Masculinization in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) by androgen immersion: The interaction effect of hormone concentration and immersion time / Masculinização na carpa comum (Cyprinus carpio) por imersão em androgênio: Efeito da interação da concentração hormonal e do tempo de imersão

Synthetic androgens (male hormones) administered to fish nursery are being used in aquaculture to avoid sexual differentiation and unwanted spawning at the eggs or the first feeding fry stage of fish. Present trial was conducted with the aim to produce male common carp (Cyprinus carpio) by egg immersion technique. Through this little insight, the effect of different hormone concentrations (17α-methyltestosterone @ HC:150, 300, 450 and 600 µgl-1) with immersion times (IT: 24, 48 and 72 hrs) and their interaction effect (HC x IT) on the hatching percentage of Cyprinus carpio eggs, percent survival and percent of male's production was evaluated specifically. Results showed that egg hatching percentage decreased with increased IT likewise, survival of treated fry was affected by increasing the IT (P<0.001). The main interaction effect of HC x IT showed that the highest percent of male individuals (95%) was obtained at 450-600 µgl-1 HC for 72 hrs IT, followed by 88-92.50% at 150-300 µgl-1 HC for 72-hrsof IT, 87.50% at 48-hrs of IT for rest of the hormone treatments, and lowest 47.50% was recorded in control (P<0.05). Increased percent male of Cyprinus carpio was obtained with increasing HC across all ITs. It was observed that the immersion treatment at 600µgl-1 for 72 hours was more effective to change the sex ratio of pre hatch Cyprinus carpio. A comparative outlook made from this experimental trial that sex induction of Cyprinus carpio by eggs immersion using synthetic male steroid hormone is an alternative safe technique of fish sex reversal in contrast to oral administration of hormone in fish feed.

Andrógenos sintéticos (hormônios masculinos) administrados ao viveiro de peixes estão sendo usados ​​na aquicultura para evitar a diferenciação sexual e a desova indesejada nos ovos ou no primeiro estágio de alimentação dos peixes. O presente estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de produzir carpa comum masculina (Cyprinuscarpio) pela técnica de imersão em ovos. Com essa pequena percepção, o efeito de diferentes concentrações hormonais (17α-metiltestosterona @ HC: 150, 300, 450 e 600 µgl-1) com tempos de imersão (IT: 24, 48 e 72 horas) e seu efeito de interação (HC x IT) na porcentagem de eclosão dos ovos de Cyprinuscarpio, a porcentagem de sobrevivência e a porcentagem da produção masculina foram avaliadas especificamente. Os resultados mostraram que a porcentagem de incubação de ovos diminuiu com o aumento da TI da mesma forma, a sobrevivência dos alevinos tratados foi afetada pelo aumento da TI (P <0,001). O principal efeito de interação do HC x IT mostrou que o maior percentual de indivíduos do sexo masculino (95%) foi obtido com 450-600 µgl-1 HC por 72 horas de TI, seguido por 88-92,50% com 150-300 µgl-1 HC para 72 horas de TI, 87,50% às 48 horas de TI para o restante dos tratamentos hormonais, e 47,50% mais baixos foram registrados no controle (P <0,05). A porcentagem aumentada de macho de Cyprinuscarpio foi obtida com o aumento do HC em todas as TIs. Observou-se que o tratamento de imersão a 600µgl-1 por 72 horas foi mais efetivo na alteração da razão sexual do Cyprinuscarpio antes da eclosão. Uma perspectiva comparativa feita a partir deste ensaio experimental de que a indução sexual de Cyprinuscarpio por imersão de ovos usando hormônio esteróide masculino sintético é uma técnica alternativa segura de reversão do sexo em peixes, em contraste com a administração oral de hormônio na alimentação de peixes.

Identification and expression analysis of two Wnt4 genes in the spotted scat (Scatophagus argus)

Background: WNT4 is a protein that plays a crucial role in ovarian differentiation and development in mammals, with a relatively well understood function in mammalian gonadal differentiation. The role of WNT4 in teleost fish; however, remains unclear. In the present study, cDNAs of Wnt4a and Wnt4b were cloned and characterized in the spotted scat. The expression patterns of two Wnt4 genes in the gonads at different stages of development and in fish after treatment with 17a-methyltestosterone (MT) were investigated. Results: The tissue distribution showed that Wnt4a was expressed in various tissues, including the gonads, gills, spleen, brain, and fin. Interestingly, Wnt4b not only was expressed in the gills, brain, and spleen, but also was obviously expressed in the ovary. During gonad development, Wnt4a was highly expressed in the testis at stage I and Wnt4b was mainly expressed in the ovary at stages II-III. After MT treatment, the mRNA expression of Wnt4a increased significantly up to 40 d, and the transcript level of Wnt4b decreased at 20 d. Conclusions: These results suggest that Wnt4a may be involved in gonad development and plays a role in the process of spermatogonial proliferation. Our results also demonstrate that Wnt4b is not only expressed in the nervous system, but also in the ovary and it may be involved in ovary development of the spotted scat.

