Desempenho e rendimento de carcaça em frangos de corte de um a 46 dias alimentados com dietas contendo diferentes níveis de valina e reduzido teor proteico / Performance and carcass yield of broilers from 1 to 46 days fed diets containing different levels of valine and reduced protein content

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as relações de valina:lisina digestíveis em dietas com teor reduzido de proteína bruta (PB) e os efeitos dessa redução sobre desempenho e rendimento de carcaça em frangos de corte. Foram utilizados 1200 pintos machos seguindo modelo inteiramente ao acaso, com seis tratamentos de seis repetições (exceto controle, com 10 repetições), compostos por 30 aves cada. O tratamento controle (T1) foi formulado conforme os níveis de proteína bruta e aminoácidos (AAs) recomendados por Rostagno et al . (2011), e os demais tratamentos (T2 a T6) tiveram seus níveis de PB reduzidos (4% em relação ao controle) e variaram em função da relação valina:lisina digestíveis, com cinco níveis equidistantes em intervalos de 0,07:1, variando de 0,63:1 e 0,91:1 (dietas até 21 dias) e de 0,64:1 e 0,92:1 (dietas após 21 dias). As seguintes características de desempenho foram avaliadas: ganho de peso, consumo de ração, conversão alimentar, viabilidade criatória e índice de eficiência produtiva. Aos 46 dias de idade, seis animais por repetição foram abatidos para determinação de rendimento de carcaça e de cortes comerciais. As diferentes relações valina:lisina digestíveis não influenciaram o desempenho dos animais (P>0,05) para nenhuma característica avaliada. A redução proteica piorou a conversão alimentar dos animais (P≤0,05) até os 21 dias. Os resultados sugerem que os níveis de valina utilizados não afetam o desempenho dos animais, apenas o rendimento de peito e que, portanto, a redução proteica não é recomendada durante as três primeiras semanas de criação.

This study aimed to evaluate valine:lysine ratios in diets with reduced content of crude protein and the effects of this reduction on the performance of broiler chickens. 1200 male chicks were used following a complete randomized design with six replicates of six treatments (except control, with 10 replicates), each one with 30 chicks. The control treatment (T1) was formulated following levels of crude protein (CP) and the amino acids (AAs) recommended by Rostagno et al. (2011), and the other treatments (T2 to T6) had reduced levels of CP (4 % compared to control) and varied in proportion valine:lysine, with 5 levels at equidistant intervals 0.07:1 ranging from 0.63:1 to 0.91:1 (up to 21 days) and from 0.64:1 to 0.92:1 (after 21 days). The performance characteristics measured were: weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion, viability and productive efficiency index. At 46 days six animals per replicate were slaughtered for evaluation of carcass and commercial cuts. The different valine:lysine ratios did not affect animal performance (P>0.05). Reducing protein impaired feed conversion (P≤.05) up to 21 days. The results suggest that levels of valine used did not affect the broilers' performance, however, breast meat yield and reduced protein are not recommended during the first three weeks.

Tuberculosis in renal transplant patients: The experience of a single center in Medellín-Colombia, 2005-2013 / Tuberculose em pacientes transplantados renais: experiência de um único centro em Medellín-Colômbia, 2005-2013

Introduction: Tuberculosis is a common opportunistic infection in renal transplant patients. Objective: To obtain a clinical and laboratory description of transplant patients diagnosed with tuberculosis and their response to treatment during a period ranging from 2005 to 2013 at the Pablo Tobón Uribe Hospital. Methods: Retrospective and descriptive study. Results: In 641 renal transplants, tuberculosis was confirmed in 12 cases. Of these, 25% had a history of acute rejection, and 50% had creatinine levels greater than 1.5 mg/dl prior to infection. The disease typically presented as pulmonary (50%) and disseminated (33.3%). The first phase of treatment consisted of 3 months of HZRE (isoniazid, pyrazinamide, rifampicin and ethambutol) in 75% of the cases and HZME (isoniazid, pyrazinamide, moxifloxacin and ethambutol) in 25% of the cases. During the second phase of the treatment, 75% of the cases received isoniazid and rifampicin, and 25% of the cases received isoniazid and ethambutol. The length of treatment varied between 6 and 18 months. In 41.7% of patients, hepatotoxicity was associated with the beginning of anti-tuberculosis therapy. During a year-long follow-up, renal function remained stable, and the mortality rate was 16.7%. Conclusion: Tuberculosis in the renal transplant population studied caused diverse nonspecific symptoms. Pulmonary and disseminated tuberculosis were the most frequent forms and required prolonged treatment. Antituberculosis medications had a high toxicity and mortality. This infection must be considered when patients present with a febrile syndrome of unknown origin, especially during the first year after renal transplant. .

