Assessment of functional outcome following Duhamel retro-rectal pull-through surgery for Hirschsprung's disease: a follow-up study

Context: Hirschsprung's disease (HD) is one of the commonest problems requiring surgery in children. More than 95% of children present during new-born period, when they are treated with leveling colostomy and are followed with pull-through surgery a few months later, once the child has gained adequate weight to withstand a major surgery. The commonest pull through surgery done is the Duhamel retro-rectal pull-through (DRPT) repair. Settings and Design: This is a retrospective study of children who presented to one unit in our institute, a tertiary care referral hospital for children less than 12 years, with HD and underwent DRPT procedure during the period between July 2017 to June 2020. The children were evaluated after three years of follow-up for fecal incontinence and constipation. The study was conducted in children diagnosed with classical segment recto-sigmoid HD who underwent surgery. The children who were diagnosed with HD other than classical segment, who underwent primary pull through surgery and who underwent other repairs for HD were excluded from the study. Results: Thirty-two children underwent DRPT procedure during the study period. Of them, five (15.6%) children were lost on follow-up and one (3.1%) child had expired in the immediate post-operative period. Twenty-six children were included in the study. The bowel function score was calculated. The mean age of definitive surgery was 4.2 years. The follow-up period was a minimum of three years. Only two children had a "good" score of eighteen and above. Nineteen children had a "fair" score of 13-17. Five children had a "poor" score of less than thirteen, and among them, two had a "very poor" score of less than nine. The mean BFS was 13.72. Conclusions: Functional outcomes following Duhamel procedure are satisfactory, with 7.7% of children are in the fringe of requiring another surgery for constipation and pseudo-incontinence. (AU)

Vaginal distention rodent model for fecal incontinence: a pilot study on the effect on defecation behavior

Objectives: Vaginal balloon inflation simulates the compressive forces on the pelvic floor during the second phase of natural delivery. The foremost use of this animal model of vaginal distention (VD) is to study the mechanisms underlying urinary incontinence. As damage to the pelvic floor during natural birth is a common cause of fecal incontinence, the present paper aimed to investigate the effect of VD on defecation behavior in adult rats. Methods: Vaginal distention was performed in 8 rats for 2 hours, and in 3 rats for 4 hours, and sham inflation was performed in 4 rats. With the use of a latrine box in the rat home-cage and 24/7 video tracking, the defecation behavior was examined. The time spent in and outside the latrine was monitored for two weeks preoperatively and three weeks postoperatively, and a defecation behavior index (DBI; range: 0 [continent] to 1 [incontinent]) was defined. Pelvic floor tissue was collected postmortem and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Results: Vaginal balloon inflation for 2 hours resulted in fecal incontinence in 29% of the animals (responders) whereas the DBI scores of non-responders (71%) and control animals did not change in the postoperative phase compared with the baseline score. A 4-hour balloon inflation resulted in fecal incontinence in 1 animal and caused a humane endpoint in 2 animals with markedly more tissue damage in the 4-hour responder compared with the 2-hour responders. Conclusions: Vaginal balloon inflation, with an optimum duration between 2 and 4 hours, can be used as a model to study changes in defecation behavior in rats induced by pelvic floor damage. (AU)

Prevalence and predictors of functional evacuation disorder in patients with chronic constipation

Background: Functional evacuation disorder (FED) is the second most common cause of functional constipation (FC) after constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. However, the data on FED is relatively scanty in our region. Hence, the present study was performed to evaluate the demographics of FED and to find out the predictors of FED in patients with chronic constipation. Methods: A total of 134 patients with chronic constipation diagnosed according to the Rome IV criteria who were referred for high-resolution anorectal manometry (HRAM) were retrospectively enrolled in the present study. All FC patients who underwent HRAM were asked to fill a questionnaire and underwent anorectal manometry and were submitted to the balloon expulsion test (BET). Results: The mean age of patients was 43.09 ± 9.32 years old, with a total of 76 (54%) males. The most common symptom was straining during defecation (87%) followed by incomplete evacuation (86%). The prevalence of FED, diagnosed by HRAM and by the BET was 39%. Patients with FED had a significantly higher percentage of straining and sensation of anorectal blockade compared with those without FED (96 versus 82%; p < 0.01; 81 versus 44%; p < 0.001, respectively). On the multivariate regression analysis, straining > 30 minutes (odds ratio [OR] = 3.63; p = 0.03), maximum squeeze pressure (OR = 1.05; p < 0.001), and balloon volume at maximal sensation (OR = 1.06; p < 0.001) were found to be significant independent predictors of FED. Conclusion: Prolonged straining and sensation of anorectal blockade were significant indicators of FED in patients with chronic constipation. (AU)

Correlação entre disfunção do assoalho pélvico na ultrassonografia 3D dinâmica e parto vaginal, paridade e idade em mulheres com sintomas de defecação obstruída / Correlation between pelvic floor dysfunction on dynamic 3d ultrasound and vaginal delivery, parity, and age in women with obstructed defecation symptoms

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Few studies have investigated the constipation or obstructed defecation symptoms identified by using imaging, as dynamic three-dimensional ultrasound and correlate vaginal delivery, parity, and age. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of pelvic floor dysfunctions in female patients with obstructed defection symptoms and to determine whether specific pelvic floor dysfunctions identified by dynamic three-dimensional ultrasonography (echodefecography) are correlated with vaginal delivery, parity, and age. The secondary goal is to report the prevalence of coexisting pelvic floor dysfunctions. METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study including patients with obstructed defecation symptoms underwent echodefecographyto evaluate pelvic floor dysfunctions in the posterior compartment and correlate with vaginal delivery, parity, and age. RESULTS: Of 889 female: 552 (62%) had had vaginal delivery and 337 (38%) were nulliparous. The prevalence of dysfunctions identified by echodefecography (rectocele, intussusception, enterocele/sigmoidocele, and dyssynergia) was similar between the two groups and was not associated with number of deliveriesor age. However, the prevalence of sphincter defects showed higher rates in women with vaginal delivery and increased with the parity. Up to 33% of patients had coexisting dysfunctions. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of dysfunctions such as rectocele, intussusception, dyssynergia, and enterocele/sigmoidocele assessed by echodefecography in patients with obstructed defecation symptoms are found similar regardless of vaginal delivery, number of deliveries or stratified-age. In vaginal delivery, number of deliveries does impact on detection of sphincter defects and liability to fecal incontinence.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: Poucos estudos investigaram pacientes portadoras de defecação obstruída identificados por exames de imagens, como ultrassonografia tridimensional dinâmica, correlacionando parto vaginal, paridade e idade. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a prevalência de disfunções do assoalho pélvico em pacientes do sexo feminino com sintomas de defecação obstruída e determinar se disfunções específicas do assoalho pélvico identificadas por ultrassonografia tridimensional dinâmica (ecodefecografia) estão correlacionadas com parto vaginal, paridade e idade. O objetivo secundário é relatar a prevalência de disfunções do assoalho pélvico coexistentes. MÉTODOS: Este é um estudo de coorte retrospectivo incluindo pacientes com sintomas de obstrução da defecação submetidas à ecodefecografia para avaliar disfunções do assoalho pélvico no compartimento posterior e correlacionar com parto vaginal, paridade e idade. RESULTADOS: De 889 mulheres: 552 (62%) tiveram parto vaginal e 337 (38%) eram nulíparas. A prevalência de disfunções identificadas pela ecodefecografia (retocele, intussuscepção, enterocele/sigmoidocele e dissinergia) foi semelhante entre os dois grupos e não foi associada ao número de partos ou à idade. No entanto, a prevalência de defeitos esfincterianos apresentou taxas mais elevadas em mulheres com parto vaginal e aumentou com a paridade. Até 33% dos pacientes apresentavam disfunções coexistentes. CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência de disfunções como retocele, intussuscepção, dissinergia e enterocele/sigmoidocele avaliada pela ecodefecografia em pacientes com sintomas de defecação obstruída são semelhantes independentemente do parto normal, número de partos ou idade estratificada. No parto vaginal, o número de partos tem impacto na detecção de defeitos esfincterianos e na possibilidade de incontinência fecal.