Somatic growth effects of intramuscular injection of growth hormone in androgen-treated juvenile Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Perciformes: Cichlidae)

Little is known about the effects of the interaction of growth hormone (GH) with 17 a-methyltestosterone (17-MT) during fish growth. We evaluated this in the present study to assess the effect on fish growth. Fish in two batches of juvenile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) (approximately 5.0cm in length) were randomly assigned in triplicate to three treatments and a control group, distributed among 12 fiberglass tanks of 1 000L capacity (50 fish per tank) in an experiment covering a period of six weeks. The experimental groups were: a) fish treated with 17-MT and GH in mineral oil (RGH); b) fish treated with 17-MT and mineral oil without the addition of GH (R); c) fish treated with GH in mineral oil but not 17-MT (NGH); and d) fish of the control group, which were treated with mineral oil but not 17-MT or GH (N). The GH was injected into the fish at a rate of 0.625mg/g body weight. Morphometric data were recorded at the beginning of the experiment (T) and at 15, 30 and 45 days (T, T and T), and various indicators of growth were assessed: condition factor (K); survival percentage (S), feed conversion rate (FCR), percentage weight gain (WG) and (v) daily weight gain. The optimum dietary level was calculated assuming 5% food conversion to total weight in each group. During the experiment, the fish were provided with a commercial food containing 45% protein. The data showed that GH injection resulted in a greater weight gain in fish treated with 17-MT (the RGH treatment group), being particularly significant increase in weight during T and T (p<0.05). High values of K were found in the R and RGH treatments during the initial days of the experiment, which may have been a consequence of the better nutritional status affecting both weight gain and growth in body length, as a result of the additive effects of 17-MT and GH. The fish in groups not treated with 17-MT and treated with 17-MT and added GH showed greater increases in WG per day, higher K values and lower FCRs than fish in the other groups, which suggests that greater feed efficiency occurred in the hormone-treated fish. Fish in the RGH treatment showed the most growth, suggesting a possible interaction between 17-MT and injected GH.

Actualmente, durante el crecimiento de los peces existe poco conocimiento sobre los efectos de la interacción de la hormona del crecimiento (HC) con 17 α-metiltestosterona (17-MT). En el presente estudio los peces en dos lotes de tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) (5.0cm de longitud), fueron asignados al azar por triplicado a tres tratamientos y un grupo control, distribuidos en 12 tanques de fibra de vidrio de 1 000 litros (50 peces por tanque), en un período de seis semanas. Los tratamientos fueron: a) peces tratados con 17-MT+HC en aceite mineral (RGH), b) peces tratados con 17-MT+aceite mineral sin la adición de HC (R), c) los peces que no fueron tratados con 17-MT-tratado+HC en aceite mineral (NGH), y d) los peces que no fueron tratados con 17-MT+aceite mineral (N). La hormona de crecimiento humano recombinante (Humatrope, Eli Lilly & Co., Windlesham, Inglaterra), se inyectó en el pez con una dosis de 0.625mg por gramo de peso corporal. Los datos morfométricos se registraron al comienzo del experimento (T) y en los días 15, 30 y 45 (T, T y T), Se registraron diversos indicadores de crecimiento: factor de condición (K), porcentaje de supervivencia (S), la tasa de conversión alimenticia (FCR), porcentaje de ganancia de peso (GP) y el aumento de peso al día. El nivel óptimo dietético fue calculado suponiendo 5% de conversión de alimentos al peso total de cada grupo. Durante el experimento fue usada una dieta comercial con el 45% de proteína. De los resultados presentados, es evidente que la inyección de HC dio lugar a una mayor ganancia de peso en el 17-MT-los peces tratados (el grupo de tratamiento RGH), y la diferencia fue significativa, tanto en T y T (p<0.05) para ambas comparaciones. De manera similar, los altos valores de K se presentaron en los tratamientos R y RGH durante los primeros días de cultivo. Esto puede haber sido asociado con un mejor estado nutricional que afectó tanto el desarrollo de peso y la longitud del cuerpo del pez, como resultado del efecto aditivo de 17-MT y GH. Los tratamientos no andrógenos y los grupos tratados con andrógenos y con HC mostraron un mayor incremento en la ganancia de peso por día, los mayores valores de K y menores tasas de conversión del alimento, lo que sugiere una mayor eficiencia de la alimentación en los peces tratados con hormonas. Peces en el tratamiento RGH mostraron el mayor crecimiento, lo que sugiere una posible interacción entre el 17 de α-metiltestosterona (17-MT) y hormona de crecimiento inyectada.

