Comparison of onset of neuromuscular blockade with electromyographic and acceleromyographic monitoring: a prospective clinical trial

Abstract Background Reliable devices that quantitatively monitor the level of neuromuscular blockade after neuromuscular blocking agents' administration are crucial. Electromyography and acceleromyography are two monitoring modalities commonly used in clinical practice. The primary outcome of this study is to compare the onset of neuromuscular blockade, defined as a Train-Of-Four Count (TOFC) equal to 0, as measured by an electromyography-based device (TetraGraph) and an acceleromyography-based device (TOFscan). The secondary outcome was to compare intubating conditions when one of these two devices reached a TOFC equal to 0. Methods One hundred adult patients scheduled for elective surgery requiring neuromuscular blockade were enrolled. Prior to induction of anesthesia, TetraGraph electrodes were placed over the forearm of patients' dominant/non-dominant hand based on randomization and TOFscan electrodes placed on the contralateral forearm. Intraoperative neuromuscular blocking agent dose was standardized to 0.5 mg.kg−1 of rocuronium. After baseline values were obtained, objective measurements were recorded every 20 seconds and intubation was performed using video laryngoscopy once either device displayed a TOFC = 0. The anesthesia provider was then surveyed about intubating conditions. Results Baseline TetraGraph train-of-four ratios were higher than those obtained with TOFscan (Median: 1.02 [0.88, 1.20] vs. 1.00 [0.64, 1.01], respectively, p < 0.001). The time to reach a TOFC = 0 was significantly longer when measured with TetraGraph compared to TOFscan (Median: 160 [40, 900] vs. 120 [60, 300] seconds, respectively, p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in intubating conditions when either device was used to determine the timing of endotracheal intubation. Conclusions The onset of neuromuscular blockade was longer when measured with TetraGraph than TOFscan, and a train-of-four count of zero in either device was a useful indicator for adequate intubating conditions. Clinical trial number and registry URL NCT05120999, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05120999.

Effect of body mass index and rocuronium on serum tryptase concentration during volatile general anesthesia: an observational study

OBJECTIVE: Female sex, body mass index (BMI), and neuromuscular blocking agents are risk factors of perioperative hypersensitivity reactions. This study aimed to investigate the effect of rocuronium on serum tryptase concentrations during general anesthesia in overweight and obese women. METHODS: The study was conducted in two groups: Group I (n=66) underwent volatile anesthesia with rocuronium and group II (n=60) underwent volatile anesthesia without any muscle relaxant. Serum tryptase concentration (STC) measurements were performed at baseline (STC 0) and postoperatively (STC 1). ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04035707 RESULTS: The highest median value of STC 0 was seen in obese patients (3.44 μg L-1) and it was significantly higher than in overweight (p=0.01) and underweight patients (p=0.03). The maximum STC 0 was observed in overweight patients (20.4 μg L-1). In group I, STC 0 in obese patients presented the highest median value (4.49 μg L-1), and was significantly higher than in overweight patients (p=0.03), and had significantly higher STC 1 than patients with normal BMI (p=0.04). STC 0 and STC 1 in overweight and obese female patients did not differ significantly between groups. STC 1 did not correlate with rocuronium doses. In group I, BMI positively correlated with the duration of rocuronium infusion (rho=0.37) and STC 1 positively correlated with BMI (rho=0.32). CONCLUSION: Excess weight and obesity predispose to higher preoperative serum tryptase values. Postoperative STC is not linked to rocuronium doses. BMI is the main determinant factor of STC during combined volatile general anesthesia.

Sugammadex ED90 dose to reverse the rocuronium neuromuscular blockade in obese patients / Dose ED90 de Sugamadex para reverter o bloqueio neuromuscular com rocurônio em pacientes obesos

ABSTRACT Objective: to determine the ED90 (minimum effective dose in 90% of patients) of sugammadex for the reversal of rocuronium-induced moderate neuromuscular blockade (NMB) in patients with grade III obesity undergoing bariatric surgery. Methods: we conducted a prospective study with the biased coin up-and-down sequential design. We chosen the following doses: 2.0mg/Kg, 2.2mg/Kg, 2.4mg/Kg, 2.6mg/Kg, 2.8mg/Kg. The complete reversal of rocuronium-induced NMB considered a T4/T1 ratio ≥0.9 as measured by TOF. After induction of general anesthesia and calibration of the peripheral nerve stimulator and accelerometer, we injected rocuronium 0.6mg/kg. We administered propofol and remifentanil by continuous infusion, and intermittent boluses of rocuronium throughout the procedure. Results: we evaluated 31 patients, of whom 26 had displayed successful reversal of the NMB with sugammadex, and failure in five. The mean time to complete moderate NMB reversal was 213 seconds (172-300, median 25-75%). The ED90 of sugammadex calculated by regression was 2.39mg/kg, with a 95% confidence interval of 2.27-2.46 mg/kg. Conclusion: the ED90 of sugammadex in patients with grade III obesity or higher was 2.39mg/kg.

