Screening of lysine production by Escherichia coli and Klebsiella isolates at different carbon sources

Lysine is an essential amino acid that is not biologically manufactured in the body. Different chemical methods for lysine production are expensive and give low yields. The present study was conducted with the purpose to evaluate the biochemical production of lysine by different carbon sources using bacterial isolates. Three carbon sources namely glucose, sucrose, and fructose were used to evaluate the biochemical production of lysine by Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. isolates. Optimum incubation periods were between 48-96 hours. An extensive amount of lysine was produced by all of these isolates in L6 fermentation medium. Maximum lysine was produced by Klebsiella isolate K1 6.48 g/L after 96 hours of incubation by using glucose as carbon source followed by 6.0 g/L by Klebsiella isolates K3 after 72 hours of incubation when sucrose was used as a carbon source at 37 °C. Highest amount of lysine was produced at 96 hours by Klebsiella isolates in addition to E. coli. From all three carbon sources using Klebsiella isolates and E. coli, glucose showed better lysine production.

Aplicación tópica de ácido tranexámico en urología: ¿Una alternativa de manejo? / Topical Application of Tranexamic Acid in Urology: An Alternative Management?

Los agentes antifibrinolíticos, como el ácido tranexámico, por medio de su administración endovenosa se usan en distintos procedimientos quirúrgicos para prevenir la pérdida de sangrado perioperatorio.[1] Este medicamento es un derivado sintético análogo de la lisina que bloquea los sititos de unión de la lisina en el plasminógeno, inhibiendo su conversión a plasmina e interfiriendo en la fibrinólisis.[2] La aplicación del ácido tranexámico para disminuir el riesgo de sangrado ha sido utilizado en procedimientos urológicos como la resección transuretral prostática (RTUP), prostatectomía radical y nefrolitotomía percutánea (NLP),[3] [4] [5] también se emplea para disminuir las hematurias persistentes en pacientes con poliquistosis renal y en otras hematurias macroscópicas de origen urológico.

Antifibrinolytic agents, such as tranexamic acid, by intravenous administration are used in various surgical procedures to prevent perioperative bleeding loss.[1] This drug is a synthetic lysine analog derivative that blocks the lysine binding sites on plasminogen, inhibiting its conversion to plasmin and interfering with fibrinolysis.[2] The application of tranexamic acid to reduce the risk of bleeding has been used in urological procedures such as transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), radical prostatectomy and nephrolithotomy. The application of tranexamic acid to reduce the risk of bleeding has been used in urological procedures such as transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), radical prostatectomy and percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL),[3] [4] [5] it is also used to reduce persistent hematuria in patients with polycystic kidney disease and other macroscopic hematuria of urological origin.

Avaliação nutricional e metabólica de borregas alimentadas com níveis crescentes de aminoácidos protegidos / [Nutritional and metabolic evaluation of feeding lambs with growing levels of protein amino acids]

Objetivou-se avaliar a inclusão de níveis de lisina e metionina protegidas na dieta sobre os parâmetros nutricionais e metabólicos energéticos e hepáticos de borregas em crescimento. Utilizaram-se cinco borregas ½ sangue Dorper x Santa Inês, com aproximadamente oito meses de idade e peso médio de 50 ± 2,3kg, distribuídas em esquema quadrado latino 5x5 (cinco tratamentos, cinco animais e cinco períodos). Os tratamentos consistiram na inclusão de diferentes níveis de lisina e metionina protegidas da degradação ruminal (MicroPEARLS LM®) na ração, sendo: 0g, 8g, 16g, 24g e 32g por dia. A dieta era composta por silagem de milho e concentrado na relação 30V:70C. Realizou-se um ensaio de digestibilidade para determinar consumo e digestibilidade da matéria seca (CMS/DGMS), balanço de nitrogênio e metabólitos sanguíneos. O CMS (kg/dia) em relação ao peso metabólico apresentou equação linear positiva, sendo maior no tratamento que ofertou 32g de aminoácidos por dia, assim como o nitrogênio ingerido e o balanço de nitrogênio, sendo positivo em todos os tratamentos. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) para a digestibilidade da MS e o metabolismo energético e hepático. Lisina e metionina protegidas da degradação ruminal podem ser incluídas na ração de borregas em crescimento até 32g/dia sem causar efeitos negativos na digestibilidade da MS e no metabolismo.(AU)

The objective was to evaluate the inclusion of protected lysine and methionine levels on the diet, over the nutritional parameters and energetic and hepatic metabolites of growing lambs. Five lambs ½ blood Dorper x Santa Inês, with approximately eight months of age and average weight of 50kg, were distributed in a 5x5 latin square scheme (five treatments and five replicates). The treatments consisted of the inclusion of different levels of lysine and methionine protected from ruminal degradation (MicroPEARLS LM®) in the diet, being: 0g, 8g, 16g, 24g and 32g. The diet was composed of corn silage and concentrated 30V:70C in the ratio. A digestibility assay was performed to determine dry matter intake and digestibility (DMI/DDMI), nitrogen balance and blood metabolites. The DMI (kg/day) in relation to the metabolic weight had a positive linear equation, being higher in treatment 32g, as well as the ingested nitrogen and nitrogen balance, being positive in all treatments. There was no difference (P>0.05) for the digestibility of DM, energetic and hepatic metabolism. Lysine and methionine protected from ruminal degradation can be included in the diet of growing lambs up to 32g without causing negative effects on DM digestibility and metabolism.(AU)

Efeito dos níveis de lisina/proteína ideal sobre desempenho, características de carcaça, digestibilidade e parâmetros sanguíneos de suínos machos, castrados, da raça Duroc, de 30kg a 50kg / [Effects of lysine/ideal protein level on performance, carcass characteristics, digestibility and blood parameters of Duroc barrows from 30 to 50kg]