A new theory on the cause of anal fissure - impaction theory / Uma nova teoria sobre a causa da fissura anal - teoria da impactação

ABSTRACT The internal hemorrhoid, rectal tumor, hypertrophic anal papilla, and secret fecal mass are regarded as the blocks embedded in the rectum. The above blocks hinder defecation, which will inevitably lead to excessive opening of the anal caliber. Once the limit is exceeded, the skin of the anal canal will tear and form anal fissure. Based on the study of historical evolution, hypothesis reasoning, clinical verification and comparison with other theories, a new concept of anal fissure etiology-impaction theory is proposed. The so-called impaction theory refers to the impaction (various primary lesions) in anorectum, which hinders defecation. When defecating, the anal canal expands beyond the limit, and the whole layer of anal canal skin splits, that is to say, anal fissure is formed.

RESUMO A hemorroida interna, o tumor retal, a papila anal hipertrófica e a massa fecal secreta são considerados os blocos incrustados no reto. Os bloqueios acima impedem a defecação, o que inevitavelmente levará a uma abertura excessiva do calibre anal. Uma vez que o limite é excedido, a pele do canal anal rasga e forma uma fissura anal. Com base no estudo da evolução histórica, raciocínio de hipóteses, verificação clínica e comparação com outras teorias, um novo conceito de etiologia da fissura anal - a teoria da impactação - é proposto. A chamada teoria da impactação refere-se à impactação (várias lesões primárias) no anorreto, o que dificulta a defecação. Na defecação, o canal anal se expande além do limite e toda a camada da pele do canal anal rasga, ou seja, forma-se a fissura anal.

Systematic review with meta-analysis: lubiprostone efficacy on the treatment of patients with constipation / Revisão sistemática com metanálise: eficácia da lubiprostona no tratamento de pacientes com constipação

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Lubiprostone is a type 2 chloride channel activator that has been shown to be efficacious and safe in the treatment for chronic constipation. OBJECTIVE: To systematically review randomized clinical trials (RCTs) assessing efficacy of lubiprostone for patients with chronic idiopathic constipation (CIC), irritable bowel syndrome with predominant constipation (IBS-C) and opioid-induced constipation (OIC). METHODS: Searches were conducted in PubMed, LILACS, Cochrane Collaboration Database, and Centre for Reviews and Dissemination. Lubiprostone RCTs reporting outcomes of spontaneous bowel movements (SBM) and abdominal pain or discomfort were deemed eligible. Meta-analysis was performed calculating risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals, using the Mantel-Haenszel method and random effects model. RESULTS: Searches yielded 109 records representing 93 non-duplicate publications, and 11 RCTs (978 CIC, 1,366 IBS-C, 1,300 OIC, total = 3,644) met inclusion criteria. Qualitative synthesis showed that for CIC patients, lubiprostone is superior to placebo in terms of SBM outcomes. Meta-analysis for CIC was feasible for full responder and SBM within 24h rates, indicating superiority of lubiprostone over placebo. For IBS-C, lubiprostone was significantly superior for all SBM outcomes in follow-ups ranging from 1 week-3 months. In terms of abdominal pain, lubiprostone provided significantly better symptoms relief, particularly after 1 month of treatment. For OIC, lubiprostone was more effective than placebo for both SBM and discomfort measures. CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrated that lubiprostone is superior to placebo in terms of SBM frequency for CIC, IBS-C and OIC. In terms of abdominal symptoms, the most pronounced effect was seen for abdominal pain in IBS-C patients.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: Lubiprostona é um ativador de canal de cloreto tipo 2 que tem se demonstrado eficaz e seguro no tratamento da constipação crônica. OBJETIVO: Revisar sistematicamente ensaios clínicos randomizados (ECRs) avaliando a eficácia da lubiprostona para pacientes com constipação idiopática crônica (CIC), síndrome do intestino irritável com constipação predominante (IBS-C) e constipação induzida por opioide (OIC). MÉTODOS: Buscas foram conduzidas no PubMed, LILACS, Cochrane Collaboration Database e Centre for Reviews and Dissemination. ECRs de lubiprostona relatando desfechos de movimentos intestinais espontâneos (SBM) e dor ou desconforto abdominal foram considerados elegíveis. Metanálise foi realizada calculando razão de riscos e intervalos de confiança de 95%, utilizando o método de Mantel-Haenszel e modelo de efeitos aleatórios. RESULTADOS: As buscas identificaram 109 registros representando 93 publicações não-duplicadas e 11 ECRs (978 pacientes de CIC, 1366 de IBS-C e 1300 OIC, total = 3644) preencheram os critérios de inclusão. Síntese qualitativa mostrou que, para pacientes com CIC, a lubiprostona foi superior ao placebo em termos de desfechos SBM. Metanálise para CIC foi possível para os desfechos de responder completo e taxa de SBM em 24 horas, indicando superioridade da lubiprostona sobre o placebo. Para IBS-C, lubiprostona foi significativamente superior para todos os desfechos de SBM em tempos de seguimento variando de 1 semana a 3 meses. Em termos de dor abdominal, lubiprostona proporciono alívio dos sintomas significativamente melhor, particularmente após 1 mês de tratamento. Para OIC, lubiprostona foi mais efetiva do que placebo tanto para medidas de SBM quando de desconforto abdominal. CONCLUSÃO: Nossos achados demonstraram que lubiprostona é superior ao placebo em termos de frequência de SBM para CIC, IBS-C e OIC. Em termos de sintomas abdominais, o efeito mais pronunciado foi visto para dor abdominal em pacientes com IBS-C.

