Divertículo de Zenker / Zenker's Diverticulum

Introducción: Los divertículos de Zenker son los más frecuentes del esófago. El tratamiento quirúrgico más utilizado es la diverticulectomía con miotomía cricofaríngea abierta. Objetivo: Describir un paciente con diagnóstico de divertículo de Zenker cuya presentación fue la disfagia e infecciones respiratorias recurrentes. Presentación del caso: Describimos el caso de una paciente de 73 años con disfagia alta e infecciones respiratorias recurrentes, con el diagnóstico de divertículo de Zenker, a quien se le realiza diverticulectomía más miotomía. Conclusiones: El divertículo de Zenker o divertículo yuxtaesfinteriano faringoesofágico es una entidad de baja prevalencia que se presenta en pacientes entre los 50 y 70 años, predominantemente en los de sexo masculino. La radiografía contrastada del tracto digestivo superior y endoscopia determinan el diagnóstico en su mayoría y la diverticulectomía más cricomiotomía es la técnica más empleada(AU)

Introduction: Zenker's diverticula are the most frequent diverticula of the esophagus. The most commonly used surgical treatment is diverticulectomy with open cricopharyngeal myotomy. Objective: To describe a patient with a diagnosis of Zenker's diverticulum and whose presentation was dysphagia and recurrent respiratory infections. Case presentation: We describe the case of a 73-year-old female patient with high dysphagia and recurrent respiratory infections, with the diagnosis of Zenker's diverticulum, and who underwent diverticulectomy plus myotomy. Conclusions: Zenker's diverticulum or pharyngoesophageal juxtasphincteric diverticulum is a low-prevalence condition that occurs in patients between 50 and 70 years of age, predominantly in males. Contrast radiography of the upper digestive tract and endoscopy determine the diagnosis in the majority of cases, while diverticulectomy plus cricomyotomy is the most commonly used technique(AU)

Z-POEM: ¿Procedimiento ideal para el tratamiento del divertículo de Zenker? / Z-POEM: Ideal procedure for the treatment of Zenker's diverticulum?

Introducción. El divertículo de Zenker es una patología poco frecuente, caracterizada por la presencia de disfagia, halitosis, tos y pérdida de peso, que afectan la calidad de vida de los pacientes. El tratamiento es quirúrgico y las técnicas han evolucionado de forma permanente. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la mejoría de la disfagia en pacientes a quienes se les realizó la técnica de miotomía endoscópica peroral (Z-POEM). Métodos. Estudio descriptivo de una serie de 23 pacientes con divertículo de Zenker diagnosticado por endoscopia y esofagograma, tratados entre mayo de 2018 y noviembre de 2021 en diferentes instituciones de la ciudad de Bogotá, D.C., Colombia, mediante una miotomía endoscópica del cricofaríngeo con la técnica de Z-POEM. Resultados. La mayoría de los pacientes fueron adultos mayores, de sexo masculino. Los síntomas más frecuentes correspondieron a disfagia y regurgitación. El tamaño promedio del divertículo fue de tres centímetros. La estancia hospitalaria fue de un día. Un paciente presentó disfagia postoperatoria en relación con los clips y otro presentó un absceso mediastinal, el cual fue resuelto de manera endoscópica. Actualmente, todos los pacientes se encuentran asintomáticos y no han presentado recurrencia. Conclusiones. El tratamiento endoscópico mínimamente invasivo mediante la miotomía endoscópica peroral (Z-POEM) en el paciente con divertículo de Zenker es una alternativa segura y eficaz, con buenos resultados y poca morbilidad

Introduction. Zenker's diverticulum is a rare pathology characterized by the presence of dysphagia, halitosis, cough, and weight loss, which affect the patients' quality of life. The treatment is surgical and the techniques have evolved permanently. The objective of this study was to evaluate the improvement of dysphagia in patients who underwent peroral endoscopic myotomy technique (Z-POEM). Methods. Descriptive study of a series of 23 patients with Zenker's diverticulum diagnosed by endoscopy and esophagram, treated between May 2018 and November 2021 at different institutions in Bogotá, Colombia, by means of an endoscopic cricopharyngeal myotomy with the Z-POEM technique. Results. Most of patients were older males. The most frequent symptoms corresponded to dysphagia and regurgitation. The average size of the diverticulum was three centimeters. The hospital stay was one day. One patient presented postoperative dysphagia related to the clips and another presented a mediastinal abscess which was resolved endoscopically. Currently, all patients are asymptomatic and have not presented recurrence. Conclusions. Minimally invasive endoscopic treatment by peroral endoscopic myotomy (Z-POEM) in patients with Zenker's diverticulum is a safe and effective alternative, with good results and low morbidity