Objetivou-se avaliar níveis de proteína e aminoácidos, mantendo-se as relações entre os aminoácidos para suínos machos, castrados, de30kg a 50kg. Foram utilizados 50 suínos machos, castrados, com peso inicial de 30,35±1,96kg, distribuídos em delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e cinco repetições com dois animais por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos consistiram em níveis de lisina digestível, mantendo-se a relação com os demais aminoácidos digestíveis: 0,73%; 0,83%; 0,93%; 1,03% e 1,13% na dieta. Avaliou-se desempenho, avaliação de carcaça, parâmetros sanguíneos e digestibilidade das dietas. Houve efeito quadrático para ganho de peso, conversão alimentar e níveis de creatinina em função dos níveis de lisina, com níveis ótimos estimados em 0,92%, 0,93% e 0,93%, respectivamente. As características de carcaça não foram influenciadas significativamente pelos tratamentos. Constatou-se efeito linear positivo para digestibilidade aparente da proteína bruta, da proteína total e da ureia sérica. Conclui-se que os níveis de proteína e lisina digestível recomendados para dietas de suínos machos, castrados, da raça Duroc, na fase de crescimento I, são de 16,70% e 0,93%, respectivamente, pois esses níveis proporcionaram melhorias no ganho de peso, na conversão alimentar e na creatinina sérica.(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate digestible lysine levels, keeping the relation among amino acids for Duroc barrows from 30 to 50kg. Fifty Duroc barrows (30.35±1.96kg live weight) were allotted in a completely randomized experimental design, divided in five treatments with five replicates and two animals in each experimental unit. The treatments consisted of digestible lysine levels (0.73%; 0.83%; 0.93%; 1.03% and 1.13%), keeping the relation with other essential amino acids. Performance, carcass characteristics, blood parameters and digestibility of the diets were evaluated. There was a quadratic response on weight gain, feed conversion and creatinine serum concentration as a function of the digestible lysine levels, with the greater levels obtained at 0.92%, 0.93% and 0.93%, respectively. The carcass characteristics were not influenced by the treatments. There was a linear increase of apparent digestibility of crude protein, total serum protein and urea. Results suggest that the requirement of protein and digestible lysine was 16.70% and 0.93%, respectively, providing improvements on weight gain, feed conversion and creatinine serum concentration of Duroc barrows in the growth phase.(AU)

Exigência de lisina digestível de frangos de corte machos de 22 a 42 dias de idade / Digestible lysine levels of male broilers from 22 to 42 days of age

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a exigência de lisina digestível para frangos de corte machos sob as características de desempenho, composição corporal e rendimento de carcaça dos animais, de 22 a 42 dias de idade. As dietas diferiram quanto aos níveis de lisina digestível, mantendo-se a relação dos demais aminoácidos com a lisina. Foram utilizados seis níveis de lisina digestível: 0,88%; 0,96%; 1,05%; 1,13%; 1,22%; e 1,30%. Distribuídos em 36 unidades experimentais de 36 aves cada, 1296 animais da linhagem Cobb - 500® tiveram as seguintes características de desempenho avaliadas: consumo de ração (CR), peso corporal (PC), ganho de peso (GP), conversão alimentar (CA), viabilidade criatória (VC) e índice de eficiência produtiva (IEP). Aos 42 dias de idade, foram selecionadas ao acaso cinco aves para avaliação do rendimento de carcaça, e duas para avaliação da composição corporal. A CA, o IEP e o rendimento de peito foram influenciados, sendo sua exigência de 1,30%, sugerindo que níveis maiores de lisina digestível que as recomendações utilizadas como base neste estudo (1,13%) trouxeram benefícios aos animais sobre essas características.(AU)

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the optimal levels of digestible lysine in the diet of male broilers, evaluating performance characteristics, body composition, and carcass yield of the animals in the final phase (22 to 42 days old). The diets differed in digestible lysine content, maintaining the relation among the other amino acids and lysine in accordance with the ideal protein concept. The six levels of digestible lysine in the diet were: 0.88%; 0.96%; 1.05%; 1.13%; 1.22%, and 1.30%. A total of 1296 animals were employed, distributed in 36 experimental units of 36 birds each. The determined performance characteristics corresponded to feed intake (FI), body weight (BW), weight gain (WG), feed conversion (FC), viability (VB), and productive efficiency index (PEI). At 42 days of age seven birds per experimental unit were selected at random, five for the estimation of yield and total carcass and commercial cut weight, and two for the evaluation of body composition. FC, animal breast yield and PEI weres influenced with requirements of 1.30%. With respect to nationally known recommendations regarding digestible lysine (1.13%), higher levels of the amino acid in the diet have brought benefits regarding the characteristics above.(AU)

Estimación del balance de metionina y lisina metabolizable en vacas de leche en pastoreo / Estimation of the balance of metabolizable lysine and methionine for grazing dairy cows

RESUMEN Objetivos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estimar en vacas en pastoreo, tanto la reproducibilidad como la precisión del balance de metionina (Met) y lisina (Lis), aminoácidos más limitantes en la producción de leche, cuando se comparan los valores predichos versus los valores observados. Materiales y métodos. Se usaron 12 vacas durante un periodo de 20 días. Control: animales pastoreando y suplementados con alimento balanceado; Met-Lis: igual al control y el suplemento se ajustó con Lis y Met protegida. Para los valores predichos para la suplementación de Met y Lis, se tuvo en cuenta el promedio del consumo de materia seca (CMS) del hato, basado en la oferta y el consumo de pasto y los valores de proteína microbiana. Los valores observados se determinaron con base en el CMS individual usando marcadores externos e internos, además, la producción individual de proteína microbiana. Se realizó una prueba de t pareada y un modelo de predicción para determinar la eficiencia fue determinado usando el error cuadrático medio de predicción (ECMP) y el coeficiente de concordancia (CCC). Resultados. Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre la suplementación y el balance de Met y Lis, entre los valores predichos y los valores observados para el CMS del forraje, la digestibilidad de la proteína microbiana, la producción de proteína microbiana, el suministro y el balance de Lis y Met. El CCC del balance de Lis y Met fue bajo (0.10), el ECMP fue alto, excepto para el CMS, que tuvo una concordancia moderada (0.63) y un bajo ECMP(4.42). Conclusiones. Estos resultados demuestran la falta de precisión de las herramientas que se usan para balancear las raciones individuales de vacas en pastoreo, ya que subestiman la suplementación y el balance de los aminoácidos.