Contracción paradojal del puborrectal como causa de defecación obstructiva: resultados a corto plazo del tratamiento con biofeedback y rehabilitación pelviperineal / Puborectal paradoxical contraction as a cause of obstructive defecation: short-term outcomes of treatment with biofeedback and pelviperineal rehabilitation

Resumen Introducción: En pacientes constipados crónicos por obstrucción de salida, la contracción paradojal del puborrectal (CPP) o "anismo" es frecuente. El tratamiento con Biofeedback y rehabilitación pelviperineal presenta resultados exitosos entre el 40-90%. Objetivo: Evaluar el resultado del tratamiento con Biofeedback y rehabilitación pelviperineal en pacientes con CPP a corto plazo. Materiales y Método: Serie de casos. Datos obtenidos prospectivamente de la Unidad de Piso Pelviano. Se incluyó pacientes entre 2008 y 2015 que cumplían criterios de constipación crónica secundaria a CPP, confirmado por manometría anorrectal y/o defeco-resonancia. Se analizaron datos demográficos, frecuencia de evacuaciones, uso de laxantes, enemas, pujo, Score de Altomare y Score de constipación de Wexner pre y post-tratamiento. Resultados: 43 pacientes, de los cuales 39 son mujeres. Edad media de 40 años (rango: 14-84). Duración de síntomas fue ≥ 5 años en el 72,5%. Mediana de sesiones de Biofeedback de 8 (6-10). El 62,8% presenta ≤ 2 evacuaciones semanales y disminuye a un 29,3% post-tratamiento (p < 0,001). El 76,2% requiere laxantes orales y el 42,9% enemas, disminuyendo a 35,1% (p < 0,001) y 5,4% (p < 0,001) respectivamente post-tratamiento. Sensación de evacuación incompleta/fragmentada en todos los intentos mejoró de 67,4% a 14,6% (p < 0,001) y el pujo excesivo en más de la mitad de intentos mejoró de 76,1% a 10,8% (p < 0,001). Score de Wexner para constipación y Altomare mejoró de 18 a 7 (p < 0,001) y de 16 a 5 (p < 0,001) respectivamente. Conclusión: El biofeedback y la rehabilitación pelviperineal son efectivas en el tratamiento de la CPP.

Introduction: In patients with chronic constipation by obstructive defecation syndrome Paradoxical Puborectalis Contraction or "anismus" is important. Successful results for Biofeedback treatment and Pelviperineal Rehabilitation it described between 40-90%. Aim: To evaluate the outcome of biofeedback and pelviperineal rehabilitation in patients with CPP in the short-term. Materials and Method: Case series. Data was obtained from the prospective database of Pelvic Floor Unit of Universidad Católica de Chile. Patients with anismus were included between 2008 and 2015. Diagnostic criteria were chronic constipation patients by anismus with anorectal manometry and/or defecoresonancy that confirms this disorder and discards other causes of obstruted defecation síndrome. Demographic variables, frequency of bowel movements, use of laxatives, enemas, pushing, Altomare Score and Wexner constipation Score were analyzed pre and post-treatment. Results: Series of 43 patients, 39 of whom where women. Median age: 40 years (range: 14-84). Duration of symptoms ≥ 5 years in 72.5%. Median of Biofeedback sessions: 8 (range 6-10). Pre-treatment, 62.8% had ≤ 2 evacuations weekly and 29.3% post-treatment (p < 0.001). Oral laxatives were required in 76.2% and 42.9% enemas, decreasing to 35.1% (p < 0.001) and 5.4% (p < 0.001) post-treatment respectively. Feeling of incomplete/evacuation fragmented all the time improved from 67.4% to 14.6% (p < 0.001) and excessive pushing in more than half of time improved from 76.1% to 10.8% (p < 0.001). Wexner Score for and Altomare Score improved from 18 to 7 (p < 0.001) and 16 to 5 (p < 0.001) respectively. Conclusion: Adult with chronic constipation by anismus can be treated effectively with Biofeedback and Pelviperineal Rehabilitation.

Study of defecation disorders in elderly patients / Estudo dos distúrbios da defecação em pacientes idosos

Abstract Introduction: Defecation disorders, whether anal incontinence or chronic intestinal constipation, are frequent pelvic floor alterations in the general population and are more common in those with risk factors,i.e., in the elderly, women with an obstetric background, and those with comorbidities, history of pelvic radiotherapy, diabetics, the bedridden, or those with history of orifice surgery, among others. Objective: To analyze the incidence of defecation disorders in geriatric patients treated at the Medical Specialties Outpatient Service (MSOS) of Hospital Santa Marcelina. Methods: Prospective, randomized study that interviewed the same patients in two moments: 1) subjective anamnesis through spontaneous history and 2) objective anamnesis with specific questionnaires to assess anal incontinence and chronic constipation. Results: Between March 2016 and June 2017, 149 patients were analyzed, of whom 114 (76.5%) were female, with a similar mean age between genders; 51.67% had symptoms of anal incontinence and/or chronic constipation. Only 35.5% of patients with complaints of fecal leakage or flatus spontaneously reported them, while 87.1% of constipated patients did so. In the present study, no significant correlation was observed between the mode of delivery (p = 0.106), pregnancy (p = 0.099), and the number of deliveries (p = 0.126) with anal incontinence. In turn, there was no higher incidence of chronic intestinal constipation in females (p = 0.099) and most patients with this complaint had Bristol type 1 or 2 stools. Conclusion: The incidence of defecation disorders in the geriatric population is high and, most notably, anal incontinence is not spontaneously reported by most patients.

Resumo Introdução: Os distúrbios da evacuação, seja a incontinência anal ou a constipação intestinal crônica, representam alterações do assoalho pélvico bastante frequente na população em geral e mais comumente naqueles com fatores de risco, ou seja, em idosos, mulheres com passado obstétrico, comorbidades, antecedente de radioterapia pélvica, diabéticos, acamados, história de cirurgias orificiais, dentre outros. Objetivo: Analisar a incidência de distúrbios defecatórios em pacientes geriátricos atendidos no Ambulatório de Especialidades Médicas (AME) do Hospital Santa Marcelina. Metodologia: Estudo prospectivo e aleatório com a entrevista do mesmo paciente em dois momentos: 1) Anamnese subjetiva através da história espontânea e 2) Anamnese objetiva com questionários específicos para avaliação de incontinência anal e constipação intestinal crônica. Resultados: Foram analisados 149 pacientes entre Março de 2016 e Junho de 2017, sendo 114 (76,5%) do sexo feminino com média de idade semelhante entre os sexos; 51,67% apresentavam sintomas de incontinência anal e/ou constipação intestinal crônica. Apenas 35,5% dos pacientes com queixas de escape de fezes ou flatos relataram de forma espontânea e 87,1% dos pacientes constipados o fizeram. No presente estudo não se verificou correlação significativa entre via de parto p = 0,106, gestação p = 0,099 e número de partos p = 0,126 com incontinência anal. Por outro lado, não se verificou maior incidência de constipação intestinal crônica no sexo feminino p = 0,099 e a maioria dos pacientes com essa queixa apresentavam fezes ressecadas tipo Bristol 1 ou 2. Conclusão: Incidência de distúrbios da defecação na população geriátrica é elevada e, notadamente a IA não é referida de forma espontânea pela maioria dos pacientes.