Miotomia peroral (POEM) ou cirúrgica para o tratamento da acalasia: revisão sistemática e metanálise / Peroral (poem) or surgical myotomy for the treatment of achalasia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Achalasia is a neurodegenerative motility esophageal disorder characterized by failure of lower esophageal sphincter relaxation. The conventional treatment option for achalasia has been laparoscopic Heller myotomy (LHM). However, in 2010, Inoue et al. described peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM), a minimally invasive procedure, as an alternative therapy. To date, some studies with small sample sizes have aimed to compare outcomes of LHM vs POEM. OBJECTIVE: Thus, the aim of this study is to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to better evaluate the efficacy and safety of these two techniques. METHODS: Individualized search strategies were developed from inception through April 2019 in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Variables analyzed included operative time, overall adverse events rate, post-procedure gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), hospitalization length, post-procedure pain score, and Eckardt Score reduction. RESULTS: Twelve cohort trials were selected, consisting of 893 patients (359 in POEM group and 534 in LHM.) No randomized clinical trials were available. There was no difference in operative time (MD= -10,26, 95% CI (-5,6 to 8,2), P<0.001) or Post-Operative Gastroesophageal Reflux (RD: -0.00, 95%CI: (-0.09, 0.09), I2: 0%). There was decreased length of hospital stay for POEM (MD: -0.6, 95% CI (-1.11, -0.09), P=0.02), and an increased mean reduction in Eckardt score in POEM patients (MD = -0.257, 95% CI: (-0.512 to -0.002), P=0.048), with similar rates of adverse events. CONCLUSION: POEM demonstrated similar results compared to laparoscopic Heller myotomy with regards to improvement of dysphagia, post-procedure reflux, and surgical time, with the benefit of shorter length of hospital stay. Therefore, POEM can be considered an option for patients with achalasia.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: A acalasia é um distúrbio esofágico da motilidade neurodegenerativa caracterizado por falha no relaxamento do esfíncter esofágico inferior (EEI). A opção de tratamento convencional para acalasia tem sido a miotomia laparoscópica de Heller (LHM). No entanto, em 2010, Inoue et al. descreveram a miotomia endoscópica peroral (POEM), um procedimento minimamente invasivo, como uma terapia alternativa. Até o momento, poucos estudos com amostras pequenas tiveram como objetivo comparar os resultados do LHM versus POEM. OBJETIVO: Assim, o objetivo deste estudo é realizar uma revisão sistemática e metanálise para melhor avaliar a eficácia e segurança dessas duas técnicas. MÉTODOS: Estratégias de busca individualizadas foram desenvolvidas desde o início até abril de 2019, de acordo com as diretrizes do PRISMA. As variáveis analisadas incluíram tempo operatório, taxa global de eventos adversos, doença de refluxo gastroesofágico (DRGE) pós-procedimento, tempo de internação, escore de dor pós-procedimento e redução do escore de Eckardt. RESULTADOS: Doze estudos de coorte foram selecionados, consistindo em 893 pacientes (359 no grupo POEM e 524 no LHM). Nenhum ensaio clínico randomizado estava disponível. Não houve diferença no tempo operatório (MD = -10,26, IC 95% (-5,6 a 8,2), P<0,001) ou refluxo gastroesofágico pós-operatório (RD: -0,00, 95% IC: (-0,09, 0,09), I2: 0%). Houve diminuição do tempo de permanência hospitalar para POEM (MD: -0,6, 95% CI (-1,11, -0,09), P=0,02) e um aumento da redução média no escore de Eckardt em pacientes POEM (MD= -0,257, IC95%: (-0,512 a -0,002), P=0,048), com taxas similares de eventos adversos. CONCLUSÃO: O POEM demonstrou resultados semelhantes aos da miotomia a Heller por videolaparoscopia, com melhora da disfagia, do refluxo pós-procedimento e tempo cirúrgico, com o benefício de menor tempo de internação hospitalar. Portanto, o POEM pode ser considerado uma opção para pacientes com acalasia.

Juntos a la par: La acalasia en Síndrome de Down / Together at the same time: Achalasia in Down Syndrome

El síndrome de Down es la anomalía cromosómica más común, encontrándose asociado hasta en un 77 % de los casos con anomalías gastrointestinales que pueden ser de naturaleza estructural o funcional2. La Acalasia es un trastorno motor primario del esófago, de etiología desconocida e incurable1.La probabilidad de encontrar un paciente con síndrome de Down y acalasia es extremadamente rara. La prevalencia de Acalasia en el síndrome de Down es mayor, lo que implica una asociación única entre estas dos condiciones poco comunes(1). Los 3 tratamientos endoscópicos establecidos son: la aplicación de toxina botulínica y las dilataciones neumáticas, además de otro llamado POEM (per-oral endoscopic myotomy).Se presenta el caso clínico de paciente masculino de 45 años con diagnóstico de Síndrome de Down y Acalasia evaluado por el nuestro servicio. El principal objetivo es determinar la relación entre estas dos patologías, también revisamos las diversas opciones terapéuticas disponibles como así también como llegar al diagnóstico debido a que son pacientes poco colaboradores para la realización de estudios contrastados y manométricos. Se realizó una sesión de dilatación neumática como puente al tratamiento definitivo con posterior realización de Miotomía endoscópica perioral (POEM) presentando mejoría sintomatológica

Desarrollo de modelos educativos para el aprendizaje de nuevas técnicas endoscópicas: miotomía endoscópica por vía oral (POEM) y elastografía por ultrasonido endoscópico / Educational models for learning Peroral Endoscopic Myotomy (POEM) and Endoscopic Ultrasound Elastography

