Pérdida no orgánica de la visión de colores / Nonorganic loss of color vision

La pérdida no orgánica de la visión o pérdida funcional, es un trastorno en el cual se presenta cierta sintomatología visual, sin que haya causa alguna que pueda justificarlo. Se presenta un caso de una paciente adolescente femenina de 16 años de edad, color de piel blanca, con antecedentes oculares de ptosis palpebral derecha congénita y malos hábitos alimentarios. Su motivo de consulta fue pérdida de la visión de colores no constatada inicialmente; luego, debido a su insistencia, comenzamos a notar una disminución progresiva e incongruente de la visión cromática, con parámetros funcionales visuales normales, defectos en campos visuales computarizados no reproducibles y exámenes de electrofisiología visual normales, con recuperación total de este defecto sin tomarse ninguna conducta terapéutica específica. La pérdida no orgánica de la visión se refiere a cualquier defecto visual en la que no se demuestra alteración de las estructuras que se encuentran entre la córnea y la corteza cerebral occipital. Los trastornos de la vía aferente constituyen la manifestación más frecuente. Puede existir disminución, unilateral o bilateral, de la visión, afectación del campo visual o ambos. La visión de colores es usualmente anormal, pero rara vez, es el motivo de consulta. El origen psicógeno es corriente en niños y es más frecuente en mujeres que en hombres. El déficit adquirido de la visión de colores ocurre a consecuencia de una patología ocular, lesión intracraneal o uso excesivo de algún medicamento y, por lo general, se acompaña de pérdida variable de la agudeza visual(AU)

Non-organic loss of vision or functional loss is a disorder in which certain visual symptomatology is present, without any cause that could justify it. We present a case of a 16-year-old female adolescent patient, white skin color, with ocular history of congenital right palpebral ptosis and bad eating habits. Her reason for consultation was loss of color vision not initially detected; then, due to her insistence, we began to notice a progressive and incongruent decrease in color vision, with normal visual functional parameters, defects in non-reproducible computerized visual fields and normal visual electrophysiology tests, with total recovery of this defect without any specific therapeutic behavior. Non-organic vision loss refers to any visual defect in which no alteration of the structures between the cornea and the occipital cerebral cortex is demonstrated. Disorders of the afferent pathway constitute the most frequent manifestation. There may be unilateral or bilateral decreased vision, visual field impairment, or both. Color vision is usually abnormal, but rarely, it is the reason for consultation. Psychogenic origin is common in children and is more frequent in women than in men. Acquired color vision deficits occur as a consequence of an ocular pathology, intracranial injury or excessive use of medication and are usually accompanied by variable loss of visual acuity(AU)

Calidad visual en la cirugía bilateral del cristalino por facoemulsificación / Visual quality in bilateral crystalline lens surgery by phacoemulsification

Objetivo: Analizar la recuperación y la calidad visual posoperatoria en la cirugía bilateral del cristalino por facoemulsificación. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo y analítico de serie de casos en 40 pacientes con el diagnóstico de catarata bilateral, operados por cirugía bilateral simultánea del cristalino, atendidos en el Centro de Microcirugía Ocular del Instituto Cubano de Oftalmología "Ramón Pando Ferrer", durante el periodo comprendido desde noviembre del año 2018 hasta marzo de 2020. Se analizaron las variables edad, sexo, dureza nuclear según LOCS III, mejor agudeza visual con y sin corrección, astigmatismo medio inducido, visión de colores, sensibilidad al contraste, velocidad de lectura y estudio de la calidad de vida por la encuesta FV-14. Se emplearon los porcentajes y los números absolutos para resumir las variables cualitativas. En el caso de las cuantitativas se usó la media con su desviación estándar y el intervalo de confianza del 95 por ciento. Resultados: Fue más frecuente el sexo femenino en el 65 por ciento; la edad media fue de 69,1 ± 8,1 años. El 55,11 por ciento de los pacientes tuvo dureza NO3. La media de la mejor agudeza visual sin corrección mejoró a 0,89 ± 0,25; la mejor agudeza visual con corrección mejoró a 0,96 ± 0,03; el resto de las variables estudiadas mostró mejoría significativa. Conclusiones: La cirugía bilateral simultánea del cristalino personalizada contribuye de manera significativa a la mejoría de la visión en cantidad y calidad, lo que permite recuperar la calidad de vida de los pacientes(AU)

Objective: Analyze postoperative recovery and visual quality in bilateral crystalline lens surgery by phacoemulsification. Methods: An analytical prospective study was conducted of a case series of 40 bilateral cataract patients undergoing simultaneous bilateral crystalline lens surgery at the Center for Ocular Microsurgery of Ramón Pando Ferrer Cuban Institute of Ophthalmology from November 2018 to March 2020. The variables analyzed were age, sex, nuclear hardness by LOCS III, best visual acuity with and without correction, induced medial astigmatism, color vision, contrast sensitivity, reading speed and quality of life by the VF-14 survey. Percentages and absolute numbers were used to summarize qualitative variables, whereas mean and standard deviation were used for quantitative variables, with a 95 percent confidence interval. Results: Female sex prevailed with 65 percent; mean age was 69.1 ± 8.1 years. Hardness was NO3 in 55.11 percent of the patients examined. Mean best visual acuity without correction improved to 0.89 ± 0.25; best corrected visual acuity improved to 0.96 ± 0.03; the remaining variables studied showed significant improvement. Conclusion: Simultaneous personalized bilateral crystalline lens surgery significantly contributes to visual improvement both quantitatively and qualitatively, making it possible for patients to recover their quality of life(AU)

