Blue and red light photoemitters as approach to inhibit Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa growth / Fotoemissores de luz azul e vermelha como abordagem para inibir o crescimento de Staphylococcus aureus e Pseudomonas aeruginosa

The ability of pathogenic bacteria acquire resistance to the existing antibiotics has long been considered a dangerous health risk threat. Currently, the use of visible light has been considered a new approach to treat bacterial infections as an alternative to antibiotics. Herein, we investigated the antimicrobial effect of two range of visible light, blue and red, on Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, two pathogenic bacterial commonly found in healthcare settings-acquired infections and responsible for high rate of morbidity and mortality. Bacterial cultures were exposed to blue or red light (470 nm and 660 nm) provided by light-emitting diodes - LED. The fluencies and irradiance used for blue and red light were 284.90 J/cm², 13.19 mW/cm² and 603.44 J/cm², 27.93 mW/cm² respectively. Different experimental approaches were used to determine the optimal conditions of light application. Only exposure to blue light for 6 hours was able to inhibit about 75% in vitro growth of both bacterial species after 24 hours. The surviving exposed bacteria formed colonies significantly smaller than controls, however, these bacteria were able to resume growth after 48 hours. Blue light was able to inhibit bacterial growth upon inoculation in both saline solution and BHI culture medium. We can conclude that blue light, but not red light, is capable of temporarily retarding the growth of gram negative and gram positive bacteria.

A capacidade das bactérias patogênicas adquirirem resistência aos antibióticos existentes há muito tempo é considerada uma ameaça perigosa à saúde. Atualmente, o uso da luz visível tem sido considerado uma nova abordagem no tratamento de infecções bacterianas como alternativa aos antibióticos. Neste trabalho, investigamos o efeito antimicrobiano de duas faixas de luz visível, azul e vermelha, em Staphylococcus aureus e Pseudomonas aeruginosa, duas bactérias patogênicas comumente encontradas em infecções adquiridas em instituições de saúde e responsáveis por alta taxa de morbimortalidade. As culturas bacterianas foram expostas à luz azul ou vermelha(470 nm e 660 nm) fornecida por diodos emissores de luz - LED. As fluências e irradiâncias utilizadas para luz azule vermelha foram 284,90 J/cm², 13,19 mW/cm² e 603,44 J/cm², 27,93 mW/cm², respectivamente. Várias abordagens experimentais foram utilizadas para determinar as condições ótimas de aplicação da luz. Apenas a exposição à luz azul por 6 horas foi capaz de inibir cerca de 75% o crescimento in vitro de ambas as espécies bacterianas após24 horas. As bactérias expostas sobreviventes formaram colônias com um tamanho significativamente menor do que os controles, contudo, essas bactérias conseguiram retomar o crescimento normal após 48 horas. A luz azul foi capaz de inibir o crescimento das bactérias após sua inoculação em solução salina ou no meio de cultura rico em nutrientes BHI. Podemos concluir que a luz azul mas não a luz vermelha é capaz de retardar temporariamente o crescimento de bactérias Gram-negativas e Gram-positivas.

Sintomas neurológicos e exposição à radiação eletromagnética da telefonia celular / Neurological symptoms and exposure to electromagnetic radiation emitted by cellphones / Síntomas neurológicos y exposición a la radiación electromagnética de teléfonos celulares

A tecnologia de comunicação sem fio, embora produza benefícios à exposição à radiação da telefonia celular, tem aumentado a preocupação da comunidade científica e sociedade em geral devido à possibilidade de efeitos adversos na saúde humana. Este artigo tem como objetivo investigar a associação entre exposição à radiação eletromagnética não ionizante (Reni) decorrente da estação radiobase de telefonia celular (TC) e sintomas neurológicos na população residente nos bairros do Bonfim e Monte Serrat do município de Salvador/BA. Em um estudo transversal realizado em Salvador/BA, entrevistaram-se 440 indivíduos. Queixas neurológicas constituíram as variáveis dependentes. Realizou-se análise de regressão logística hierarquizada para avaliação de confundimento. Observou-se associação entre sintomas neurológicos e formas de uso do telefone celular (mais de 30 min/dia, com sinal de cobertura fraco, dois ou mais chips e nunca desligar o celular quando dorme) e com uso de outros eletroeletrônicos. A exposição à Reni/TC foi associada aos sintomas neurológicos independente do sexo e escolaridade. Recomenda-se a adoção de medidas precaucionárias no sentido de se reduzir este tipo de exposição.

While wireless communication technology yields benefits, exposure to Radiation/TC has increased the concern of the scientific community and society at large because of their potential to cause adverse effects on human health. We analyzed the association between exposure to non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation arising from the cellular radio base station and neurological symptoms in the population living in the Bonfim and Monte Serrat, neighbourhoods of Salvador/BA. This cross-sectional study in Salvador, Bahia, included 440 interviewees. Neurological complaints were the dependent variables. An analysis of hierarchical logistic regression was conducted to assess confounding. We found an association between neurological effects and residential proximity to the BTS, various forms of cell phone use (more than 30 min/day, with weak signal coverage, near the body, two or more chips, and never turning off the phone while sleeping), and the use of other electronics. Exposure to RENI/MP and other electronics were shown to be associated with neurological effects regardless of sex and education. The adoption of precautionary measures to reduce this type of exposure is recommended.