Resumen Objetivos: presentar el desarrollo de modelos educativos para el aprendizaje de dos técnicas endoscópicas vigentes, ampliamente difundidas y de gran implicación clínica, con la única intención de permitir la adquisición de destrezas básicas y avanzadas a residentes y gastroenterólogos. Materiales y métodos: se idearon dos modelos sencillos, de muy bajo costo, fácilmente reproducibles y reutilizables, con los cuales se logra ejecutar la totalidad de los procedimientos descritos. Además, permiten al operador integrar el desarrollo de habilidades y la adquisición de los conceptos teóricos mínimos requeridos, sin las presiones generadas por el riesgo existente de complicaciones. Resultados: la tendencia actual a nivel mundial se conduce hacia el desarrollo de modelos de enseñanza que aceleren la curva de aprendizaje, así como de procedimientos altamente exigentes y asociados a complicaciones potencialmente graves. Con estos modelos es posible poner a prueba al endoscopista, mediante una evaluación continua y supervisada. Su implementación en unidades de gastroenterología es sencilla, sin la necesidad de una inversión superlativa o el desplazamiento a otros países. Conclusiones: se trata de un gran aporte al desarrollo científico y educativo de nuestro país, ya que la creación y la implementación de nuevas técnicas endoscópicas y su aprendizaje no deben ser asumidos por los pacientes. En este punto, estamos de acuerdo con los conceptos emitidos por diferentes asociaciones médicas respecto a que los cursos teórico-prácticos de corta duración -y en algunas ocasiones virtuales- no constituyen una formación mínima, requerida para lograr la acreditación.

Abstract Objectives: This article presents the development of educational models for learning two widespread recent endoscopic techniques which have great clinical implications. Its sole intention is to allow acquisition of basic and advanced skills by residents and gastroenterologists. Materials and methods: Two simple, very low cost, easily reproducible and reusable models were devised. Procedures are fully described in ways that allow the operator to integrate the development of skills and acquisition of the minimum theoretical concepts required without the pressures generated by risks of complications. Results: The current global trend is to develop teaching models that accelerate the learning curve for highly demanding procedures that are associated with potentially serious complications. With these models it is possible to test endoscopists through continuous supervised evaluations. Implementation by gastroenterology units can be done easily without the need for large investments or travel to other countries. Conclusions: This is a great contribution to the scientific and educational development of Colombia since neither development of new endoscopic techniques nor the process of learning how to perform them should put patients at risk. We agree with the ideas of numerous medical associations regarding theoretical-practical courses of short duration even though some virtual sessions, "do not constitute the minimum training required needed for accreditation".

Manejo clásico del Divertículo de Zenker. Serie de seis casos / Clinical management of Zenker's diverticulum

Los divertículos faringoesofágicos son bolsas revestidas de epitelio que sobresalen de la luz esofágica. Fueron descriptos por Abraham Ludlow siendo luego estudiados porZenker en 1878 por lo que recibieron dicha denominación. Son los divertículos más comunes también llamados falsos ya que no tienen todas las capas de la pared esofágica. Su incidencia es de 2/100 000 habitantes. Predomina en pacients masculinos a partir de la séptima década de la vida. Actualmente, existen diversas modalidades terapéuticas, desde la dilatación del esófago hasta la cirugía con resección del divertículo. A pesar de la revolución de la cirugía de mínimo acceso con la introducción de técnicas innovadoras por vía endoscópica todavía existen dudas en relación con la elección del tratamiento ideal. Este análisis de casos de seis pacientes con divertículo de Zenker que fueron a tratamiento quirúrgico fue diseñado para con la intención de definir las indicaciones y los resultados alcanzados en el tratamiento del divertículo de Zenker según el método abierto siendo las variables estudiadas: acceso, tiempo quirúrgico, tiempo para reanudar la vía oral, estadía hospitalaria, complicaciones, persistencia de síntomas, recidivas, reoperaciones y mortalidad

Pharyngoesophageal diverticula are epithelial-lined bags that protrude from the esophageal lumen. They were described by Abraham Ludlow and then studied by Zenker in 1878 for which they received the name. They are the most common divertícula also called false because they do not have all the layers of the exophageal wall. Its incidence is 2/100 000 inhabitants. It predominates in male patients from the seventh decade of life. Currently, there are various therapeutic modalities, from dilation of the esophagus to surgery with resection of the diverticulum. Despite the revolution in minimally invasive surgery with the introduction of innovative techniques through endoscopy, there are still doubts regarding the choice of the ideal treatment. This case analysis of six patients with Zenker's diverticulum who underwent surgical treatment was designed with the intention of defining the indications and results achieved in the treatmente of Zenker's diverticulum accordin to the open method, with the variables studied being: access, surgical time, time to resume the oral route, hospital stay, complications, persistence of symptoms, recurrences, reoperations and mortality

Miotomía endoscópica por vía oral (POEM) para el tratamiento de acalasia: nuestras primeras experiencias / Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) for treatment of achalasia: our first experiences