Alteraciones en la visión cromáticas por agentes neurotóxicos en pacientes de 20 a 40 años / Visual chromatic alteration by neurotoxics in patients of 20 ­ 40 age / Alteracao visual cromática por neurotóxicos em pacientes de 20 a 40 anos

El estudio busca determinar las alteraciones de la visión cromática por gentes neurotóxicos en pacientes de 20 a 40 años en la parroquia Checa ­ Ecuador y cuál de ellas genera mayor vulnerabilidad en las células nerviosas fotorreceptoras de la retina. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: se realizó un estudio evaluativo - descriptivo de pruebas en donde participaron 54 personas de edades entre 20 a 40 años que pertenecen al programa social bachillerato acelerado y se les aplicó la historia clínica de detección para determinar si están dentro de los criterios de inclusión. A los 54 pacientes que cumplieron con el requisito, a parte del examen visual completo, se les aplicó el test de Farnsworth que es la prueba más certera y completa para el diagnóstico de las distintas alteraciones de la visión cromática. RESULTADOS: al realizar la tabulación de datos, se observa que la alteración cromática más frecuente es la deuteranomalía, y que el agente más neurotóxico para las células fotorreceptoras retinales, es el alcohol, afectando mayormente, a la población masculina de entre 31 a 35 años, el segundo neurotóxico más agresivo, es el cigarrillo, afectando a la misma población. CONCLUSIONES: se determina que los agentes neurotóxicos inciden directamente en el daño de fotorreceptores especializados al color, el daño puede ser imperceptible al principio, pero puede afectar al paciente principalmente en el desarrollo laboral, que es cuando el paciente cae en cuenta que está presentando una alteración cromática, la disminución de la exposición a los mismos, puede revertir el daño si la frecuencia no ha sido prolongada(AU)

The study seeks to determine the alterations of color vision by neurotoxic people in patients aged 20 to 40 years in the Czech parish - Ecuador and which of them generates greater vulnerability in the photoreceptor nerve cells of the retina. MATERIALS AND METHODS: an evaluative-descriptive study of tests was carried out in which 54 people between the ages of 20 and 40 who belong to the accelerated high school social program participated and the clinical history of detection was applied to them to determine if they were within the inclusion criteria. To the 54 patients who fulfilled the requirement, apart from the complete visual examination, the Farnsworth test was applied, which is the most accurate and complete test for the diagnosis of the different color vision alterations. RESULTS: when performing the data tabulation, it is observed that the most frequent chromatic alteration is deuteranomaly, and that the most neurotoxic agent for retinal photoreceptor cells is alcohol, affecting mainly the male population between 31 and 35 years of age. The second most aggressive neurotoxic is cigarettes, affecting the same population. CONCLUSIONS: it is determined that neurotoxic agents directly affect the damage of specialized photoreceptors to color, the damage may be imperceptible at first, but it can affect the patient mainly in work development, which is when the patient realizes that he is presenting a chromatic alteration, decreasing the exposure to them, can reverse the damage if the frequency has not been prolonged.(AU)

O estudo visa determinar as alterações da visão de cores por pessoas neurotóxicas em pacientes de 20 a 40 anos na freguesia checa-Equador e qual delas gera maior vulnerabilidade nas células nervosas fotorreceptoras da retina. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: foi realizado um estudo descritivo-avaliativo de testes em que participaram 54 pessoas entre 20 e 40 anos que pertencem ao programa social do ensino médio acelerado e foi aplicado o histórico clínico de detecção para determinar se estavam dentro dos critérios de inclusão. Aos 54 pacientes que preencheram o requisito, além do exame visual completo, foi aplicado o teste de Farnsworth, que é o teste mais preciso e completo para o diagnóstico das diferentes alterações na visão de cores. RESULTADOS: ao realizar a tabulação dos dados, observa-se que a alteração cromática mais frequente é a deuteranomalia, e que o agente mais neurotóxico para as células fotorreceptoras da retina é o álcool, afetando principalmente a população masculina entre 31 e 35 anos. O segundo neurotóxico mais agressivo é cigarros, afetando a mesma população. CONCLUSÕES: é determinado que os agentes neurotóxicos afetam diretamente o dano dos fotorreceptores especializados à cor, o dano pode ser imperceptível a princípio, mas pode afetar o paciente principalmente no desenvolvimento do trabalho, que é quando o paciente percebe que está apresentando uma alteração cromática, diminuindo a exposição a eles pode reverter o dano se a frequência não for prolongada. (AU)

As consequências irreversíveis do diagnóstico tardio de macroadenoma de hipófise em paciente jovem / The irreversible consequences of late diagnosis of pituitary macroadenoma in a young patient

Resumo Os tumores de hipófise representam aproximadamente 15% de todos os tumores cerebrais e dependendo do tamanho, pressionam o quiasma óptico, resultando em comprometimento da função visual que se manifesta como defeitos no campo visual, diminuição da acuidade visual e da visão das cores. O objetivo do presente estudo foi relatar um caso de macroadenoma de hipófise com compressão do quiasma óptico e defeito no campo visual, tratado inicialmente como glaucoma, levando a um diagnóstico e tratamento tardio.