Aunque la tecnología de comunicación inalámbrica beneficia la exposición a la radiación de la telefonía celular, se ha aumentado la preocupación de la comunidad científica y la sociedad en general por la posibilidad de ocasionar efectos adversos a la salud humana. El presente artículo pretende investigar la asociación entre la exposición a la radiación electromagnética no ionizante (Reni) resultante de la estación base de telefonía celular (TC) y los síntomas neurológicos en la población que vive en los barrios de Bonfim y Monte Serrat en la ciudad de Salvador/BA. El estudio transversal realizado en Salvador/BA entrevistó a 440 personas. Las quejas neurológicas fueron las variables dependientes. Se realizó un análisis de regresión logística jerárquica para evaluar la confusión. Se observó una asociación entre los síntomas neurológicos y las formas de uso de la telefonía celular (más de 30 min/día, con una señal de cobertura débil, dos o más chips y la costumbre de nunca apagar el móvil cuando duerme) y con el uso de otros dispositivos electro-electrónicos. La exposición a la Reni/CT se asoció con síntomas neurológicos independientemente del género y el nivel de estudios. Se recomiendan medidas de precaución para reducir este tipo de exposición.

La matriz extracelular en la curación de las heridas cutáneas. Aspectos físicos, químicos y biológicos / Extracellular matrix in healing of cutaneous wounds. Physical, chemical and biological aspects

Se revisan los nuevos conocimientos sobre la matriz extracelular (MEC), que han permitido descubrir su importante rol en la cicatrización de las heridas cutáneas. Se describen sus características morfofisiológicas y cómo interviene en la curación de las heridas cutáneas. Se presentan cuatro casos clínicos en los que se aplicó este enfoque terapéutico: los sustitutos de piel y la “cura húmeda”.

We review the new knowledge about the extracellular matrix (ECM) that has allowed us to discover its important role in the healing of cutaneous wounds. The morphophysiological characteristics of ECM and its role in the healing of cutaneous wounds are described. Four clinical cases are presented where this therapeutic approach was applied: the skin substitutes and the “moist wound healing”.

Interferência eletromagnética documentada em monitor de eventos implantável / Documented magnetic resonance imaging interference in implantable loop monitor

Monitores de eventos implantáveis estão cada vez mais presentes em nossa realidade. Este relato tem como foco o registro eletrocardiográ- fico obtido por monitor de eventos implantável durante ressonância magnética de paciente com síncope de repetição. O registro demonstra traçado interpretado erroneamente como taquicardia ventricular. O reconhecimento de interferências deve ser parte do treinamento do médico que atende e avalia dispositivos implantáveis

Implantable loop recorders are increasingly more present in our reality. This report is focused on the electrocardiographic recording obtained by implantable loop monitor during magnetic resonance imaging in patients with repeated syncope. The recording shows a tracing misinterpreted as ventricular tachycardia. Identifying interferences must be part of the training of attending physicians who sees patients and evaluates implantable devices

A demonstração das ondas gravitacionais e suas possibilidades de aplicação na área de saúde / The demonstration of gravitational waves and their application possibilities in the health area

Entrevista realizada no dia 31 de março de 2016, Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brasil. Entrevistado: Rodrigo Picanço Negreiros Bolsista de Produtividade em Pesquisa do CNPq - Nível 2 - CA FA - Física e Astronomia. Possui graduação em Física pela Universidade Federal Fluminense (2004), mestrado em Física pela Universidade Federal Fluminense (2005) e Ph.D. pela San Diego State University/Claremont Graduate University. Atuou como um posdoc no Frankfurt Institute for Advance Studies, na Goethe University, em Frankfurt am Main, Alemanha. Atualmente é professor no Instituto de Física da Universidade Federal Fluminense. Suas áreas de pesquisa envolvem principalmente física nuclear e estrelas compactas (estrelas de nêutrons, estrelas de quarks, pulsares ...), astrofísica relativística, métodos numéricos e física de matéria ultra-densa. Entrevistadores: Dalmo Machado Valério de Lima RN (UFF), MSN (UNIRIO), PhD (USP). Professor Adjunto da Escola de Enfermagem Aurora de Afonso Costa (EEAAC/UFF), do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Cardiovasculares (PPGCCV/UFF) e do Programa de Mestrado Profissional em Enfermagem Assistencial (MPEA/UFF), Editor Chefe do Online Brazilian Journal of Nursing (OBJN), Conselho Consultivo da Associação Brasileira de Editores Científicos (ABEC), Líder de Grupo de Pesquisa: Cardiovisão ­ Núcleo de Cardiointensivismo Baseado em Evidências e Gestão de Informação e Conhecimento em Saúde Jorge Luiz Lima da Silva RN (UFF), MSN (UNIRIO), Doutor em Ciências área de Saúde Pública (ENSP/FIOCRUZ). Professor Adjunto da Escola de Enfermagem Aurora de Afonso Costa (EEAAC/UFF), Editor Associado do Online Brazilian Journal of Nursing (OBJN), integrante do Grupo de Pesquisa: Trabalho em Turnos e Repercussões na Saúde.