Resumen Introducción: la miotomía endoscópica por vía oral (POEM) se diseñó inicialmente para el manejo de la acalasia, que es un trastorno crónico y progresivo de la motilidad esofágica con hipertensión del esfínter esofágico inferior (EEI), para la cual el manejo estándar, hasta ahora, ha sido la cirugía de Heller; sin embargo, esta nueva técnica ofrece resultados muy comparables y prometedores. Materiales y métodos: se realizó una revisión retrospectiva de las historias clínicas de los pacientes con acalasia operados por POEM en una institución de Colombia por un solo cirujano endoscopista. Resultados: se encontraron 4 pacientes con acalasia, todas con Eckardt ≥10 y presión EEI ≥30 mm Hg; el tiempo quirúrgico osciló entre 81-120 minutos; en el seguimiento, la reducción en la presión del EEI fue mayor al 50% prácticamente en todos los pacientes, encontrando valores cercanos a la normalidad y con resultados de Eckardt que demuestran éxito en la terapia POEM a los 2 meses de evaluación. Las complicaciones fueron resueltas en el intraoperatorio, con mortalidad de 0%. Conclusiones: El manejo de la acalasia mediante POEM ha demostrado ser una técnica eficaz y segura. Nuestros primeros hallazgos concuerdan con los resultados descritos en la literatura. Este es el primer paso para la implementación de este novedoso abordaje en el manejo de la acalasia en la población colombiana.

Abstract Introduction: Peroral endoscopic myotomies (POEMs) were initially designed to manage achalasia, a chronic and progressive esophageal motility disorder with lower esophageal sphincter hypertension (LES). Until recently, standard treatment had been Heller's surgery, but this new technique offers very promising pressure. Materials and methods: This is a retrospective review of the clinical histories of patients with achalasia who underwent POEM performed by one endoscopic surgeon at a Colombian institution. Results: Four patients with achalasia were found. All had Eckardt scores of ten or more and lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure of 30mm Hg or more. Surgical times ranged between 81 and 120 minutes. Follow-up examinations found that LES pressure had decreased by more than 50% in practically all patients. Eckardt scores were close to normal. This demonstrates success of POEM therapy after two months of evaluation. Complications were resolved intraoperatively without mortality. Conclusions: Management of achalasia by POEM has proven to be a safe and effective technique. Our first findings agree with the results described in the literature. This is the first step in the implementation of this novel approach for management of achalasia in our Colombian population.

Rinomodelación con hilo - Fundamento anatómico / Nasal modelling with thread - Anatomical basis

Este trabajo está enfocado en pacientes que presentan una rinodeformidad mínima, en quienes creo, como cirujanos plásticos, que podemos realizar una intervención quirúrgica mínimamente invasiva mediante una rinomodelación simple con hilo (vicril - mononylon). Para casos de mayor rinodeformidad (giba ósea y cartilaginosa de cualquier tipo) podemos realizar una rinomodelación combinada (resección de giba) con hilo. Existen varias técnicas descriptas de rinomodelación. Esta técnica se basa en la esqueletización de los cartílagos alares con transección lateral, disección limitada del dorso, miotomía del musculo depresor, preservando el ligamento suspensor de la punta a través de incisiones mínimas colocando un hilo, que actúa como tutor y no tensor, desde la columela al rádix nasal, por lo que se obtiene un refi namiento de la punta nasal proyectando la misma y acortando la longitud nasal. También indicada en casos de resección de giba ósea y cartilaginosa realizando una rinomodelación combinada.

Miotomia glabelar fechada: uma nova abordagem cirúrgica para tratar rugas sem cicatrizes / Closed glabellar myotomy: a new surgical approach to treat wrinkles without scarring

Introdução: A hiperatividade da musculatura glabelar e as consequentes rugas são queixas frequentes na cirurgia plástica. O tratamento consiste em impedimento dos músculos relacionados. Propomos uma abordagem fechada para o tratamento da musculatura glabelar. Métodos: 78 pacientes foram operados entre abril de 2012 e agosto de 2015. A miotomia é realizada guiada pela marcação e tem início utilizando fio de poliglactina 0 ou fio de aço, passando várias vezes através das linhas marcadas, entrando pelo supercílio e utilizando o plano justaperiostal, retornando através do mesmo orifício da agulha em direção ao orifício de entrada, agora usando o plano subcutâneo. Resultados: Foram obtidos bons resultados em todos os casos com impedimento da atividade da musculatura glabelar durante o período avaliado (pelo menos 1 ano), com melhora das rugas e hiperatividade. As complicações observadas foram parestesia temporária na região frontal central (35 casos) e recidiva parcial (4 casos). Não foi observado nenhum caso de recorrência completa. As opções de tratamento cirúrgico de longo prazo para rugas glabelar são miotomia, neurotomia parcial ou miectomia. A miotomia glabelar fechada evita algumas possíveis complicações associadas a essas opções, diminui o tempo cirúrgico utilizando instrumentos cirúrgicos convencionais, permite a correção de assimetria, com menos edema, menos equimoses e evita cicatrizes. Conclusão: A miotomia glabelar fechada parece ser uma boa alternativa às outras opções cirúrgicas tradicionais, porque evita cicatrizes, permite correção de assimetria e apresenta bons resultados a longo prazo.