Prevalência e fatores associados à constipação em mulheres na pré-menopausa: um estudo de base comunitária / Prevalence and factors associated with constipation in premenopausal women: a community-based study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Intestinal constipation is characterized by problems related to evacuation, and presents high prevalence in the female gender. This condition has demonstrated negative effects on the development of daily activities, causing damage to the physical and emotional well-being of individuals who are diagnosed with it. Studies that investigate what health impairments intestinal constipation can cause are scarce in the literature. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to verify the prevalence and factors associated with intestinal constipation in premenopausal women living in Northeastern Brazil. METHODS: It is a cross-sectional study. This was carried out in the northeast of Brazil. Participated 195 women, adult and middle age. Social conditions, habits and lifestyle, clinical aspects and obstetric history were investigated. Constipation was diagnosed using the Rome III Criteria. Multivariate analysis was conducted using Poisson Regression with robust variance to analyze the relationship between intestinal constipation and independent variables. A statistical significance level of P<0.05 was considered. RESULTS: Most of the women were between 25 and 39 years old (49.2%) and had an income of up to one minimum wage (79.5%). The intestinal constipation prevalence was 35.4%. In the final multivariate regression model, hemorrhoid clinical aspects (P=0.01), pain (P=0.001) and a burning sensation (P=0.01) on bowel movement, and sexual dysfunction (P=0.03) remained associated with constipation. CONCLUSION: The present study found a significant prevalence of constipation among premenopausal women and clinical factors such as hemorrhoids, pain and a burning sensation, and sexual dysfunction were associated with intestinal constipation.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: A constipação intestinal é caracterizada por problemas relacionados à evacuação, e apresenta alta prevalência no gênero feminino. Essa condição tem demonstrado efeitos negativos no desenvolvimento das atividades diárias, causando prejuízos no bem-estar físico e emocional dos indivíduos que são diagnosticados com ela. Estudos que investiguem quais prejuízos à saúde a constipação intestinal pode ocasionar são escassos na literatura. OBJETIVO: Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar a prevalência e os fatores associados à constipação intestinal em mulheres na pré-menopausa residentes no nordeste do Brasil. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal realizado no Nordeste do Brasil. Participaram 195 mulheres adultas e de meia idade. Condições sociais, hábitos e estilo de vida, aspectos clínicos e história obstétrica foram investigados. A constipação foi diagnosticada através dos Critérios de Roma III. A análise multivariada foi conduzida através da Regressão de Poisson com variância robusta, para analisar a relação entre constipação intestinal e variáveis independentes. Considerou-se o nível de significância estatística de P≤0,05. RESULTADOS: A maioria das mulheres estava na faixa etária de 25 a 39 anos (49,2%) e possuía renda de até um salário mínimo (79,5%). A prevalência da constipação intestinal foi de 35,4%. No modelo final da regressão multivariada, os aspectos clínicos hemorroidas (P<0,01), dor (P<0,001) e ardor (P<0,01) ao evacuar e disfunção sexual (P<0,03) permaneceram associados à constipação. CONCLUSÃO: O presente estudo encontrou uma prevalência significativa de constipação entre mulheres na pré-menopausa e fatores clínicos como hemorroidas, dor e ardor na evacuação, e disfunção sexual se associaram a constipação intestinal.

A new defecographic parameter for assessing rectal emptying / Um novo parâmetro defecográfico para avaliar o esvaziamento retal

ABSTRACT Purpose: To validate a new defecographic parameter to assess rectal empyting correlating the percentage of weight reduction of barium paste and the variation in the percentage of area reduction of rectum compared before and after defecation during cinedefecography. Method: Thirty-two consecutive female patients with dyschezia who had clinical indication for cinedefecography were selected. Their median age was 58 years old (18-78 years, mean = 55 years). During cinedefecography, we calculated the cross-sectional sagittal area of the rectum before and after defecation and, thus, the percentage of area reduction of the rectum. The percentage of weight reduction of barium paste was calculated after weighing the contrast injected into the rectum and the amount of contrast evacuated, in grams, using a scale. Finally, both percentages were compared and checked for a correlation between them. Pearson's correlation (r) and Student's t test were used for statistical analysis. Results: A correlation between evacuated barium paste and cross-sectional sagittal area of the rectum at the end of defecation was demonstrated (r = 0.668 and p < 0.0001). Conclusion: It is possible to estimate how much barium paste is evacuated based on the variations in cross-sectional sagittal area of the rectum before and after defecation, in cinedefecography.

RESUMO Objetivo: Validar um novo parâmetro defecográfico para avaliar o esvaziamento retal correlacionando o percentual de redução de peso da pasta baritada e a variação da porcentagem da redução da área do reto antes e depois da evacuação durante o exame de cinedefecografia. Métodos: Foram selecionadas 32 pacientes consecutivas do sexo feminino, portadoras de disquezia, com indicação clínica de investigação por cinedefecografia. A mediana de idade da amostra foi 58 anos (18-78 anos, média de 55 anos). Durante o exame de cinedefecografia, calcularam-se as áreas retais pela secção sagital antes e após a defecação e, assim, o percentual de redução da área retal. O percentual de redução do peso do contraste baritado foi calculado após medidas de peso do contraste injetado no reto e da quantidade de contraste evacuado, em gramas, utilizando uma balança. Por fim, os percentuais foram comparados e verificou-se se havia correlação entre eles. Para análise estatística, foram utilizados correlação de Pearson (r)eT este t de Student. Resultados: Foi observada correlação entre o contraste baritado evacuado e a área retal pela secção sagital ao final da evacuação (r = 0.668; p < 0.0001). Conclusões: É possível estimar o percentual de contraste baritado evacuado através da análise da variação da área retal pela secção sagital antes e após a evacuação, utilizando a cinedefecografia.

