi determinada após a exclusão de indivíduos com anticorpos tireoidianos positivos, BN e/ou tireotropina sérica (TSH) ou tiroxina livre (T4L) anormais. Resultados O VT foi maior entre as gestantes em comparação com as mulheres não grávidas (8,6 vs 6,1 cm3; p< 0,001) e foi positivamente correlacionado com a idade gestacional (rs = 0,221; p= 0,001), índice de massa corporal (IMC, rs 0,165; p= 0,002) e níveis de T4L (rs 0,118 p= 0,021). A frequência de BN não diferiu entre os dois grupos. Houve correlação negativa entre VT e TSH (rs -0,13; p= 0,014). O VT foi menor entre as primíparas em comparação com as multíparas (7,8 vs 8,9; p< 0,001) e foi positivamente correlacionado com a paridade (rs 0,161; p= 0,016). Os percentis 2,5 e 97,5 de VT foram 4,23 e 16,47 cm3, respectivamente. Conclusão O VT foi maior em gestantes em comparação com mulheres não grávidas e foi positivamente relacionado à paridade, IMC e idade gestacional em uma população com status iódico normal. A gravidez não interferiu no desenvolvimento de BN.

Avaliação da presença de fármacos em lodo de estação de tratamento de esgotos, antes e após processo de biorremediação por compostagem / Evaluation of the presence of drugs in sewage treatment station sludge before and after the bioremediation process by composting

Resumo A presença de fármacos residuais no ambiente é um problema crescente e de abrangência global, com ampla quantidade de pesquisas visando sua quantificação. Porém, seu comportamento e efeitos, tanto no ambiente quanto para o ser humano, ainda não são bem conhecidos. Neste trabalho foram avaliados sete fármacos: Atenolol, Carbamazepina, Clonazepan, Ibuprofeno, Paracetamol, Sinvastatina e Fluoxetina, em amostras de lodo proveniente de uma estação de tratamento de esgotos do sistema público. A extração dos compostos na matriz foi baseada na sua lixiviação em água e a quantificação analítica foi determinada por um sistema de cromatógrafo líquido de ultra performance, acoplado ao espectrômetro de massas. Os resultados indicam a possível movimentação de alguns fármacos da fase aquosa para a sólida. Observou-se que a compostagem do lodo pode favorecer a biodegradação ou mobilização dos compostos, pois houve redução significativa nas concentrações, quando comparados os valores obtidos antes e após o processo de compostagem. A não detecção de um composto não significa necessariamente que ele tenha sido degradado por microrganismos, entretanto, estudos pretéritos chegaram a resultados semelhantes, o que corrobora para a adequação da proposta metodológica e dos procedimentos adotados, contribuindo para a produção de resultados confiáveis.

Abstract The presence of residual drugs in the environment is a growing global issue, with many studies seeking to quantify it. However, its behavior and effects, both on the environment and on humans are still mostly unknown. In this study, seven drugs were evaluated: Atenolol, Carbamazepine, Clonazepam, Ibuprofen, Paracetamol, Simvastatin, and Fluoxetine, from samples of sludge from a sewage treatment plant of the public system. The extraction of the compounds from the matrix was based on the leaching of the compounds in water and the analytical quantification was determined by an ultra-performance liquid chromatograph system, coupled to the mass spectrometer. The data indicate the possible movement of some drugs from aqueous to solid phase. We observed that the composting of the sludge could favor the biodegradation or mobilization of the compounds since there was a significant reduction in the concentrations, when comparing the values obtained before and after the composting process. The non-detection of a compound does not necessarily mean that it has been fully degraded by microorganisms; however, past studies reached similar results, which corroborates the adequacy of the methodological proposal and the adopted procedures, contributing to the production of reliable results.

¿Neoplasia de células de Hürtle o de células oncocíticas? Denominación actual y su manejo. Reporte de caso / Hürtle cell or oncocytic cell neoplasm? Current denomination and its management. Case report

Introducción: Las células de Hürtle fueron descritas por Max Askanazy en 1898, aunque su denominación inapropiada ha permanecido en el léxico. Pueden observarse en una amplia variedad de lesiones tiroideas, desde afecciones no neoplásicas hasta francamente malignas. Caso clínico: Femenina de 62 años de edad, asmática e hipertensa controlada, alérgica al yodo y a la penicilina, quien inicia enfermedad actual 1 año previo al presentar aumento de volumen en región anterior del cuello. Ecografía tiroidea reportó glándula aumentada de tamaño, con nódulo tiroideo derecho, complejo de 4 cm; y nódulo tiroideo izquierdo, complejo de 2 cm, TI-RADS 4C. Tomografía computarizada reportó lesión ocupantne de espacio del lóbulo tiroideo derecho de 6 cm y nódulos tiroideos izquierdos de 3 y 2 cm. Pruebas tiroideas sin alteraciones. Se realizó tiroidectomía total. Diagnóstico histopatológico: adenoma de células de Hürtle. Conclusión: En la actualidad, el término correcto es neoplasia de células oncocíticas, bien sea para el adenoma o para el carcinoma. Este tipo de tumores se presenta con mayor frecuencia en mujeres de mediana edad y con un tamaño considerable al momento del diagnóstico. Es necesario establecer un protocolo de acción ante el diagnóstico presuntivo mediante punción por aspiración por aguja fina, debido a la dificultad para diferenciar entre patología benigna y maligna, con la finalidad de garantizar una conducta terapeútica adecuada(AU)