ABSTRACT Objective. The aim of this study was to determine in grazing cows, the reproducibility and accuracy of the balance between predicted values, when compared with the observed values for the most limiting amino acids in milk protein synthesis, the methionine (Met) and Lysine (Lys). Materials and methods. Twelve lactating cows were used for a 20-day experimental period. Control: animals grazing and supplemented with balanced food; Met-Lys: same as control and supplemented with adjusted rumen protected Met and Lys. For Met and Lys supply predicted values, it was taking in account the average of the dry matter intake (DMI) of the herd, based in offer and foraging control and values of microbial protein data. Observed values were determined based in the individual DMI intake, using external and internal markers and the individual microbial protein production. A t-paired-sample test was performed and the efficiency of the model's prediction was determined using the mean square prediction error (MSPE) and the concordance coefficient (CCC). Results. Significant differences were found between the predicted and observed values for DMI forage, digestible microbial protein and microbial protein production, supply and the balance of Lys and Met. The CCC for Lys and Met balance were low (0.10), the MSPE was high except for the total DMI with a moderate concordance (0.63) and low MSPE (4.42). Conclusions. These results indicate a lack of precision of the tools, which underestimates the supply and balance of amino acids in individual grazing cows.

Uso do cloridrato de lisina na profilaxia do herpes simples nos procedimentos faciais com tecnologias / Lysine hydrochloride use in the prophylaxis of herpes simplex in facial technology-aided procedures

Introdução: A lisina é um dos aminoácidos essenciais, cuja ação na profilaxia do herpes simples recorrente orolabial tem sido demonstrada em estudos científicos. Procedimentos de resurfacing facial com laser e outras tecnologias podem reativar quadros de herpes simples. Objetivo: Avaliar a incidência de casos de herpes orolabial em pacientes submetidos a tratamentos com lasers fracionados, ablativo e não ablativo, e microagulhamento robótico, em uso profilático de L-lisina. Métodos: Selecionada amostra de 100 pacientes a ser submetidos a profilaxia para herpes simples com L-lisina, todos reavaliados sete dias após a sessão de laser. Caso fosse verificada infecção herpética, doses de antivirais orais equivalentes às utilizadas para o tratamento do herpes-zóster seriam prescritas, conforme orienta a literatura. Resultados: Apenas 2% da amostra apresentou herpes simples após o procedimento com o uso da profilaxia com L-lisina; ambos os pacientes realizaram sessões de laser fracionado ablativo e apresentavam história prévia de infecção pelo herpes simples. Conclusões: Além do baixo custo, a L-lisina é produto natural que se mostrou seguro e eficaz na profilaxia do herpes simples em procedimentos de resurfacing, apresentando taxa de reativação viral similar ou inferior às obtidas com o uso de antivirais.

Introduction: Lysine is one of the essential amino acids, with a role in the prophylaxis of recurrent orolabial herpes simplex that has been demonstrated in scientific studies. Facial resurfacing procedures with laser and other technologies can reactive herpes simplex. Objective: To evaluate the incidence of cases of orolabial herpes in patients submitted to treatments with fractional ablative and non-ablative lasers and robotic microneedling, under prophylactic l-lysine. Methods: A sample of 100 was selected to have prophylactic l-lysine for herpes simplex. A re- -evaluation of all patients was conducted seven days after laser treatment. If herpes infection was detected, doses of oral antiviral similar to those used for herpes-zoster treatment would be prescribed, guided by the literature. Results: Only 2% of the sample demonstrated herpes simplex after the procedure with prophylactic l-lysine. Both patients underwent ablative fractional laser treatment and had past history of herpes simplex infection. Conclusions: Besides the low cost, l-lysine is a natural product that proved to be safe and effective for the prophylaxis of herpes simplex in resurfacing procedures, with a similar or lower rate of viral activation to the use of antivirals.

Red propolis and L-lysine on angiogenesis and tumor growth in a new model of hamster cheek pouch inoculated with Walker 256 tumor cells / Própolis vermelha e L-lisina na angiogênese e no crescimento tumoral em novo modelo de bolsa jugal de hamster inoculada com células de tumor de Walker 256

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the effect of red propolis and L-lysine on angiogenesis and tumor growth in a new model of hamster cheek pouch inoculated with Walker 256 tumor cells. Methods: The study consisted of two experiments with four groups each (total: 57 hamsters). In the experiment 1, the animals were inoculated with Walker tumor cells, followed by administration of test substances (red propolis 200mg/5mL/kg or L-lysine 150mg/kg) or control substances (gum arabic 5mL/kg or water 5mL/kg) for 10 days. The animals in the experiment 2 received red propolis, L-lysine, gum arabic or water at the same doses, for 33 days prior to inoculation of Walker tumor cells, followed by 10 days of treatment with the same substances. Based on single-plane images, angiogenesis was quantified (mean vascular area), in percentage, and tumor area (mm2) and perimeter (mm). Results: In the experiment 1, compared to animals receiving water, the mean vascular area expressed in percentage was significantly smaller in animal treated with propolis (p<0.05) and L-lysine (p<0.001). Conclusion: Both red propolis and L-lysine inhibited tumor angiogenesis in the new hamster cheek pouch model when administered after tumor inoculation.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito da própolis vermelha e da L-lisina na angiogênese e no crescimento tumoral em novo modelo de bolsa jugal de hamster inoculada com células de tumor de Walker 256. Métodos: O estudo consistiu em dois experimentos com quatro grupos cada (total: 57 hamsters). No experimento 1, os animais foram inoculados com células de tumor de Walker, tendo em seguida administradas as substâncias teste (própolis vermelha 200mg/5mL/kg ou L-lisina 150mg/kg) ou controle (goma arábica 5mL/kg ou água 5mL/kg) por 10 dias. Os animais do experimento 2 receberam própolis vermelha, L-lisina, goma arábica ou água nas mesmas doses, por 33 dias antes do inóculo das células de tumor de Walker, seguido por 10 dias de tratamento com as mesmas substâncias. Baseado em imagens em plano único, foram quantificados a angiogênese (área vascular média), em termos percentuais, e a área (mm2) e o perímetro (mm) do tumor. Resultados: Comparada aos animais que receberam água, a área vascular média, expressa em percentagem, foi significativamente menor nos animais tratados com própolis (p<0,05) e com L-lisina (p<0,001). Conclusão: Tanto a própolis vermelha quanto a L-lisina inibiram a angiogênese no novo modelo de bolsa jugal de hamsters, quando administradas após a inoculação do tumor.