RESUMO Objetivos: determinar a ED90 (dose mínima eficaz em 90% dos pacientes) de sugamadex para a reversão de bloqueio neuromuscular (BNM) moderado induzido pelo rocurônio em pacientes com obesidade grau III submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica. Métodos: estudo prospectivo com o método de projeção sequencial para cima e para baixo da moeda enviesada. As seguintes doses foram escolhidas: 2,0mg/kg-1, 2,2mg/kg-1, 2,4mg/kg-1, 2,6mg/kg-1, 2,8mg/kg-1. A reversão completa de BNM induzido por rocurônio considerou uma relação T4/T1 ≥0,9 na medida do TOF. Após a indução da anestesia geral e calibração do estimulador de nervo periférico e acelerômetro, rocurônio 0,6mg/kg-1 foi injetado. Infusão contínua de propofol e remifentanil, e bolus intermitente de rocurônio foram injetados durante todo o procedimento. Resultados: trinta e um pacientes foram avaliados, 26 dos quais bem-sucedidos e cinco sem reversão completa do BNM moderado promovido pelo sugamadex. O tempo médio para completar reversão de BNM foi 213 segundos (172 a 300 segundos; mediana, 25-75%). O ED90 de sugamadex calculado pela regressão foi de 2,39mg/kg-1 com um intervalo de confiança de 95% (2,27 a 2,46mg/kg-1). Conclusão: o ED90 de sugamadex em pacientes com obesidade grau III ou superior foi 2,39mg/kg-1.

The effects of intra-cerebroventricular administered rocuronium on the central nervous system of rats and determination of its epileptic seizure-inducing dose / Efeitos da administração intracerebroventricular de rocurônio sobre o sistema nervoso central de ratos e determinação da dose indutora de crise epiléptica

Abstract Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of intracerebroventricularly administered rocuronium bromide on the central nervous system, determine the seizure threshold dose of rocuronium bromide in rats, and investigate the effects of rocuronium on the central nervous system at 1/5, 1/10, and 1/100 dilutions of the determined seizure threshold dose. Methods: A permanent cannula was placed in the lateral cerebral ventricle of the animals. The study was designed in two phases. In the first phase, the seizure threshold dose of rocuronium bromide was determined. In the second phase, Group R 1/5 (n = 6), Group 1/10 (n = 6), and Group 1/100 (n = 6) were formed using doses of 1/5, 1/10, and 1/100, respectively, of the obtained rocuronium bromide seizure threshold dose. Results: The rocuronium bromide seizure threshold value was found to be 0.056 ± 0.009 µmoL. The seizure threshold, as a function of the body weight of rats, was calculated as 0.286 µmoL/kg-1. A dose of 1/5 of the seizure threshold dose primarily caused splayed limbs, posturing, and tremors of the entire body, whereas the dose of 1/10 of the seizure threshold dose caused agitation and shivering. A dose of 1/100 of the seizure threshold dose was associated with decreased locomotor activity. Conclusions: This study showed that rocuronium bromide has dose-related deleterious effects on the central nervous system and can produce dose-dependent excitatory effects and seizures.

Resumo Justificativa: O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos do brometo de rocurônio administrado intracerebroventricularmente sobre o sistema nervoso central, determinar a dose do limiar convulsivo de rocurônio em ratos e investigar os efeitos de rocurônio no sistema nervoso central em diluições de 1/5, 1/10 e 1/100 da dose do limiar convulsivo determinada. Métodos: Uma cânula permanente foi colocada no ventrículo lateral do cérebro dos animais. O estudo foi projetado em duas fases. Na primeira, a dose do limiar convulsivo do brometo de rocurônio foi determinada. Na segunda, o Grupo R 1/5 (n = 6), o Grupo 1/10 (n = 6) e Grupo 1/100 (n = 6) foram formados com doses de 1/5, 1/10 e 1/100, respectivamente, da dose do limiar convulsivo de brometo de rocurônio obtida. Resultados: Descobrimos que o valor do limiar convulsivo de brometo de rocurônio é 0,056 ± 0,009 µmoL. O limiar convulsivo, como uma função do peso corporal dos ratos, foi calculado como 0,286 µmoL/kg-1. Uma dose de 1/5 da dose do limiar convulsivo causou principalmente abertura postural dos membros e tremores em todo o corpo, enquanto uma dose de 1/10 da dose do limiar convulsivo causou agitação e tremores. Uma dose de 1/100 da dose do limiar convulsivo foi associada à diminuição da atividade locomotora. Conclusões: Este estudo mostrou que o brometo de rocurônio tem efeitos deletérios relacionados com a dose sobre o sistema nervoso central e pode produzir efeitos excitatórios dependentes da dose e convulsões.

Rocuronium and sugammadex in a 3 days old neonate for draining an ovarian cyst. Neuromuscular management and review of the literature / Rocurônio e sugamadex em recém-nascido de 3 dias para drenagem de um cisto ovariano. Controle neuromuscular e revisão da literatura

Abstract A case is reported in which a 3-days old neonate with a giant ovarian cyst was scheduled for surgery. The patient received a dose of sugammadex to reverse a rocuronium-induced neuromuscular block. A fast and efficient recovery from neuromuscular block was achieved within 90 s. No adverse events or other safety concerns were observed. Furthermore, a review of the literature on the use of sugammadex in neonates was performed.

Resumo Relato do caso de uma criança recém-nascida de três dias de idade com um cisto ovariano gigante programada para a cirurgia. A paciente recebeu uma dose de sugamadex para reverter o bloqueio neuromuscular induzido por rocurônio. Uma recuperação rápida e eficiente do bloqueio neuromuscular foi obtida dentro de 90 segundos. Não foram observados efeitos adversos ou outros problemas de segurança. Além disso, uma revisão da literatura sobre o uso de sugamadex em recém-nascidos foi feita.