Introduction: Hürtle cells were described by Max Askanazy in 1898, although their inappropriate name has remained in the lexicon. They can be seen in a wide variety of thyroid lesions, from non-neoplastic to frankly malignant conditions. Clinical case: A 62-year-old female, asthmatic and controlled hypertensive, allergic to iodine and penicillin, who started the current disease 1 year before presenting volume increase in the anterior region of the neck. Thyroid ultrasound reported an enlarged gland, with a 4-cm complex right thyroid nodule; and left thyroid nodule, 2 cm complex, TI-RADS 4C. Computed tomography reported a 6 cm space-occupying lesion of the right thyroid lobe and 3 and 2 cm left thyroid nodules. Thyroid tests without alterations. Total thyroidectomy was performed. Histopatological diagnosis: Hürtle cell adenoma. Conclusion: Currently, the correct term is oncocytic cell neoplasm, either for adenoma or for carcinoma. This type of tumors occurs more frequently in middle-aged women and with a considerable size at the time of diagnosis. It is necessary to establish a protocol of action before the presumptive diagnosis by means of fine needle aspiration procedure, due to the difficulty to differentiate between benign and malignant pathology, with the purpose of guaranteeing an adequate therapeutic conduct(AU)

Nutritional Status of Iodine in a Group of Pregnant Women from the State of Minas Gerais Correlated with Neonatal Thyroid Function / Status nutricional de iodo em um grupo de gestantes mineiras correlacionado com função tireoidiana neonatal

Abstract Objective To evaluate the iodine sufficiency of pregnant women assisted in a University Hospital of Minas Gerais, and to correlate the urinary concentrations of maternal iodine with the fetal thyroid hormone levels at birth. Methods Urinary iodine concentrations from 30 pregnant women with a singleton pregnancy and gestational age lower than 20 weeks were analyzed. Occasional samples of the mothers' urine were collected for the urinary iodine concentration dosage, and these were correlated with the newborns' thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels. Results The median iodine urinary concentration of this study's pregnant women population was 216.73 mcg/l, which is proper for the group, following the World Health Organization (WHO). No cases of neonatal hypothyroidism were reported in the study, which corroborates the iodine sufficiency in this population sample. Conclusion This study shows that despite the increased demand for iodine from pregnant women and the Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (ANVISA) recommendation of 2013 for reduction of salt iodization levels, the population of pregnant women attended in the prenatal ambulatory of normal risk from the Federal University of Minas Gerais is considered sufficient in iodine. As a higher sample is necessary for the confirmation of these findings, it is too early to recommend the universal supplementation of iodine for Brazilian pregnant women, and more studies must be carried out, considering that iodine supplementation for pregnant women in an area of iodine sufficiency is associated to the risks of the fetus's excessive exposure to iodine.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar a suficiência iódica de gestantes atendidas em um Hospital Universitário de Minas Gerais e correlacionar as concentrações urinárias de iodo materno com os níveis de hormônios tireoidianos fetais ao nascimento. Métodos Foi analisada a concentração urinária de iodo de 30 gestantes com gestação única e idade gestacional menor que 20 semanas. Foram coletadas amostras ocasionais de urina materna para dosagem da concentração urinária de iodo, e estas foram correlacionadas com os níveis de hormônio estimulante da tiroide (TSH) dos recémnascidos. Resultados A mediana da concentração urinária de iodo das gestantes estudadas foi de 216,73 mcg/L, sendo adequada para o grupo segundo a Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS). Não houve nenhum caso de hipotireoidismo neonatal no estudo, o que corrobora a suficiência de iodo nesta amostra populacional. Conclusão Esse estudo demonstra que apesar do aumento da demanda de iodo pelas gestantes e da recomendação da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA) de 2013 da redução dos níveis de iodação do sal, a população de gestantes atendidas no ambulatório de pré-natal de risco habitual da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais é considerada suficiente em iodo. Apesar de uma maior amostragem ser necessária para a confirmação destes achados, é cedo para recomendar a suplementação universal de iodo para as gestantes brasileiras e mais estudos precisam ser realizados, levando-se em conta que a suplementação de iodo para gestantes em áreas suficientes em iodo está associada aos riscos da exposição excessiva de iodo ao feto.

Alergia a frutos do mar: principais desafios na alimentação e soluções desenvolvidas por alunos do curso de nutrição e gastronomia / Seafood allergy: main challenges in their diet and solutions developed by students of the nutrition and gastronomy course

A alergia alimentar caracteriza-se por uma reação adversa a um determinado alimento, envolvendo um mecanismo imunológico. Uma das alergias mais comuns encontradas atualmente é a alergia a frutos do mar, a qual se baseia em uma hipersensibilidade a animais desse grupo. O objetivo desta pesquisa é identificar os desafios expostos na alimentação de alérgicos a frutos do mar e formular soluções para essa população baseadas em alimentos nutricionalmente substitutos. Sendo realizado em três etapas: investigação inicial, construção de conceitos e planejamento de uma ação com orientações nutricionais. De acordo com as dificuldades encontradas na alimentação dessa parcela populacional, realizaram-se diferentes preparações, com nutrientes como ômega-3, proteínas, vitaminas do complexo B, zinco, ferro, potássio, magnésio, iodo e selênio, os quais também são encontrados nos frutos do mar, a fim de evitar possíveis contaminações cruzadas e garantir seu aporte nutricional em alimentos substitutos. Foi possível concluir que os alérgicos aos frutos do mar não apresentam uma interferência significativa em sua qualidade de vida, tendo um impacto nutricional pequeno, visto que por meio da alimentação existem outras fontes, necessitando somente de alguns cuidados no dia a dia em virtude das consequências de uma possível contaminação.

Food allergy is characterized by an adverse reaction to a given food, involving an immunological mechanism. One of the most common allergies currently found is seafood allergy, which is based on hypersensitivity to animals in this group. The objective of this research is to identify the challenges exposed in the feeding of seafood allergies and formulate solutions for this population based on nutritionally substitute foods. Being carried out in 3 stages, initial investigation, construction of concepts and planning of an action with nutritional guidance. According to the difficulties encountered in feeding this portion of the population, different preparations were carried out, with nutrients such as: ômega-3, proteins, B vitamins, zinc, iron, potassium, magnesium, iodine and selenium. Which are also found in seafood. In order to avoid possible cross-contamination and ensure their nutritional intake in substitute foods. It was possible to conclude that seafood allergies do not present a significant interference in their quality of life, having a small nutritional impact, since through food there are other sources, requiring only some care on a daily basis due to the consequences of possible contamination.