Evaluation of the biological quality of defatted pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Cambess) seed flour protein supplemented with lysine to rats (Rattus norvegicus) / Avaliação da qualidade biológica da proteína da farinha da semente do pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Cambess) desengordurada e suplementada com lisina em ratos (Rattus norvegicus)

ABSTRACT Objective In the biome of the Brazilian Cerrado, there are a lot of fruit tree species that stand out for their sensory quality and for presenting potentialities in the market of pulp and almond. Among these species, the pequi deserves attention because it has an almond rich in proteins and that is little explored. The aim of this study was to evaluate the biological quality of defatted pequi seed flour supplemented with lysine. Methods Two designs were done in this study; in the first, the animals were divided into four diet groups: control, protein-free, defatted pequi seed flour and defatted pequi seed flour supplemented with lysine. The protein-free diet was exempt of proteins and the other diets had a protein content of 10% and differed in protein source (casein: control diet or defatted pequi seed flour: test diets). The experiment lasted for 14 days. In the second design, 36 animals were used and followed-up for 28 days. The division of the experimental groups was kept, except for the protein-free diet group, which was excluded. By the end of the test, the animals were anaesthetised and euthanized. Results The results showed that the protein efficiency ratio of the control group was significantly higher than the other groups. For the other indices, the groups that received defatted pequi seed flour did not differ statistically among themselves. Conclusion These findings have shown an effect of supplementation on the protein efficiency ratio when comparing the test diets, however, when compared to the control group, no improvement was found.

RESUMO Objetivo O bioma cerrado é rico em espécies frutíferas que destacam-se por suas qualidades sensoriais e por apresentarem potencialidades no mercado de polpas e amêndoas. Dentre essas espécies, o pequi merece atenção porque possui uma amêndoa rica em proteínas e que é pouco explorada. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade biológica da farinha da semente do pequi desengordurada e suplementada com lisina. Métodos Neste estudo foram feitos dois delineamentos: no primeiro os animais foram divididos em quatro grupos: controle, aprotéico, farinha da semente do pequi desengordurada e farinha da semente do pequi desengordurada suplementada com lisina. A dieta aprotéica era isenta de proteínas e as demais dietas apresentavam um teor de 10% de proteínas e diferiram quanto à fonte protéica (caseína: dieta controle e farinha da semente do pequi desengordurada: dietas testes). Esse experimento teve duração de 14 dias. No segundo delineamento, utilizou-se 36 animais que foram acompanhados por 28 dias, a divisão dos grupos experimentais foi mantida, exceto o grupo dieta aprotéica que foi excluído. Ao final dos experimentos, os animais foram anestesiados e eutanasiados. Resultados Os resultados mostraram que o coeficiente de eficiência protéica do grupo controle foi significativamente superior aos demais grupos. Para os demais índices biológicos de avaliação da qualidade protéica, os grupos que receberam a farinha da semente do pequi desengordurada não diferiram estatisticamente entre si. Conclusão Os achados mostraram um efeito da suplementação no coeficiente de eficiência protéica quando comparamos as dietas testes, no entanto, quando comparado ao grupo controle, não houve melhora.

Gum arabic and red propolis protecteting colorectal preneoplastic lesions in a rat model of azoxymethane

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate red propolis, gum arabic and L-lysine activity on colorectal preneoplastic lesions induced by azoxymethane (AOM). Methods: The study featured 4 control groups (I-IV) and 4 experimental groups (V-VIII), totaling 48 rats. Once a week for 2 weeks, animals on control groups received saline, while animals in experimental groups received azoxymethane (15 mg/kg i.p.). The follow up along 16 weeks included daily oral gavage to administer water (I and V), L-lysine (150 mg/kg)(II and VI), própolis (100mg/5ml/kg)(III and VII), or gum arabic (5ml/kg)(IV and VIII). Was performed surgery on the animals in the end of this time in order to collect blood for biological assays (TBARS, GSH), followed by their sacrifice to tissue extract. Results: Oxidative stress (TBARS) and the number of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in distal colon were lower using própolis (p<0.01 for both parameters). Gum arabic reduced preneoplastic lesions (ACF ≤ 4 crypts) on distal colon and on the entire colon (p<0.05). Conclusions: Red propolis reduced AOM-induced oxidative stress (TBARS) and total number of ACF in the distal colon. L-lysine neither protected against nor enhanced AOM-induced ACF. Gum arabic reduced the number of ACF.