Effects of conventional vs high-dose rocuronium on the QTc interval during anesthesia induction and intubation in patients undergoing coronary artery surgery: a randomized, double-blind, parallel trial

Myocardial ischemia, as well as the induction agents used in anesthesia, may cause corrected QT interval (QTc) prolongation. The objective of this randomized, double-blind trial was to determine the effects of high- vs conventional-dose bolus rocuronium on QTc duration and the incidence of dysrhythmias following anesthesia induction and intubation. Fifty patients about to undergo coronary artery surgery were randomly allocated to receive conventional-dose (0.6 mg/kg, group C, n=25) or high-dose (1.2 mg/kg, group H, n=25) rocuronium after induction with etomidate and fentanyl. QTc, heart rate, and mean arterial pressure were recorded before induction (T0), after induction (T1), after rocuronium (just before laryngoscopy; T2), 2 min after intubation (T3), and 5 min after intubation (T4). The occurrence of dysrhythmias was recorded. In both groups, QTc was significantly longer at T3 than at baseline [475 vs 429 ms in group C (P=0.001), and 459 vs 434 ms in group H (P=0.005)]. The incidence of dysrhythmias in group C (28%) and in group H (24%) was similar. The QTc after high-dose rocuronium was not significantly longer than after conventional-dose rocuronium in patients about to undergo coronary artery surgery who were induced with etomidate and fentanyl. In both groups, compared with baseline, QTc was most prolonged at 2 min after intubation, suggesting that QTc prolongation may be due to the nociceptive stimulus of intubation.

Comparison of effects of sugammadex and neostigmine on QTc prolongation in rabbits under general anesthesia

PURPOSE: To compare the effects of sugammadex and neostigmine, used to antagonize the effects of rocuronium, on the QTc interval. METHODS: This study used 10 adult New Zealand white rabbits of 2.5-3.5 kg randomly divided into two groups: sugammadex group (Group S, n:5) and neostigmine group (Group N, n:5). For general anesthesia administering 2 mg/kg iv propofol and 1 mcg/kg iv fentanyl, 0.6 mg/kg iv rocuronium was given. Later to provide reliable airway for all experimental animals V-Gel Rabbit was inserted. The rabbits were manually ventilated by the same anesthetist. After the V-Gel Rabbit was inserted at 2, 5, 10, 20, 25, 27, 30 and 40 minutes measurements were repeated and recorded. At 25 minutes after induction Group N rabbits were given 0.05 mg/kg iv neostigmine + 0.01 mg/kg iv atropine. Group S were administered 2 mg/kg iv sugammadex. RESULTS: Comparing the QTc interval in the rabbits in Group S and Group N, in the 25th, 27th and 30th minute after muscle relaxant antagonist was administered the QTc interval in the neostigmine group rabbits was significantly increased (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: While sugammadex, administered to antagonize the effect of rocuronium, did not significantly affect the QTc interval, neostigmine+atropine proloned the QTc interval. .

Intraoperative "Kounis syndrome" that improved electrocardiography changes and hemodynamic situation afteradministering nitroglycerine / Síndrome de Kounis intraoperatória com melhoria das alterações eletrocardiográficas e da situação hemodinâmica após a administração de nitroglicerina / Síndrome de Kounis intraoperatorio con mejoría de las alteraciones electrocardiográficas y de la situación hemodinámica después de la administración de nitroglicerina

A 58-year-old female without cardiovascular risk factors, was going to be operated to repair the rotator cuff. Induction and interscalene brachial plexus block were uneventful, but after her placement for surgery the patient started with severe bronchospasm, hypotension, cutaneous allergic reaction and ST elevation on the electrocardiogram. An anaphylactic shock was suspected and treated but until the perfusion of nitroglycerina was started no electrocardiographic changes resolved. After necessary diagnostic test the final diagnosis was variant I of Kounis syndrome due to cefazolin and rocuronium. Ephinephrine is the cornerstone of treatment for anaphylaxis but should we use it if the anaphylactic reaction is also accompanied by myocardial ischemia? The answer is that we should not use it because myocardial ischemia in this syndrome is caused by vasospasm, so it would be more useful drugs such as nitroglycerin. But what if we do not know if it is a Kounis syndrome or not? In this article we report our experience that maybe could help you in a similar situation.

Paciente do sexo feminino, 58 anos, sem fator de risco cardiovascular, submetida a cirurgia para reparação do manguito rotador. A indução do bloqueio do plexo braquial interescalênico foi feita sem intercorrência, mas, após seu posicionamento para a cirurgia, a paciente apresentou broncoespasmo grave, hipotensão, reação alérgica cutânea e elevação do segmento ST ao eletrocardiograma. Houve suspeita de choque anafilático que foi tratado, mas até que a perfusão de nitroglicerina fosse iniciada não houve resolução das alterações eletrocardiográficas. Após teste diagnóstico necessário, o diagnóstico final foi de variante tipo I da síndrome de Kounis por causa de cefazolina e rocurônio. Epinefrina é a base sólida do tratamento para anafilaxia, mas devemos usá-la se a reação anafilática também for acompanhada de isquemia miocárdica? A resposta é que não devemos usá-la, porque a isquemia miocárdica nessa síndrome é causada por vasoespasmo; portanto, drogas como a nitroglicerina seriam mais úteis. Porém, e quando não sabemos se é ou não uma síndrome de Kounis? Neste artigo relatamos nossa experiência que, talvez, possa ajudar em uma situação similar.