Nutritional status of iodine in pregnant and non-pregnant adolescents assisted at the Family Health Strategy in Vespasiano, MG / Estado nutricional de iodo em adolescentes gestantes e não gestantes assistidas na ESF em Vespasiano, MG

Abstract Objectives: to evaluate the nutritional status of iodine in pregnant adolescents, taking into account the increase in the demand for iodine during pregnancy and the absence of iodization strategies for this population. Methods: cross-sectional study conducted with 62 pregnant and 71 non-pregnant adolescents assisted in primary care. The nutritional status of iodine was determined by urinary samples. The iodine concentration in the consumed culinary salt was also evaluated. For the comparative analyses of categorical variables, the Chi-square test was used and for the continuous variables, the Kruskal-Wallis test, considering a 95% confidence interval (CI) and significance level of 5%. Results: the mean iodine concentration in household salt was 25.1 mg/kg (CI95%= 11.1-67.5 mg/kg), with higher mean content in culinary salt in the group of pregnant women (p<0.028). Regarding the nutritional status of iodine, 71% of pregnant adolescents were deficient and 29% iodine-sufficient, with significant difference when compared to 38% of deficiency and 62% of sufficiency in the control group (p<0.001). Conclusions: there was an iodic deficiency among pregnant adolescents, even in the face of higher concentrations of iode in household salt, exposing a paradox between higher consumption and lower sufficiency in this group. Thus, it is suggested to consider iodine supplementation during pregnancy, seeking to minimize the effects of this deficiency on maternal and child health.

Resumo Objetivos: avaliar o estado nutricional de iodo em adolescentes gestantes, levando-se em consideração o aumento na demanda de iodo na gestação e a ausência de estratégias de iodização para essa população. Métodos: estudo transversal realizado com 62 adolescentes gestantes e 71 não gestantes assistidas na atenção primária. O estado nutricional de iodo foi determinado pela concentração de iodo em amostras urinárias. O teor de iodo no sal culinário também foi avaliado. Para as análises comparativas das variáveis categóricas utilizou-se o teste de qui-quadrado e para as variáveis contínuas o teste Kruskal-Wallis, considerando intervalo de confiança (IC) de 95% e nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: a média da concentração de iodo no sal domiciliar foi de 25,1 mg/kg (IC95%= 11,1-67,5 mg/kg), com maior teor médio no sal culinário de gestantes (p<0,028). Em relação ao estado nutricional de iodo, 71% das adolescentes gestantes mostraram-se deficientes e 29% iodo-suficientes, com diferença significativa quando comparadas aos 38% de deficiência e 62% de suficiência no grupo controle (p<0,001). Conclusões: observou-se deficiência iódica entre adolescentes gestantes, mesmo diante de maiores concentrações de iodo no sal domiciliar, expondo um paradoxo entre maior consumo e menor suficiência neste grupo. Assim, sugere-se considerar a suplementação de iodo na gestação, buscando-se minimizar os efeitos desta carência sobre a saúde maternoinfantil.

Análise crítica dos indicadores do estado nutricional de iodo em indivíduos e populações: uma revisão sistemática / Critical analysis of the indicators of the nutritional status of iodine in individuals and populations: a systematic review

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar as potencialidades dos indicadores do estado nutricional de iodo em indivíduos ou populações. A revisão foi baseada no PRISMA. A busca pelos artigos ocorreu em janeiro de 2019, nas bases Pubmed, Scopus e LILACS, utilizando a combinação "indicadores AND estado nutricional AND iodo". A seleção seguiu as etapas de exclusão dos duplicados, leitura de títulos e resumos e análise na íntegra. A qualidade metodológica dos estudos foi avaliada pelo instrumento de Downs e Black. Foram identificados 178 estudos e 20 foram incluídos. A Concentração Urinária de Iodo (CUI) foi analisada em 65% dos estudos e foi considerado o melhor indicador para avaliar o estado nutricional de iodo populacional. A tiroglobulina foi determinada em 20% dos estudos e refletiu o estado de iodo pregresso. O hormônio estimulante da tireoide foi verificado em 45% dos artigos e mostrou-se sensível para a vigilância de deficiência de iodo em recém-nascidos. Apenas um estudo avaliou o iodo no cabelo, útil para analisar a ingestão dietética em longo prazo. Na avaliação da qualidade metodológica, a menor pontuação foi 12, e a maior 16, em 17 pontos possíveis. Para diagnóstico de deficiência e excesso de iodo na população, recomenda-se a CUI.

Abstract The scope of this article is to evaluate the potentialities of indicators of the nutritional status of iodine in individuals or populations. The review was based on PRISMA. The search for articles occurred in January 2019, in the Pubmed, Scopus and LILACS databases, using the key words: indicators AND nutritional status AND iodine. The selection followed the stages of excluding the duplicates, reading the titles, abstracts and analyses in full. The methodological quality of the studies was evaluated by the Downs and Black instrument. A total of 178 studies were identified and 20 were included. Urinary Iodine Concentration (UIC) was analyzed in 65% of the studies and was considered the best indicator to evaluate the nutritional status of iodine in the population. Thyroglobulin was determined in 20% of the studies and reflected the pre-existing state of iodine. Thyroid stimulating hormone was verified in 45% of the articles and was important for the surveillance of iodine deficiency among newborns. Only one study evaluated capillary iodine, useful for analyzing long-term dietary intake. In the evaluation of methodological quality, the lowest score was 12 and the highest 16, in 17 possible points. The use of UIC is recommended for the diagnosis of deficiency and excess of iodine in the population.