Exposição a radiações eletromagnéticas não ionizantes da telefonia celular e sintomas psiquiátricos / Exposición a la radiación electromagnética no ionizante de la telefonía móvil y síntomas psiquiátricos / Exposure to non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation from mobile telephony and the association with psychiatric symptoms

Resumo O objetivo desse estudo foi investigar a associação entre exposição a radiações eletromagnéticas não ionizantes da estação radiobase de telefonia celular e sintomas à saúde. Em um estudo transversal realizado em Salvador, Bahia, Brasil, entrevistaram-se 440 indivíduos. Queixas e diagnósticos psiquiátricos constituíram as variáveis dependentes e a distância do domicílio para estação radiobase foi considerada a variável independente principal. Realizou-se análise de regressão logística hierarquizada para avaliação de confundimento e efeito. Observou-se associação entre sintomas psiquiátricos e residir próximo à estação radiobase e formas de uso do telefone celular (sinal de cobertura fraco, perto do corpo, dois ou mais chips e nunca desligar o celular quando dorme) e com uso de outros eletroeletrônicos. Concluiu-se que a exposição à radiação eletromagnética não ionizante de telefonia celular e a outros eletroeletrônicos foi associada aos sintomas psiquiátricos independente do sexo, escolaridade e tabagismo. Recomenda-se a adoção de medidas precaucionárias no sentido de se reduzir este tipo de exposição.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la asociación entre la exposición a la radiación electromagnética no ionizante de una estación base telefonía móvil y sus efectos sobre la salud. Se trata de un estudio transversal en Salvador, Bahía, Brasil, donde se entrevistaron a 440 personas. Las quejas y diagnósticos psiquiátricos fueron las variables dependientes y la distancia del hogar a la estación base se consideró como la variable independiente principal. Se realizó un análisis de regresión logística jerárquica para evaluar la confusión y modificación de los efectos. Se observó una asociación entre los efectos psiquiátricos y residir cerca de una estación base y formas de uso del teléfono celular (débil cobertura de la señal, cerca del cuerpo dos o más chips y nunca apagar el teléfono cuando se duerme) y uso de otros aparatos electrónicos. Se concluyó que la exposición a radiación no ionizante de la telefonía móvil y otros aparatos electrónicos se asoció con efectos psiquiátricos, independiente de sexo, la educación y el tabaquismo. Se recomienda la adopción de medidas de precaución, con el fin de reducir la exposición.

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the association between exposure to non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation from mobile phone base stations and psychiatric symptoms. In a cross-sectional study in Salvador, Bahia State, Brazil, 440 individuals were interviewed. Psychiatric complaints and diagnoses were the dependent variables and distance from the individual’s residence to the base station was considered the main independent variable. Hierarchical logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess confounding. An association was observed between psychiatric symptoms and residential proximity to the base station and different forms of mobile phone use (making calls with weak signal coverage, keeping the mobile phone close to the body, having two or more chips, and never turning off the phone while sleeping), and with the use of other electronic devices. The study concluded that exposure to electromagnetic radiation from mobile phone base stations and other electronic devices was associated with psychiatric symptoms, independently of gender, schooling, and smoking status. The adoption of precautionary measures to reduce such exposure is recommended.

La memoria del agua, una historia que ya no puede soslayarse / The memory of water, a story that can no longer be ignored

Toda esta historia inició hace millones de años, pero fue hasta que Samuel Hahnemann desarrolló el método homeopático y propuso dinamizar los medicamentos homeopáticos (que no es otra cosa que triturar y mezclar con lactosa y diluir y agitar en alcohol/agua) que se empezó a estudiar el tema. Recientemente, el Dr. Luc Montaigner, ganador del Premio Nobel, demostró la capacidad que tiene el agua para guardar información electromagnética emitida por el ADN de ciertos microorganismos y conservarla. Una vez que los microorganismos fueron eliminados por filtrado del cultivo, se pudo ver que dicha información era capaz de favorecer la reaparición de los microorganismos que las emitieron. Esto se relaciona íntimamente con los trabajos de Jacques Benveniste, y éstos, a su vez, con los postulados de la Homeopatía emitidos por Samuel Hahnemann, hace doscientos años...

This history started a million years ago, but it was until Samuel Hahnemann developed the homeopathic method and proposed to Dynamise the homeopathic medicines (which is no other thing that to triturate and mix with lactose and dilute and shake in water /alcohol), that the matter began to be studied. Recently Dr. Luc Montaigner, Nobel Prize winner demonstrated the ability of water to store electromagnetic information issued by DNA from of certain microorganisms and keep it. Once the microorganisms were eliminated by culture filtrate, he saw that the electromagnetic information optained was capable of promoting the reappearance of microorganisms that had issued it. This is closely related to the work of Jacques Benveniste and these, in turn, with the principles of homeopathy issued by Samuel Hahnemann, two hundred years ago...

Exposure of pregnant rats to shortwave electromagnetic athermal radiation does not adversely affect their fetuses / Exposição de ratas prenhes a ondas curtas de radiação eletromagnética atérmica não afeta adversamente os seus fetos