Standardized ileal digestible lysine requirement of white commercial layers in peak egg production / Níveis de lisina digestível em rações para galinhas poedeiras leves no pico de produção

This study was conducted to determine the standardized ileal digestible lysine (SID Lys) requirements for white commercial layers in peak egg production phase. A total of two hundred eighty-eight 24 week-old Hy-Line W-36 layers were randomly assigned to one of six treatments groups, with eight replicates of six hens each. A basal diet, SID Lys-deficient, was graded supplemented with L-Lysine HCl (78.4%) in order to produce experimental treatments (6.0, 6.6, 7.2, 7.8, 8.4 and 9.0 g SID Lys/kg diet). Throughout the 16-week-feeding trial (24 to 40 weeks of age) hens had free access to water and mash feed. Data were analyzed as one-way ANOVA and optimum SID Lys level for each dependent variable assessed were estimated using polynomial and linear broken-line regression model. Feed intake and SID Lys intake were both linearly enhanced by graded SID Lys levels. According to linear broken-line regression model, the breakpoint for egg production, egg weight, and egg mass occurred at 8.14, 8.56 and 8.35 g SID Lys/kg diet, respectively. The breakpoint for feed conversion per egg mass (kg/kg) and per dozen of eggs (kg/dozen) occurred at 8.48 and 7.80 g SID Lys/kg diet, respectively. Eggshell weight and albumen weight were unaffected by dietary SID Lys supply. Weight gain and yolk weight reached optimum values at 8.33 and 8.03 g SID Lys/kg diet, respectively, according to linear broken-line regression model. In conclusion, SID Lys requirement for white commercial layers in peak egg production phase is 8.48 g/kg diet, which corresponds to an average daily SID Lys intake of 813 mg/hen.

Este estudo foi realizado para determinar a exigência de lisina digestível para galinhas poedeiras leves no pico de postura. Foram utilizadas 288 poedeiras Hy Line W-36 durante o período de 24 a 40 semanas de idade. As poedeiras foram distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com seis níveis de lisina digestível (6,0; 6,6; 7,2; 7,8; 8,4 e 9,0 g/kg de ração), oito repetições e seis aves por unidade experimental. Os níveis de lisina digestível na ração proporcionaram aumento linear do consumo de ração e de lisina digestível. O modelo Linear Response Plateau (LRP) foi o que melhor representou a distribuição dos dados para produção e peso dos ovos, ocorrendo os platôs nos níveis de lisina digestível de 8,14 e 8,56 g/kg, respectivamente. Para massa dos ovos e conversões alimentares por massa e por dúzia de ovos, os platôs ocorreram nos níveis de 8,35; 8,48 e 7,80 g/kg de lisina digestível, respectivamente. Os pesos de casca e de albúmen não foram influenciados pelos níveis de lisina da ração. O ganho de peso das aves e o peso de gema atingiram, respectivamente, os platôs nos níveis de 8,33 e 8,03 g/kg de lisina digestível. A exigência de lisina digestível para galinhas poedeiras leves no pico de postura é de 8,48 g/kg de ração, que corresponde ao consumo diário de lisina digestível de 813 mg/ave.

Evaluación piloto de la reducción de niveles séricos de productos de glicación avanzada (AGEs) sobre la electrofisiología de la visión, en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 / Pilot evaluation of the serum levels reduction of advanced glication products (AGEs) on the vision electrophysiology in type 2 diabetic patients

BACKGROUND: Diabetic vascular complications are associated with elevated concentrations of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). These substances can be originated endogenously by hyperglycaemia and oxidative stress, but also by dietary intake. There is indirect evidence suggesting that these complications can be prevented by lowering AGEs levels by dietary or pharmacological interventions, however its clinical benefits are still not clear enough because this would require long periods of treatment. Specific neuro-ophthalmologic tests like Multifocal Electroretinogram (MFERG) and visual evoked potentials (VEP) can detect retinal and myelinic nerve early changes, and thus could represent good methods to study the results of certain interventions in shorter lapses. The aim of this preliminary study was to evaluate the effects of a pharmacological intervention designed to lower AGEs levels, on these variables. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We included 7 patients with type 2 diabetes (DM2), with more than 5 and less than 10 years of disease, without clinically evident micro and macrovascular disease, without renal failure, hypothyroidism nor vitamin B12 deficiency, whose AGEs dietary intake was moderately elevated or high (according to dietary recalls). Upon admission, a clinical evaluation, urine and blood samples were obtained for routine labs, plus ultrasensitive C Reactive Protein (usCRP) as an inflammatory marker, and carboxymethyl-lysine (CML) as representative of AGEs. Then a complete ophthalmologic evaluation was performed, including fundus, MFERG and VEP. After the initial evaluation, placebo capsules were prescribed (12 daily capsules, 4 with each main meal) during 3 months, repeating the same initial evaluation at completion of this period. Then the active treatment followed, with capsules containing cholestyramine (4 capsules containing 500 mg each, totaling 6 g per day). Patients were cited each month, to register adverse events and repeating the same evaluation after this second 3 months period. RESULTS: The sample was composed of 2 male patients, mean age was 55.1 ± 3.8 years, and diabetes was managed with metformin plus other oral agents or o insulin (4 cases). In addition, 4 patients received lipid lowering and 4 antihypertensive drugs. Metabolic control and lipid levels were variable (ranges of HbA1c 6.2-8.4%, LDL cholesterol 45-141 mg/dL, triglycerides 70-220 mg/dL). AGEs levels represented by CML were highly variable (median 31.7, range min-max 3.4-58.9 ug/uL). Basal usCRP was also variable (median 405.9, range min-max 265.6-490.7 mg/L). The treatment was well tolerated, except for mild constipation associated with cholestiramine intake. No significant changes in electroretinography or evoked potentials were observed when comparing the initial placebo period with cholestyramine treatment. A significant increase in triglyceride levels and decrease of vitamin D levels after cholestyramine treatment was observed. No changes were detected in serum concentrations of CML, usCRP or glycemic control, after treatment. The latter variables were not correlated with neurophthalmologic studies. DISCUSSION: In this preliminary study we did not observe changes in MFERG nor VEP after 6 g/day cholestyramine treatment, which did not induce lowering of CML levels. This could be attributed to the many limitations of a pilot study, such as a small sample size, short duration of treatment, reduced doses. However this design allowed to evaluate the patients´ tolerance to the drug and rule out adverse effects, in order to plan further studies using the necessary doses to obtain lowering of AGEs