Campos impregnados com iodo em cirurgia da coluna: impacto na infecção de sítio cirúrgico / Iodine-impregnated incision drapes in spine surgery: impact on surgical site infection / Paños quirúrgicos impregnados com yodo em cirugía de coluna: impacto en la infección del sitio quirúrgico

Objetivo: Avaliar o impacto de campos adesivos impregnados com iodo (CAII) na prevenção de infecção de sítio cirúrgico (ISC) de coluna vertebral. Método: Coorte retrospectiva que comparou desfecho de ISC em pacientes que utilizaram CAII com os que não usaram, de 2015 a 2019. Resultados: A frequência geral de ISC foi de 16,7%, com a taxa de ISC para os que utilizaram CAII de 40% e, entre os que não usaram, de 60%; p = 0,728; intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%) 0,19­3,11. A normotermia foi o único fator protetor independente para ISC (p = 0,043). O tratamento de complicações infecciosas acarretou o incremento de custo hospitalar de 83,6% a cada dia de atendimento. Os pacientes que utilizaram CAII tiveram 10 (± 4,9) dias a menos de permanência hospitalar. Conclusões: Os resultados sugerem que o uso de CAII não foi associado a menor risco de ISC. Esses dados podem ser úteis para o planejamento cirúrgico e a segurança do paciente.

Objective: To evaluate the impact of iodine-impregnated incision drapes (IIIDs) to prevent surgical site infection (SSI) in the spine. Method: Retrospective cohort study comparing SSI outcome in patients in which IIIDs were and were not used, from 2015 to 2019. Results: The overall frequency of SSI was 16.7%, with SSI rate among patients using and not using IIIDs of 40% and 60%, respectively; p = 0.728; 95% confidence interval (95%CI) 0.19­3.11. Normothermia was the only independent protective factor for SSI (p = 0.043). The treatment of infectious complications resulted in hospital costs increase of 83.6% each day of care. Patients who were treated with IIIDs stayed 10 days less (± 4.9) in hospital. Conclusions: The results suggest that the use of IIIDs was not associated with a lower risk of SSI. These data can be useful for surgical planning and patient safety.

Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto de las paños quirúrgicos adhesivos impregnados de yodo (IIIDS) en la prevención de la infección del sitio quirúrgico (ISQ) de la columna. Método: Cohorte retrospectiva que comparó el resultado de ISQ en pacientes que usaron IIIDS con los que no lo hicieron, de 2015 a 2019. Resultados: La frecuencia general de ISQ fue del 16.7%, con una tasa de ISQ para los que usaron IIIDS del 40% y, entre los que no lo usaron, 60%; p = 0,728; Intervalo de confianza del 95% (IC 95%) 0,19­3,11. La normotermia fue el único factor protector independiente para la ISQ (p = 0,043). El tratamiento de las complicaciones infecciosas supuso un aumento de los costes hospitalarios del 83,6% por día de atención. Los pacientes que utilizaron IIIDS tuvieron 10 (± 4,9) días menos de estancia hospitalaria. Conclusiones: Los resultados sugieren que el uso de IIIDS no se asoció con un menor riesgo de ISQ. Estos datos pueden ser útiles para la planificación quirúrgica y la seguridad del paciente.

Captación tiroidea de yodo radioactivo 131 en 24 horas en adultos jóvenes eutiroideos residentes de gran altitud / Thyroid uptake of radioactive iodine 131 in 24 hours in eutiroid young adults residents at high altitude

INTRODUCCIÓN: el tiroides exhibe una gran avidez por el yodo radioactivo (I131) que al ser fijado por ésta glándula puede determinarse, desde afuera, aprovechando el hecho de que las radiaciones gamma atraviesan los tejidos blandos del cuello y pueden registrarse (Gammagrafía) a distancias apreciables. Desde 1962 Bolivia cuenta con esta tecnología, sin embargo, no cuenta con trabajos similares desde la declaración de país libre de enfermedades secundarias a la deficiencia de Yodo en 1997. El objetivo fue determinar valores de la captación tiroidea de I131 a las 24 horas en adultos jóvenes eutiroideos, residentes de gran altitud. MÉTODO: se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal, en 76 sujetos obtenidos por intención y seleccionados mediante una entrevista clínica, examen físico dirigido y un consentimiento informado. El procedimiento fue ejecutado por personal calificado en el INAMEN siguiendo las recomendaciones de la OIEA. RESULTADOS: el valor de la captación tiroidea de I131 en 24 horas fue de 18,23 + 5,79% (rango 7,70 ­ 39,70). DISCUSIÓN: los expertos recomiendan establecer valores de referencia actualizados en cada región. Se han descrito variaciones de los valores normales influenciados por el sexo y edad; esta última, aparentemente por una hipofunción tiroidea inversamente proporcional con la edad. CONCLUSIÓN: el valor referencial encontrado en nuestro estudio es concordante con los establecidos en el extranjero, sin embargo, con una tendencia incrementada. Podría deberse a la secuencia cronológica de los estudios comparados en países que ya habían establecido políticas de yodación más tempranamente.

INTRODUCTION: the thyroid exhibits a great avidity for radioactive iodine (I131) which, when fixed by this gland, can be determined from the outside, taking advantage of the fact that gamma radiation passes through the soft tissues of the neck and can be registered (scintigraphy) at appreciable distances. Since 1962, Bolivia has had this technology, however, it does not have similar studies since the declaration of a country free of diseases secondary to iodine deficiency in 1997. The objective was to determine values of the thyroid uptake of I131 at 24 hours in euthyroid young adults, high altitude residents. METHOD: a descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in 76 subjects obtained by intention and selected by means of a clinical interview, directed physical examination and informed consent. The procedure was carried out by qualified personnel at INAMEN, following IAEA recommendations. RESULTS: the value of the thyroid uptake of I131 in 24 hours was 18.23 + 5.79% (range 7.70 - 39.70). DISCUSSION: experts recommend establishing up-to-date reference values in each region. Variations in normal values influenced by sex and age have been described; the latter, apparently due to a thyroid hypofunction inversely proportional to age. CONCLUSION: the reference value found in our study is consistent with those established abroad, however, with an increased trend. It could be due to the chronological sequence of comparative studies in countries that had already established iodination policies earlier.

