Analysis of drying kinetic of brewer ́s spent grains: effect of the temperature on the physical properties and the content of bioactive compounds / Análisis de la cinética de secado del bagazo residual de malta: efecto de la temperatura sobre las propiedades físicas y el contenido de compuestos bioactivos

Background: Brewer ́s spent grain (BSG) is a biomass by-product generated in large volumes during industrial beer production. BSG has become a growing environmental problem, as most breweries discard it inappropriately, negatively impacting the environment. Alternatives for the exploitation of this by-product have consisted of elaborating food supplements for farm animals, obtaining biofuels, developing adsorbents, and obtaining substances for the food industry. However, the high moisture content in BSG (approximately 70%), poses a significant challenge in exploring various reuse alternatives. Therefore, the implementation of a pre-drying process becomes essential. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the BSG drying kinetics at different temperatures and the effect of the drying temperature on the physical properties and the content of bioactive compounds. Methods: BSG samples were dried at different temperatures (50, 60, 70, 80, 90, and 105°C) and analyzed for their moisture ratio, water activity, total polyphenol content (TPC), and DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil) radical scavenging activity. Also, four kinetics models were fitted to the drying data. Results:It was determined that the effective diffusivity was between 5.23x10

Antecedentes: El Bagazo residual de malta (BSG por sus siglas en inglés) es un subproducto biomásico generado en grandes volúmenes durante la producción industrial de cerveza. El BSG se ha convertido en un creciente problema para el medio ambiente, debido a que la mayoría de las cervecerías descartan inapropiadamente este residuo generando un impacto negativo al ambiente. Las alternativas para el aprovechamiento de este subproducto han consistido especialmente en la elaboración de suplementos alimenticios para animales de granja, obtención de biocombustibles, desarrollo de adsorbentes y obtención de productos para la industria alimentaria. Sin embargo, el alto contenido de humedad (~70%) del BSG representa un reto para el desarrollo de diferentes alternativas de reutilización, por lo que se hace necesario un proceso de secado previo. Objetivos: En este estudio se analizó la cinética de secado del BSG a diferentes temperaturas y el efecto de la temperatura de secado sobre sus propiedades físicas y contenido de compuestos bioactivos. Métodos: Las muestras de BSG fueron secadas a diferentes temperaturas (50, 60, 70, 80, 90 y 105°C) y analizadas en términos de razón de humedad, actividad acuosa, contenido de polifenoles totales (TPC) y actividad secuestradora del radical DPPH. Además, se ajustaron 4 modelos cinéticos a los datos de secado. Resultados: Se determinó que la difusividad efectiva del BSG varió entre 5.23x10

Effects of some peruvian non-distilled alcoholic beverages on dental erosion / Efecto de algunas bebidas alcohólicas peruanas no destiladas sobre la erosión dental

Objective: To determine the erosive effect of pieces of permanent teeth exposed to non-distilled alcoholic beverages. Material and Methods: This study takes a quantitative approach, with an explanatory scope, descriptive and correlational, with a pure experimental design. The sample consisted of 45 premolar permanent teeth, which were randomly allocated to five sample groups. Every sample group was submerged in dark beer Cuzqueña Negra, wheat beer Cuzqueña de Trigo, lager beer Cerveza Cristal, lager beer Pilsen Callao and physiological saline solution; every solution had a quantity of 110 mL. The experiment was performed for five minutes, with three repetitions every 12 hours over a period of 70 days. The sampling was performed every seven days, using an analytical scale and a data sheet. Results: The average weight loss of dental pieces put in dark beer Cuzqueña Negra (pH 4.0) was 239.4456 mg. In lager beer Pilsen Callao (pH 4.6), it was 146.7867 mg. In lager beer Cerveza Cristal (pH 3.7), it was 131.3567 mg. In wheat beer Cuzqueña de Trigo (pH 4.5), it was 121.7122 mg. Lastly, in physiological saline solution (pH 6.8), it was 14.3311 mg. When applied to the sample, the statistical test Student's t-test resulted in a value of p≈0.000 (p<0.05). Conclusion: Non-distilled alcoholic beverages caused erosive effects in the pieces of permanent teeth.