Introduction: Hyperactivity of the glabellar musculature and resulting wrinkles are frequent complaints in the field of plastic surgery. Treatment consists of blocking the involved muscles. We propose a closed approach for the treatment of glabellar musculature. Methods: Seventy-eight patients underwent operation between April 2012 and August 2015. Myotomy includes the use of markings and polyglactin 0 wire or steel wire, passing through the marked lines several times, entering the eyebrow and using the juxtaperiostal plane, returning through the same orifice of the needle toward the entry hole, and using the subcutaneous plane. Results: Good results were obtained in all cases by preventing glabellar muscle activity during the period evaluated (at least 1 year), with improvement in wrinkles and muscle hyperactivity. The complications observed included temporary paresthesia in the frontal region (35 cases) and partial recurrence (4 cases). There was no case of total recurrence. The options for long-term surgical treatment of glabellar wrinkles are myotomy, partial neurotomy, or myectomy. Closed glabellar myotomy prevents some possible complications associated with these options, reduces the surgical time, requires the use of conventional surgical instruments, eliminates scarring, and causes asymmetric correction, less edema, and fewer bruises. Conclusion: Closed glabellar myotomy seems to be a good alternative compared to other traditional surgical options, because it eliminates scarring, allows correction of asymmetry, and presents good long-term results.

Tension pneumothorax during peroral endoscopic myotomy for treatment of esophageal achalasia under general anesthesia / Pneumotórax de tensão durante miotomia endoscópica por via oral para tratamento de megaesôfago sob anestesia geral

Abstract More and more endoscopically gastrointestinal procedures require anesthesiologists to perform general anesthesia, such as "peroral endoscopic myotomy". Peroral endoscopic myotomy is a novel invasive treatment for the primary motility disorder of esophagus, called esophageal achalasia. Despite of its minimally invasive feature, there are still complications during the procedure which develop to critical conditions and threat patients' lives. Herein we describe a case about tension pneumothorax subsequent to esophageal rupture during peroral endoscopic myotomy. The emergent management of the complication is stated in detail. The pivotal points of general anesthesia for patients undergoing peroral endoscopic myotomy are emphasized and discussed. Also, intraoperative and post-operative complications mentioned by literature are integrated.

Resumo Cada vez mais os procedimentos gastrointestinais feitos por endoscopia, tais como a miotomia endoscópica por via oral (MEVO), exigem anestesiologistas para administrar anestesia geral. A MEVO é um novo tratamento invasivo para o distúrbio de motilidade primária do esôfago, denominado acalasia esofágica (AE). Apesar de sua característica minimamente invasiva, existem complicações durante o procedimento que evoluem para condições críticas e de risco à vida. Descrevemos aqui um caso de pneumotórax hipertensivo após a ruptura do esôfago durante uma MEVO. O tratamento de emergência da complicação é relatado em detalhes. Os pontos cruciais da anestesia geral para pacientes submetidos à MEVO são enfatizados e discutidos. Além disso, as complicações mencionadas pela literatura nos períodos intraoperatório e pós-operatório são integradas ao texto.

Estudo prospectivo para tratamento de acalasia pela técnica de miotomia endoscópica POEM (Peroral Endoscopic Myotomy) / Prospective study of POEM: Peroral Endoscopy Myotomy in the treatment of esophageal achalasia

Miotomia endoscópica por via oral (POEM) foi recentemente descrita em humanos como tratamento para a acalasia. Este conceito tem evoluído a partir de desenvolvimentos na cirurgia endoscópica transluminal por orifícios (NOTES) e com potencial para se tornar uma importante opção terapêutica para o tratamento de megaesôfago. Neste estudo prospectivo descrevemos nossa abordagem com o POEM e a experiência inicial para o tratamento de pacientes com acalasia. Três pacientes com distúrbios da motilidade esofágica foram submetidos ao POEM. Este procedimento endoscópico consiste em uma incisão na mucosa do esôfago, formando um túnel submucoso até cárdia para divisão seletiva das fibras circulares do esfíncter inferior do esôfago (EIE). Essa entrada na mucosa é fechada por clipes hemostáticos endoscópicos. Todos os pacientes tiveram esofagogramas e manometrias esofágicas no pré e pós-operatório para acompanhamento clínico, comparativo, em 3 meses. Todos os três pacientes foram submetidos com sucesso ao tratamento POEM, e a miotomia tinha um comprimento médio de 13 cm. O tempo operatório variou 115-120 minutos. A permanência no hospital foi de 4 dias. Nossa experiência inicial com o procedimento POEM demonstra sua segurança operacional, sendo considerados bons os resultados clínicos iniciais. Embora os dados de avaliação a longo prazo devam ser estudados, o POEM poderia se tornar o tratamento de escolha para acalasia.

Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) has recently been described in humans as a treatment for achalasia. This concept has evolved from developments in natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) and has the potential to become an important therapeutic option. We describe our approach as well as our initial clinical experience as part of an ongoing study treating achalasia patients with POEM. Three patients with esophageal motility disorders were enrolled in and underwent POEM. This completely endoscopic procedure involved a mid esophageal mucosal incision, a submucosal tunnel onto the gastric cardia, and selective division of the circular and sling fibers at the lower esophageal sphincter. The mucosal entry was closed by conventional hemostatic clips. All patients had postoperative esophagograms before discharge and initial clinical follow-up 3 weeks postoperatively. All (3 of 3) patients successfully underwent POEM treatment. After the procedure, smooth passage of the endoscope through the gastroesophageal junction was observed in all patients. Operative time ranged from 120 to 240 minutes. No leaks were detected in the swallow studies and mean length of stay was 4 days. No clinical complications were observed, and at the initial follow-up, all patients reported dysphagia relief without reflux symptoms. Our initial experience with the POEM procedure demonstrates its operative safety, and early clinical results have shown good results. Although further evaluation and long-term data are mandatory, POEM could become the treatment of choice for symptomatic achalasia.