Effect of iodine supplementation in pregnancy on neurocognitive development on offspring in iodine deficiency areas: a systematic review

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the effect of iodine supplementation during gestation on the neurocognitive development of children in areas where iodine deficiency is common. Materials and methods: Based on the PRISMA methodology, we conducted the search for articles in the PubMed, LILACS and Scopus databases, between March and April 2020, without limitation of dates. We used descriptors in English, Portuguese, and Spanish, without filters. Four clinical trials and four cohort articles were included in the review. Results: The maximum supplementation was 300 μg of potassium iodide per day. The Bayley scale and Children's Communication Checklist-Short were used to assess neurodevelopment in children. There was no significant improvement in the children's mental development index and behavioural development index in the supplemented group; however, the psychomotor development index (PDI) showed improvement in the poorer gross motor skills. We found differences in the response time to sound in the supplemented group living in mild deficiency areas. Conclusion: Daily supplementation with iodine can improve poor psychomotor development of children living in mild to moderate iodine deficiency areas. Thus, it is necessary to perform further studies to assess the effect of supplementation on neurodevelopment before, during and after gestation in mild to moderate iodine deficiency areas.

Voltammetric Determination of Ascorbic Acid in Pharmaceutical Formulations Using Modified Iodine-Coated Platinum Electrode / Determinación voltamétrica del ácido ascórbico en formulaciones farmacéuticas utilizando un electrodo de platino modificado recubierto de yodo

Background: Despite the high reactivity of the platinum electrode, the iodine-coated platinum electrode shows obvious inertness toward adsorption and surface processes. For that, iodine-coated platinum electrodes accommodate themselves to interesting voltammetric applications. Objectives: This study reports using the modified iodine-coated polycrystalline platinum electrode as a voltammetric sensor for ascorbic acid determination in pharmaceutical formulations. Methods: The developed voltammetric method based on recording cyclic voltammograms of ascorbic acid at iodine-coated electrode The optimized experimental parameters for the determination of ascorbic acid were using 0.1 M KCl as a supporting electrolyte with a scan rate of 50mV/s. Results: The anodic peak related to ascorbic acid oxidation was centered at nearly 0.28V. An excellent and extended linear dependence of the oxidative peak current on the concentration of ascorbic acid was observed in the range 2.84x10-3 - 5.68 mM. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) were 1.0 µM and 3.01 µM, respectively, attesting to the method's sensitivity. The investigation for the effect of potential interference from multivitamin tablet ingredients (vitamins B1, B6, B12, folic acid, citric acid, sucrose, glucose, and zinc) indicated specific selectivity toward ascorbic acid and the absence of any electrochemical response toward these components. Recovery results in the range 98.93±2.78 - 99.98±5.20 for spiked standard ascorbic acid in pharmaceutical formulations further confirmed the potential applicability of the developed method for the determination of ascorbic acid in real samples. Conclusions: The developed method was successfully applied to the analysis of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), and the obtained results were in good agreement with the labeled values; besides, the statistical tests indicated no significant difference at p=0.05 with a 95% confidence level

Antecedentes: A pesar de su alta reactividad, el electrodo de platino recubierto de yodo muestra una inercia evidente hacia la adsorción y los procesos superficiales. Por ello, los electrodos de platino recubiertos de yodo se adaptan a interesantes aplicaciones voltamétricas. Objetivos: Este estudio informa sobre el uso del electrodo de platino policristalino recubierto de yodo modificado como sensor voltamétrico para la determinación del ácido ascórbico en formulaciones farmacéuticas. Métodos: El método voltamétrico desarrollado se basa en el registro de voltamperogramas cíclicos del ácido ascórbico en el electrodo recubierto de yodo Los parámetros experimentales optimizados para la determinación del ácido ascórbico fueron utilizando KCl 0,1 M como electrolito de soporte con una velocidad de barrido de 50mV/s. Resultados: El pico anódico relacionado con la oxidación del ácido ascórbico se centró en casi 0,28V. Se observó una excelente y extendida dependencia lineal de la corriente del pico oxidativo con respecto a la concentración de ácido ascórbico en el rango 2,84x10-3 - 5,68 mM. El límite de detección (LOD) y el límite de cuantificación (LOQ) fueron 1,0 µM y 3,01 µM, respectivamente, lo que demuestra la sensibilidad del método. La investigación del efecto de la interferencia potencial de los ingredientes de las tabletas multivitamínicas (vitaminas B1, B6, B12, ácido fólico, ácido cítrico, sacarosa, glucosa y zinc) indicó una selectividad específica hacia el ácido ascórbico y la ausencia de cualquier respuesta electroquímica hacia estos componentes. Los resultados de recuperación en el rango de 98,93±2,78 - 99,98±5,20 para el ácido ascórbico estándar adicionado en formulaciones farmacéuticas confirmaron además la potencial aplicabilidad del método desarrollado para la determinación del ácido ascórbico en muestras reales. Conclusiones: El método desarrollado se aplicó con éxito al análisis de ácido ascórbico (vitamina C), y los resultados obtenidos coincidieron con los valores etiquetados; además, las pruebas estadísticas no indicaron diferencias significativas a p=0,05 con un nivel de confianza del 95%

Excessive prenatal supplementation of iodine and fetal goiter: report of two cases using three-dimensional ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging / Suplementação pré-natal excessiva de iodo e bócio fetal: Relato de dois casos utilizando ultrassonografia tridimensional e ressonância magnética

Abstract Fetal thyroid complications in pregnancy are uncommon, and are commonly related to the passage of substances through the placenta. The excessive iodine intake during the pregnancy is a well-known mechanism of fetal thyroid enlargement or goiter, and invasive procedures have been proposed for the treatment of fetal thyroid pathologies. In the present report, we demonstrate two cases from different centers of prenatal diagnosis of fetal thyroid enlargement and/or goiter in three fetuses (one pair of twins, wherein both fetuses were affected, and one singleton pregnancy). The anamnesis revealed the ingestion of iodine by the patients, prescribed from inadequate vitamin supplementation. In both cases, the cessation of iodine supplement intake resulted in a marked reduction of the volume of the fetal thyroid glands, demonstrating that conservative treatmentmay be an option in those cases. Also, clinicians must be aware that patients may be exposed to harmful dosages or substances during pregnancy.