Objetivo: : Determinar el efecto erosivo en dientes permanentes expuestos a bebidas alcohólicas no destiladas. Material y Métodos: Este estudio tiene un enfoque cuantitativo, con alcance explicativo, descriptivo y correlacional, con un diseño puramente experimental. La muestra consistió en 45 dientes permanentes premolares, que fueron asignados aleatoriamente a cinco grupos de muestra. Cada grupo de muestra se sumergió en cerveza Cuzqueña Negra, cerveza Cuzqueña de Trigo, Cerveza Cristal, cerveza Pilsen Callao y solución salina fisiológica; cada solución tenía una cantidad de 110 mL. El experimento se realizó durante cinco minutos, con tres repeticiones cada 12 horas durante un período de 70 días. El muestreo se realizó cada siete días, utilizando una escala analítica y una hoja de datos. Resultados: La pérdida de peso promedio de las piezas dentales colocadas en cerveza negra Cuzqueña Negra (pH 4,0) fue de 239,4456 mg. En la cerveza Pilsen Callao (pH 4,6), fue de 146,7867 mg. En la cerveza Cerveza Cristal (pH 3,7) fue de 131,3567 mg. En cerveza Cuzqueña de Trigo (pH 4,5), fue de 121,7122 mg. Por último, en suero fisiológico (pH 6,8) fue de 14,3311 mg. Cuando se aplicó la prueba estadística t de Student a la muestra dio como resultado un valor de p?0,000 (p<0,05). Conclusion: Las bebidas alcohólicas no destiladas causaron efectos erosivos en dientes permanentes.

Transformation of Brewery Subproducts into Valuable Biomass Using Mixotrophic Culture of Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Associated Bacteria

Abstract To develop a biorefinery concept applied in the brewery industry, Chlorella pyrenoidosa and a consortium of associated bacteria were cultivated mixotrophically in a continuous photobioreactor using brewery low-value subproducts as an integrative process. Beer production residues were biochemically characterized to assess the most promising options to be used as a nutrient source for microalgal cultivation. Due to its physical and chemical properties, pre-treated weak wort was used to prepare an organic complex culture medium for microalgal biotransformation. Filtration and nitrogen supplementation were necessary to improve nutrient removal and biomass productivity. Maximal removal of nitrate and phosphate obtained were 90% and 100% respectively. Depending on operation conditions, total carbohydrates depuration ranged from 50 - 80%. The initial concentration of total carbohydrates of the weak wort must be adjusted to 2 - 4g/L to maintain a stable equilibrium between microalgal and bacterial growth. The biochemical composition of produced biomass varied depending on the cultivation conditions as well as on its final use. Upon continuous mixotrophic conditions evaluated in this study, C. pyrenoidosa was composed mainly of carbohydrates and protein.

Investigation of the Erosive Potential of Different Types of Alcoholic Beverages

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the erosive potential of different alcoholic beverages according to pH, titratable acidity and buffering capacity. Material and Methods: Thirteen industrialized alcoholic beverages of different brands were selected and divided into five groups according to their type and composition. The pH measurement and titratable acidity for pH 5.5 and 7.0 were performed in triplicate in 50 mL of each beverage. The buffering capacity was calculated based on pH and titratable acidity for pH 7.0. ANOVA, Tukey, and Pearson correlation, with p<0.05, were used for data analysis. Results: Data showed normal distribution by Shapiro-Wilk test. The pH of alcoholic beverages ranged from 2.49 (Miks Ice Tea - Green Fruits) to 7.64 (Smirnoff). The highest values of acid titration (4.68) and buffer capacity (19.97) were observed in Smirnoff Ice. The following correlations (p<0.01) were noted between: pH and titratable acidity; buffering capacity and pH; buffering capacity and titratable acidity. Conclusion: Some beers and alcopops presented erosive potential due to their lower pH associated with high acid titration values. The whisky and sugarcane liquor examined were not potentially erosive.