Score de Renzi para distúrbios evacuatórios - validação da versão portuguesa de acordo com a checklist COSMIN / Renzi score for obstructed defecation syndrome - validation of the portuguese version according to the cosmin checklist

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Recently, the Obstructed Defecation Syndrome score (ODS score) was developed and validated by Renzi to assess clinical staging and to allow evaluation and comparison of the efficacy of treatment of this disorder. OBJECTIVE: Our goal is to validate the Portuguese version of Renzi ODS score, according to the Consensus based Standards for the selection of the Health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) checklist. METHODS: Following guidelines for cross-cultural validity, Renzi ODS score was translated into the Portuguese language. Then, a group of patients and healthy controls were invited to fill in the Renzi ODS score at baseline, after 2 weeks and 3 months, respectively. We assessed internal consistency, reliability and measurement error, content and construct validity, responsiveness and interpretability. RESULTS: A total of 113 individuals (77 patients; 36 healthy controls) completed the questionnaire. Seventy and 30 patients repeated the Renzi ODS score after 2 weeks and 3 months respectively. Factor analysis confirmed the unidimensionality of the scale. Cronbach's α coefficient of 0.77 supported item's homogeneity. Weighted quadratic kappa of 0.89 established test-retest reliability. The smallest detectable change at the individual level was 2.66 and at the group level was 0.30. Renzi ODS score and the total (-0.32) and physical (-0.43) SF-36 scores correlated negatively. Patient and control's groups significantly differed (11 points). The change score of Renzi ODS score between baseline and 3 months correlated negatively with the clinical evolution (-0.86). ROC analysis showed minimal important change of 2.00 with AUC 0.97. Neither floor nor ceiling effects were observed. CONCLUSION: This work validated the Portuguese version of Renzi ODS score. We can now use this reliable, responsive, and interpretable (at the group level) tool to evaluate Portuguese ODS patients.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: Recentemente, o Score de Distúrbios Evacuatórios (SDE) foi desenvolvido e validado por Renzi para avaliação e comparação da eficácia do tratamento dos doentes com esta patologia. Objetivo - O nosso objetivo é validar uma versão portuguesa do SDE de acordo com as orientações da checklist de COSMIN. MÉTODOS: O SDE foi traduzido para o português, cumprindo as orientações para validação cultural. Indivíduos com distúrbio evacuatório e controlos saudáveis foram convidados a responder ao SDE numa fase inicial, 2 semanas e 3 meses depois, respetivamente. Foi avaliada a consistência interna, confiabilidade, erro de medição, validade de conteúdo e constructo, responsividade e interpretabilidade. RESULTADOS: Foram entrevistados 113 indivíduos (77 doentes; 36 controlos saudáveis) na fase inicial. O SDE foi aplicado novamente aos 77 doentes, 2 semanas depois, e a 30 doentes, 3 meses depois. Relativamente à consistência interna, a análise fatorial confirmou a unidimensionalidade e o coeficiente α de Cronbach foi 0,77, suportando homogeneidade dos itens. O kappa quadrático ponderado de 0,89 estabeleceu a reprodutibilidade teste-reteste. Considerando o erro de medição, a mudança mínima detectável a nível individual foi 2,66 e a nível de grupo foi 0,30. A validade do constructo foi avaliada através do coeficiente de correlação de Spearman entre o SDE e o score total (-0,32) e físico (-0,43) do SF-36. Em termos de validação clínica, verificou-se uma diferença significativa de 11 pontos entre as médias dos doentes e controlos. A responsividade foi confirmada pelo coeficiente de correlação de -0,86 entre a mudança do score e a evolução clínica, avaliados após 3 meses. Através da curva ROC, a mudança mínima importante foi 2,00 e a AUC foi 0,97. Não foram observados efeito-chão efeito-tecto. CONCLUSÃO: Este projeto permitiu validar a versão portuguesa do SDE de Renzi. É possível agora utilizar esta ferramenta na avaliação de distúrbios evacuatórios em doentes falantes de língua portuguesa.

Prevalence and predictors of changes in bowel habits after laparoscopic cholecystectomy / Prevalência e preditores de alterações do hábito intestinal pós-colecistectomia videolaparoscópica

ABSTRACT Background: The incidence of cholecystolithiasis is approximately 15% of the population. It is believed that between 30-40% of cholecystectomy patients have symptoms after surgery, being changes in bowel habits the most common among them. Aim: 1) Defining the prevalence, and 2) identifying predictors of changes in bowel habits after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Methods: This is a retrospective cross-sectional study with an initial sample of 150 patients diagnosed with cholecystolithiasis operated between July and September 2014. Patients were submitted to a questionnaire about the presence of gastrointestinal symptoms and changes in stools consistency before and after the surgical procedure. They were divided into two groups (with or without changes in bowel habits) being combined with the following variables: high blood pressure, body mass index, hypothyroidism, adherence to postoperative dietary orientations, previous abdominal and bariatric surgery. Results: The prevalence of changes in bowel habits in the study population was 35.1%. The association between it and gastrointestinal symptoms was demonstrated to be statistically significant (‰2=7.981; p=0.005), and people who did not have gastrointestinal symptoms had 2.34 times the odds of not presenting changes in bowel habits. None of the other investigated factors had shown to be a predictor of risk for post-cholecystectomy changes in bowel habits. Conclusion: 1) There was a high prevalence of changes in bowel habits, and 2) there was association between changes in bowel habits and the presence of gastrointestinal symptoms.

RESUMO Racional: A incidência da colecistopatia calculosa é de aproximadamente 15% da população brasileira. Acredita-se que entre 30-40% dos pacientes colecistectomizados apresentem sintomas pós-operatório, sendo a alteração do hábito intestinal o mais comum. Objetivo: 1) Determinar a prevalência, e 2) identificar preditores de mudanças do hábito intestinal pós-colecistectomia videolaparoscópica. Métodos: Estudo transversal retrospectivo com amostra inicial de 150 pacientes diagnosticados com colecistopatia calculosa, operados entre julho e setembro de 2014. Os pacientes foram submetidos a um questionário sobre a presença de sintomas gastrointestinais após a operação, e a alterações do aspecto das fezes antes e depois do procedimento. A amostra foi dividida em dois grupos (com ou sem mudanças do hábito intestinal) sendo realizadas associações com as seguintes variáveis: hipertensão arterial, IMC, hipotireoidismo, seguimento de dieta no pós-operatório, operação abdominal prévia e operação bariátrica. Resultados: A prevalência de mudanças do hábito intestinal na população estudada foi de 35,1%. A associação entre elas e sintomas gastrointestinais demonstrou-se estatisticamente significativa (‰2=7,981; p=0,005), sendo que as pessoas que não apresentavam os sintomas tinham 2,34 vezes mais chances de não apresentarem mudanças do hábito intestinal. Nenhum dos demais fatores investigados demonstrou ser preditor de risco para mudanças do hábito intestinal pós-colecistectomia. Conclusões: 1) Observou-se alta prevalência de mudanças do hábito intestinal, e 2) houve associação entre mudança do hábito intestinal e a presença de sintomas gastrointestinais.