Resumo As complicações fetais da tireoide na gravidez são incomuns e são comumente relacionadas à passagem de substâncias pela placenta. A ingestão excessiva de iodo durante a gravidez é um mecanismo bem conhecido de aumento da tireoide ou bócio fetal, e procedimentos invasivos foram propostos para o tratamento de patologias da tireoide fetal. No presente relato de caso, demonstramos dois casos de diferentes centros de diagnóstico pré-natal de aumento da tireoide fetal e/ou bócio em três fetos (um par de gêmeos, em que ambos os fetos foram afetados, e uma gravidez única). A anamnese revelou a ingestão de iodo pelos pacientes prescrita por suplementação inadequada de vitaminas. Nos dois casos, a interrupção da ingestão de suplemento de iodo resultou em uma redução acentuada do volume das glândulas tireoides fetais, demonstrando que o tratamento conservador pode ser uma opção nestes casos. Além disso, os médicos devem estar cientes de que as pacientes podem ser expostas a doses ou substâncias nocivas durante a gravidez.

Fatores associados ao estado nutricional de iodo no grupo materno-infantil: uma revisão sistemática / Factors associated with the nutritional status of iodine in the maternal-infant group: a systematic review

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é identificar os fatores sociodemográficos e alimentares associados ao estado nutricional de iodo do grupo materno-infantil. A revisão foi baseada no método PRISMA. As bases consultadas foram: Medline (PubMed), Scopus e Lilacs. A busca ocorreu em dezembro de 2018, utilizando os descritores estado nutricional, iodo, lactente, gestante e lactante. A seleção seguiu as etapas de exclusão dos duplicados, leitura dos títulos, resumos e análise na íntegra. Foram identificados 1.500 estudos e 26 contemplaram os critérios de inclusão. A qualidade metodológica dos estudos foi avaliada pelo questionário proposto por Downs e Black. Houve associação entre os fatores sociodemográficos renda, escolaridade, idade materna e gestacional, paridade e local de residência rural ou urbano com o estado nutricional de iodo. Já em relação aos fatores alimentares, o consumo de suplementos, sal iodado e alimentos fontes de iodo, em especial os produtos lácteos, exercem papel protetor contra a deficiência. É preciso criar estratégias mais específicas, efetivas e que contemplem todos esses fatores que afetam o estado nutricional de iodo para evitar as desordens provocadas pela deficiência.

Abstract This article sets out to identify the socio-demographic and nutritional factors associated with the nutritional status of iodine in the maternal-infant group. The review was based on the Prisma method and the Medline (PubMed), Scopus and Lilacs databases were consulted. The search was conducted in December 2018, using the key words nutritional status, iodine, infant, pregnant and lactating. The selection followed the stages of excluding duplicated articles, reading the titles, abstracts and texts in full. A total of 1,500 studies were identified and 26 met the inclusion criteria. The methodological quality of the studies was evaluated using the questionnaire proposed by Downs and Black. There was an association between the sociodemographic factors of income, education, maternal and gestational age, uniformity and place of residence in rural or urban areas with the nutritional state of iodine. In relation to dietary factors, the consumption of supplements, iodized salt and dietary sources of iodine, especially dairy products, play a protective role to avoid the deficiency. It is necessary to create more specific and effective strategies that address all the factors that affect the nutritional state of iodine to avoid the disorders resulting from the deficiency.

Alteraciones tiroideas en la infancia y en la adolescencia. Parte 1: hipertiroidismo / Thyroid disorders in childhood and adolescence. Part 1: Hyperthyroidism

El hipertiroidismo es el cuadro clínico resultante del exceso de hormonas tiroideas debido a hiperfunción glandular. Es una enfermedad rara en niños y adolescentes, pero con una alta morbilidad. La causa más frecuente es la enfermedad de Graves. El objetivo de esta publicación es realizar una revisión y actualización del hipertiroidismo infantojuvenil para guiar su detección y derivación temprana al endocrinólogo pediatra. Debe ser considerado cuando el niño o adolescente presente síntomas asociados a esta patología y bocio de grado variable. Se confirma con el perfil bioquímico característico.El tratamiento consiste, inicialmente, en bloquear los efectos del exceso de hormonas tiroideas con betabloqueantes y, además, disminuir su producción con drogas antitiroideas como primera elección. Ante efectos secundarios a su administración, recidivas o ausencia de remisión de la enfermedad, se optará por el tratamiento definitivo: yodo radioactivo o cirugía con el objetivo de lograr el hipotiroidismo o eutiroidismo

Hyperthyroidism is a serious and rare disorder in childhood characterized by the overproduction of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland. Graves disease is the most common cause. The objective of this paper is to review and update hyperthyroidism in children and adolescents aiming to guide its early detection and referral to the pediatric endocrinologist. The disease should be suspected if typical symptoms and goiter are present and has to be confirmed with the characteristic biochemical profile. Initially, treatment to block the effect of the thyroid excess is needed. Antithyroid drugs are the recommended first-line treatment to diminish hormone production. Alternative treatments, such us radioactive iodine or thyroidectomy, are considered in cases of adverse effects to drugs, relapse or non-remission of the disease, in order to achieve hypothyroidism or euthyroidism.