Análise de contaminação por microorganismos em latas de cerveja comercializadas na cidade de Sorocaba-SP / Analysis of contamination by microorganisms in beer cans marketed in the city of Sorocaba -SP

Objetivo ­ Determinar a presença de microrganismos na lata de cerveja, coletando amostras de três diferentes grupos de comerciantes, divididos em: G1 ­ Vendedores ambulantes, G2 ­ Bares e G3 ­ Supermercados do município de Sorocaba/SP, totalizando 33 amostras com e sem selo de proteção. Métodos ­ Foram realizadas a inoculação de todas as amostras em meios de cultura apropriados, analisando o nível de crescimento de cada uma e utilizando das provas bioquímicas especificas para identificação do microrganismo. Resultados ­ Das 30 amostras, excluídas as 3 amostras controle, apenas 5 sem o selo de proteção foram positivas, sendo que em três delas houve crescimento de bactérias Gram negativas e em duas houve o crescimento de bactérias Gram positivas. Conclusão ­ Com os resultados obtidos, foi possível concluir que a utilização do selo de proteção e a higienização anterior ao consumo são eficazes para evitar a contaminação bacteriana, pois em nenhuma dessas amostras houve crescimento de microrganismos

Objective ­ To determine the presence of microorganisms in the beer can, collecting samples from three different groups of markets, divided into: G1 - Street vendors, G2 - Bars and G3 - Supermarkets in the city of Sorocaba / SP, totaling 33 samples with and without protective seal. Methods ­ All samples were inoculated in appropriate culture media, analyzing the growth level of each one and using the specific biochemical tests to identify the microorganism. Results ­ Of the 30 samples, excluding the 3 control samples, only 5 without the protective seal were positive, in three of them there was growth of Gram negative bacteria and in two there was growth of Gram positive bacteria. Conclusion ­ With the results obtained, it was possible to conclude that the use of the protective seal and the cleaning prior to consumption are effective to avoid bacterial contamination, since in none of these samples there was growth of microorganisms

O produtor de cerveja caseira em Belo Horizonte: características do grupo e interfaces / The homebrewer in Belo Horizonte: group features and links with leisure studies

A produção de cerveja caseira é um fenômeno social que pode ser empiricamente observado e associado ao campo de Estudos do Lazer. Este texto apresenta e avança em relação aos resultados parciais da tese de doutorado intitulada "Da panela ao copo: a produção de cerveja como prática de lazer", e abordou aspectos sobre um grupo de cervejeiros caseiros de Belo Horizonte ­ MG e as interfaces desta prática com o lazer. Como estudo qualitativo com características etnográficas, foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas, acompanhamento de brassagens e produção de cerveja em casa por um dos autores, com registro em diário de campo. Observou-se que os cervejeiros compõem um grupo social, majoritariamente masculino, culturalmente próximo, inserido no mercado de trabalho e que possuem em comum as variáveis tempo, espaço e dinheiro para vivenciar seu lazer.

Craft brewering is a social phenomenon that can be empirically observed and associated with the Leisure Studies. This paper presents and goes through to partial results of a doctoral thesis named "From the pot until the glass: brewering as leisure practice" and deal with aspects of a group of craft brewers in Belo Horizonte, city in Minas Gerais state, Brazil, such as the relationship of that practice with leisure. As a qualitative study with ethnographic characteristic, interviews has been made, participation in brewering sessions and craft brewering at home made by one of the authors, registered in a field journal. The brewers can be seen as a social group, mainly males, with a cultural approach, inserted in labor world and with common characteristics free time, space and financial resources for leisure living.