Abstract Pituitary tumors represent approximately 15% of all brain tumors and depending on size, pressure optic chiasma, resulting in impaired visual func-tion that manifests itself as defective in the visual field, decreased acuity visual and color vision. The ob-jetive of the present study was to report a case of pitui-tary macroadenoma with compression of optical chiasma and visual field de-fect, initially treated as glaucoma, leading to a late diagnosis and treatment.

Catarata e a expressao cromática na obra de Monet / Cataract and chromatic expression in Monet's work

Resumo Por conta de uma doença ocular, a obra de Monet foi analisada por múltiplas facetas, incluindo o reflexo da deterioração de sua visão nos seus trabalhos, motivo deste trabalho de revisão. Tendo como referência este panorama, propõe-se aqui pensar, por meio de algumas obras marcantes da biografia de Monet, a doença ocular catarata e o seu papel na história de vida deste pintor.

Abstract Due to the ocular disease, Monet's work was analyzed by multiple facets, including the reflection of the deterioration of his vision in his works, reason for this work of revision. With reference to this panorama, it is proposed here to think, by means of some remarkable works of the biography of Monet, the ocular cataract disease and the paper of this in the history of this painter's life.

Evaluation of the color vision acuity pattern of undergraduates of health courses in a Brazilian university / Avaliação do padrão de acuidade visual para cores de acadêmicos da área de saúde em Universidade brasileira

ABSTRACT Objective: The goal of the study is to analyze the color vision acuity pattern in undergraduates of health courses and to discuss the impact of these diseases in this population. Color deficiencies interfere significantly in the daily routine of professionals in the health area who need to discern different color hues in several situations of their everyday practice. Methods: Sixty-four volunteers, undergraduates of health courses of the Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), participated in the study. One man was excluded because he did not fit the inclusion criteria. Two groups were analyzed according to sex with the Farnsworth Munsell 100-Hue test. Results: There were no significant differences between the eyes and between the groups analyzed. The color vision acuity pattern is between 35 and 40, according to the Total Error Score. The gender issue does not influence the general pattern of the color vision acuity of the health courses undergraduates when those with color vision disorders are removed. Conclusion: Screenings and guidance should be given to undergraduates of health courses so that, aware of their condition of presenting some type of color disorder, they shall make the appropriate decision on which career to follow so that such limitation does not interfere with the quality of their daily life.

RESUMO Objetivo: O objetivo do estudo é analisar a acuidade visual média para cores de estudantes da área de saúde e discutir o impacto das doenças que a afetam nessa população. Deficiências cromáticas interferem de forma significativa no dia a dia de profissionais da área da saúde que necessitam de discernir diferentes matizes em diversas situações de sua prática profissional. Métodos: Participaram da pesquisa 64 voluntários, estudantes de cursos da área de saúde da Universidade Federal de Alfenas, sendo que 1 homem foi excluído por não se adequar aos critérios de inclusão. Dois grupos foram analisados, de acordo com o sexo, com o teste de Farnsworth Munsell 100-Hue. Resultados: Não houve diferenças significativas entre os olhos e entre os grupos analisados. O padrão de visão de cores encontra-se entre 35 e 40, de acordo com a Pontuação do Erro Total. A questão de gênero não influencia no padrão geral da qualidade de visão de cores de estudantes da área de saúde, quando retirados aqueles que apresentam distúrbios da visão cromática. Conclusão: Devem ser realizadas triagens e orientação para estudantes de cursos da área de saúde para que, cientes da sua condição de apresentar algum tipo de distúrbio cromático, possam tomar a decisão adequada sobre qual carreira seguir para que tal limitação não interfira na qualidade de sua vida diária.

Preliminary data for performance in hue ordering tests during pregnancy

The visual system of women changes during pregnancy. Few reports have addressed the effects of pregnancy on color vision. We aimed to compare the color vision of women in the first, second, and third trimesters of pregnancy. Fifty women were divided into first (n=10), second (n=10), third trimester pregnancy groups (n=10), and non-pregnant group (n=20). We used the Farnsworth D15 and Lanthony desaturated D15 (D15d) tests. The hue ordering quantified the amount of error (C-index) and the chromatic selectivity of the errors (S-index). Bland-Altman analysis was applied to the hue ordering data. No difference was found for Farnsworth D15 test results obtained from the pregnant groups and the non-pregnant group (P<0.0083). For the Lanthony D15 desaturated test, the third trimester pregnant group had higher C-index and S-index than non-pregnant women and first-trimester pregnant women (P<0.0083). The Bland-Altman analysis showed that the limits of agreement increased as pregnancy advanced, and the errors were biased to the D15d test. In this study, color vision was impaired during pregnancy. Color vision evaluation could be used as an indicator of the functional status of the central vision during pregnancy.