Adaptación transcultural del cuestionario acerca de la función intestinal (LARS Score) para su aplicación en pacientes operados de cáncer de recto medio y bajo / Cross-cultural adaptation of a bowel function questionnaire (LARS Score) for application in patients operated on for medium and low rectal cancer

Introducción: El tratamiento en el cáncer de recto ha progresado en la última década. Hoy es factible ofrecer una cirugía con preservación de esfínteres, realizando anastomosis colorrectales bajas o anastomosis coloanales. Esto ha determinado que muchos pacientes desarrollen disfunción intestinal que puede llegar a ser severa, agrupando una serie de alteraciones que se conocen como síndrome de resección anterior baja. Objetivo: Efectuar una adaptación cultural de la versión 1.0 en español neutro del cuestionario acerca de la función intestinal o Low Anterior Resection Syndrome Score (LARS Score), efectuando traducción, comparación de traducciones, traducción inversa y prueba piloto. Resultados: Los resultados obtenidos de la prueba piloto revelan que la población encuestada logró comprender el instrumento, por lo que no se realizaron modificaciones posteriores. Conclusión: Se cuenta con una versión adaptada del cuestionario LARS para ser usada en Chile, la cual puede someterse a procesos de validación y establecer las características psicométricas para ser usada en pacientes con cáncer de recto operados.

Introduction: The treatment of rectal cancer has progressed in the past decade. Nowadays, it's feasible to provide sphincter sparing surgery with low colorectal anastomosis or coloanal anastomosis. This has determined that many patients develop intestinal dysfunctions that can become severe, grouping a number of disorders known as low anterior resection syndrome. Objective: To perform a cultural adaptation of the version 1.0 questionnaire about bowel function or Low Resection Syndrome Score (LARS Score) in neutral Spanish, making a translation, comparing translations, back translation and pilot test. Results: The results of the pilot test showed that the population surveyed understood the instrument, so that no further modifications were made. Conclusion: We now have an adapted version of the LARS questionnaire for use in Chile, which can undergo validation processes to establish the psychometric characteristics for use in patients with rectal cancer surgery.

The development of Panstrongylus herreri under fluctuating environmental conditions

Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Panstrongylus herreri is a main Chagas disease vector, and its success as a vector stems from its ability to establish domiciliated colonies; we aimed to explore its biology and reproduction. METHODS: The average amount of blood ingested and the time from the beginning of a blood meal to the production of feces were recorded. RESULTS: Females exhibited a higher blood ingestion rate than males, but similar defecation times and frequencies were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the detected decrease in oviposition rates, P. herreri's potential as a Chagas disease vector in environments other than the Amazon forest cannot be discounted.

Desempenho, frequência de diarreia, produção de fezes e custos de dietas com teores crescentes de farelo de abacaxi para leitões desmamados / Performance, diarrhea frequency, feces production and costs of diets with increasing levels of pineapple byproducts in weaned piglets

Esta pesquisa objetivou avaliar dietas com teores crescentes de farelo de abacaxi na alimentação de leitões desmamados. Foram utilizados 56 leitões, no intervalo de 21 a 63 dias de idade, que receberam dietas compostas principalmente por milho, farelo de soja e produtos lácteos, com adição de farelo de abacaxi em 0%, 3,4%, 6,8% e 10,2%. Foram avaliados o desempenho zootécnico; a incidência de diarreia; as excreções nas fezes, totais e por unidade de peso vivo ganho, de matérias seca (MS), mineral (MM) e orgânica (MO), nitrogênio (N) e fósforo (P); os custos relativos ao ganho de peso dos animais e os índices de eficiência econômica e de custo. As avaliações foram efetuadas dos 21 aos 35 dias; dos 21 aos 49 dias; e dos 21 aos 63 dias de idade dos leitões. Adotou-se delineamento em blocos ao acaso, de acordo com os pesos dos animais no início do experimento, com quatro tratamentos e sete repetições. Dos 21 aos 49 dias os animais submetidos às dietas com 3,4 e 6,8% de farelo de abacaxi consumiram mais ração (P<0.05) do que os alimentados com a dieta controle, e dos 21 aos 63 dias verificou-se maior ganho de peso (P<0.05) somente dos animais que receberam a dieta com 3,4% de farelo de abacaxi em relação aos leitões controle. Dos 21 aos 63 dias os animais que receberam as dietas com farelo de abacaxi apresentaram excreções de MS, MM, MO e N superiores (P<0.05) às dos animais controle. Contudo, ao se verificarem as excreções destes componentes nas fezes por unidade de peso vivo ganho neste mesmo período, foi constatado que não houve diferença (P>0.05) entre os leitões que receberam as dietas sem farelo de abacaxi e os que consumiram a dieta com 3,4% do produto. Portanto, a inclusão do farelo de abacaxi em dietas para leitões desmamados em 3,4% é viável, por não interferir negativamente nas excreções por unidade de peso vivo ganho e nos índices de custos das dietas e por proporcionar melhor ganho de peso aos leitões em relação àqueles que não consumiram farelo de abacaxi.(AU)

This research aimed to evaluate diets with growing levels of pineapple meal in weaned piglets feeding. Fifty-six piglets, from 21 to 63 days old, were fed diets composed mainly of corn, soybean meal, and dairy products, with the addition of pineapple byproduct in 0%, 3.4%, 6.8% and 10.2%. The parameters evaluated were: growth performance; diarrhea incidence; excretion in feces, total and per unit of weight gain, of dry (DM), mineral (MM) and organic (OM) matters, nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P); diet costs related to weight gain, index of economic efficiency and of costs. The evaluations were performed from 21 to 35 days; from 21 to 49 days; and from 21 to 63 days of age. A complete randomized block design was adopted, according to the animal's weight in the beginning of the trial, with four treatments and seven repetitions. From day 21 to 49 the animals fed diets with 3.4 and 6.8% of pineapple meal consumed more feed (P<0.05) than those fed the control diet, and from day 21 to 63 only the animals that received the diet with 3.4% of pineapple presented a higher weight gain (P<0.05) than control piglets. From day 21 to 63 animals fed diets with pineapple meal presented higher (P<0.05) excretions of DM, MM, OM, and N than the control animals. However, checking the excretions of these components in the feces per unit of live weight gain in the same period, it was found that there was no difference (P>0.05) among the piglets fed diets without pineapple meal and those who consumed the diet with 3.4% of the product. Thus, the inclusion of pineapple meal in weaned piglet's diets at 3.4% is feasible, because it did not interfere negatively on excretions per unit of live weight gain and in diet cost indices, and provided better weight gain to the animals, as compared with pigs who did not consume pineapple meal.(AU)

There is an agreement between constipation referred and that documented by objective criteria? / Existe concordância entre constipação referida e constatada por critérios objetivos?