Paciente del sexo femenino, 58 años de edad, sin factor de riesgo cardiovascular, sometida a cirugía para la reparación del manguito rotador. La inducción del bloqueo del plexo braquial interescalénico fue realizada sin intercurrencias, pero después de su posicionamiento para la cirugía, la paciente presentó broncoespasmo grave, hipotensión, reacción alérgica cutánea y elevación del segmento ST al electrocardiograma. Hubo sospecha de choque anafiláctico que fue tratado, pero hasta que la perfusión de nitroglicerina se iniciase no hubo resolución de las alteraciones electrocardiográficas. Después del test diagnóstico necesario, el diagnóstico final fue de variante tipo i del síndrome de Kounis debido a la cefazolina y al rocuronio. La epinefrina es la base sólida del tratamiento para la anafilaxia, pero ¿debemos usarla si la reacción anafiláctica también viene seguida de isquemia miocárdica? La respuesta es que no debemos usarla porque la isquemia miocárdica en ese síndrome está causada por el vasoespasmo; por tanto, fármacos como la nitroglicerina serían más útiles. Sin embargo, ¿y cuando no sabemos si es o no un síndrome de Kounis? En este artículo, relatamos nuestra experiencia que, tal vez, pueda ayudarle a usted a hacer frente a una situación similar.

Rocuronio en obesos: ¿debe dosificarse por peso real o por peso ideal? / Rocuronium in obese: should be dosed by actual weight or ideal weight?

El aumento universal en la prevalencia de obesidad ha causado que los anestesiólogos se vean frecuentemente enfrentados a anestesiar pacientes obesos. Pese a esto aún existen dudas respecto a cómo dosificar las drogas en estos pacientes. La literatura recomienda dosificar el rocuronio en obesos en base al peso ideal (IBW, iniciales del inglés Ideal Body Weight) pero esta sugerencia está basada más bien en la prudencia que en la evidencia. Se decidió explorar con análisis de sobrevida (análisis tiempo-evento), la duración del rocuronio en obesos al ser dosificado por peso ideal (IBW) y por peso real (TBW, iniciales del inglés de peso corporal total). Al administrar el rocuronio en base al peso real (TBW) se observó una prolongación en su duración de acción con un acortamiento de su latencia en relación con la dosificación en base al peso ideal (IBW). Hubo una marcada prolongación de la duración de acción y el índice de recuperación tanto al dosificar por peso real como peso ideal. Debido a esta sensibilidad aumentada al rocuronio en pacientes obesos recomendamos dosificarlo en base al peso ideal, excepto si se necesita intubar rápidamente...

The universal increase in prevalence of obesity has caused that anesthesiologist are frequently encountered with anesthetizing obese patients. There stills exists doubt on how to dosage drugs to these patients. Literature recommends dosing rocuronium in the obese based on ideal weight (IBW), being this suggestion based more on prudence than on evidence. Randomized control trial was designed for obese patients scheduled for bariatric surgery to study the pharmacodynamics of rocuronium in this population. Patients were randomly assigned into two groups: rocuronium dosage 0.6 mg•kg-1 for real weight (TBW) or rocuronium dosage of 0.6mg•kg-1 for ideal weight (IBW). Ideal weight was calculated according to Lemmens formula. The reference group was the dosage based on IBW. Previous calibration, evaluating the first twitch of train-of-four (T1), we registered onset time, clinical duration, recovery index, level of muscle relaxation to which the first reinforcement was administered and clinical duration of rocuronium reinforcement. A total of 100 patients were part of the study: 54 in group TBW and 46 in group IBW. When administering rocuronium based on real weight (TBW) a prolongation in clinical duration was found: Medium (IQR*); 79.5 (67 - 105) minutes versus 44.5(33 - 63.5 minutes) in the IBW group (p < 0.001) with a decrease in latency in the TBW group 120 (90-150secs.) versus the IBW group 180 (120 - 270 secs.) (p < 0.001). There were no differences in the recovery index between both levels of dosing. There was a marked prolongation of both clinical duration and recovery index in both groups, as supported in some literature. Based on the evidence, we recommend to dose rocuronium in obese patients based on ideal weight, with the exception of cases were quick intubation is required...