Importância das cores no crescimento, bem-estar e reprodução de peixes / Importance of colors on growth, welfare and reproduction of fish / Importancia de los colores en el crecimiento, bienestar y reproducción de peces

O Brasil possui alto potencial para piscicultura devido às suas condições ambientais favoráveis à elevada diversidade de espécies nativas com potencial para corte e para ornamentação e à vasta disponibilidade de recursos hídricos. Os estímulos ambientais são cruciais na modulação do ciclo de vida dos animais e, dessa forma, as modificações inerentes a cor do ambiente pode afetar o comportamento e o desenvolvimento dos peixes. Poucos estudos têm sido dedicados ao entendimento dos efeitos do fundo ou cor de luz sobre a biologia dos peixes. Objetivou-se fazer uma revisão bibliográfica sobre os efeitos das cores no bem-estar, na reprodução e no crescimento dos peixes. A luminosidade, por exemplo, é uma condição ambiental essencial para a sobrevivência dos peixes. A luz também é o principal fator responsável pelo controle do ritmo biológico dos animais. A resposta ao estresse corresponde a uma série de alterações fisiológicas. Os efeitos são divididos em primários, secundários e terciários. A manipulação deste sincronizador ambiente pode auxiliar na produção e na qualidade do pescado dentro da área de piscicultura. O efeito das cores sobre o desempenho produtivo e reprodutivo de peixes dependerá dentre outros fatores, da espécie a ser estudada, do sexo e do estágio de desenvolvimento dessa espécie, e é de suma importância para melhor o bem-estar dos animais e obter maiores rendimentos no setor de piscicultura.(AU)

Brazil has a high potential for fish farming due to its favorable environmental conditions to a high diversity of native species with potential for food consumption and for decoration, as well as its vast availability of water resources. Environmental stimuli are crucial in modulating the life cycle of animals, and therefore the inherent color changes of the environment can affect the behavior and development of fish. Few studies have been devoted to understanding the effects of background or light color on fish biology. The purpose of this paper was to make a literature review on the theme of color effects on fish welfare, reproduction and growth. Brightness, for instance, is an essential environmental condition for fish survival. Light is also one of the main factors responsible for controlling the biological rhythm of those animals. Stress response corresponds to a series of physiological changes, with their effects being divided into primary, secondary and tertiary. The manipulation of this environmental synchronizer can aid in the production and quality of fish within the fish farming area. The effect of colors on the productive and reproductive performance of fish species under study depends, among other factors, on the sex and development stage of this species, and is of paramount importance for better animal welfare and higher yields in the fish farming sector.(AU)

Brasil tiene un gran potencial para la piscicultura debido a sus favorables condiciones ambientales, la alta diversidad de especies nativas con potencial para corte y adorno, y la gran disponibilidad de recursos hídricos. Los estímulos ambientales son cruciales en la modulación del ciclo de vida de los animales y, de esa forma, las modificaciones inherentes al color del ambiente puede afectar el comportamiento y el desarrollo de los peces. Pocos estudios se han dedicado a la comprensión de los efectos de fondo o color de luz sobre la biología de los peces. Se ha buscado una revisión bibliográfica sobre los efectos de los colores en el bienestar, en la reproducción y en el crecimiento de los peces. La luminosidad, por ejemplo, es una condición ambiental esencial para la supervivencia de los peces. La luz también es el principal factor responsable por el control del ritmo biológico de los animales. La respuesta al estrés corresponde a una serie de cambios fisiológicos. Los efectos se dividen en primarios, secundarios y terciarios. El manejo de este entorno sincronizador puede ayudar en la producción y la calidad del pez dentro del área de la acuicultura. El efecto de los colores sobre el desempeño productivo y reproductivo de peces dependerá entre otros factores, de la especie a ser estudiada, del sexo y de la etapa de desarrollo de esa especie, y es de suma importancia para mejorar el bienestar de los animales y obtener mayor rendimiento en el sector de la acuicultura.(AU)

Cuantificación de la supresión basada en contraste: una técnica cromática para la presentación dicóptica / Quantifying suppression based on contrast: a chromatic technique for dichoptic presentation

Las pruebas clínicas para evaluar la supresión están diseñadas generalmente para comprobar solamente su presencia. En este trabajo se evalúa la fiabilidad de la cuantificación de la supresión basada en contraste. Se utilizó una tarea dicóptica de discriminación de movimiento global con kinematogramas de puntos aleatorios, una técnica de codificación cromática basada en la división del espectro visible, para la construcción de la presentación dicóptica, y la variante de cuantificación que comprende una etapa binocular y otra dicóptica. Para determinar el desempeño se utilizó el método de la escalera. A pesar de las limitaciones del experimento, los resultados apoyan la teoría sobre la relevancia del desequilibrio de contraste intraocular en el proceso de la supresión, corroboran la fiabilidad de la cuantificación de la supresión basada en contraste y validan la viabilidad de la técnica cromática dicóptica(AU)