Aceitação sensorial de cervejas de diferentes marcas comerciais / Sensory acceptance of beers of different trademarks

A cerveja é uma bebida de ampla produção e consumo no mundo, conhecida desde os tempos remotos em diversos países. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a aceitação sensorial de cervejas de duas marcas comercializadas na cidade de Imperatriz - MA. A análise sensorial foi conduzida com 60 julgadores não treinados, consumidores de cervejas. Para isso, foram utilizadas as escalas hedônica, do ideal e de intenção de compra. Para os dados de escala hedônica, todos os atributos encontraram-se na região de aceitação da escala, se localizando entre as categorias “gostei ligeiramente” e gostei muitíssimo”. Contudo, a marca B foi mais aceita, em virtude da melhor aparência apresentada. A marca A teve menor aceitação da cor, resultante da menor intensidade desse atributo.

Análise físico-química de cervejas artesanais comercializadas em Guaratinguetá-SP / Physical-chemical analysis of artisan beverages marketed in Guaratinguetá-SP

A cerveja é a bebida alcoólica mais consumida no mundo, sendo que as artesanais têm ampliado sua participação no mercado. Este trabalho objetivou caracterizar físico-quimicamente e agrupar cervejas artesanais de diferentes estilos encontradas no comércio da cidade de Guaratinguetá-SP. Foram analisadas 5 cervejas artesanais denominadas de A, B, C, D e E, em duplicata. A acidez total variou de 28,42 a 42,63 mEq/L, o teor de sólidos solúveis de 4,8 a 8,0 °Brix e o teor alcoólico de 5,90 a 9,25 % (v/v), sendo que todas as amostras apresentaram valores superiores ao descrito no rótulo. O valor médio do pH foi de 4,55 e a cor oscilou de 12,67 a 38,77 EBC. Pelas análises exploratórias PCA e HCA observou-se que os estilos Weissbier e Irish Red Ale apresentaram uma menor distinção entre os parâmetros físico-químicos analisados.

Análise físico-química de cervejas comerciais sem glúten / Gluten free commercial beer physical-chemical analysis

A determinação de importantes parâmetros de qualidade de cervejas foram realizados em duas cervejas comerciais sem glúten (A e B). Para a análise, as amostras foram degaseificadas em sonicador Desruptor de Célula Ultra-Sônico (UNIQUE) para posterior aferição de parâmetros físico-químicos. As análises foram realizadas em equipamento Anton Paar Beer analyzer do Instituto Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Ao final, seus resultados foram comparados com trabalhos da literatura com outras duas cervejas com glúten (C e D) em mesmo tipo de aparelho. Foram encontrados em média valores para as cervejas sem glúten inferiores a 26% para o álcool (%p/p), 8% para extrato real (%p/p), 22% para extrato original (%p/p) e 20% para grau real de fermentação (RDF %).

Análise microbiológica da superfície de latas de cerveja: a importância do processo de higienização antes do consumo / Microbiological analysis of beer can: the importance of sanitation before consumption

A produção de bebidas enlatadas segue normas para controle sanitário, porém não é possível estimar as condições higiênicas dessas latas quando chegam ao consumidor. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi analisar externamente latas de cerveja sem selo de proteção, coletadas em prateleiras de supermercado, à temperatura ambiente, quanto à contagem microbiana. As latas foram coletadas, aleatoriamente, em prateleiras de supermercados de Juiz de Fora, MG, à temperatura ambiente e foram submetidas à contagem de micro-organismos aeróbios mesófilos pelo método do esfregaço de suabe. Os resultados demonstraram que as latas testadas sem higienização prévia apresentaram contagem microbiana elevada e que processos de higienização simples, como a lavagem somente com água, podem reduzir consideravelmente a quantidade de micro-organismos na embalagem. A população deve ser esclarecida e instruída a realizar o processo de higienização das latas antes do consumo.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae populations and other yeasts associated with indigenous beers (chicha) of Ecuador