Salinidade da água e suplementação alimentar com microalga marinha no crescimento e masculinização de tilápia do Nilo / Water salinity and food supplementation with marine microalgae on growth and masculinization of nile Tilapia

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência da salinidade da água e suplementação alimentar com Spirulina platensis no crescimento e masculinização de Oreochromis niloticus, tilápia do Nilo. Na primeira fase, além da S. platensis, foi ofertada ração microparticulada (50% PB; 4500 Kcal/kg) contendo o andrógeno 17-α- metiltestosterona. Na segunda etapa, as tilápias foram cultivadas por mais 32 dias em água doce, alimentadas apenas com ração (38% PB; 1900 Kcal/kg). Os delineamentos foram divididos em três tratamentos com cinco repetições cada. Os animais (peso inicial: 0,01 ± 0,02 g, comprimento inicial: 1,0 ± 0,03 cm) ao final de 28 dias apresentaram crescimento médio em peso e crescimento total em comprimento de 1,64 ± 0,10 g e 4,84 ± 0,24 cm; 1,59 ± 0,18 g e 4,94 ± 0,12 cm e 1,58 ± 0,09 g e 4,84 ± 0,02 cm para as salinidades 0, 15 e 25 g.L-1, respectivamente. A masculinização mais satisfatória foi alcançada pelos peixes cultivados a 15 g.L-1, ao qual obtiveram 90% de machos. A análise de variância não evidenciou diferenças significativas (p>0,05) entre os tratamentos para o desenvolvimento em ambas as fases de cultivo e para a taxa de masculinização ao final do experimento. As salinidades testadas não interferiram no desempenho dos peixes, propondo que a microalga S. platensis pode ser utilizada com êxito como suplemento alimentar para tilápias do Nilo nas condições testadas.

The aim of this study was evaluate the influence of water salinity and diet supplemented with Spirulina platensis on growth and masculinization of Nile tilapia. In the first phase, in addition to S. platensis, was offered microparticulate diet (50% CP, 4500 Kcal/kg) containing 17-α-methyltestosterone androgen. In the second phase, the tilapias were cultivated for 32 days in fresh water, fed only with ration (38% CP, 1900 kcal/kg). The designs were divided into three treatments with five replicates each. The animals (initial weight: 0,01 ± 0,02 g, initial length: 1,0 ± 0,03 cm) after 28 days showed average weight growth and total length growth of 1,64 ± 0,10 g; 4,84 ± 0,24 cm, 1,59 ± 0,18 g; 4,94 ± 0,12 cm, 1,58 ± 0,09 g; 4,84 ± 0,02 cm, in salinities 0, 15 and 25 g.L-1, respectively. The indices of improvement sexual inducing were achieved by animals cultured at 15 g.L-1, which reached 90% of masculinization. Analysis of variance showed no significant differences (p>0,05) among treatments for development in cultivation phases both and the masculinization rate in the experiment final. The salinities tested did not interfere with the performance of fish, suggesting that the microalgae S. platensis can be successfully used as a food supplement for Nile tilapia in the tested conditions.

Terapia hormonal e sexualidade em mulheres na pós-menopausa / Hormone therapy and sexuality in postmenopausal women

Avaliação dos efeitos da terapia estro-progestacional isolada ou associada à metiltestosterona, na sexualidade e nos sintomas climatéricos, em mulheres saudáveis na pós-menopausa. Realizou-se estudo de coorte progressiva, duplo-cego, randomizado, com duração de 12 meses, utilizando estrogênios conjugados 0,625 mg e acetato de medroxiprogesterona 2,5 mg associados a metiltestosterona 2 mg (n=31) ou a placebo (n=29). Ambos os tratamentos aumentaram o desejo sexual vinculado, exclusivamente, às atividades desenvolvidas com o parceiro, a excitação, a capacidade orgástica e a freqüência sexual e reduziram a secura vaginal, a dispareunia e os sintomas climatéricos. A associação da metiltestosterona resultou em maior interesse sexual não vinculado, exclusivamente, às atividades com o parceiro e em aumento dos índices de Castelli I e II. /An analysis was conducted of the effects of estrogen-progesterone therapy, prescribed singly or associated with methyltestosterone, on sexuality and climacteric symptoms in healthy postmenopausal women. A progressive, double-blind, randomized cohort series over a 12 month period was realized, employing conjugated estrogens 0,625mg and medroxyprogesterone acetate 2,5mg together with methyltestosterone 2mg (n=31) or placebo (n=29). Both treatments increased sexual desire – linked exclusively to activities developed with the partner – excitation, orgasmic capacity and sexual frequency and they reduced vaginal dryness, dyspareunia and climacteric symptoms. Association of methyltestosterone resulted in major sexual interest, not linked exclusively to activities with the partner, and an increase in Castelli I and II indexes...