Clinic trials to evaluate suppression are generally designed to check only their presence. In this work the reliability of quantifying suppression based on contrast is evaluated. Dichoptic task for discrimination of global motion was used with a random dot kinematograms. A chromatic technique based on division of visible spectra, was used for development of dichoptic presentation, and the quantification variant comprising binocular and dichoptic stages was selected. To determinate the performance the staircase method was used. Despite the limitations of experiment, the results support the theory on the relevance of intraocular contrast imbalance in the suppression process; they confirm the reliability of quantifying suppression based on contrast and validate the feasibility of dichoptic chromatic technique(AU)

Síndrome Irlen, uso de transparencias de color y mejoras de la lectura en escolares urbanos de Cuenca / Irlen syndrome, use of transparencies of color and improvements of reading in urban schools of Cuenca

Objetivo: Determinar si el uso de transparencias de color ayuda a mejorar la lectura, eliminando distorsiones visuales perceptuales, malestares físicos al leer, sintomatología del síndrome Irlen. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio cuasi-experimental sobre efectos del Método Irlen® - uso del color - en sesenta y un estudiantes del cuarto grado de las escuelas urbanas de Cuenca, identificados como severos en el rango de Irlen, en un estudio anterior de pre-valencia. Los participantes fueron evaluados a través de nuevas observaciones, entrevistas y cuatro pruebas de la Escala Perceptual de Lectura Irlen. Medidas de tendencia central y porcentajes fueron utilizadas para el análisis de datos. Resultados: Las mejoras atribuidas al uso del color en rango considerable fueron: 1) 59% comodidad; 2) 37.7% menos borroso; 3) 41% menos tensión y fatiga; 4) 45.9% más seguridad y fluidez al leer; 5) 34.4% menos movimientos en la página; 6) 31.2% eliminación de distorsiones; 7) 13.1% menos errores al leer; 8) 9.8% mejora del espacio limitado; 9) 8.2% en atención limitada; y 10) 1.6% mejora en comprensión lectora. Conclusión: El uso de las transparencias de color ayuda parcialmente a eliminar algunas distorsiones visuales perceptuales y malestares físicos al leer lo que facilita la lectura.

Objective: To determine whether the use of color transparencies helps improve reading eliminating visual perceptual distortions, phy-sical discomfort when reading, and Irlen syn-drome symptomatology.Materials and Methods: A quasi-experimental study about effects of Irlen® Method - use of color ­ was made in sixty-one students from fourth graders in urban schools in Cuenca, which were identified as severe in the range of Irlen in a previous study of prevalence. The participants were evaluated through new ob-servations, interviews and four Irlen Reading Perceptual Scale tests. Central tendency me-asures and percentages were used for data analysis. Results: The Improvements in reading due to the use of color in a significant range were: 1) 59% comfort; 2) 37.7% less blurry; 3) 41% less stress and fatigue; 4) 45.9% more confidence and fluency when reading; 5) 34.4% fewer movements on the page; 6) 31.2% elimination of distortions; 7) 13.1% fewer errors when rea-ding; 8) 9.8% improvement in the limited spa-ce; 9) 8.2% in limited attention; and 10) 1.6% improvement in reading comprehension. Conclusion: The use of color transparencies partially helps to eliminate some visual per-ceptual distortions and physical discomfort when reading which facilitates the reading process.

Evaluation of perception of dental color by students and professors of dentistry

AIM: To evaluate visual perception of dental color carried out by students and professors of Dentistry area. MATERIAL AND METHODS: For this study, 64 people were selected to respond a personal questionnaire and a color selection questionnaire. The respondents also perform, using the color scale VITAPAN classical, the choice of healthy human tooth color, maintained humid and in an acrylic resin cylinder developed especially for this research. RESULTS: Only 6.25% of respondents answered correctly the natural tooth color. CONCLUSION: According to the color verification through a spectrophotometer, only 6.25% of respondents have carried out correctly the color selection. In this way, for the good aesthetical result, the criteria need to be standardized and pre-stablished in order to perform the color selection correctly, observing the variables which can interfere on its choice.