ABSTRACT Chicha, a type of beer made mainly with maize or cassava, is a traditional fermented beverage of the Andean region. There have only been a few studies on yeasts associated with chicha fermentation, and the species diversity occurring during the production of this beverage is not known. The objective of this study was to determine the biodiversity of yeasts in chicha, and to characterize the Saccharomyces cerevisiae populations associated with the production of chicha de jora, seven-grain chicha, chicha de yuca, and chicha de morocho in Ecuador. The molecular diversity of S. cerevisiae populations was determined by restriction polymorphism mitochondrial profiles. The beverages were characterized based on their physicochemical parameters. Twenty-six species were identified, and the most prevalent species were S. cerevisiae and Torulaspora delbrueckii. Other yeast species were isolated at low frequencies. Among 121 isolates of S. cerevisiae, 68 different mtDNA molecular profiles were identified. These results showed that chichas are fermented by a high number of different strains of S. cerevisiae. Some other species provided a minor contribution to the fermentation process. The chicha presented generally similar physicochemical parameters to those observed for other traditional fermented beverages, and can be considered as an acid fermented beverage.

Perfil de consumo de cervejas e vinhos em Salvador, BA / Profile of beer and wine consumption in Salvador, BA

Diante do grande consumo de bebidas alcoólicas no Brasil e no mundo, muitas empresas têm investido na confecção de embalagens cada vez mais promissoras. Com o objetivo de conhecer o perfil de consumo de cervejas e vinhos relacionado às suas respectivas embalagens, foi desenvolvida uma pesquisa na cidade de Salvador-BA, sendo entrevistadas 221 pessoas cujo consumo das bebidas estava intrinsecamente ligado ao ambiente social. A prevalência de consumo é das cervejas com cerca de 26,7%, sendo que os principais locais de dispêndio com a mesma são festas e bares. Vale salientar que a embalagem escolhida por 93,3% dos participantes é a de vidro. Observa-se então um crescimento favorável das indústrias cervejeiras no Brasil com a comercialização deste produto popular em detrimento do vinho, possuinte de um estilo mais elitizado e restrito de consumo.

Due to the large consumption of alcoholic beverages in Brazil and in the world, many companies have made investments to increase the design of its packaging. In order to discover the relation in between the consumption of beers, wine and its packages, a research has been developed in Salvador (BA). Therefore, 221 people were interviewed, concluding that the beverage choice was intrinsically related to the social environment. Furthermore, this study highlights the predominance of beers in front of wines consumption. This scientific enquire points the development of beers industries in Brazil, but also spotlight the decrease of wine consumption due to its elitist stigma.

Development of a propidium monoazide-polymerase chain reaction assay for detection of viable Lactobacillus brevis in beer

ABSTRACT The spoilage of beer by bacteria is of great concern to the brewer as this can lead to turbidity and abnormal flavors. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for detection of beer-spoilage bacteria is highly specific and provides results much faster than traditional microbiology techniques. However, one of the drawbacks is the inability to differentiate between live and dead cells. In this paper, the combination of propidium monoazide (PMA) pretreatment and conventional PCR had been described. The established PMA-PCR identified beer spoilage Lactobacillus brevis based not on their identity, but on the presence of horA gene which we show to be highly correlated with the ability of beer spoilage LAB to grow in beer. The results suggested that the use of 30 µg/mL or less of PMA did not inhibit the PCR amplification of DNA derived from viable L. brevis cells. The minimum amount of PMA to completely inhibit the PCR amplification of DNA derived from dead L. brevis cells was 2.0 µg/mL. The detection limit of PMA-PCR assay described here was found to be 10 colony forming units (CFU)/reaction for the horA gene. Moreover, the horA-specific PMA-PCR assays were subjected to 18 reference isolates, representing 100% specificity with no false positive amplification observed. Overall the use of horA-specific PMA-PCR allows for a substantial reduction in the time required for detection of potential beer spoilage L. brevis and efficiently differentiates between viable and nonviable cells.