Introdução: A tuberculose é uma infecção oportunista comum em pacientes transplantados renais. Objetivo: Oferecer uma descrição clínica e laboratorial de pacientes transplantados com diagnóstico de tuberculose e sua resposta ao tratamento durante o período entre 2005 e 2013 no Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo descritivo. Resultados: Em 641 transplantes renais, a tuberculose foi confirmada em 12 pacientes. Destes, 25% tinham histórico de rejeição aguda e 50% apresentaram níveis de creatinina superiores a 1,5 mg/dl antes da infecção. A patologia geralmente se apresentava como pulmonar (50%) e disseminada (33,3%). A primeira fase do tratamento consistiu de três meses de HZRE (isoniazida, pirazinamida, rifampicina e etambutol) em 75% dos casos e HZME (isoniazida, pirazinamida, moxifloxacina e etambutol) em 25% dos pacientes. Durante a segunda fase do tratamento, 75% dos pacientes receberam isoniazida e rifampicina e 25% isoniazida e etambutol. A duração do tratamento variou entre seis e 18 meses. Em 41,7% dos pacientes, hepatotoxicidade foi associada ao início do tratamento da tuberculose. Durante o seguimento de um ano a função renal manteve-se estável e a taxa de mortalidade foi de 16,7%. Conclusão: A tuberculose foi responsável por diversos sintomas inespecíficos na população de transplantados renais estudada. Tuberculose pulmonar e disseminada foram as formas mais frequentes de acometimento e necessitaram de tratamento prolongado. Medicamentos contra a tuberculose apresentaram alta toxicidade e mortalidade. Esta infecção deve ser considerada quando o paciente apresenta síndrome febril de origem desconhecida, especialmente durante o primeiro ano após o transplante renal. .

Efeito inibidor do crescimento tumoral pela metionina-encefalina / Inhibitory effect of tumor growth by methionine-enkephalin

A metionina-encefalina (Met-Enk) é um pentapeptídeo opióide derivado do prónormônio proencefalina A, presente em células neuroendócrinas e hematopoéticas. Estudos experimentais evidenciam seu papel na induçäo, ativaçäo e controle de eventos imunomoduladores, inclusive com potente efeito inibidor do crescimento tumoral. O presente estudo demonstra que o efeito inibidor da Met-Enk no crescimento de um fibro-histocitoma, em camundongos BALB/cJ, é influenciado pelo protocolo utilizado, via de administraçäo e dose do pentapeptídeo opióide utilizada no tratamento. A administraçäo de Met-Enk por via intracerebral retardou de forma eficiente o processo de tumorigênese, aumentando a sobrevida dos animais e reduzindo de forma significativa a área tumoral final. Dose baixa (0,25mg/Kg) de Met-Enk administrada por via intracerebral foi ainda mais potente no controle da tumorigênese

Effects of post-training ß-endorphin and Met-enkephalin administration on two-way active avoidance task in well-nourished and protein malnourished rats

Protein malnutrition during suckling period or throughout the life affects the hypothalamic ß-endorphinergic system of adult rats. In the present study, rats were under nourished during suckling by feeding their dams an 8% casein diet whereas well-nourished dams recived a 25% casein diet from birth until weaning (21 day of postnatal life). After weaning, the offsprings were maintained with the same diet as their dams. When rats were 3 month-old, they were subjected to two-way active avoidance task. Protein malnutrition did not affect the performance in the two-way active avoidance task. Post-training ß-endorphin or Met-enkephalin administration impaired the retention of shuttle avoidance tast in both well-nourished and undernourished rats. However, the amnesic effect of the peptides was only achieved in undernourished rats with higher doses of apioids when compared to the well-nourished rats. These data suggest that undernourished rats present alterations in opioid sensitivity which may be related to changes in the levels of ß-endorphin previously observed both in brain and hypothalamus of early undernourished adults rats

Efeitos das encefalinas sobre o aparelho digestivo / Enkephalins effects on digestive system

A identificaçäo, localizaçäo e propriedades digestivas das encefalina-metionina e encefalina-leucina säo discutidas neste artigo. Interaçöes sinérgicas e antagônicas säo também apresentadas.