Artificial pupil versus contralateral balanced contact lens fit for presbyopia correction / Pupila artificial vs adaptação contralateral equilibrada de lentes de contato para correção da presbiopia

Purpose: To assess and compare the effects of contact lens-based artificial pupil design and contralateral balanced multifocal contact lens combination (CBMCLC) on visual performance. Methods: This randomized crossover study conducted at the University of Valencia, Spain included 38 presbyopic patients using an artificial pupil contact lens in the nondominant eye and a CBMCLC. After a month of lens wear, the binocular distance visual acuity (BDVA), binocular near visual acuity (BNVA), defocus curve, binocular distance, and near contrast sensitivity and near stereoacuity (NSA) were measured under photopic conditions (85 cd/m2). Moreover, BDVA and binocular distance contrast sensitivity were examined under mesopic conditions (5 cd/m2). Results: Visual acuity at an intermediate distance and near vision was better with the CBMCLC than with the artificial pupil (p<0.05). Statistically significant differences were found in contrast sensitivity between the two types of correction for distance (under mesopic conditions) and for near vision, with the CBMCLC exhibiting better results in both cases (p<0.05). The mean NSA values obtained for the artificial pupil contact lens were significantly worse than those for the CBMCLC (p=0.001). Conclusion: The CBMCLC provided greater visual performance in terms of intermediate and near vision compared with the artificial pupil contact lens. .

Objetivo: Avaliar e comparar os efeitos da pupila artificial baseada em lentes de contato e a combinação equilibrada de lente de contato multifocal contralateral (CBMCLC) sobre o desempenho visual. Métodos: Estudo realizado na Universidade de Valência, Espanha. Em um projeto de estudo do tipo "cross-over", 38 pacientes présbitas foram avaliados utilizando uma lente de contato com pupila artificial no olho não-dominante e CBMCLC. Após 1 mês, foram avaliadas, em condições fotópicas (85 cd/m2), a acuidade visual binocular para distância (BDVA), a acuidade visual binocular para perto (BNVA), a curva de desfocagem, a sensibilidade ao contraste binocular para distância e para perto, assim como a acuidade estereoscópica para perto (NSA). Além disso, a BDVA e a sensibilidade ao contraste binocular para distância foram avaliadas em condições mesópicas (5 cd/m2). Resultados: A acuidade visual em distâncias intermediárias e para perto foram melhores com CBMCLC do que com pupila artificial (p<0,05). Foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre a sensibilidade ao contraste com os dois tipos de correção para distância (em condições mesópicas) e para perto, com CBMCLC ser melhor em ambos os casos (p<0,05). Os valores médios da NSA obtidos com as lentes de contato das pupilas artificiais foram significativamente piores do que com CBMCLC (p=0,001). Conclusão: CBMCLC proporciona melhor desempenho visual para visão intermediária e para perto do que a lente de contato com pupila artificial. .

Acute effect of alcohol intake on sine-wave Cartesian and polar contrast sensitivity functions

The aim of this study was to assess contrast sensitivity for angular frequency stimuli as well as for sine-wave gratings in adults under the effect of acute ingestion of alcohol. We measured the contrast sensitivity function (CSF) for gratings of 0.25, 1.25, 2.5, 4, 10, and 20 cycles per degree of visual angle (cpd) as well as for angular frequency stimuli of 1, 2, 4, 24, 48, and 96 cycles/360°. Twenty adults free of ocular diseases, with normal or corrected-to-normal visual acuity, and no history of alcoholism were enrolled in two experimental groups: 1) no alcohol intake (control group) and 2) alcohol ingestion (experimental group). The average concentration of alcohol in the experimental group was set to about 0.08%. We used a paradigm involving a forced-choice method. Maximum sensitivity to contrast for sine-wave gratings in the two groups occurred at 4 cpd sine-wave gratings and at 24 and 48 cycles/360° for angular frequency stimuli. Significant changes in contrast sensitivity were observed after alcohol intake compared with the control condition at spatial frequency of 4 cpd and 1, 24, and 48 cycles/360° for angular frequency stimuli. Alcohol intake seems to affect the processing of sine-wave gratings at maximum sensitivity and at the low and high frequency ends for angular frequency stimuli, both under photopic luminance conditions.

Comparative study of visual functions in premature pre-school children with and without retinopathy of prematurity / Estudo comparativo das funções visuais em pré-escolares nascidos prematuros com e sem retinopatia da prematuridade

Purpose: Observe whether there are differences in visual functions among premature infants with treated retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in relation to preterm infants with ROP and spontaneous regression; and among these two groups with ROP and the control group without ROP. Methods: Crosssectional observational no blind study. Premature infants were born between 06/199206/2006 and were exam between 06/200912/2010; registered in data of Hospital de Olhos Sandalla Amin Ghanem; with gestational age less than or equal to 32 weeks and 1,599 g born weigh; without ROP and ROP stages II or III, in one of the eyes, with spontaneous regression or with treatment; at least three visits during the selection period at maximum 6 months in the first exam and minimum 4 years of age in reassessment (chronological age) were include. Premature that did not respond or were not located for reassessment and those that did not have conditions to do the exams were exclude. Study's groups: G1 ROP posttreatment; G2ROP postspontaneous regression; G3 without ROP (control). Visual function evaluated with visual acuity (VA), contrast sensitivity test (CST), color test (CT), eye movement, stereopsis. Results: Overall, there were 24 premature infants and 48 eyes. Normal VA: 64.28% (G1), 87.5% (G2) and 100% (G3); Normal CST: 66.67% (G1), 100% (G2) and 55.56% (G3); Normal Ishihara CT: 100% (G1 and G2) and 86% (G3); Normal Farnsworth CT: 20% (G1), 75% (G2) and 50% (G3). Normal stereoacuity: 0.00% (G1); 25% (G2) and 3.5% (G3). Strabismus: 37% (G2), 0.00% (G1 and G3). The prevalent tendency for lower response in CST and CT between the premature children in group G3 and Farnsworth color test in G1 is a curious result of this work and more study is necessary about these visual functions in older premature children. Conclusion: The visual functions showed no statistically significant difference among the groups studied. .