Transitional metaplasia in intestinal epithelium of rats submitted to intestinal cystoplasty and treatment with L -lysine

Abstract Purpose: To evaluated the effects of L-lysine on the intestinal and urothelial epithelia in cystoplasty in rats. Methods: Twenty-eight 9-week-old rats were assigned to 4 groups: Group A (n=8) cystoplasty followed by administration of L-lysine (150 mg/kg body weight by gavage) for 30 weeks; Group B (n=8) cystoplasty + water for 30 weeks; Group C (n=6) L-lysine for 30 weeks; Group D (n=6) water for 30 weeks. Results: On histopathology with hematoxylin and eosin, mild to moderate hyperplasia transitional was observed in at the site of anastomosis in all animals submitted to cystoplasty (Groups A and B), but "transitional metaplasia" of the intestinal glandular epithelium was more accentuated in Group A (p=0.045). No inflammatory cells, dysplasia or abnormalities were observed. Staining with Alcian blue revealed a substantial reduction of goblet cells and mucins in the colon segment (Groups A and B). Conclusion: The administration of L-lysine to rats accelerated the development of transitional metaplasia in the epithelium of the colon segment in cystoplasty.

Estimação de valores genéticos para codornas europeias em função dos níveis da relação treonina: lisina da dieta: do nascimento aos 21 dias de idade / Estimation of breeding values for European quails in function of threonine: lysine ratios of diet: from birth to 21 days of age

O presente trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a sensibilidade dos valores genéticos dos pesos corporais e as características de carcaças de codornas europeias às mudanças do gradiente ambiental (níveis da relação treonina com a lisina das dietas), do nascimento aos 21 dias de idade, por meio de modelos de regressão aleatória com diferentes classes de variância residual. Os dados utilizados neste estudo são provenientes de 915 codornas de corte da linhagem LF1 e 839 da linhagem LF2, pertencentes ao Programa de Melhoramento Genético da Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri. Foram avaliados os pesos corporais e os rendimentos da carcaça das aves. As sensibilidades dos valores genéticos às mudanças nos níveis da relação treonina:lisina (interação genótipo x ambiente) foram obtidas por modelos de regressão aleatória (utilizando normas de reação) por meio do programa Wombat, que utiliza o princípio da máxima verossimilhança restrita (REML). O modelo de regressão aleatória que considerou duas classes de variância residual foi o mais indicado para a maioria das análises realizadas. Verificaram-se alterações na classificação dos valores genéticos para as duas linhagens de codornas de corte estudadas. Esse comportamento indica sensibilidade de valores genéticos aditivos às mudanças nutricionais, o que caracteriza a existência de interação genótipo x ambiente. A predição dos valores genéticos deve ser feita com o mesmo nível da relação treonina:lisina da dieta com a qual as codornas serão alimentadas no sistema de produção.(AU)

This research was carried out to evaluate the sensitivity of breeding values of body weight and carcass traits in two lines of European quails (LF1 and LF2) to changes in the environment gradient (levels of threonine: lysine ratio of diets) from hatch to 21 days of age in two lines LF1 and LF2 using Random Regression Models with different classes of residual variance. Records are from 915 quails of line LF1 and 839 of line LF2 belonging to the Breeding Improvement Program of Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri. Live body weight and weights and yields of carcass, breast, and thigh and drumstick were measured. The sensitivities of breeding values to changes in threonine: lysine ratios (genotype x environment interaction) of diets were obtained by random regression models (reaction model) using the WOMBAT program using the Restricted Maximum Likelihood principle. Model considering two classes of residual variance showed the best goodness of fit. The Reaction Norms analyses indicated changes in the ranking of breeding values for both lines suggesting quails selected in one level of threonine: lysine ratio will not express all their genetic potential if fed different threonine: lysine ratio diets. This behavior indicates sensitivity of breeding values to changes in the nutrition characterizing the genotype by environment interaction. The prediction of breeding values must be performed using the same level of threonine: lysine ratio in diet the quails will be fed in the production system.(AU)

Development and characterization of hyaluronic acid-lysine nanoparticles with potential as innovative dermal filling

ABSTRACT Skin aging causes changes such as wrinkles and flaccidity leading to a large demand for aesthetic procedures, including dermal filling. A key agent in dermal filling is hyaluronic acid (HA), which is a naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan. However, it is a hydrophilic macromolecule that experiences great difficulty in crossing the skin barrier causing most commercial formulations containing it to be injectable, which in turn brings risks since they involve an invasive technique. In that sense, the aim of this study was to develop and characterize nanoparticles obtained from ionic interaction between HA and lysine (Lys) for use as a potential agent of dermal filling for topical application, increasing and improving its applicability and safety. To this end, nanoparticles were obtained by dripping of Lys over HA under magnetic stirring. A nanometric size was confirmed and a suitable surface charge was obtained by zeta potential. Nanoparticles were almost spherical in shape with a smooth surface. Interaction between raw materials for preparing nanoparticles was studied by FTIR and NMR spectroscopy and an ionic interaction was confirmed. These physicochemical features suggest that obtained nanoparticles can be further used as a topical dermal filling.