Características de las concentraciones elevadas de yoduria en escolares y adolescentes de Colombia / Characteristics of the high ioduria concentrations in schoolchildren and adolescents in Colombia

RESUMEN Objetivos: Determinar las características de las concentraciones elevadas de yoduria en escolares y adolescentes de Colombia. Materiales y métodos: Análisis secundario de la Encuesta Nacional de la Situación Nutricional en Colombia del 2015 en participantes de 5 a 17 años que incluyó la medición de yoduria. Los criterios para medir el estado nutricional del yodo se basaron en la mediana de la concentración de yodo urinario en µg/L definido por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), donde valores <100 son considerados como deficientes, entre 100-199 adecuada, 200-299 arriba de los requerimientos y >300 excesiva. Se realizaron además mediciones de razón de probabilidades a través de un análisis de regresión logística. Resultados: La mediana de yoduria nacional para escolares y adolescentes fue 406,8 µg/L y 410,8 μg/L respectivamente, mayor en el área urbana (410,5 µg/L); en la región Atlántica se encontró el mayor nivel para escolares (423,7 µg/L) y en la central para adolescentes (427,7 µg/L). El 4,4% de escolares y el 2,2% de adolescentes presentaron deficiencia y en más del 75% de la población, hubo ingesta excesiva de yodo. Los factores asociados a la ingesta excesiva de yodo en escolares fueron edad, etnia, región e índice de riqueza; y para adolescentes el sexo y área geográfica. Conclusiones: Las concentraciones de yoduria en escolares y adolescentes colombianos es superior al adecuado según OMS, la deficiencia es muy baja y se presenta un grave problema de salud pública por ingesta excesiva de yodo en tres cuartas partes de la población.

ABSTRACT Objetives: To determine the characteristics of high ioduria concentrations in schoolchildren and adolescents in Colombia. Materials and methods: Secondary analysis of the 2015 National Survey of the Nutritional Situation in Colombia in participants aged 5 to 17 years, which included the measurement of ioduria. The criteria to measure the nutritional status of iodine were based on the median urinary iodine concentration in µg / L defined by the World Health Organization (WHO), where values ​​<100 are considered deficient, between 100-199 adequate, 200-299 above the requirements and> 300 excessive. Odds ratio measurements were also performed through logistic regression analysis. Results: The national median iodine for schoolchildren and adolescents was 406.8 µg / L and 410.8 µg / L respectively, higher in the urban area (410.5 µg / L), in the Atlantic region the highest level was found for schoolchildren (423.7 µg / L) and in the central for adolescents (427.7 µg / L). 4.4% of schoolchildren and 2.2% of adolescents presented deficiency and in more than 75% of the population, there was excessive intake of iodine. The factors associated with excessive iodine intake in schoolchildren were age, ethnicity, region and wealth index, and for adolescents gender and geographic area. Conclusions: The iodine concentrations in Colombian schoolchildren and adolescents are higher than adequate according to WHO, the deficiency is very low and a serious public health problem occurs due to excessive iodine intake in three-quarters of the population.

Recurrencia de carcinoma papilar de tiroides en pacientes tiroidectomizados del Servicio Autónomo Oncológico del estado Lara / Recurrence of papillary carcinoma of thyroid in thyroidectomized patients from the Autonomous Oncological Service of Lara state

Con el objetivo de describir las recidivas de carcinoma papilar de tiroides (CPT) en pacientes tiroidectomizados atendidos en el Servicio Autónomo Oncológico del estado Lara, se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal de recolección retrospectiva de datos de 140 historias clínicas de pacientes con diagnóstico de CPT registrados durante el lapso 2006-2017. Los pacientes incluidos se caracterizaron por un promedio de edad de 46,67 ± 13,94 años, siendo los más afectados los grupos de 41-50 años y 51-60 años; se observó un predominio del sexo femenino (86,33%). La intervención quirúrgica más realizada en estos pacientes fue la tiroidectomía total (44,29%) y tiroidectomía total con vaciamiento ganglionar (41,43%); 35,71% de los pacientes recibieron Iodo-131 como tratamiento adyuvante. El porcentaje de recidivas fue de 4,29%, siendo las recidivas más frecuentes la local y regional (33,33%, respectivamente); 66,67% de los casos de recidiva aparecieron en los primeros 5 años. De los pacientes con recidivas, 50% se les practicó tiroidectomía total y recibieron Iodo-131. Con estos resultados se aporta información epidemiológica actual sobre el CPT en nuestro centro con el fin de contribuir en la preparación de los servicios de cirugía y oncología para la atención de este grupo de pacientes(AU)

With the aim of describing the recurrences of papillary thyroid carcinoma in thyroidectomized patients treated at the Autonomous Oncology Service of Lara State, a cross-sectional descriptive retrospective study was conducted examining 140 medical records of patients with a diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma registered during the period 2006-2017. Patients had an average age of 46.67 ± 13.94 years, being the most affected the 41-50 years and 51-60 years groups (26.43%, respectively); a predominance of females was observed (86.33%). The most performed surgical intervention was total thyroidectomy (44.29%) and total thyroidectomy with lymph node dissection (41.43%). Likewise, 35.71% received Iodine-131 as adjuvant treatment. The percentage of recurrences was 4.29%, being the most frequent local and regional with a prevalence of 33.33%, respectively; in addition, 66.67% of recurrences appeared during the first 5 years; 50% of these patients underwent total thyroidectomy and received Iodine-131. With these results, current information is provided in order to contribute to the preparation of surgical and oncological services for the care of cases of papillary thyroid carcinoma. It is important to maintain oncological follow-up in order to evaluate the evolution and prognosis of the different types of recurrences according to the place of appearance(AU)

Metástasis raras de cáncer papilar de tiroides en músculo esquelético: serie de casos / Rare metastases of papillary thyroid cancer in skeletal muscle: case series

Las metástasis del carcinoma papilar de tiroides (CPT) generalmente son a nivel locorregional, la diseminación a distancia es poco habitual, sin embargo la invasión de tejidos blandos aunque inusual puede ocurrir, y afecta negativamente la supervivencia. El presente estudio describe una serie de casos de Metástasis Musculares de CPT. Se realizó un estudio transversal de un solo centro que evaluó diez pacientes con CPT con metástasis en músculo. La edad de los pacientes fue entre 46 a 77 años, siendo la edad promedio de 60 años, 7 de los cuales fueron de sexo masculino que corresponde al 70%, todos con antecedente de CPT con respuesta estructural incompleta, además de las metástasis en músculo presentaron afectación de tres o más órganos, con necesidad de varios tratamientos, cada paciente registró entre 1 a 8 cirugías, recibieron entre 100 a 780mCi de I131 (yodo radiactivo), ocho ameritaron radioterapia, todos tuvieron indicación de tratamiento con ITK, sin embargo solo cuatro pacientes tuvieron acceso a dicho medicamento. La mayoría de las metástasis del CPT en músculo fueron diagnosticadas en los estudios de imagen PET/ CT, después de la tiroidectomía el tiempo de su presentación fue muy variable entre 1 a 18 años, el número de músculos comprometidos se reporta entre uno a cuatro, siendo el glúteo (4 casos) el músculo metastásico más frecuente. La presencia de metástasis musculares empeora el pronóstico en nuestra serie de pacientes.