Objetivo: Observar se há diferença nas funções visuais entre os prematuros com retinopatia da prematuridade (ROP) pós-tratamento em relação aos prematuros com retinopatia da prematuridade pós-regressão espontânea. E entre cada um destes grupos com o controle sem ROP. Métodos: Estudo transversal, observacional, não cego. Incluídas crianças prematuras nascidas entre 06/1992-06/2006 e examinadas entre 06/2009 e 12/2010; idade gestacional menor ou igual a 32 semanas e peso ao nascimento menor ou igual a 1.599 g; cadastrados no banco de dados do Hospital de Olhos Sandalla Amin Ghanem; com diagnóstico de retinopatia estágio II ou III em pelo menos um dos olhos com regressão espontânea ou por tratamento da ROP e sem retinopatia da prematuridade; mínimo de três consultas no período de seleção; máximo de seis meses de idade cronológica para o primeiro exame no HOSAG; idade cronológica mínima de quatro anos no período da reavaliação. Foram excluídas crianças prematuras que não responderam ou não foram localizados para os exames de reavaliação; e que não ofereciam condições de realização dos exames, por apresentarem comprometimento severo do sistema nervoso central ou síndromes impeditivas. Os prematuros foram divididos em três grupos: G1- prematuros com ROP pós-tratamento; G2- com ROP pós-regressão espontânea; e G3- sem ROP. Função visual avaliada por meio da acuidade visual (AV), teste de sensibilidade ao contrate (TSC), teste de cores (TC), exame de motricidade ocular e estereopsia. Resultados: Foram examinados 24 prematuros (48 olhos). No grupo G1 formado por 7 prematuros; G2, 8 prematuros e G3, 9 prematuros. AV normal: 64,28% (G1), 87,5% (G2) e 100% (G3); TSC normal: 66,67% (G1), 100% (G2) e 55,56% ...

The genetics of New World monkey visual pigments

To have color vision, having at least two cone photopigment types with different spectral sensitivities present in distinct photoreceptors is necessary together with the neural circuitry necessary to extract color information. Visual pigments are highly conserved molecules, but differences can be found among vertebrate groups. Primates have a variety of cone photopigments (i.e., opsins) that are expressed by polymorphic genes. This article examines the diversity of cone photopigments in New World monkeys and their behavioral relevance...

Color signals in retina and lateral geniculate nucleus of marmoset monkeys

Marmosets show sex-linked polymorphism of color vision, whereby all males and some females show dichromatic ("red-green color-blind") vision based on two classes of photoreceptor sensitive to short or medium wavelength bands. Most female marmosets by contrast express three photoreceptor classes, one sensitive to short wavelengths and two classes in the medium-long wavelength sensitivity band. We used this 'natural knock-out' to study the organization of color vision pathways in primates. We review here results from our and other laboratories showing how the primordial dichromatic blue-yellow pathway is characterized by selective connections to short wavelength sensitive cones in the retina and that signals for blue-yellow color vision travel through an ancient part of the subcortical visual pathway called the koniocellular system. Signals serving red-green color vision by contrast are tightly linked to retinal circuits serving high-resolution spatial vision at the fovea and show little sign of specific patterns of connections with medium- and long-wavelength sensitive cones. Routine trichromatic color vision thus is based on converging signals from two quite distinct retinal and subcortical pathways...

Neurophysiological correlates of color vision: a model

The tree-receptor theory of human color vision accounts for color matching. A bottom-up, non-linear model combining cone signals in six types of cone-opponent cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of primates describes the phenomenological dimensions hue, color strength, and lightness/brightness. Hue shifts with light intensity (the Bezold-Brücke phenomenon), and saturation (the Abney effect) are also accounted for by the opponent model. At the threshold level, sensitivities of the more sensitive primate cells correspond well with human psychophysical thresholds. Conventional Fourier analysis serves well in dealing with the discrimination data, but here we want to take a look at non-linearity, i.e., the neural correlates to perception of color phenomena for small and large fields that span several decades of relative light intensity. We are particularly interested in the mathematical description of spectral opponency, receptive fields, the balance of excitation and inhibition when stimulus size changes, and retina-to-LGN thresholds...