Participation of opiate pathways in the lateral hypothalamic area in the control of renal electrolyte and water excretion

Injection of Met-enkephalin (0.05, 0.25 and 0.50 µg in 1 µl) solutions into the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), of unrestrained and unanesthetized rats caused a significant decrease of sodium (0.30 ñ 0.13 to 0.07 ñ 0.01, P < 0.05) and potassium (0.61 ñ 0.17 to 0.21 ñ 0.04, P < 0.05) excretion. When the blocking agent nalaxone (0.20 µg in 1 µl) was injected alone, a signifricant increase of sodium (0.34 ñ 0.04 to 0.96 ñ 0.28, P < 0.05) and potassium (0.76 ñ 0.13 to 1.72 ñ 0.30, P < 0.05) excretion was observed. However, a dose-response relationship was not observed. However, when in another experiment naloxone was injected before Met-enkepalin into the same area, reversal of the effect of naloxone occured, with decreased sodium and potassium excretion. We conclude that the enkephalinergic pathway of the LHA when stimulated with Met-enkephalin plays an inhibitory role in the contorl of sodium and potassium excretion

Effects of ACTH, epinephrine and met-enkephalin on brain B-endorphin-like immunoreactivity, and of ACTH, epinephrine, met-enkephalin and naloxone on retention, in normal and in protein- malnourished rats

Rats raised and maintained on a normal-protein diet (25% protein) responded to the ip adminsitration of ACTH-(1-24), epinephrine or Met-enkephalin with a decrease in hypothalamic Beta-endorphin-like immunoreactivity, which is attributable to a release of this substance. This effect was not seen in rats raised an maintained on a low-protein diet (8% protein). In the normal animals, the pre-test administration of ACTH, epinephrine or Met-enkephalin and the post-training adminsitration of naloxone enhanced retention-test performance of a step-down inhibitory avoidance task. These behavioral effects were absent in the protein-malnourished rats. Previous studies have shown that the behavioral effect of post-training naloxone is secondary to the release of brain Beta-endorphin during training, and that the pre-test it is not likely that the differences were caused by hyperreactivity to the aversive stimuli employed, the suggested interpretation is that protein-malnourished rats present a dysfunction in the brain Beta-endorphin system which renders it unresponsive not only to novel training experiences, but also to the pre-test retrieval enchancing effects of ACTH, epinephrine and Met-enkephalin

Efecto combinado de angiotensina II, met-encefalina y acetilcolina administradas intracerebroventricularmente sobre la presión arterial media en ratas albinas / Combined effect of intracerebroventricular injections of angiotensin II, met-enkephalin and acetylcholine on mean arterial pressure in albino rats

Se probó el efecto de la inyección intracerebroventricular de varios neurotransmisores, dados en forma independiente y combinada (Ang. II, 200 ng; ACh., 6 µg; y met-encefalina, 50 µg) sobre la presión arterial media (PAM) de ratas albinas de la cepa Sprague-Dawley. Bajo anestesia con nembutal (35mg/Kg), se implantó una cánula metálica en el tercer ventrículo por los medios esteriotáxicos usuales y al tercer día el animal se anestesió de nuevo para la medición de la presión carótidea mediante un transductor de presión y registro continuo en un polígrafo fisiológico. La Ang. II aumentó la PAM; la acetilcolina mostró un aumento significativo en los primeros cinco minutos luego de la inyección y la met-encefalina no mostró ningún cambio significativo en al PAM. El efecto combinado mostró resultados interesantes. En vez de una potenciación del aumento de la presión arterial media, cuando ACh. y Ang. II se administrarón conjuntamente, no se observaron cambios estadísticamente significativos, por lo que su efecto se neutralizó. También, la met-encefalina bloqueó la respuesta hipertensora de la Ag. II al darse en forma combinada. Esto es compatible con la acción inhibitoria de la met-encefalinaen el sistema neuronal angiotensinérgico. Se especula acerca de un modelo hipotético que explica los hallazgos observados

Methionine enkephalin: immunomodulator in normal volunteers, cancer and AIDS patients

Clinical studies of the immunological effects of methionine enkephalin in normal volunteers, cancer, and AIDS patients are summarized. The major immunology changes seen were increases in T cell subsets, natural killer activity, as well as mitogen blastogenesis. Clinically, the cancer and ARC patients did not develop infections.