Uso del sugammadex para la reversión del bloqueo neuromuscular de larga duración con rocuronio: bolos vs infusión continua / Use of sugammadex for reversal of neuromuscular blockade of long duration with rocuronium: bolus vs continuous infusion

Introducción: El bloqueo neuromuscular residual es causa de complicaciones postoperatorias. Objetivo: Identificar la eficacia del sugammadex para revertir el bloqueo neuromuscular con rocuronio, en procederes de larga duración, cuando éste se administra en forma de bolos versus infusión continua. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo exploratorio en una serie de 10 pacientes para tratamiento quirúrgico de más de dos horas, de forma electiva con anestesia general en el Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, España, entre los meses de noviembre y diciembre del 2010. La inducción y el mantenimiento del bloqueo neuromuscular se realizaron mediante bolos (B) o infusión continua (IC), quedando los pacientes divididos en dos grupos. Se compararon los grupos según el tiempo de recuperación mediante la prueba de U-Mann Whitney. Resultados: Existió homogeneidad entre los grupos en cuanto a edad, peso corporal y estado físico según la ASA II – III. La mediana del tiempo quirúrgico para el grupo B fue de 3:55 horas versus 4:20 horas en el grupo de infusión continua. Para alcanzar el cociente T4/T1 > 90%, la mediana del tiempo de recuperación fue de 75.0 minutos para el grupo IC, mientras en el grupo que se utilizaron bolos se observó un tiempo de 140.0 minutos; las diferencias entre ambos grupos resultaron ser estadísticamente significativas (p = 0,008). Conclusiones: La reversión del bloqueo neuromuscular de larga duración inducido por rocuronio fue más rápida cuando el sugammadex se administró en infusión continua en nuestro grupo de pacientes.

Caso de anafilaxia induzida por rocurônio tratado com o auxílio de sugamadex / Case of anaphylaxis induced by rocuronium treated with sugammadex / Caso de anafilaxia inducida por rocuronio tratado con la ayuda del sugamadex

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A anafilaxia durante a anestesia é um evento raro que pode ocorrer em até 1:20.000 casos sendo que aproximadamente 60% a 70% destes casos são secundários ao uso de ralaxantes musculares onde os mais implicados a succinilcolina e o rocurônio. O objetivo deste relato foi descrever o tratamento de um caso de anafilaxia induzida por rocurônio com resposta inadequada a terapia tradicional e resolução do caso após o uso do sugamadex. RELATO DO CASO: Paciente do sexo feminino, com 62 anos de idade, 72 kg, foi encaminhada ao centro cirúrgico para tratamento de hematoma extradural após acidente em domicílio. Foi monitorada com oxímetro de pulso, cardioscópio e tensiômetro para medida da pressão anterial não invasiva (PA). Seus dados basais foram: PA de 138/80 mm Hg, frequência cardíaca (FC) de 80 bpm e saturação arterial (SaO2) de 100% em ar ambiente. A indução da anestesia se processou com propofol 70 mg, fentanil 200 µg e rocurônio 45 mg. Após a intubação traqueal, diagnosticou-se quadro de anafilaxia que não respondeu ao tratamento convencional. Optou-se pelo uso de sugamadex 700 mg por via venosa como agente coadjuvante. A paciente apresentou reversão do quadro com melhora do perfil hemodinâmico sendo operada e conduzida à unidade de terapia intensiva. CONCLUSÃO: Neste caso, o sugamadex foi utilizado para reverter quadro hemodinâmico induzido pela anafilaxia por rocurônio, entretanto não foi possível esclarecer qual o mecanismo exato para a reversão do quadro hemodinâmico.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Anaphylaxis during anesthesia is a rare event that may occur in up to 1:20,000 cases and approximately 60% to 70% of these cases are secondary to the use of muscle relaxants, particularly succinylcholine and rocuronium. The aim of this report is to describe the treatment of a case of rocuronium-induced anaphylaxis with inadequate response to traditional therapy, and the case resolution after using sugammadex. CASE REPORT: A female patient, 62 years old, 72 kg, was referred to the surgical center for treatment of epidural hematoma following an accident at home. She was monitored with pulse oximetry, cardioscope, and blood pressure meter for non-invasive blood pressure (BP) measurement. The baseline data were: BP 138/80 mm Hg, heart rate (HR) 80 bpm, and oxygen saturation (SaO2) 100% on room air. Anesthesia was induced with propofol 70 mg, fentanyl 200 mg, and rocuronium 45 mg. After tracheal intubation, anaphylaxis non-responsive to conventional treatment was diagnosed. We chose the use of sugammadex 700 mg intravenously as an adjuvant agent. The patient had reversal of the anaphylactic reactions with improvement of hemodynamic profile and was operated and conducted to the intensive care unit. CONCLUSION: In this case, sugammadex was used to reverse the hemodynamic picture caused by rocuronium-induced anaphylaxis. However, it was not possible to identify the exact mechanism for the reversal.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: La anafilaxia durante la anestesia es un evento raro que puede ocurrir hasta en 1: 20.000 casos siendo que aproximadamente entre un 60% a un 70% de ellos son secundarios al uso de relajantes musculares donde los más implicados son la succinilcolina y el Rocuronio. El objetivo de este relato, fue describir el tratamiento de un caso de anafilaxia inducida por Rocuronio con una respuesta inadecuada a la terapia tradicional y la solución del caso después del uso del sugamadex. RELATO DEL CASO: Paciente del sexo femenino, 62 años, 72 kg, derivada al quirófano para tratamiento de hematoma extradural posterior a accidente en domicilio. Fue monitorizada con oxímetro de pulso, cardioscopio y tensiómetro para la medida de la presión arterial no invasiva (PA). Sus datos basales fueron los siguientes: PA de 138/80 mm Hg, frecuencia cardíaca (FC) de 80 lpm y saturación arterial (SaO2) de 100% en aire ambiente. La inducción de la anestesia fue procesada con propofol 70 mg, fentanil 200 µg y Rocuronio 45 mg. Después de la intubación traqueal se diagnosticó un cuadro de anafilaxia que no respondió al tratamiento convencional. Optamos entonces por el uso del sugamadex 700 mg por vía venosa como agente coadyuvante. La paciente presentó una reversión del cuadro con una mejoría del perfil hemodinámico siendo operada y derivada a la unidad de cuidados intensivos. CONCLUSIONES: En este caso, el sugamadex fue utilizado para revertir el cuadro hemodinámico inducido por la anafilaxia por Rocuronio, pero no se pudo aclarar cuál sería el mecanismo exacto para la reversión del cuadro hemodinámico.