Miotomía extendida en el tratamiento de la acalasia / Extended myotomy in the treatment of achalasia

La acalasia es una enfermedad esofágica poco frecuente que se acompaña de una importante alteración de la calidad de vida de los pacientes. Su etiología no está totalmente aclarada y sus características clínicas principales son la disfagia y la regurgitación. El tratamiento de la acalasia está dirigido al alivio funcional y sintomático mediante la abertura del esfínter esofágico inferior, siendo al momento la miotomía laparoscópica la técnica de elección mientras que las dilataciones neumáticas y la inyección de toxina botulínica deben considerarse como técnicas de recurso en casos seleccionados. Objetivo: Evaluar los resultados de la miotomía extendida más funduplicatura parcial anterior de Dorr como tratamiento de la acalasia por vía laparoscópica, comparándola con nuestra experiencia previa mediante la técnica estándar. Materiales y método: diseño: Estudio prospectivo, descriptivo y longitudinal. Sede: Hospital Latino, Cuenca - Ecuador. Pacientes y método: Desde junio de 1992 hasta diciembre del 2011 se intervinieron 39 pacientes con diagnóstico de acalasia que recibieron tratamiento quirúrgico por medio de cirugía mínimamente invasiva. Se estudió la edad, sintomatología previa, clasificación según Stewart, tiempo de evolución de los síntomas, técnica operatoria realizada, control postoperatorio. Resultados: Se intervinieron 39 paciente, con edad promedio de 66 años, mínima 23 y máxima 81. La sintomatología presentada fue disfagia en el 100%, regurgitación en el 74,4%, pérdida de peso en el 71,8% y odinofagia en el 28.2%. El tiempo de evolución de los síntomas fueron: menor a 2 años 48.7% (n=19), de 2 a 4 años 33.3% (n=13), de 4 a 6 años de 12.8% (n=5), y de 6 a 8 años un 5.1% (n=2). Según Stewart se clasificaron en I 8% (n=3), II 49% (n=19), III 38% (n=15) y IV 5% (n=2).La técnica empleada fue Miotomía + Dorr 57% (n=22), Miotomía extendida + Dorr 20% (n=8), Miotomía sola 18% (n=7), Miotomía + Toupet 5% (n=2). Se ha realizado seguimiento del 75% de pacientes, con resultados excelentes en el 91%, y bueno en el 9%. En los ocho últimos casos se realizó la miotomía extendida más funduplicatura tipo Dorr, brindando resultados excelentes a corto plazo. Conclusión: la miotomía gástrica extendida mejora el resultado de la terapia quirúrgica para la acalasia sin incrementar la tasa de reflujo gastroesofágico anormal cuando se añade una funduplicatura parcial anterior tipo Dorr.

The achalasia is a rare esophageal disease that is accompanied by a significant alteration in patients' quality of life. Its etiology is not fully clarified and its main clinical features are dysphagia and regurgitation. The treatment for achalasia is led to a functional and symptomatic relief through a lower esophageal sphincter opening, being performed at the time of laparoscopic myotomy, the technique of choice while the pneumatic dilatation and botulinum toxin injection should be considered as technical resources in selected cases. Objective: To evaluate the results of the extended myotomy plus Dorr´s previous and partial fundoplication as the achalasia´s laparoscopic treatment compared with our previous experience using the standard technique. Materials and method: design: Prospective, Descriptive and Longitudinal Study. Host: Hospital Latino, Cuenca - Ecuador. Patients and method: From June 1992 through December 2011, 39 patients with diagnosis of achalasia had surgery and received surgical treatment through minimally. invasive surgery. We studied age, previous symptoms, classifications according to Stewart, duration of symptoms, surgical technique performed, postoperative control. Results: 39 patients were operated, average age 66 years, 23 years minimum and 81 years maximum. Dysphagia symptomatology was presented in 100%, regurgitation in 74%, weight loss in 71.8% and odynophagia in 28.2%. The duration of symptoms were: less than 2 years 48.7% (n=19), 2 to 4 years 33.3% (n=13), 4 to 6 years 12.8% (n=5), and 6 to 8 years 5.1% (n=2). According to Stewart, these were classified as follows: I 8% (n=3), II 49% (n=19), III 38% (n=15) and IV 5% (n=2). The used technique was Myotomy + Dorr 57% (n=22), Extended Myotomy + Dorr 20% (n=8), Only Myotomy 18% (n=7), Myotomy + Toupet 5% (n=2). We tracked a 75% of patients, excellent results 91%, and good results 9%. The last eight cases underwent extended myotomy plus Dorr´s fundoplication, providing excellent short-term results. Conclusion: Extended gastric myotomy improves the surgical therapy outcome for achalasia without increasing the rate of abnormal gastro esophageal reflux when a partial previous Dorr´s fundoplication type is added.