Abstract Introduction Chronic constipation is the most common digestive complaint at the doctor's office, with high prevalence in the population. However, many patients - and even those physicians not so familiar with pelvic floor disorders-define and consider constipation based on intestinal functionality and stool consistency. But symptoms of incomplete defecation, digital maneuvers, abdominal discomfort, and straining should not be overlooked. Objectives To investigate the correlation between constipation referred and documented through objective criteria in patients admitted on a daytime-nursing ward basis at the Hospital Santa Marcelina, São Paulo. Methodology This is a prospective study of a random sample of patients admitted on a daytime-ward hospitalization basis at Santa Marcelina Hospital to perform minor surgical procedures not related to functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract in the period from September 2014 to June 2015; the only exclusion criterion was "not agreed to participate in the interview conducted by students of medicine at Santa Marcelina Medical School". Results 102 patients were randomly analyzed in the period considered (51% female) with a mean overall age of 48.6 (19-82) years. Constipation has been reported spontaneously by 17.6% of participants and denied by 82.4%. With the implementation of the Cleveland Clinic's criteria for the diagnosis of constipation, the compliance with the referred symptomatology was 88.9%; the same value was found with the use of the Rome III criteria (Kappa = 0.665). In addition, a higher incidence of constipation was observed in female patients (p = 0.002). Conclusion A higher incidence of constipation was observed in female participants, with no statistical difference with respect to age. Furthermore, a substantial agreement was found between constipation referred and constipation documented through objective criteria.

Resumo Introdução A constipação intestinal crônica representa a queixa digestiva mais comum no consultório com elevada prevalência na população. No entanto, frequentemente, os pacientes e mesmo os médicos, não tão afeitos com os distúrbios do assoalho pélvico, definem e consideram constipação baseados na funcionalidade intestinal e consistência das fezes. Entretanto, os sintomas de defecação incompleta, manobras digitais, desconforto abdominal e esforço evacuatório não devem ser negligenciados. Objetivos Verificar a correlação entre constipação intestinal referida e constatada através de critérios objetivos em pacientes internados em regime de enfermaria dia no Hospital Santa Marcelina, São Paulo. Metodologia Estudo prospectivo de amostra aleatória de pacientes internados em enfermaria dia do Hospital Santa Marcelina para realização de cirurgias de pequeno porte e não relacionadas a distúrbios funcionais de trato gastrintestinal no período entre setembro de 2014 e junho de 2015, cujo único critério de exclusão foi o não consentimento em participar da entrevista realizada pelos alunos do curso de medicina da Faculdade Santa Marcelina. Resultados Foram analisados de forma aleatória 102 pacientes no período sendo 51% do sexo feminino e média de idade global de 48,6 anos (19-82 anos). A constipação foi referida de forma espontânea em 17,6% e negada em 82,4%. Ao se utilizar o critério da Cleveland Clinic para constatar constipação houve uma concordância com o sintoma referido fora de 88,9%, com mesmo valor ao se utilizar os critérios de Roma III (Kappa = 0,665). Além disso, verificou-se maior incidência de constipação intestinal nos pacientes do sexo feminino (p = 0,002). Conclusão Verificou-se maior incidência de constipação no sexo feminino sem diferença estatística baseado na idade. Além disso, constatou-se concordância substancial entre a constipação referida e a documentada através de critérios objetivos.

Reliability of barr, leech, and blethyn score in using of plain radiography in determining fecal impaction in children with and without constipation / Confiabilidade de pontuação dos escores de Barr, Leech e Blethyn no uso de radiografia simples na determinação da impactação fecal em crianças com e sem constipação

ABSTRACT Background - Several scoring was developed for evaluation of children with fecal retention using plain radiograph. There are controversies about specificity and sensitivity of these scoring system. Objectives - The aim of this study was to evaluate Barr, Blethyn, and Leech score in evaluation of fecal load in plain radiograph. Methods - This case control study was conducted on children aged 2-14 years old with abdominal pain who visited Abuzar children's Hospital of Ahvaz University of Medical Sciences. This study was conducted in fall season. Children with history of previous abdominal surgery, any systemic illness including sickle cell anemia were excluded. Children with constipation were placed in case group. Subjects without constipation were placed in control group. Subjects without exclusion criteria were examined by physician who is blind to aim of the study. Careful history and physical examination was done. Demographic features, history of gastrointestinal problem, duration of abdominal pain, defecation habit, stool consistency (loose, hard), and results of physical examination were recorded. Rome III criteria was used for definition of constipation. Abdominal x-ray was ordered for each patients. Abdominal radiography was reviewed by radiologist. Barr, Leach, and Blethyn scores were calculated for each case. Results - In this study 102 children with functional constipation and 102 children without constipation as a control were included. Mean ±SD for case and control group was 68.39±34.88 and 69.46±32.60 (P=0.82).Leech score (mean ±SD) was 11.05±2.177 and 5.67±3.228 for case and control group respectively (P<0.0001). Barr score (mean ±SD) was 14.86±3.54 and 7.16±5.59 for case and control group respectively (P=<0.0001). Blethyn (mean ±SD) score was 1.97±0.667 and 1.04±0.900 for case and control group respectively (P=0.000). Sensitivity and specificity of Barr score was 83% and 79% respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of Leech score was 92% and 80% respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of Blethyn score was 79% and 92% respectively. Conclusion - Barr, Blethyn and Leech scores were significantly higher in children with abdominal pain and constipation in contrast to children with abdominal pain and without constipation. Sensitivity of Leech score was more than Barr and Blethyn scoring systems. Specificity of Blethyn score was more than Barr and Leech score.