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to determine whether shortwave electromagnetic radiation in pulsed mode with a frequency of 45 Hz, promotes teratogenic changes, stillbirths and changes in organ weight at birth in the fetuses of pregnant rats exposed to this radiation. METHOD: Ten black Macole pregnant female rats were studied, 5 in a test group, subjected to electromagnetic radiation with an average power of 4.5 W for 15 minutes, on a daily basis, during the entire period of pregnancy and 5 in a control group that was not exposed to radiation. At day 21, the animals were euthanized for analysis of fetuses. To assess the thermal effect of the radiation the abdominal temperature was measured before and after application, together with prevailing ambient temperature. The fetuses were evaluated through the Galant reflex to assess the existence of stillbirths. The fetuses were removed and weighed; through a midline laparotomy their hearts, stomachs, kidneys and livers were excised and weighed, wet and dry. Twenty-nine fetuses were harvested in the control group and 59 in the test group, with no cases of stillbirth, teratogenesis or malformation of internal organs. RESULTS: The analysis found no differences in birthweight and weight of dehydrated organs when compared to the control group. CONCLUSION: The results in our findings suggest that exposure to shortwave therapy without significant heat buildup, does not lead to teratogenic changes and did not affect the mass and weight of dehydrated internal organs.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar se a radiação eletromagnética de ondas curtas em modo pulsado com uma frequência de 45 Hz, promove mudanças teratogênicos, natimortos, mudanças no peso do órgão ao nascimento em fetos de ratas grávidas expostas a essa radiação. METODO: Foram estudados dez ratas grávidas da raça Marcole, cinco num grupo teste, submetidas a radiação eletromagnética com uma potência média de 4,5W, durante 15 minutos, diariamente, durante todo o período da gravideze cinco num grupo controle, não expostas a radiação. No 21º dia, os animais foram sacrificados para análise dos fetos. Para avaliar o efeito da radiação térmica, a temperatura abdominal foi medida antes e depois da aplicação, em conjunto com a temperatura ambiente prevalente. Os fetos foram submetidos ao reflexo de Galant para avaliara existênciade natimortos. Os fetos foram removidos e pesados; através de uma laparotomia mediana seus corações, estômagos, rins e fígados foram extirpados e pesados, frescose secos. RESULTADOS: Vinte e nove fetos foram colhidos no grupo controle e 59 no grupo de teste, sem casos de natimortos, teratogênese ou malformação dos órgãos internos. A análise não encontrou diferenças no peso ao nascer e peso de órgãos desidratados quando comparados com o grupo controle. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados sugerem que a exposição a terapia de ondas curtas, sem o acúmulo significativo de calor, não levou a alterações teratogênicos e não afetou o peso dos fetos ou o peso dos órgãos internos desidratados.

Cell phone radiation effects on cytogenetic abnormalities of oral mucosal cells

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of exposure to cell phone electromagnetic radiation on the frequency of micronuclei, broken eggs cells, binucleated cells, and karyorrhexis in epithelial cells of the oral mucosa. The sample was composed of 60 cell phone users, who were non-smokers and non-drinkers, and had no clinically visible oral lesions. Cells were obtained from anatomical sites with the highest incidence of oral cancer: lower lip, border of the tongue, and floor of the mouth. The Feulgen reaction was used for quantification of nuclear anomalies in 1,000 cells/slide. A slightly increase in the number of micronucleated cells in the lower lip and in binucleated cells on the floor of the mouth was observed in individuals who used their phones > 60 minutes/week. The analysis also revealed an increased number of broken eggs in the tongue of individuals owning a cell phone for over eight years. Results suggest that exposure to electromagnetic waves emitted by cell phones can increase nuclear abnormalities in individuals who use a cell phone for more than 60 minutes per week and for over eight years. Based on the present findings, we suggest that exposure to electromagnetic radiation emitted by cell phones may interfere with the development of metanuclear anomalies. Therefore, it is demonstrated that, despite a significant increase in these anomalies, the radiation emitted by cell phones among frequent users is within acceptable physiological limits.

Condroma de partes moles relato de caso e revisão da literatura / Soft tissue chondroma case report and review of the literature

O presente estudo tem o objetivo de apresentar um relato de caso sobre condroma extra-esquelético ou de partes moles, uma lesão rara e benigna diagnosticada através da clínica, radiologia e exame histopatológico. O paciente (24 anos) compareceu ao Setor de Ortopedia do Hospital Unimed Betim com queixa de aumento de volume no polegar esquerdo, indolor há aproximadamente um ano. Durante o exame físico verificou-se presença de uma lesão nodular, de consistência dura, móvel, indolor que não acarretava em alteração funcional do dedo. O paciente foi encaminhado para setor de radiologia do hospital onde foi realizado RX e posteriormente ultrasonografia e ressonância magnética do polegar esquerdo. Diante dos achados dos estudos de imagem a equipe optou pela biópsia excisional da lesão. O exame histopatológico confirmou o diagnóstico de condroma extra-esquelético. Os elementos definidores do condroma de partes moles são: 1) curso clinico benigno e sintomatologia frusta; 2) ausência de conexão entre o tumor e estruturas adjacentes como periosteo, capsula articular ou osso; 3) crescimento lento; 4) ausência de prevalência por sexo; 5) características radiológicas e histológicas do tumor. O diagnóstico raramente é aventado quando confrontamos tumores de partes moles das mãos. A excisão é simples e deve ser completa para se evitar recorrências. A avaliação histopatológica deve ser realizada para confirmação diagnóstica.

The present study presents a case report of extraskeletal chondroma or soft tissue chondroma, a rare and benign lesion, diagnosed by clinical findings, imaging studies and histopathological exam. The 24-year-old patient presented at the Orthopedics Section of Unimed Betim Hospital with a slow painless growth on the left thumb about 1 year ago. During the physical examination, a nodular lesion was noted; it had a hard consistency, was mobile and painless, and didn't cause functional impairment for the finger. The patient was referred to the imaging unit of the hospital, where an X-ray was performed; later on, ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging of the left thumb was done. After the imaging studies, the medical team chose excisional biopsy of the lesion. The histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of extra-skeletal chondroma or soft-tissue chondroma. Soft tissue chondroma is usually not considered for a soft-tissue tumor of the hand. Excision is easy and must be complete if recurrences are to be avoided. Histopathological evaluation is required for the final diagnosis.