Uso de sugamadex após reversão incompleta com neostigmine do bloqueio neuromuscular induzido por rocurônio / Use of sugammadex after neostigmine incomplete reversal of rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade / Uso de sugamadex después de la reversión incompleta con neostigmine del bloqueo neuromuscular inducido por rocuronio

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O uso de bloqueadores neuromusculares (BNM) na prática anestésica já tem mais de meio século e sempre foi um desafio para os anestesiologistas. Até bem pouco tempo a reversão dos bloqueadores neuromusculares adespolarizantes só possuia uma opção: a utilização de anticolinesterásicos. No entanto em algumas situações como na presença de bloqueio neuromuscular profundo após o uso de altas doses do relaxante, o uso de anticolinesterásicos não possibilita a adequada reversão do bloqueio neuromuscular. Recentemente uma ciclodextrina gama mostrou-se altamente eficaz para a reversão do BNM de agentes esteroidais, o sugamadex. RELATO DO CASO: Paciente do sexo feminino, submetida à laparotomia exploradora de emergência após intubação em sequência rápida com uso de rocurônio 1,2 mg.kg-1. Ao final da cirurgia a paciente foi descurarizada com neostigmina, no entanto a monitoração da junção neuromuscular não apresentou a recuperação esperada, revelando curarização residual. Foi utilizado sugamadex 2 mg.kg-1 e a paciente apresenta reversão completa do BNM em apenas 2 minutos. CONCLUSÃO: A adequada recuperação do bloqueio neuromuscular residual é necessária para o pleno controle das funções da faringe e respiratória, evitando assim complicações. A adequada recuperação só pode ser obtida através da monitoração da junção neuromuscular com uma relação de TOF acima de 0,9. Muitas vezes a reversão do BNM com o uso de anticolinesterásicos pode não reverter completamente o BNM, no entanto na ausência da monitoração objetiva este diagnóstico não é possível. O caso ilustra o diagnóstico de BNM residual mesmo após a reversão com anticolinesterásicos, resolvido com a administração de sugamadex, uma alternativa segura para a reversão dos BNM adespolarizantes esteroidais.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Neuromuscular blockers (NMB) have been used for more than half of a century in anesthesia and have always been a challenge for anesthesiologists. Until recently, the reversal of nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers had only one option: the use of anticholinesterase agents. However, in some situations, such as deep neuromuscular blockade after high doses of relaxant, the use of anticholinesterase agents does not allow adequate reversal of neuromuscular blockade. Recently, sugammadex, a gamma-cyclodextrin, proved to be highly effective for reversal of NMB induced by steroidal agents. CASE REPORT: A female patient who underwent an emergency exploratory laparotomy after rapid sequence intubation with rocuronium 1.2 mg.kg-1. At the end of surgery, the patient received neostigmine reversal of NMB. However, neuromuscular junction monitoring did not show the expected recovery, presenting residual paralysis. Sugammadex 2 mg.kg-1 was used and the patient had complete reversal of NMB in just 2 minutes time. CONCLUSION: Adequate recovery of residual neuromuscular blockade is required for full control of the pharynx and respiratory functions in order to prevent complications. Adequate recovery can only be obtained by neuromuscular junction monitoring with TOF ratio greater than 0.9. Often, the reversal of NMB with anticholinesterase drugs may not be completely reversed. However, in the absence of objective monitoring this diagnosis is not possible. The case illustrates the diagnosis of residual NMB even after reversal with anticholinesterase agents, resolved with the administration of sugammadex, a safe alternative to reverse the NMB induced by steroidal non-depolarizing agents.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: El uso de bloqueantes neuromusculares (BNM) en la práctica anestésica cuenta ya con más de medio y siempre fue un reto para los anestesiólogos. Hasta hace poco tiempo la reversión de los bloqueantes neuromusculares adespolarizantes solo tenía una opción: la utilización de antocolinesterásicos. Sin embargo, en algunas situaciones como en presencia de bloqueo neuromuscular profundo después del uso de altas dosis del relajante, el uso de anticolinesterásicos no posibilita la adecuada reversión del bloqueo neuromuscular. Recientemente una ciclodextrina gama mostró ser altamente eficaz para la reversión del BNM de agentes esteroidales, como el sugamadex. RELATO DE CASO: Paciente del sexo femenino, sometida a la laparotomía exploradora de emergencia después de la intubación en secuencia rápida con el uso de rocuronio 1,2 mg.kg-1. Al término de la operación, la paciente fue descurarizada con neostigmina, pero la monitorización de la junción neuromuscular no presentó la recuperación esperada, revelando la curarización residual. Fue utilizado sugamadex 2 mg.kg-1 y comprobamos que la paciente presenta una reversión completa del BNM en solamente 2 minutos. CONCLUSIONES: La correcta recuperación del bloqueo neuromuscular residual es necesaria para el pleno control de las funciones de la faringe y respiratoria, evitando así complicaciones. La adecuada recuperación solo puede obtenerse por medio de la monitorización de la junción neuromuscular con una relación de TOF por encima de 0,9. En muchas ocasiones, la reversión del BNM con el uso de anticolinesterásicos puede no revertir completamente el BNM, pero sin embargo en ausencia de la monitorización objetiva, ese diagnóstico no puede ser alcanzado. El caso ilustra el diagnóstico de BNM residual incluso después de la reversión con anticolinesterásicos, resuelto con la administración de sugamadex, una alternativa segura para la reversión de los BNM adespolarizantes esteroidales.