Introduction of a synthetic Thermococcus-derived α-amlyase gene into barley genome for increased enzyme thermostability in grains

Background: The enzymes utilized in the process of beer production are generally sensitive to higher temperatures. About 60% of them are deactivated in drying the malt that limits the utilization of starting material in the fermentation process. Gene transfer from thermophilic bacteria is a promising tool for producing barley grains harboring thermotolerant enzymes. Results: Gene for α-amylase from hydrothermal Thermococcus, optimally active at 75­85°C and pH between 5.0 and 5.5, was adapted in silico to barley codon usage. The corresponding sequence was put under control of the endosperm-specific promoter 1Dx5 and after synthesis and cloning transferred into barley by biolistics. In addition to model cultivar Golden Promise we transformed three Slovak barley cultivars Pribina, Levan and Nitran, and transgenic plants were obtained. Expression of the ~50 kDa active recombinant enzyme in grains of cvs. Pribina and Nitran resulted in retaining up to 9.39% of enzyme activity upon heating to 75°C, which is more than 4 times higher compared to non-transgenic controls. In the model cv. Golden Promise the grain α-amylase activity upon heating was above 9% either, however, the effects of the introduced enzyme were less pronounced (only 1.22 fold difference compared with non-transgenic barley). Conclusions: Expression of the synthetic gene in barley enhanced the residual α-amylase activity in grains at high temperatures.

Effect of alcoholic beverages on progeny and reproduction of mice

ABSTRACT Alcohol is the most commonly consumed substance in the world. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of alcoholic beverages on male reproduction and possible alterations in their offspring. The mice were divided into 4 groups: beer, wine, cachaça (a type of sugarcane rum), with ethanol concentrations of 1.9 g/kg, and control group treated with PBS. The treatment period was 35 days. The animals which received cachaça, demonstrated significant weight loss in the testes and epididymis. The alcoholic beverages promoted significant testosterone level and fertilization index diminution, and morphological alterations in the spermatozoa. The beer group presented decreased implantation sites and a high frequency of dominant lethal. The number of reabsorptions in the wine group was increased. The fermented beverages presented higher potential to induce visceral malformations, while the cachaça caused fetal skeletal malformations. The cachaça treated group presented a negative impact on semen quality and fertilization potential. The treatment with different alcoholic beverages, during spermatogenesis, demonstrated contrasting degrees of induction of toxic effects, interfering in a general aspect in male reproductive performance, fetal viability during intrauterine life, and birth defects. From the data, it is possible to infer that the distillated beverage caused more harmful effects to reproduction in this study.

Efecto en el perfil lipídico del consumo de cerveza en la dieta de adultos costarricenses / Effects of incorporting beer at costarrican adults' lipid profile, 2012

ResumenObjetivo:Analizar la relación del consumo de cerveza sin alcohol (fuente de antioxidantes) con los valores del perfil de lípidos de un grupo de adultos del cantón San Mateo de Alajuela durante 35 días.Métodos:La condición nutricional y el perfil lipídico de los adultos, que participaron en el presente estudio se obtuvo mediante una anamnesis nutricional; Esto incluyó, en primer lugar, una evaluación antropométrica. En segundo lugar, el análisis sanguíneo de los perfiles lipídicos tanto antes como después del consumo de una cierta cantidad de cerveza no alcohólica (0,5 l por día) durante un período de 35 días; Finalmente, una dieta basada en los hábitos de alimentación y su valor nutricional.Resultados:Los sujetos estudiados presentaron varios factores de riesgo asociados con el desarrollo de enfermedades cardiovasculares, sobresalieron: el sobrepeso, la obesidad, el consumo excesivo de grasas y carbohidratos simples, deficiencia de frutas, vegetales, alimentos integrales, y el sedentarismo. El consumo moderado de cerveza demostró mejorar los valores de Colesterol HDL en la mayoría de los participantes; por el contrario, el Colesterol Total, Colesterol LDL y Triglicéridos presentaron variaciones.Conclusión:La investigación evidenció mejorías en algunos indicadores del perfil de lípidos; sin embargo, se necesita investigar y ahondar más en el efecto de un consumo moderado de cerveza sin alcohol en la salud de grupos más disciplinados y controlados.