Carcinogenesis in rats subjected to a new model ureterosigmoidostomy and treated with L-lysine

ABSTRACT PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of L-lysine on the intestinal and urothelial epithelium of rats subjected to ureterosigmoidostomy (new model for surgical carcinogenesis). METHODS: Forty-two rats, 9 weeks of age, were divided into 6 groups. Animals in groups A, B, C were subjected to ureterosigmoidostomy (US) and treated with L-lysine, celecoxib and H2O, respectively. Groups D, E and F (non-operated controls) received L-lysine, celecoxib and H2O, respectively. The L-lysine dose was 150 mg/kg and that of celecoxib was 20 mg/kg. The colon was analyzed for the presence of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) under a stereomicroscope.The tissue was stained with hematoxylin and eosin and PAS alcian blue. RESULTS: There were rare ACF, and there was no statistically significant difference between the groups. Histopathologic study of the ureteral epithelium identified moderate to severe urothelial hyperplasia in rats with ureterosigmoidostomy. Transitional hyperplasia in the ureters of animals receiving L-lysine (A) showed an apparent difference compared to the control (C) (P=0.2424). There was no dysplasia or atypia CONCLUSION: L-lysine does not promote carcinogenesis of the intestinal and urethelial epithelium of rats subjected to ureterosigmoidostomy at the doses and times studied.

Lisina digestível na ração de frangos de corte tipo caipira na fase de crescimento / Dietary digestible lysine in free-range broiler chickens during the growth phase

O presente experimento foi conduzido para determinar as exigências de lisina digestível para frangos de corte (linhagem Redbro), machos e fêmeas, durante o período de crescimento. Foram utilizados 630 frangos, alojados em 30 boxes com acesso à área de pastejo. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 5x2 (lisina e sexo), e três repetições com 21 aves cada. Os níveis de lisina digestível avaliados foram: 7,07; 8,07; 9,07; 10,07 e 11,07g/kg. Avaliou-se o consumo de lisina, o consumo de ração, o ganho de peso e a conversão alimentar. Observou-se efeito de interação (P<0,05) entre os níveis de lisina e sexo para o ganho de peso. Houve efeito (P<0,01) dos níveis de lisina sobre o consumo de lisina, o ganho de peso e a conversão alimentar. Verificou-se que todas as variáveis foram influenciadas (P<0,05) pelo sexo dos frangos. Recomendam-se 10,08 e 9,49g de lisina digestível/kg de ração, correspondendo ao consumo estimado de 21 e 20g de lisina, para machos e fêmeas, respectivamente, para melhor ganho de peso das aves. Para melhor conversão alimentar, recomendam-se 9,61g de lisina digestível/kg, para frangos de ambos os sexos, correspondendo ao consumo estimado de 20g de lisina.(AU)

This experiment was conducted to determine the requirements of digestible lysine in male and female free-range broiler chickens (Redbro lineage) during the growth phase. Six hundred and thirty broiler chickens were allocated in 30 pens with access to the pasture area. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 5x2 (lysine and gender) factorial arrangement with 3 repetitions with 21 chickens each. The levels of digestible lysine evaluated were: 7.07, 8.07, 9.07, 10.07 and 11.07g/kg. The performance traits evaluated were lysine intake, feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio. An interaction effect (P<0.05) was observed between dietary lysine level and gender for body weight gain. There was an effect (P<0.01) of the levels of lysine on lysine intake, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio. It was found that all the variables were affected (P<0.05) for the gender of chickens. We recommended 10.08 and 9.49 g of digestible lysine/kg diet, corresponding to the estimated intake of 21 and 20g of lysine, for males and females, respectively, for better body weight gain of chickens. For better feed conversion ratio, the recommendation is of 9.61 g of lysine/kg of diets, for chickens of both genders, corresponding to the estimated intake of 20g of lysine.(AU)

Bladder carcinogenesis in rats subjected to ureterosigmoidostomy and treated with L-lysine / Carcinogênese de bexiga em ratas submetidas à ureterossigmoidostomia tratadas com L-lisina

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the effect of L-lysine in the bladder and intestinal epithelia in rats submitted to vesicosigmoidostomy. Methods: we divided forty Wistar rats into four groups: group I - control group (Sham); group II - submitted to vesicosigmoidostomy and treated with L-lysine 150mg/kg; group III - submitted only to vesicosigmoidostomy; and group IV - received L-lysine 150mg/kg. After eight weeks the animals were sacrificed. Results: in the bladders of all operated animals we observed simple, papillary and nodular hyperplasia of transitional cells, transitional cell papillomas and squamous metaplasia. As for the occurrence of aberrant crypt foci in the colons of operated animals, we did not observe statistically significant differences in any of the distal, proximal and medium fragments, or in all fragments together (p=1.0000). Conclusion: Although statistically there was no promotion of carcinogenesis in the epithelia of rats treated with L-lysine in the observed time, it was clear the histogenesis of bladder carcinogenesis in its initial phase in all operated rats, this being probably associated with chronic infection and tiny bladder stones.

RESUMO Objetivo: o objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar o efeito da L-lisina nos epitélios vesical e intestinal de ratas submetidas à vesicossigmoidostomia. Métodos: quarenta ratas Wistar, foram divididas em quatro grupos: grupo I- grupo controle (Sham); grupo II- submetido à vesicossigmoidostomia e tratado com L-lisina 150mg/kg; grupo III- submetido apenas à vesicossigmoidostomia; e grupo IV- recebeu L-lisina 150mg/kg. Após oito semanas os animais foram sacrificados. Resultados: na bexiga de todos os animais operados observou-se hiperplasia simples, papilar e nodular de células transicionais, papiloma de células transicionais e metaplasia escamosa. Quanto à ocorrência de focos de criptas aberrantes nos colos dos animais operados, não foi evidenciado diferença estatística significante em nenhum dos fragmentos distal, proximal e médio, e todos juntos (P=1,0000). Conclusão: apesar de, estatisticamente, não ter havido promoção de carcinogênese nos epitélios dos ratos tratados com L-lisina, no tempo observado, é nítida a histogênese da carcinogênese de bexiga em sua fase inicial, no epitélio vesical, em todos os ratos operados, estando esta provavelmente associada à infecção crônica e aos diminutos cálculos vesicais.