Comparison of the variability of the onset and recovery from neuromuscular blockade with cisatracurium versus rocuronium in elderly patients under total intravenous anesthesia

This study was designed to compare the variability of the onset and offset of the effect of two neuromuscular blocking drugs with different elimination pathways in adult and elderly patients during total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA). After Ethics Committee approval and patients’ informed consent, the drugs were compared in 40 adult and 40 elderly patients scheduled for elective surgery under TIVA with tracheal intubation who were randomized to receive a single bolus dose of 0.15 mg/kg cisatracurium or 0.9 mg/kg rocuronium. The time of onset of maximum depression, duration of action, and recovery index time were measured and recorded for each patient and variability is reported as means ± standard deviation. Time of onset was significantly shorter for rocuronium than cisatracurium for the adult and elderly groups (P = 0.000), but the variability of cisatracurium was significantly greater compared with rocuronium for the same age groups (93.25 vs 37.01 s in the adult group and 64.56 vs 33.75 s in the elderly group; P = 0.000). The duration of the effect in the elderly group receiving rocuronium was significantly longer than in the elderly group receiving cisatracurium, and the variability of the duration was significantly greater in the rocuronium group than in the cisatracurium group. Mean time of recovery was significantly longer for the elderly group receiving rocuronium than for the elderly group receiving cisatracurium (P = 0.022), and variability was also greater (P = 0.002). Both drugs favored good intubating conditions. In conclusion, cisatracurium showed less variability in these parameters than rocuronium, especially in the elderly, a fact that may be of particular clinical interest.

Reversão de bloqueio muscular profundo com sugammadex após falha de intubação traqueal em sequência rápida: relato de caso / Reversal of profound neuromuscular blockade with sugammadex after failure of rapid sequence endotracheal intubation: a case report / Reversión del bloqueo muscular profundo con sugamadex posteriormente al fallo de entubación traqueal en secuencia rápida: relato de caso

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O sugammadex é um agente reversor superseletivo do bloqueio neuromuscular utilizado para a reversão de rocurônio e vecurônio. Este relato descreve um caso clínico em que o sugammadex foi utilizado em paciente idosa imediatamente após uso de rocurônio. RELATO DO CASO: Paciente do sexo feminino, 88 anos, 34 kg, com fratura de fêmur foi submetida à anestesia geral após tentativa falha de raquianestesia. Optou-se por indução anestésica com propofol 1,5 mg.kg-1, rocurônio 1,2 mg.kg-1, fentanil 100 mcg e lidocaína 2 mg.kg-1. Não houve sucesso nas manobras para intubação traqueal nem no posicionamento da máscara laríngea. Optou-se pelo uso de sugammadex na dose de 16 mg.kg-1 com retorno da função respiratória. CONCLUSÕES: A dose recomendada pela literatura para o sugammadex em pacientes com bloqueio profundo, 16 mg.kg-1, foi utilizada nesta paciente com reversão rápida e eficaz do bloqueio neuromuscular permitindo que a paciente fosse submetida a outro procedimento para garantir a perviedade das vias aéreas sem comprometimento clínico de seu estado geral.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Sugammadex is a reversal agent that acts as a selective antagonist of neuromuscular blockade induced by rocuronium and vecuronium. This is a case report of an elderly female patient who had sugammadex just after rocuronium induction. CASE REPORT: An 88-year-old female patient, 34 kg, presented a femoral fracture and had to undergo general anesthesia after spinal anesthesia failure. Induction was performed with propofol 1.5 mg.kg-1, rocuronium 1.2 mg.kg-1, fentanyl 100 mcg, and lidocaine 2 mg.kg-1. There was no success in either tracheal intubation or laryngeal mask positioning maneuvers. The use of sugammadex at a dose of 16 mg.kg-1 was required and respiratory function returned to normal. CONCLUSION: Literature recommends sugammadex at a dose of 16 mg.kg-1 for patients with profound blockade. It was used in our patient with rapid and effective reversal of neuromuscular blockade allowing the patient to undergo another procedure to ensure the airway patency without clinical impairment of her general condition.