AbstractObjetive:To analyze the relation between the consumption of nonalcoholic beer and nourishment as well as the lipid profile values of a group of adults from the canton of San Mateo, Alajuela in a 35-day period.Methods:The nutritional condition and the lipid profile of the adults, that took part in the current study gotten by means of a nutritional anamnesis; this included, first, an anthropometric evaluation. Second, the blood analysis of lipid profiles both before and after the consumption of a certain amount of nonalcoholic beer (0.5 l per day) during a 35 day- period; finally, a diet based on feeding habits and their nutritional value.Results:The studied people presented several risk factors associated with the development of cardiovascular illnesses; among others, overweight, obesity, nourishment eating habits that promote an excessive consumption of fat and simple carbohydrates, a deficient consumption of fruits, vegetables, whole-grain sources, and sedentary lifestyle. A moderate consumption of nonalcoholic beer showed a development in HDL cholesterol in most patients; as opposed, the global cholesterol, the LDL cholesterol and triglycerides showed given variations related to the cardiovascular risk factors of patients under study.Conclusion:This research showed evidenced of gan improvement in the lipid profile indicators; however, a further investigation is required for testing the effects of moderated consumption of nonalcoholic beer in a more disciplinary and medicine-controlled population of adults. Besides, a relationship between good eating habits and physical activities to normal lipid profiles was demonstrated

Análise microbiológica da superfície de latas de cerveja comercializadas em Itabuna - BA / Microbiological analysis of beer cans marketed in Itabuna - BA

A cerveja é uma bebida alcoólica comercializada frequentemente em latas de alumínio devido à praticidade no consumo. Este tipo de embalagem entra em contato direto com a boca do consumidor e necessita de um cuidado redobrado com relação aos aspectos de higienização para não ser um veículo de micro-organismos patogênicos. O trabalho objetivou avaliar a presença de micro-organismos aeróbios mesófilos e enterobactérias nas superfícies das latas de cerveja comercializadas no município de Itabuna, Bahia. Foram coletadas 48 latas de cerveja (24 com vendedores ambulantes e 24 em supermercados) no mês de setembro de 2012 e realizou-se a Técnica do Esfregaço de Superfície com plaqueamento do inóculo em profundidade nos meios de cultura PCA e VRBD. A presença dos micro-organismos aeróbios mesófilos foi determinada com contagens acima de 300 UFC/cm², em 70,8% e 12,5% das amostras coletadas com ambulantes e em supermercados, respectivamente. Já as enterobactérias tiveram presença acima de 300 UFC/cm² em 37,5% das amostras dos ambulantes e contagens abaixo de 50 UFC/cm² em 100% das amostras coletadas em supermercados. As altas contagens de micro-organismos aeróbios mesófilos e enterobactérias na superfície das latas coletadas com ambulantes indicaram a necessidade de boas práticas higiênicas na comercialização da bebida.

Beer is an alcoholic beverage often marketed in aluminum cans because of the convenience in use. This type of packaging is in direct contact with the consumer's mouth and needs a special care regarding the hygiene aspects not to be a vehicle of pathogenic microorganisms. The study aimed to evaluate the presence of mesophilic aerobic microorganisms and enterobacteria on the surfaces of cans of beer sold in the city of Itabuna, Bahia. They collected 48 cans of beer (24 with street vendors and 24 supermarkets) in September 2012 and held the surface smear technique with the plating of inoculum in depth in the PCA and VRBD culture media. The presence of mesophilic aerobic microorganisms was determined above 300 CFU / cm² counts in 70.8% and 12.5% of the samples collected from street and supermarkets, respectively. Enterobacteria already had presence above 300 CFU / cm² in 37.5% of samples of street and scores below 50 CFU / cm² at 100% of the samples collected in supermarkets. The high counts of mesophilic aerobic microorganisms and enterobacteria on the surface of cans collected with street indicated the need for good hygienic practices in the marketing of the drink.