Analysis of acoustic frequency and wave amplitude generated by the Oscillatory Thoracic Thixotropic Device (Diottix(r)) in human chest / Análisis de la frecuencia acústica y amplitud de las ondas sonoras generadas por el Dispositivo Oscilatorio Torácico Tixotrópico (Diottix(r)) en el tórax humano / Análise da frequência acústica e amplitude das ondas sonoras geradas pelo Dispositivo Oscilatório Torácico Tixotrópico (Diottix(r)) no tórax humano

Diottix(r) was calibrated at 25 Hz to achieve the frequency indicated in literature as being effective to mobilize the airways secretions. However, the amplitude and frequency of the waves generated by the equipment in different regions of the chest still need to be investigated. The objective of this study was to analyze the frequency and amplitude of waves generated by Diottix(r) in chests of healthy subjects. Diottix(r) was used in the anterior and posterior regions of the chest. The mechanical waves were captured using stethoscopes connected to electret microphones, which were connected to a digital oscilloscope. Frequency and amplitude data were recorded by the stethoscope, positioned in six points in the anterior region and six in the posterior region of the chest, following the positions commonly used in pulmonary auscultation. Signals were recorded and transferred to a computer with software for their analysis. The frequency of waves did not present a significant change (from 24.9 to 26.4 Hz). The wave amplitude in the anterior versus the posterior region in each area of the lung, the upper, middle and lower, had differences. Diottix(r) produces frequencies in the chest according to the calibrated; thus, it can be a complementary resource to bronchial hygiene maneuvers. The amplitudes of waves seem to be affected by other structures like bone parts and heart.

Diottix(r) fue calibrado en 25 Hz para alcanzar la frecuencia indicada en la literatura como eficaz para movilizar secreciones de las vías aéreas. La amplitud y frecuencia de ondas generadas por el equipamiento en las diferentes regiones del tórax aun necesitan de más investigaciones. El objetivo de eso estudio fue analizar la frecuencia y amplitud de ondas generadas por el Diottix(r) en el tórax de sujetos saludables. La aplicación del Diottix(r) fue realizada en las regiones anterior y posterior del tórax. Las ondas mecánicas fueron captadas utilizándose estetoscopios ligados a micrófonos de electret, los cuales estaban ligados a uno osciloscopio digital. Los datos de frecuencia y amplitud fueron captados por lo estetoscopio posicionado en seis puntos en la región anterior y seis en la posterior del tórax, siguiendo las posiciones comúnmente utilizadas en la ausculta pulmonar. Los sígnales fueron registrados y transferidos para una computadora a través de un programa para su análisis de datos. La frecuencia de ondas no presentó variación significativa (del 24,9 al 26,4 Hz). La amplitud de onda en la región anterior versus posterior en cada segmento del pulmón, tercio superior, medio e inferior, presentó diferencia. Lo Diottix(r) produce frecuencias en el tórax según el calibrado. Por lo tanto, puede ser uno recurso complementar a las manobras de higiene de los bronquios. Las amplitudes de ondas parecen ser afectadas por otras estructuras, las cuales incluyen partes óseas y el corazón.

O Diottix(r) foi calibrado a 25 Hz para atingir a frequência indicada na literatura como eficaz a fim de mobilizar secreções de vias aéreas. A amplitude e a frequência das ondas geradas pelo equipamento nas diferentes regiões do tórax ainda precisam ser investigadas. O objetivo de estudo foi analisar a frequência e a amplitude das ondas geradas pelo Diottix(r) no tórax de indivíduos saudáveis. A aplicação do Diottix(r) foi realizada nas regiões anterior e posterior do tórax. As ondas mecânicas foram captadas utilizando estetoscópios conectados a microfones de eletreto, os quais estavam ligados a um osciloscópio digital. Os dados de frequência e amplitude foram captados pelo estetoscópio, posicionado em seis pontos na região anterior e seis na posterior do tórax, seguindo as posições comumente utilizadas na ausculta pulmonar. Os sinais foram registrados e transferidos para um computador por meio de um software para análise deles. A frequência das ondas não apresentou variação significativa (24,9 a 26,4 Hz). A amplitude de onda na região anterior versus posterior em cada segmento do pulmão, terço superior, médio e inferior, apresentou diferença. O Diottix(r) produz frequências no tórax de acordo com o calibrado; desta forma, pode ser um recurso complementar às manobras de higiene brônquica. As amplitudes de ondas parecem ser afetadas por outras estruturas, que incluem as partes ósseas e o coração.

Microondas: experimentación pura y clínica / Microwave: pura experimental and clinical

Las microondas constituyen una subfamilia de la gran gama de ondas electromagnéticas que existen en el universo. Utilizamos dichas microondas en una frecuenciade 2,450 MHz como sustancia imponderable, obtenida de un magnetrón de un horno de microondas convencional, para la preparación de un medicamentohomeopático en las escalas cincuentamilesimal y centesimal por medio del método clásico. Llevamos a cabo una patogenesia y luego su aplicación clínica paralograr una aproximación al conocimiento de los síntomas y signos involucrados en esta investigación. Participaron 20 sujetos, 16 en experimentación pura y 4 enexperimentación clínica, bajo el esquema propuesto por Samuel Hahnemann en el Organon de la medicina en su sexta edición, fungiendo como grupo de controlel 10% del total de los participantes con placebo. Como resultado se obtuvo una patogenesia en la cual los rubros de mente y extremidades se expresaron comolos más activos con 13% del total de los síntomas cada uno; fueron seguidos por el rubro estómago, con el 11% del total, posteriormente el rubro cabeza, con 8%, ydescendentemente el resto de rubros con menos del 7% del total de los síntomas de la investigación cada uno.