Metastases of thyroid papillary carcinoma (CPT) are generally at the locoregional level, the dissemination from a distance is unusual, however the invasion of soft tissues, although rare can occur, and it negatively affects survival. The present study describes several Muscular Metastases of CPT cases. A transversal study in one only center was performed and assessed ten patients CPT metastases in muscles.The patients age ranged from 46 to 77, being the average age of 60, and 7 of them were male, corresponding to the 70%, everyone with CPT records with an incomplete structural response. Besides muscular metastases they also presented issues with three or more organs, needing many treatments. Each patient registered between 1 to 8 surgeries, they received between 100 to 780mCi of I131. Eight required radiotherapies, everyone required treatment with ITK, however, just four patients had access to that medication. Most of the CPT metastases in muscles were diagnosed in PET/CT image studies, after the thyroidectomy, the time for its presentation was very variable between 1 to 18 years, the number of compromised muscles is reported between one to four, being the buttock (4 cases) the most frequently muscle with metastases. The presence of muscular metastases aggravates the prognosis in our series of patients.

Efetividade de intervenções de enfermagem preventivas de respostas adversas a meio de contraste iodado: protocolo de revisão sistemática / Effectiveness of nursing interventions to prevent adverse reactions to iodinated cotrast media: systematic review protocol

Resumo O objetivo desta revisão é identificar evidências disponíveis na literatura sobre intervenções de enfermagem preventivas de respostas adversas ao meio de contraste iodado. A questão de pesquisa para esse estudo é a seguinte: "Qual a eficácia das ações de enfermagem preventivas de reações adversas desenvolvidas por pacientes que receberão contraste iodado? " Baseada nas questões que envolvem a segurança do paciente ao risco de evento adverso. Método: revisão sistemática baseada no protocolo do Joanna Briggs Institute, que prevê a formulação de uma questão norteadora, definição de descritores, participação de dois revisores, definição de critérios de inclusão e exclusão dos estudos, definição de bases de dados eletrônicas, seleção dos estudos, análise crítica dos artigos e síntese dos dados com a recomendação do grau de evidência. Resultados esperados: levantamento de evidências científicas para prevenção de respostas adversas ao meio de contraste iodado, bem como fornecer meios para segurança da assistência de enfermagem radiológica.

Abstract This review aimed to identify evidence available in the literature about nursing interventions to prevent adverse reactions to iodinated contrast media. The research question for this study - "How effective are nursing actions at preventing adverse reactions in patients who will receive iodinated contrast?" - is based on issues that involve patient safety regarding the risk of adverse events. Method: systematic review based on the Joanna Briggs Institute protocol, which provides for the formulation of a guiding question, definition of descriptors, participation of two reviewers, definition of inclusion and exclusion criteria for studies, definition of electronic databases, selection of studies , critical analysis of the articles and synthesis of the data with the recommendation of the degree of evidence. Expected results: survey of scientific evidence to prevent adverse responses to the iodinated contrast medium, as well as provide means for the safety of radiological nursing care.

Resumen El objetivo de esta revisión es identificar la evidencia disponible en la literatura sobre intervenciones preventivas de enfermería para las respuestas adversas a los medios de contraste yodados. La pregunta de investigación para este estudio es la siguiente: "¿Qué tan efectivas son las acciones de enfermería preventiva para las reacciones adversas desarrolladas por pacientes que recibirán contraste yodado?" Basado en cuestiones que involucran la seguridad del paciente a riesgo de un evento adverso. Método: revisión sistemática basada en el protocolo del Instituto Joanna Briggs, que prevé la formulación de una pregunta guía, definición de descriptores, participación de dos revisores, definición de criterios de inclusión y exclusión para estudios, definición de bases de datos electrónicas, selección de estúdios, análisis crítico de los artículos y síntesis de los datos con la recomendación del grado de evidencia. Resultados esperados: encuesta de evidencia científica para prevenir respuestas adversas al medio de contraste yodado, así como proporcionar medios para la seguridad de la atención radiológica de enfermería.

Implications of iodine deficiency by gestational trimester: a systematic review

ABSTRACT As pregnant women are susceptible to changes in iodine, which can cause miscarriage, goiter, thyroid nodules, hypothyroidism, in addition to fetal neurological impairment or development. The aim of this study was to verify the implications of the iodine alteration in each gestational trimester and its consequences of physiological justification. The review was based on PRISMA. Searching for articles that took place in March 2020 without delimiting data. As bases consulted were the Clinical Trials, Cochrane Library, Lilacs and Medline (PubMed). The descriptors were combined as follows: "pregnancy" AND "iodine deficiency". Articles that addressed iodine deficiency and its implications were included. The selection followed the steps of reading the titles, abstracts and full articles. To assess the methodological quality of the studies, the STROBE Instruction instrument was used. The research resulted in 1,266 studies and 11 were included. In assessing methodological quality, the lowest score was and the maximum 20. According to studies, the fourth most affected by iodine loss are the second and third, it is possible to increase the volume and pneumatic nodules, subclinical hypothyroidism, pre-eclampsia, among others. The damages caused by iodine deficiency in the first or second trimester are still reversible, therefore, they need to be diagnosed early, to guarantee an iodic homeostasis and prevent damage to the health of the mother-child binomial.