RESUMO Contexto - Diversos métodos de pontuação utilizando a radiografia simples foram desenvolvidos para a avaliação de retenção fecal em crianças. Há controvérsias sobre a especificidade e sensibilidade destes sistemas de pontuação. Objetivo - O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os sistemas de escore Barr, Blethyn e Leech na avaliação do conteúdo fecal pela radiografia simples. Métodos - Estudo de caso controle em crianças com idade entre 2-14 anos, com dor abdominal que consultaram o Abuzar children's Hospital of Ahvaz University of Medical Sciences, durante o outono. Crianças com história prévia de cirurgia abdominal, com qualquer doença sistêmica, incluindo anemia falciforme, foram excluídas. Crianças com constipação foram inseridas no estudo e crianças sem constipação inseridas no grupo controle. Pacientes sem critérios de exclusão foram examinados por médico que ignorava o objeto do estudo. Foram realizadas história clínica e exame físico cuidadosos. Foram registradas as características demográficas, a história do problema gastrointestinal, a duração da dor abdominal, os hábitos intestinais e evacuatórios, a consistência das fezes (duras, amolecidas), e os resultados do exame físico. Os Critérios de Roma III foram usados para a definição de constipação. Radiografia simples do abdômen foi ordenada para cada paciente. Foram calculados os escores de Baar, Leech e Blethyn para cada paciente. Resultados - Foram incluídas neste estudo 102 crianças com constipação funcional e 102 crianças sem constipação como controle. A idade média com desvio padrão para o grupo paciente foi de 68.39±34.88 e de 69.46±32.60 para o grupo controle (P=0.82). O escore de Leech (média ±DP) foi de 11.05±2.1777 para pacientes e de 5.67±3.228 para o grupo controle (P<0.0001). A pontuação de Barr (média ± DP) foi 14.86±3.54 para pacientes e de 7.16±5.59 para o grupo controle (P=<0.0001). O escore Blethyn (média ±DP) foi de 1.97±0.667 para pacientes e de 1.04±0.900 para o grupo controle (P=0.000). A sensibilidade e especificidade para o escore de Baar foi de 83% e 79% respectivamente. Para o escore de Leech foi de 92% de sensibilidade e 80% de especificidade. O escore de Blethyn resultou em 79% de sensibilidade e especificidade de 92%. Conclusão - As pontuações de Baar, Blethyn e Leech foram significativamente maiores em crianças com dor abdominal e constipação em contraste com as crianças com dor abdominal e sem constipação. A sensibilidade de pontuação Leech foi maior do que os sistemas de pontuação Barr e Blethyn. Escore de Blethyn teve mais especificidade que as pontuações Barr e Leech.

Conceptos actuales de patología anorrectal funcional / Current concepts in functional anorectal disorders

The purpose of the present article is to highlight relevant aspects of anorectal pathology, mainly fiber resistant constipation, fecal incontinence and fecal soiling. A high percentage of patients with fiber resistant constipation correspond to dyssynergic defecation cases. In addition, most patients with dyssinergia and slow colonic transit return to normal after correction of the dyssyinergic condition. For these reasons, the current recommendation is to consider the evaluation of dyssynergic defecation as the initial diagnostic approach in patients with laxative-resistant constipation. Rectal hyposensitivity is an important pathophysiological mechanism involved in both constipation and fecal incontinence. About 80% of fecal incontinence cases present multiple pathological mechanisms, including sphincter insufficiency, rectal hyposensitivity, poor rectal emptying and impaired rectal compliance. Soling and seepage are usually in the context of poor rectal emptying and not in the context of sphincter insufficiency.

El siguiente artículo pretende destacar aspectos relevantes en patología anorrectal funcional, principalmente constipación resistente a fibra, incontinencia fecal y ensuciamiento. Entre los pacientes con constipación resistente a fibra, un alto porcentaje corresponde a defecación disinérgica. Además, la mayoría de los pacientes con defecación disinérgica y tránsito colónico enlentecido normalizan el tránsito tras mejoría de la disinergia. Por estos motivos, la recomendación actual es la evaluación de defecación disinérgica como primera estrategia diagnóstica en los pacientes con constipación refractaria a laxantes. La hiposensibilidad rectal es un mecanismo importante en casos de constipación e incontinencia fecal. Alrededor de 80% de los casos de incontinencia fecal tienen múltiples mecanismos descritos, incluyendo insuficiencia esfinteriana, hiposensibilidad rectal, mal vaciamiento rectal y alteraciones de la complianza rectal. El ensuciamiento suele estar en el contexto de mal vaciamiento rectal y no en el contexto de insuficiencia esfinteriana.

Avaliação do efeito da ingestão de simbiótico sobre a função intestinal de idosos frequentadores de Universidade Aberta à Terceira Idade, com repercussão em seu bem-estar e em sua qualidade de vida / The effect of the symbiotic ingestion on the intestinal function of the elderly that goes to the University Opened to the Third Aged, with repercussions on their health and their quality of life / Efecto de la ingesta simbiótico en función intestinal fiesteros Universidad ancianos Abierta de la Tercera Edad, con repercusiones en su bienestar y calidad de vida

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de ingestão de simbiótico sobre a função intestinal de idosos. Participaram 50 idosos de ambos os sexos, divididos em grupo suplemento e placebo, que consumiu simbiótico ou maltodextrina, respectivamente. No grupo que consumiu simbiótico, 84% não apresentou constipação no período pós-intervenção, assim como 76% indicou fezes de consistência normal e ausência de diarreia. Mais estudos são necessários, a fim de avaliar a eficácia de suplemento simbiótico em seres humanos, e verificar sua repercussão no bem-estar e qualidade de vida.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the symbiotic intake effect on intestinal function among the elderly. Participated 50 elderly of both sexes divided into supplement and placebo groups that consumed symbiotic or maltodextrin, respectively. In the group that consumed symbiotic 84% showed no constipation post intervention period, and 76% showed normal stool consistency and absence of diarrhea. Further studies are needed to evaluate the efficacy of symbiotic supplement in humans, and to assess its impact on the welfare and quality of life.

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la ingesta simbiótico en función intestinal entre los ancianos. Participado 50 ancianos de ambos los sexos divididos en grupos de suplementos y placebo que consumieron simbiótica o maltodextrina, respectivamente. En el grupo que consumió simbionte, el 84% no mostró periodo posterior a la intervención en frío, y el 76% indicó consistencia normal de las heces y sin diarrea. Se necesitan más estudios para evaluar la eficacia de los suplementos simbiótica en los seres humanos, y comprobar su impacto en el bienestar y calidad de vida.

Ecoepidemiology and biology of Eratyrus mucronatus Stål, 1859 (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae), a sylvatic vector of Chagas disease in the Brazilian Amazon

Introduction Eratyrus mucronatus Stål, 1859 is a wild triatomine vector of Trypanosoma cruzi Chagas, 1909. However, little is known regarding the biology and ecoepidemiology of this triatomine in the Brazilian Amazon. The present study describes the biology of E. mucronatus grown under laboratory conditions and the epidemiological aspects of its natural breeding sites. Methods Five colonies were monitored in the field for 3 years. Temperature and humidity measurements were taken in the mornings and afternoons at the natural breeding sites, and the behavior and distribution of the nymphs and adults were observed in the wild colony. We also monitored the life cycle under controlled laboratory conditions. Results Some factors that were considered decisive for the establishment of these colonies were present at all of the colonies studied in the field. These factors included an active termite nest, a vertebrate for repast, and dry and shaded substrates with temperatures of 24-28°C and with humidity of 80-90%. A generation was developed in 274 days under these microclimatic conditions in the laboratory. Conclusions The climatic variables described in the field indicate that these environmental parameters have a limiting effect on the dispersal and colonization of E. mucronatus to new environments. ...