Microwaves are a subfamily of a long range of electromagnetic waves that exist in the universe. We used these microwaves on a 2,450 MHz frequency as an imponderable substance, obtained from a magnetron through a conventional microwave oven to prepare an Homeopathic medicine in the cincuentamilesimal and centesimal classic scale. We wanted to do this pure experimentation and then the clinical application to know on a better way the expressed signs and symptoms. There were 20 subjects, 16 as pure experimentation subjects and 4 as clinical research subjects using the classical method of pure experimentation developed by Samuel Hahnemann in the Organon of medicine, sixth edition. Our control placebo group was formed by the 10% of total research subjects. As a result we obtained a pathogenesia in which the more active items were mind and extremities with 13% of total symptoms each, then head item with 8% and the rest of the items by descending order with less of 7% of the total symptoms each.

Brazilian Consensus on Photoprotection

Brazil is a country of continental dimensions with a large heterogeneity of climates and massive mixing of the population. Almost the entire national territory is located between the Equator and the Tropic of Capricorn, and the Earth axial tilt to the south certainly makes Brazil one of the countries of the world with greater extent of land in proximity to the sun. The Brazilian coastline, where most of its population lives, is more than 8,500 km long. Due to geographic characteristics and cultural trends, Brazilians are among the peoples with the highest annual exposure to the sun. Epidemiological data show a continuing increase in the incidence of non-melanoma and melanoma skin cancers. Photoprotection can be understood as a set of measures aimed at reducing sun exposure and at preventing the development of acute and chronic actinic damage. Due to the peculiarities of Brazilian territory and culture, it would not be advisable to replicate the concepts of photoprotection from other developed countries, places with completely different climates and populations. Thus the Brazilian Society of Dermatology has developed the Brazilian Consensus on Photoprotection, the first official document on photoprotection developed in Brazil for Brazilians, with recommendations on matters involving photoprotection.

A new problem in inflammatory bladder diseases: Use of mobile phones!

Purpose Technological developments provide a lot of conveniences to our lives. This issue is one of the risks that arise along with these conveniences. In our study we tried to understand the impact of electromagnetic waves from mobile phones on bladder tissue. Materials and Methods Twenty-one adult male albino rats were divided into three equal groups. Group 1 was exposed to electromagnetic wave for 8 hours per day for 20 days and then their bladders were taken off immediately. Group 2 was firstly exposed to electromagnetic wave for 8 hours per day for 20 days then secondly another for 20 days without exposition to electromagnetic wave and then their bladders were taken off. Group 3 was the control group and they were not exposed to electromagnetic wave. Results Under microscopic examination of bladder tissue, in the first group severe inflammatory cell infiltration was seen in lamina propria and muscle layer in contrast to intact urothelium. In the second group mild inflammatory cell infiltration was seen in lamina propria and muscle layer. The mean scores for the three groups were 5.5 ± 2.5, 0.8 ± 1.3 and 1.2 ± 1.5 respectively. Mean score of group 1 was statistically higher than others (p = 0.001). Conclusion Intensive use of mobile phones has negative impact on bladder tissue as well as the other organs. Keeping a minimum level of mobile phone use makes it easy to be kept under control of diseases in which inflammation is an etiologic factor. .

Metodología par el diagnóstico de áreas urbana con alta exposición a radiacioones electromagnéticas emitidas por estaciones base de telefonía móvil / Methods forthe ddiagnosis of urban areas with high exposure to electromagnetic radiation emitted by mobile phone base stations

La proliferación incontrolada de estaciones base de telefonía móvil (EBTM) en centros urbanos y, especialmente, en zonas con establecimientos considerados como vulnerables a las radiaciones no ionizantes (RNI) con relación al tipo de personas que albergan, ha generado preocupación por los posibles efectos nocivos para la salud que se pueden presentar en la población, a causa de la exposición a las radiaciones electromagnéticas emitidas por este tipo de equipos. Para abordar esta situación desde un enfoque técnico-ambiental, se diseñó e implementó una metodología para diagnosticar áreas con alta exposición a RNI emitidas por EBTM, en la que se tienen en cuenta factores amenazantes y vulnerables de este potencial escenario de riesgo. Esta metodología se estructura mediante la elaboración de un inventario de EBTM, una zonificación de las áreas con alta exposición a RNI emitidas por estas fuentes radioeléctricas y la implementación de una matriz multicriterios. Con la interacción de estos tres elementos, se genera un mapa de riesgo por exposición a RNI emitidas por EBTM, que facilita a nivel territorial la localización y visualización de áreas con alta exposición, teniendo en cuenta las zonas con mayor grado de vulnerabilidad. Finalmente, con base en estos resultados se obtiene un diagnóstico del escenario de riesgo por el posicionamiento de EBTM, pudiéndose identificar las zonas críticas o de alto riesgo, las cuales son consideradas como áreas sensibles donde se deben realizar de forma prioritaria las mediciones de las RNI de inmisión y emisión y, determinar el cumpliendo de los límites establecidos. La validación de esta metodología se efectuó en el municipio de Cartago (Valle del Cauca), donde se diagnosticaron las áreas con alta exposición a las RNI emitidas por las EBTM y se determinaron las zonas de alto riesgo.