Exigência de lisina digestível para poedeiras semipesadas de 50 a 66 semanas de idade / Digestible lysine requirement for laying hens from 50 to 66 weeks of age

Com o objetivo de determinar a exigência de lisina digestível para poedeiras semipesadas no período de 50 a 66 semanas de idade, foi realizado experimento utilizando-se 150 poedeiras Shaver Brown, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos (níveis de lisina digestível: 0,79; 0,82; 0,85; 0,88 e 0,91%), seis repetições e cinco aves por unidade experimental. Foram avaliados a produção de ovos, peso médio e a massa de ovos, consumo de ração e de lisina, conversão alimentar por massa e por dúzia de ovos, gravidade específica, unidade Haugh, o índice de gema e albúmen, porcentagem de albúmen, gema e casca. O consumo de ração, a conversão alimentar por massa e dúzia de ovos, a produção, o peso e a massa de ovos não foram influenciados (P>0,05) pelos níveis de lisina digestível. Houve aumento linear no consumo de lisina (P<0,01) com o incremento dos níveis desse aminoácido nas rações. As porcentagens de albúmen, gema e casca não foram influenciadas (P>0,05) pelos níveis de lisina digestível estudados. Os níveis de lisina influenciaram de forma quadrática (P>0,05) a unidade Haugh e o índice de albúmen, sendo estimados os níveis de 0,884 e 0,868% de lisina digestível, respectivamente. Para o índice de gema, a associação do modelo quadrático ao Linear Response Plateau (LRP) estimou o nível de 0,903% de lisina digestível. Quando o objetivo é maximizar a qualidade interna dos ovos, recomenda-se o nível dietético de 0,884%, 0,868% e 0,903% de lisina digestível para unidade Haugh, índice de albúmen e índice de gema, respectivamente.

With the objective of determining the requirement of digestible lysine for brown-egg laying hens in the period from 50 to 66 weeks of age, an experiment was carried out using 150 Shaver Brown laying hens, distributed in a completely randomized design, with five treatments (digestible lysine levels: 0.79, 0.82, 0.85, 0.88 and 0.91%), six replications and five birds per experimental unit. The production of eggs, weight and the egg mass, feed intake and lysine, feed mass and dozen eggs, specific gravity, Haugh unit, yolk and albumen index, percentage of albumen, yolk and bark were analyzed. Feed intake, feed conversion per dozen of eggs s and per egg mass, egg production, egg weight and egg mass were not influenced (P>0.05) by digestible lysine levels. There was a linear increase in lysine intake (P<0.01) with increasing levels of this amino acid in the diets. The albumen, yolk and shell percentages were not influenced (P>0.05) by studied digestible lysine levels. Lysine levels had a quadratic effect (P>0.05) Haugh unit and albumen index being estimated as 0.884 and 0.868% digestible lysine levels, respectively. For yolk index, the association of the quadratic model to Linear Response Plateau (LRP) estimated the level of 0.903% digestible lysine. When the aim is to maximize the internal egg quality, a dietary level of 0.884%, 0.868% and 0.903% digestible lysine for Haugh unit, albumen index and yolk index, respectively is recommended.

Desempenho e rendimento de carcaça em frangos de corte de um a 46 dias alimentados com dietas contendo diferentes níveis de valina e reduzido teor proteico / Performance and carcass yield of broilers from 1 to 46 days fed diets containing different levels of valine and reduced protein content

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as relações de valina:lisina digestíveis em dietas com teor reduzido de proteína bruta (PB) e os efeitos dessa redução sobre desempenho e rendimento de carcaça em frangos de corte. Foram utilizados 1200 pintos machos seguindo modelo inteiramente ao acaso, com seis tratamentos de seis repetições (exceto controle, com 10 repetições), compostos por 30 aves cada. O tratamento controle (T1) foi formulado conforme os níveis de proteína bruta e aminoácidos (AAs) recomendados por Rostagno et al . (2011), e os demais tratamentos (T2 a T6) tiveram seus níveis de PB reduzidos (4% em relação ao controle) e variaram em função da relação valina:lisina digestíveis, com cinco níveis equidistantes em intervalos de 0,07:1, variando de 0,63:1 e 0,91:1 (dietas até 21 dias) e de 0,64:1 e 0,92:1 (dietas após 21 dias). As seguintes características de desempenho foram avaliadas: ganho de peso, consumo de ração, conversão alimentar, viabilidade criatória e índice de eficiência produtiva. Aos 46 dias de idade, seis animais por repetição foram abatidos para determinação de rendimento de carcaça e de cortes comerciais. As diferentes relações valina:lisina digestíveis não influenciaram o desempenho dos animais (P>0,05) para nenhuma característica avaliada. A redução proteica piorou a conversão alimentar dos animais (P≤0,05) até os 21 dias. Os resultados sugerem que os níveis de valina utilizados não afetam o desempenho dos animais, apenas o rendimento de peito e que, portanto, a redução proteica não é recomendada durante as três primeiras semanas de criação.

This study aimed to evaluate valine:lysine ratios in diets with reduced content of crude protein and the effects of this reduction on the performance of broiler chickens. 1200 male chicks were used following a complete randomized design with six replicates of six treatments (except control, with 10 replicates), each one with 30 chicks. The control treatment (T1) was formulated following levels of crude protein (CP) and the amino acids (AAs) recommended by Rostagno et al. (2011), and the other treatments (T2 to T6) had reduced levels of CP (4 % compared to control) and varied in proportion valine:lysine, with 5 levels at equidistant intervals 0.07:1 ranging from 0.63:1 to 0.91:1 (up to 21 days) and from 0.64:1 to 0.92:1 (after 21 days). The performance characteristics measured were: weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion, viability and productive efficiency index. At 46 days six animals per replicate were slaughtered for evaluation of carcass and commercial cuts. The different valine:lysine ratios did not affect animal performance (P>0.05). Reducing protein impaired feed conversion (P≤.05) up to 21 days. The results suggest that levels of valine used did not affect the broilers' performance, however, breast meat yield and reduced protein are not recommended during the first three weeks.