JUSTIFICATIVAS Y OBJETIVOS: El sugamadex es un agente reversor superselectivo del bloqueo neuromuscular utilizado para la reversión de rocuronio y vecuronio. Este relato describe un caso clínico en que el sugamadex fue utilizado en una paciente anciana inmediatamente después del uso del rocuronio. RELATO DEL CASO: Paciente del sexo femenino, 88 años, 34 kg, con fractura del fémur, que fue sometida a la anestesia general después del intento de la raquianestesia. Se optó por la inducción anestésica con el propofol 1,5 mg.kg-1, rocuronio 1,2 mg.kg-1, fentanil 100 mcg y lidocaina 2 mg.kg-1. No hubo éxito en las maniobras para la entubación traqueal ni en el posicionamiento de la máscara laríngea. Se optó por el uso de sugamadex en una dosis de 16 mg.kg-1 con retorno de la función respiratoria. CONCLUSIONES: La dosis recomendada por la literatura para el sugamadex en pacientes con bloqueo profundo, 16 mg.kg-1, fue utilizada en esta paciente con una reversión rápida y eficaz del bloqueo neuromuscular, permitiendo que la paciente fuese sometida a otro procedimiento para garantizar el paso por las vías aéreas sin el compromiso clínico de su estado general.

Incidencia de parálisis muscular residual con el uso de relajantes musculares no despolarizantes de duración intermedia / Incidence of residual muscular paralysis produced by nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers

Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la incidencia de parálisis muscular residual producida por bloqueadores neuromusculares no despolarizantes en la Unidad de Cuidados Postanestésicos (UCPA)del Hospital Miguel Pérez Carreño, Caracas, Venezuela. Material y Métodos: Se incluyeron 246 pacientes en los que se midió la relación T4/T1 al momento del ingreso a la unidad, a los tres y a los cinco minutos. El criterio para considerar un paciente sin bloqueo residual fue una relación T4/T1 > 0,9. Además se monitorizó la saturación de oxígeno, variables demográficas, características de la cirugía y la anestesia, y uso o no de reversión. Resultados: El promedio de edad fue de 36,45 años, con un peso de 62,85 kg. La incidencia de parálisis residual en la UCPA fue 51,2 por ciento para el momento de llegada a la unidad, de 47,6 por ciento a los tres minutosy de 46,7 por ciento al quinto minuto, siendo los pacientes de mayor edad los más afectadas (p= 0,002). Cuando se comparó la utilización de reversión con la presencia de relajación residual no se encontró diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p = 0,516). Conclusión: La incidencia de parálisis muscular residual en la UCPA es alta en nuestro centro (51 por ciento), similar a lo que reporta la literatura a nivel mundial; los pacientes más afectados fueron los de mayor edad y el uso de reversión no excluyó la presencia de esta entidad.

Objective: The outcome of this study was to analyze the incidence of residual muscular paralysis produced by nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers in the PostAnesthetic Care Unit (PACU) of the Doctor Miguel Pérez Carreño Hospital, Caracas, Venezuela. Methods: 246 patients were included. T4/T1 ratio was measured at the moment of arriving to the postoperative unit, 3 and 5 minutes later. Criteria for consideringno residual effects was a T4/T1 > 0,9. Moreover, oxygen saturation was monitored. Demographic variables,characteristics of surgery and anesthesia and the usage or not of reversion drugs were noted. Results: The average of age was 36,45 years, with an average weight of 62,85 kg. The incidence of residual muscularparalysis in the PACU was 51,2 percent at the time of arriving, and 47,6 percent and 46,7 percent at the 3rd and 5th minutes respectively, being the more aged patients the most affected (p = 0,002). When compared the usage ofreversion with the presence of residual muscular paralysis no difference statistically significant was found(p = 0,516). Conclusion: The incidence of residual muscular paralysis in PACU at our center was high (51 percent) and similar to the one reported in worldwide literature; the most affected were the more aged patients and the use of reversion did not exclude the presence of this entity.

Influência de anestésicos locais sobre o bloqueio neuromuscular produzido pelo rocurônio: ação da lidocaína e da mistura enantiomérica em excesso de 50 por cento de bupivacaína na junção neuromuscular / Influencia de anestésicos locales sobre el bloqueo neuromuscular producido por el rocuronio: acción de la lidocaína y de la mezcla enantiomérica en exceso de 50 por ciento de bupivacaína en la junción neuromuscular / Influence of local anesthetics on the neuromuscular blockade produced by rocuronium: effects of lidocaine and 50 percent enantiomeric excess bupivacaine on the neuromuscular junction

Justificativa e objetivos: Os efeitos dos anestésicos locais (AL) na transmissão neuromuscular e sua influência no bloqueio neuromuscular produzido por bloqueadores neuromusculares competitivos são ainda alvo de pouca investigação. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar in vitro os efeitos da lidocaína e da mistura enantiomérica em excesso de 50 por cento de bupivacaína (S75-R25) no bloqueio neuromuscular...

Background and objetives: The effects of local anesthetics (LA) on neuromuscular transmission and their influence on the neuromuscular blockade produced by competitive neuromuscular blockers have not been fully investigated. The objective of this study was to evaluate, in vitro, the effects of lidocaine and 50 percent enantiomeric excess bupivacaine (S75-R25) on the neuromuscular blockade produced by rocuronium...

Justificativa y objetivos: Los efectos de los anestésicos locales (AL), en la transmisión neuromuscular y su influencia en el bloqueo neuromuscular producido por bloqueadores neuromusculares competitivos, todavía no se ha investigado lo suficiente. El objetivo del estudio, fue evaluar in vitro los efectos de la lidocaína y de la mezcla enantiomérica en exceso de 50 por ciento de bupivacaína (S75-R25) en el bloqueo neuromuscular...