The uncontrolled proliferation of mobile phone base stations (MPBS) in urban centers and especially in areas with facilities considered vulnerable to non-ionizing radiation (NIR) in relation to the type of people they are home to has generated concerns about the potential adverse health effects that may occur in the population, because of the exposure to electromagnetic radiation emitted by this type of equipment. To address this situation from a technical and environmental approach, a methodology to diagnose areas exposed to NIR issued by MPBS was designed and implemented, which takes into account threatening and vulnerable factors of this potential risk scenario. This methodology is structured through the development of an MPBS inventory, a zoning of the areas exposed to high NIR emitted by these radio-electric sources, and the implementation of a multicriteria matrix. With the interaction of these three elements, a risk map is generated by exposure to NIR emitted by MPBS, which facilitates the location and visualization of areas with high exposure at the territorial level, thus considering the areas of greatest vulnerability. Finally, based on these results a diagnosis of the risk scenario is obtained by the MPBS positioning, being possible to identify critical or high risk areas, which are considered as sensitive areas where NIR emission and immision measurements must be done as a priority and determine the accomplishment of defined limits. The validation of this methodology was made in the municipality of Cartago (Valle del Cauca), where areas highly exposed to NIR emitted by EBTM were diagnosed and high-risk areas were identified.

Lipoatrofia semicircular, una visión general a una patología laboral emergente en Chile / Semicircular lipatrophy, an overview of emerging labor pathology in Chile

La Lipoatrofia Semicircular (LS) es una enfermedad idiopática, que se caracteriza por una atrofia reversible y localizada, ya sea total o parcial, del tejido adiposo subcutáneo y que se ubica en zonas de contacto de la piel de las extremidades con el inmobiliario. Se caracteriza por presentarse en brotes endémicos, cuyo único factor en común es el lugar de trabajo. Sus causas son desconocidas, pero en la actualidad se proponen factores asociados como: el contacto de la zona afectada con inmobiliario, presencia de radiación electromagnética, presencia de descargas electroestáticas y humedad ambiental relativa baja. Un modelo actual para explicar la patogenia de esta enfermedad involucra la participación de descargas electrostáticas, que probablemente activarían la liberación de factor de necrosis tumoral a (TNF-a) y desencadenaría la fagocitosis de adipocitos. Actualmente no tiene un tratamiento médico, siendo las medidas preventivas de mitigación de los factores previamente mencionados las que producen una reversión de la lesión. Por otro lado, la presencia de estos brotes generan un gran impacto mediático por lo que también debe ser abordada comunicacionalmente. La presente revisión pretende sintetizar la literatura sobre el tema para exponer el conocimiento actual y lograr una noción de esta nueva enfermedad, tras su primera presentación en brote en nuestro país.

Lipoatrophia semicircularis (LS) (also known as "Semicircular lipoa-trophy") is an idiopathic disease, which is characterized by a reversible and localized atrophy, either total or partial, of subcutaneous adipose tissue and located in areas of skin contact with the real estate tips. It is characterized by appearing in endemic outbreaks whose only common factor is the workplace. Its causes are unknown, but currently associated factors have been proposed, such as: the contact area with the office furniture, the presence of electromagnetic radiation, electrostatic discharge and presence of low relative humidity. A current model to explain the pathogenesis of this disease involves the participation of electrostatic discharges, which probably activate the release of tumor necrosis factor a (TNF-a) and it would trigger phagocytosis of adipocytes. Currently there is no medical treatment, being proactive mitigation measures of the before mentioned factors, those that produce a reversion of the injury. On the other hand, the presence of these buds generates great media impact so it must be also addressed from a communication standpoint. The present review aims to summarize the literature on the subject to present current knowledge and achieve a notion of this new disease, after its first appearance in outbreak in our country.

Electrocirugia / Electrosurgery

La electrocirug¡a o electroterapia en dermatolog¡a es la sub especialidad quir£rgica que emplea la corriente el‚ctrica, especialmente de alta frecuencia, para tratar lesiones de piel, y sus efectos dependen de la densidad de la corriente, la forma de la onda y el voltaje. Los equipos que se utilizan son el electrocauterio para la destrucci¢n del tejido por el calor generado por la electricidad en un metal caliente que se aplica al cuerpo: los equipos de electrolisis para conseguir la destrucci¢n de tejidos por acci¢n qu¡mica de la corriente galv nica directa o continua y el electrobistur¡, que es el m s usado, para conseguir los efectos de electrodesecaci¢n (electrofulguraci¢n), electrocoagulaci¢n y electrosecci¢n sobre los tejidos. el electrobistur¡ utiliza corriente directa o alternativa. El electrocauterio y la electrolisi son de corriente directa. En este art¡culo se revisan los fundamentos f¡sicos de la electr¡cidad, los procedimientos o t‚cnicas electroquir£rgicas y sus indicaciones.

Electrosurgery or electrotherapy in dermatology is the surgical subspecialty that uses electrical power, especially high frequency, to traet skin lesions, and its effects depend on the density of the current, the waveform and voltage. Computers that are used are the electrosurgical generator for the destruction of tissue by heat generated by electricity in a hot metal that is applied to the body; electrolysis equipment to achieve the destruction of tissue by chemical action of the galvanic, direct or continuous flow and the electrosurgical generator, which is the most widely used, to get the effects of electrodesiccation (electrofulguration), electrocoagulation and electrosection on the tissues. electric scalpel uses direct or alternating current. the electrocautery and electrolysis are direct current. this article reviews the physical fundamentals of electricity, procedures or technical electrosurgical generators and their indications.