Subpeitoral ou subglandular: qual é a melhor localização do implante para pacientes com hipomastia? / The best plane for breast implantation in patients with hypomastia: submuscular or subglandular?

INTRODUÇÃO: A mamoplastia de aumento é um dos procedimentos mais realizados em cirurgia plástica no Brasil e no mundo. Existem duas localizações principais para o implante: o plano subpeitoral ou submuscular e o plano subglandular. O objetivo deste trabalho é defender o uso do plano subpeitoral em casos de hipomastia. MÉTODO: Dezesseis pacientes foram submetidas a aumento da mama entre 2008 e 2011. Utilizou-se o plano submuscular em 9 pacientes e o plano subglandular em 7. Miotomia do músculo grande peitoral foi realizada em todos os casos de localização submuscular. RESULTADOS: Foram selecionados 5 casos de pré e pós-operatório de pacientes submetidas a mamoplastia de aumento. Verificaram-se melhores resultados utilizando-se o plano submuscular para as pacientes com hipomastia acentuada. A miotomia do músculo peitoral provou ser fundamental para o sucesso da cirurgia, pois conferiu à loja submuscular o espaço necessário para abrigar o implante mamário, sem submetê-lo à pressão causada pela contração do músculo. CONCLUSÕES: O uso adequado do plano submuscular em pacientes com hipomastia é seguro, facilita o rastreamento de câncer de mama, não altera a função muscular, protege o parênquima mamário e garante resultados mais naturais e duradouros.

BACKGROUND: Breast augmentation is one of the most common plastic surgery procedures in Brazil and worldwide. There are 2 main locations for the implant: the subpectoral or submuscular plane and subglandular plane. The objective of the current study was to indicate the efficacy of the use of the subpectoral plane in cases of hypomastia. METHODS: Sixteen patients underwent breast augmentation between 2008 and 2011; the submuscular and subglandular planes were used in 9 and 7 patients, respectively. Myotomy of the pectoralis major muscle was performed in all cases where the submuscular plane was used. RESULTS: The pre- and postoperative aspects of 5 cases of patients undergoing breast augmentation are presented. Better results were obtained using the submuscular plane for patients with severe hypomastia. Myotomy of the pectoralis proved critical to the success of the surgery, because it provided the submuscular pocket required to house the breast implant without subjecting it to the pressure caused by muscle contraction. CONCLUSIONS: The proper use of the submuscular plane in patients with hypomastia is safe, facilitates cancer screening, does not alter muscle function, protects the breast parenchyma, and ensures more natural and long-term results.

Miotomía de heller asistida por robot Vs. Miotomía de heller laparoscópica Para el tratamiento de la acalasia / Heller's myotomy assisted by robot Vs laparoscopic heller's myotomy For the treatment of achalasia

La cirugía mínimamente invasiva se ha convertido en el tratamiento estándar para la acalasia. La incorporación de la tecnología robótica permite superar limitaciones de la cirugía laparoscópica aportando una óptima visión tridimensional, aumentando los grados de libertad de los movimientos a la vez que evita el efecto fulcrum e incrementa la ergonomía. Objetivo: determinar las ventajas de la miotomía de Heller asistida por robot sobre la miotomía de Heller laparoscópica en el tratamiento de la acalasia. Métodos: fueron incluidos cuarenta y ocho (48) pacientes con diagnóstico de acalasia confirmado con esofagograma y manometría. Las molestias principales en ambos grupos eran disfagia y pérdida de peso. Resultados: veinticinco (25) pacientes fueron tratados con miotomía de Heller laparoscópica y veintitrés (23) pacientes fueron tratados con miotomía de Heller asistida por robot. No hubo diferencia en el promedio de tiempo quirúrgico (73 ±13 vs 77 ± 18 min, p:0,39). Los eventos intraoperatorios adversos fueron menos frecuentes en los procedimientos asistidos por robot (8% vs. 0%), sin embargo, ésta no representa una diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p: 0.17). La efectividad de la cirugía es comparable en ambos abordajes Conclusión: la miotomía de Heller asistida por robot es un procedimiento seguro y eficaz. El tiempo operatorio no es mayor que la miotomía de Heller laparoscópica, pero es necesario evaluar la técnica en ensayos clínicos aleatorios para determinar sus ventajas en términos de eventos intraoperatorios adversos(AU)

Minimally invasive surgery has become the gold standard for the treatment of achalasia. The incorporation of robotic technology overcomes the limitations of laparoscopic surgery, providing optimum three-dimensional vision, increasing the degrees of freedom of movement while preventing the fulcrum effect and increases ergonomics. Objective: the aim of this study was to compare robotic-assisted laparoscopic Heller myotomy with laparoscopic Heller myotomy in terms of efficacy and safety. Methods: forty-eight (48) patients with diagnosis of achalasia confirmed by esophagogram and manometry were included. Dysphagia and weight loss were the main complaints in both groups. Results: twenty-five (25) patients were treated with laparoscopic Heller myotomy and twenty-three (23) patients were treated with robotic-assisted Heller myotomy. There was no difference in mean operative time (73 ± 13 vs 77 ± 18 min, p:0.39). Intraoperative adverse events were less frequent in the robotassisted procedures (8% vs. 0%), however, this was a nonsignificant difference (p:0.17). The effectiveness of the surgery is comparable in both approaches. Conclusion: Heller myotomy robot assisted is safe and effective. The operating time is not longer than laparoscopic Heller myotomy, but is necessary to evaluate the technique in randomized clinical trials to determine its advantages in terms of intraoperative adverse events(AU)