Early visual changes in diabetic patients with no retinopathy measured by color discrimination and electroretinography

Early visual changes caused by diabetes include color vision losses and an abnormal full-field electroretinogram. The purpose of this study was to evaluate color vision in type 2 diabetic patients with no clinically detectable retinopathy using an objective psychophysical color vision test, evaluate retinal function assessed by full-field electroretinography (ffERG), and verify the agreement among the changes detected by each of these tests. Color vision was tested and ffERG was performed in 34 diabetic patients (20 males; ages 56 ± 9 years). Results were compared with those obtained from age-matched control groups. Color discrimination losses occurred in all three color-confusion axes with a higher incidence on the protan axis. The full-field electroretinographic data indicated that inner retinal components (i.e., ffERG oscillatory potentials) were more affected than outer retinal components, indicating impairment of second- and third-order retinal neurons early in the disease. Previous studies reported tritan losses as a classic color vision defect in diabetes, but our results showed that all three color-confusion axes (i.e., protan, deutan, and tritan) are compromised, at least during the very early stages of the disease, reflecting a diffuse pattern of color vision loss. The full-field electroretinographic results that showed abnormalities of the inner retina support the color vision findings...

Manifestaciones neuroftalmológicas en la enfermedad de Parkinson / Neurophthalmologic manifestations of Parkinson´s disease

La enfermedad de Parkinson es un desorden neurodegenerativo progresivo provocado por un déficit de dopamina que desencadena importantes alteraciones motoras y no motoras. Dentro de estas, un considerable grupo constituye motivo de interés para el neuroftalmólogo. La enfermedad ha sido siempre más reconocida por sus alteraciones motoras. El objetivo fundamental de esta revisión es hacer énfasis en el diagnóstico de las afectaciones visuales en la enfermedad de Parkinson y de esta forma mejorar en lo posible la calidad de vida de los pacientes. Se realizó una amplia búsqueda en PUBMED y se revisaron 60 artículos relacionados con el tema, publicados entre los años 1984 y 2012

Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by a dopamine deficit that triggers important motor and non-motor alterations. A large group of them attracts the interest of the neurophthalmologists. This disease has always been more recognized by its motor alterations. The main objective of this review was to make emphasis on the diagnosis of visual disorders in Parkinson's disease patients and thus to improve their quality of life. An extensive search was made in PUBMED where 60 articles on this topic, published from 1984 to 2012, were reviewed

Effect of aspherical and yellow tinted intraocular lens on blue-on-yellow perimetry / Efeito das lentes intraoculares asféricas e com pigmentação amarela na campimetria azul-amarelo

PURPOSE: To investigate the possible effect of aspherical or yellow tinted intraocular lens (IOL) on contrast sensitivity and blue-on-yellow perimetry. METHODS: This prospective randomized bilateral double-masked clinical study included 52 patients with visually significant bilateral cataracts divided in two groups; 25 patients (50 eyes) received aspherical intraocular lens in one eye and spherical intraocular lens in the fellow eye; and 27 patients (54 eyes) received ultraviolet and blue light filter (yellow tinted) IOL implantation in one eye and acrylic ultraviolet filter IOL in the fellow eye. The primary outcome measures were contrast sensitivity and blue-on-yellow perimetry values (mean deviation [MD] and pattern standard deviation [PSD]) investigated two years after surgery. The results were compared intra-individually. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant between-group (aspherical and spherical intraocular lens) difference in contrast sensitivity under photopic conditions at 12 cycles per degree and under mesopic conditions at all spatial frequencies. There were no between-group significant differences (yellow tinted and clear intraocular lens) under photopic or mesopic conditions. There was no statistically significant difference between all intraocular lens in MD or PSD. CONCLUSION: Contrast sensitivity was better under mesopic conditions with aspherical intraocular lens. Blue-on-yellow perimetry did not appear to be affected by aspherical or yellow tinted intraocular lens. Further studies with a larger sample should be carried out to confirm or not that hypotheses.

OBJETIVO: Investigar a possibilidade de efeitos na sensibilidade ao contraste e nos resultados da campimetria azul-amarelo com implante de uma lente intraocular (LIO) asférica ou de pigmentação amarela. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo prospectivo, randomizado, duplo-mascarado, envolvendo 52 pacientes portadores de catarata senil bilateral, divididos em dois grupos; 25 pacientes (50 olhos) receberam uma LIO asférica em um olho e uma esférica no olho contralateral; e 27 pacientes (54 olhos) com implante de uma LIO de pigmentação amarela e uma LIO convencional no olho contralateral. O principal resultado do estudo foi a sensibilidade ao contraste e os dados da perimetria azul-amarelo ("mean deviation" [MD] e "pattern standard deviation" [PSD]). Os resultados foram analisados interindividualmente. RESULTADOS: Houve diferença estatística entre os grupos (lentes asféricas e esféricas) na sensibilidade ao contraste em condições fotópicas (12 ciclos por grau) e em condições mesópicas (todas frequências). Não houve diferença estatística na sensibilidade ao contraste entre as lentes de pigmentação amarela e convencionais. Não houve diferença estatística nos valores de MD e PSD entre os grupos. CONCLUSÃO: A sensibilidade ao contraste foi melhor em condições mesópicas com as lentes asféricas. A campimetria azul-amarelo parece não ser influenciada por LIOs asféricas e com pigmentação amarela. Mais estudos com uma amostra maior são necessários para confirmar ou afastar essa hipótese.