Produtos de panificação elaborados com bagaço cervejeiro / Baked goods made from brewers' bagasse

A introdução do bagaço cervejeiro na alimentação humana, como alternativa de reutilizá-lo, é também uma opção de enriquecimento da alimentação, visto que este carrega consigo uma rica quantidade de nutrientes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a aceitação e a intenção de compra de pão e biscoito elaborados com farinha do bagaço cervejeiro. Para isso, o bagaço foi desidratado e moído para obtenção da farinha e adicionado em 20% da quantidade de farinha de trigo para elaboração dos produtos. Após realizou-se análise sensorial com 56 provadores não treinados com auxílio de escala hedônica de nove pontos para análise de aparência, odor, textura e sabor. Com os resultados calcularam-se as médias e os índices de aceitabilidade. Os produtos elaborados obtiveram ótima aceitação pelos provadores, onde o sabor apresentou maior índice de aceitação em ambos os produtos. Em relação à intenção de compra, o pão despertou maior interesse, já que a maioria compraria com certeza. Percebeu-se que os produtos podem obter sucesso de compra se produzidos e lançados ao mercado, pois os resultados foram sensorialmente satisfatórios, segundo as médias e o índice de aceitação.

Entendendo a pesquisa clínica IV: estudos de caso controle / Understanding the clinical research IV: case-control studies

O desenho de um estudo pode ser definido como a forma em que se incluem e comparam os sujeitos da pesquisa com determinadas características. Os estudos são divididos habitualmente em experimentais e não experimentais (observacionais), onde a diferença está na possibilidade do investigador ter ou não controle sobre a exposição de um fator (agente etiológico ou terapêutico). Nos concentraremos aqui no estudo de caso-controle. Um estudo caso-controle é um estudo observacional para determinar se uma exposição está associada com um desfecho. De maneira simplificada, identificar um grupo conhecido por ter o desfecho (casos) e um grupo conhecido por não tê-lo (controles), olhando para trás no tempo para saber quais indivíduos em cada grupo tiveram a exposição e comparar a frequência da exposição no grupo caso com o grupo controle.(AU)

The study design can be defined as the way in which they include and compare the subjects participant with certain characteristics. The studies are usually classified as experimental and non-experimental (observational), whose difference is the possibility of the researcher to control the exposure of a factor (etiological or therapeutic agent). We will focus here on the case-control study. The cohort study is an observational study designed to help determine if an exposure is associated with an outcome. In short words, the case-control study identify a group known to have the outcome (cases) and a group known to be free of the outcome (controls). It looks back in time to learn which subjects in each group had the exposure and compare the frequency of the exposure in the case group to the control group.(AU)

In vitro ability of beer fermentation residue and yeast-based products to bind aflatoxin B1

This study aimed to verify the in vitro ability of beer fermentation residue (BFR) containing Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells and five commercial products that differed in the viability and integrity of S. cerevisiae cells to remove aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) from a citrate-phosphate buffer solution (CPBS). BFR was collected at a microbrewery and prepared by drying and milling. The commercial yeast-based products were as follows: inactive intact yeast cells from beer alcoholic fermentation, inactive intact yeast cells from sugarcane alcoholic fermentation, hydrolyzed yeast cells, yeast cell walls and active yeast cells. Adsorption assays were performed in CPBS spiked with 1.0 μg AFB1/mL at pH 3.0 and 6.0 for a contact time of 60 min at room temperature. Analysis of AFB1 in the samples was performed by high performance liquid chromatography. AFB1 adsorption by the products ranged from 45.5% to 69.4% at pH 3.0 and from 24.0% to 63.8% at pH 6.0. The higher percentages (p < 0.05) of AFB1 binding at both pH values were achieved with products containing hydrolyzed yeast cells or yeast cell walls rather than intact cells. The AFB1 binding percentages of BFR were 55.0 ± 5.0% at pH 3.0 and 49.2 ± 4.5% at pH 6.0, which was not significantly different (p > 0.05) from commercial products containing inactive intact yeast cells. The results of this trial indicate that the yeast-based products tested, especially the BFR, have potential applications in animal feeds as a suitable biological method for reducing the adverse effects of aflatoxins.