Frontal and glabellar myotomy: single short frontal scar approach / Miotomia frontoglabelar: acesso por pequena incisão frontal

BACKGROUND: Frontal and glabellar muscle hyperactivity with consequent wrinkles are frequent complaints in plastic surgery. Treatment consists of impediment of related muscles; this can be achieved by application of botulinum toxin or surgery by means of classic coronal incision, endoscopic approach, transblepharoplasty access, or non-endoscopic limited approaches. This paper proposes an alternative of limited approach in which an incision is made on the central frontal scalp for treatment of the frontal and glabellar muscles. METHODS: Between March 2009 and April 2010, 20 female patients were treated using a small incision on the frontal scalp, followed by dissection of frontal and glabellar regions. Muscles and supratrochlear and supraorbital nerve branches were identified; subsequently, frontal and glabellar muscle myotomy was performed. RESULTS: All patients showed good results by frontal and glabellar muscle impediment during the evaluation period, with improvement in wrinkles and hyperactivity. Complications consisted of temporary paresthesia and pruritus in the central frontal region and scalp, in addition to recurrence of partial muscle contraction. CONCLUSIONS: The small incision approach on the central frontal scalp for treatment of frontal and glabellar muscles seems to be a good alternative to other surgical options due to its small size, inconspicuous scarring, and direct visualization of frontal and glabellar anatomic structures, allowing selective myotomy or myectomy.

INTRODUÇÃO: A hiperatividade da musculatura frontoglabelar, com suas consequentes rugas, são queixas frequentes em consultórios de cirurgia plástica. O tratamento consiste de impedimento desses músculos, o que pode ser obtido com a aplicação de toxina botulínica ou cirurgicamente, por incisão coronal clássica, acesso endoscópico, acesso transblefaroplastia ou acessos limitados não-endoscópicos. Neste artigo é proposta uma alternativa de acesso limitado, por incisão pós-capilar central frontal (IPCF), para tratamento das musculaturas frontal e glabelar. MÉTODO: Entre março de 2009 e abril de 2010, 20 pacientes do sexo feminino foram submetidas a IPCF, seguida de dissecção das regiões frontal e glabelar. Os músculos e os nervos supratroclear e supraorbitário foram identificados, sendo, em seguida, realizada miotomia dos músculos frontoglabelares. RESULTADOS: Todos os casos apresentaram bons resultados pelo impedimento da musculatura frontoglabelar no período avaliado, com melhora das rugas e da hiperatividade. As complicações observadas foram temporárias e incluíram parestesia e prurido na região frontal central e no escalpe, além de recorrência parcial da contração muscular. CONCLUSÕES: A IPCF parece ser uma boa alternativa para o tratamento das musculaturas frontal e glabelar, pela pequena incisão, pela cicatriz inaparente e por permitir visão direta das estruturas anatômicas das regiões frontal e glabelar, permitindo miotomia ou miectomia seletiva.

Divertículos esofágicos por pulsión: técnicas quirúrgicas / Esophageal pulsion diverticula: surgical techniques

Los divertículos esofágicos por pulsión son los que con mayor frecuencia se diagnostican en el esófago. En el Hospital Clinicoquirúrgico Hermanos Ameijeiras se estudiaron 8 pacientes en el período de 1992 a 1995 y de 1999 a 2002. La media de edad fue de 59 años y el 50 por ciento de los casos eran del sexo masculino. Del total de casos, 7 fueron divertículos faringoesofágicos y 1, epifrénico. Los tamaños variaron entre 1 cm a 12 cm, con una media de 3,9 cm y el tamaño de los cuellos entre 1 cm y 3 cm, con una media de 2,1 cm. A 5 de los divertículos de Zenker se les realizó diverticulectomía y a 2, diverticulopexia, siempre con miotomía del cricofaríngeo. En el caso del divertículo epifrénico se realizó diverticulectomía. Ninguna de las técnicas se asoció a complicaciones(AU)

The divertículos esofágicos for pulsión is those that are diagnosed in the esophagus with more frequency. In the Hospital Clinicoquirúrgico Siblings Ameijeiras 8 patients were studied in the period from 1992 to 1995 and of 1999 at 2002. The age stocking was of 59 years and 50 percent of the cases they were of the masculine sex. Of the total of cases, 7 were divertículos faringoesofágicos and 1, epifrénico. The sizes varied among 1 cm to 12 cm, with a stocking of 3,9 cm and the size of the necks between 1 cm and 3 cm, with a stocking of 2,1 cm. AT 5 of the divertículos of Zenker were carried out diverticulectomía and at 2, diverticulopexia, always with miotomía of the cricofaríngeo. In the case of the divertículo epifrénico he/she was carried out diverticulectomía. None of the techniques associated to complications(AU)