Rat testicular impairment induced by electromagnetic radiation from a conventional cellular telephone and the protective effects of the antioxidants vitamins C and E

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the possible effects of electromagnetic radiation from conventional cellular phone use on the oxidant and antioxidant status in rat blood and testicular tissue and determine the possible protective role of vitamins C and E in preventing the detrimental effects of electromagnetic radiation on the testes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The treatment groups were exposed to an electromagnetic field, electromagnetic field plus vitamin C (40 mg/kg/day) or electromagnetic field plus vitamin E (2.7 mg/kg/day). All groups were exposed to the same electromagnetic frequency for 15, 30, and 60 min daily for two weeks. RESULTS: There was a significant increase in the diameter of the seminiferous tubules with a disorganized seminiferous tubule sperm cycle interruption in the electromagnetism-exposed group. The serum and testicular tissue conjugated diene, lipid hydroperoxide, and catalase activities increased 3-fold, whereas the total serum and testicular tissue glutathione and glutathione peroxidase levels decreased 3-5 fold in the electromagnetism-exposed animals. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that the adverse effect of the generated electromagnetic frequency had a negative impact on testicular architecture and enzymatic activity. This finding also indicated the possible role of vitamins C and E in mitigating the oxidative stress imposed on the testes and restoring normality to the testes.

Efeito bactericida do gerador de alta frequência na cultura de Staphylococcus aureus / Bactericidal effect of high frequency generator in Staphylococcus aureus culture

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar o efeito bactericida do gerador de alta frequência sobre a cultura de Staphylococcus aureus. Para isso, 36 placas de Petri inoculadas com Staphylococcus aureus foram divididas em 6 grupos, sendo 4 tratados (G5-15, G5-10, G3-15 e G3-10) e 2 controles (GC3 e GC5). O G5-15 e o G5-10 foram tratados 5 vezes por semana durante 15 e 10 minutos respectivamente, enquanto o G3-15 e o G3-10 foram tratados 3 vezes por semana durante 15 e 10 minutos respectivamente. No tratamento, foi utilizado o gerador de alta frequência na intensidade 10, técnica de faiscamento com eletrodo standard. Após o 15º dia de tratamento, foram realizadas repicagens para verificar se houve crescimento de novas culturas, observando-se que apenas o G5-15 mostrou-se eficaz quando comparado ao GC5 (p=0,0039). Assim, o gerador de alta frequência apresentou efeito bactericida diante de cultura de Staphylococcus aureus in vitro em uma frequência de 5 vezes por semana aplicado por 15 minutos diários.

The purpose of this study was to check the bactericidal effect of the high frequency generator over the Staphylococcus aureus culture. A total of 36 Petri dishes inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus were divided into 6 groups, including 4 treated (G5-15, G5-10, G3-15 and G3-10) and 2 controls (GC3 e GC5). G5-15 and G5-10 were treated 5 times per week during 15 and 10 minutes, respectively, while G3-15 and G3-10 were treated 3 times per week during 15 and 10 minutes, respectively. In treatment, it was used the high frequency generator with intensity of 10, sparking technique with standard electrode. After the 15th day of treatment, there were performed transplanting, in order to check if there were growth of new cultures, and only G5-15 showed to be effective when compared to GC5 (p=0.0039). So, the high frequency generator had a bactericidal effect on Staphylococcus aureus in vitro culture at a frequency of 5 times per week and exposure time of 15 minutes daily.

Integridade de DNA e morfologia espermática de ratos submetidos a campos eletromagnéticos de baixa frequência durante diferentes períodos do desenvolvimento / DNA integrity and sperm morphology of Wistar rats exposed to low frequency electromagnetic fields during different periods of development

A exposição da sociedade a Campos Eletromagnéticos (CEM) vem aumentando vertiginosamente em virtude da ampla expansão tecnológica observada nos últimos anos. Tanto a geração, como a distribuição e a utilização de energia elétrica podem gerar Campos Eletromagnéticos de baixa freqüência (50 e 60 Hz). Pesquisas vêm demonstrando que a exposição a estes CEM podem proporcionar alterações fisiológicas significativas, apesar disto, ainda não estão totalmente esclarecidos a extensão destes efeitos, nem os mecanismos de ação que envolve a interação dos CEM com os organismos biológicos. O presente trabalho teve como principal objetivo verificar os efeitos dos CEM (60 Hz e 1 mT) sobre a integridade de DNA e morfologia espermática de ratos sexualmente maduros, que foram expostos ao CEM durante diferentes períodos do seu desenvolvimento. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho não encontraram indícios de alterações no DNA dos espermatozóides, porém, foram observadas alterações significativas na morfologia dos espermatozoides após a exposição ao CEM. Estas alterações na morfologia espermática podem reduzir o potencial reprodutivo. Portanto, devemos considerar o CEM como um potencial risco a saúde pública, recomendando- se a realização de mais pesquisas buscando estabelecer níveis seguros de exposição aos CEM.

The society's exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) has been growing considerable due to the great technological expansion observed in the last few years. Generation as well as distribution and use of electric energy can generate low frequency electromagnetic fields (50 and 60 Hz). Issues have been demonstrating that EMF exposure could provoke significantly physiological changes, however, the extension of EMF effects weren't totally clarified. The major objective of this issue was to evaluate the EMF (60 Hz and 1 mT) effects on DNA integrity and sperm morphology in Wistar rats with mature sexuality that were exposed during different stages of testicular development. According to our results, EMF did not change DNA integrity, but we could observe morphological changes in sperm after exposure to EMF. These changes in sperm morphology may reduce the reproductive potential. Therefore, we should consider the EMF as a potential risk to public health, recommending the implementation of further research seeking to establish safe levels of exposure to EMF.