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1.
Nutrients ; 16(17)2024 Sep 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39275346

RESUMO

Heat stress due to climate warming can significantly affect the synthesis of sex hormones in male adolescents, which can impair the ability of the hypothalamus to secrete gonadotropin-releasing hormone on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, which leads to a decrease in luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone, which ultimately negatively affects spermatogenesis and testosterone synthesis. For optimal spermatogenesis, the testicular temperature should be 2-6 °C lower than body temperature. Heat stress directly affects the testes, damaging them and reducing testosterone synthesis. Additionally, chronic heat stress abnormally increases the level of aromatase in Leydig cells, which increases estradiol synthesis while decreasing testosterone, leading to an imbalance of sex hormones and spermatogenesis failure. Low levels of testosterone in male adolescents lead to delayed puberty and incomplete sexual maturation, negatively affect height growth and bone mineral density, and can lead to a decrease in lean body mass and an increase in fat mass. In order for male adolescents to acquire healthy reproductive capacity, it is recommended to provide sufficient nutrition and energy, avoid exposure to heat stress, and provide foods and supplements to prevent or repair testosterone reduction, germ cell damage, and sperm count reduction caused by heat stress so that they can enter a healthy adulthood.


Assuntos
Hormônios Esteroides Gonadais , Resposta ao Choque Térmico , Reprodução , Masculino , Adolescente , Humanos , Reprodução/fisiologia , Hormônios Esteroides Gonadais/metabolismo , Resposta ao Choque Térmico/fisiologia , Testosterona/sangue , Espermatogênese , Testículo/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Maturidade Sexual/fisiologia
2.
Biol Res ; 57(1): 61, 2024 Sep 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39227995

RESUMO

Sex hormones play a pivotal role as endocrine hormones that exert profound effects on the biological characteristics and vascular function of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). By modulating intracellular signaling pathways, activating nuclear receptors, and regulating gene expression, sex hormones intricately influence the morphology, function, and physiological state of VSMCs, thereby impacting the biological properties of vascular contraction, relaxation, and growth. Increasing evidence suggests that abnormal phenotypic changes in VSMCs contribute to the initiation of vascular diseases, including atherosclerosis. Therefore, understanding the factors governing phenotypic alterations in VSMCs and elucidating the underlying mechanisms can provide crucial insights for refining interventions targeted at vascular diseases. Additionally, the varying levels of different types of sex hormones in the human body, influenced by sex and age, may also affect the phenotypic conversion of VSMCs. This review aims to explore the influence of sex hormones on the phenotypic switching of VSMCs and the development of associated vascular diseases in the human body.


Assuntos
Hormônios Esteroides Gonadais , Músculo Liso Vascular , Miócitos de Músculo Liso , Humanos , Hormônios Esteroides Gonadais/fisiologia , Hormônios Esteroides Gonadais/farmacologia , Miócitos de Músculo Liso/fisiologia , Miócitos de Músculo Liso/efeitos dos fármacos , Miócitos de Músculo Liso/metabolismo , Animais , Fenótipo , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologia
4.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ; 121(36): e2404042121, 2024 Sep 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39207735

RESUMO

The course of normal development and response to pathology are strongly influenced by biological sex. For instance, female childhood cancer survivors who have undergone cranial radiation therapy (CRT) tend to display more pronounced cognitive deficits than their male counterparts. Sex effects can be the result of sex chromosome complement (XX vs. XY) and/or gonadal hormone influence. The contributions of each can be separated using the four-core genotype mouse model (FCG), where sex chromosome complement and gonadal sex are decoupled. While studies of FCG mice have evaluated brain differences in adulthood, it is still unclear how sex chromosome and sex hormone effects emerge through development in both healthy and pathological contexts. Our study utilizes longitudinal MRI with the FCG model to investigate sex effects in healthy development and after CRT in wildtype and immune-modified Ccl2-knockout mice. Our findings in normally developing mice reveal a relatively prominent chromosome effect prepubertally, compared to sex hormone effects which largely emerge later. Spatially, sex chromosome and hormone influences were independent of one another. After CRT in Ccl2-knockout mice, both male chromosomes and male hormones similarly improved brain outcomes but did so more separately than in combination. Our findings highlight the crucial role of sex chromosomes in early development and identify roles for sex chromosomes and hormones after CRT-induced inflammation, highlighting the influences of biological sex in both normal brain development and pathology.


Assuntos
Encéfalo , Irradiação Craniana , Camundongos Knockout , Cromossomos Sexuais , Animais , Masculino , Feminino , Cromossomos Sexuais/genética , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Encéfalo/efeitos da radiação , Encéfalo/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Camundongos , Irradiação Craniana/efeitos adversos , Quimiocina CCL2/metabolismo , Quimiocina CCL2/genética , Hormônios Esteroides Gonadais/metabolismo , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética
5.
Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) ; 15: 1400640, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39109076

RESUMO

Sex steroid hormones (SSH) are extremely versatile molecules with a myriad of physiological functions. Next to their well-known role in sexual development and reproduction, SSH play active roles in practically every tissue in the human body, including the oral cavity. It has long been demonstrated that periodontal tissues express SSH receptors and therefore are responsive to the presence of SSH. Interestingly, SSH not only interact with the periodontal tissues but also with other tissues in the oral cavity such as dental enamel, pulp, cementum, oral mucosa, and salivary glands. Questions concerning the possible physiological functions of these receptors and their role in maintenance of oral health, remain unanswered. The purpose of this scoping review was to gather and summarize all the available evidence on the role of SSH in physiological processes in the oral cavity in humans. Two comprehensive literature searches were performed. References were screened and selected based on title, abstract and full text according to our inclusion criteria. Both searches yielded 18,992 results of which 73 were included. Results were divided into four categories: (1) Periodontium; (2) Dental structure; (3) Mucosa; and (4) Salivary glands. The interaction of these tissues with progestagens, androgens and estrogens are summarized. Sex steroid hormones are an overlooked yet fundamental factor in oral homeostasis. They play important roles in the development and function of the periodontium, dental structure, mucosa and salivary glands. Dentists and healthcare providers should consider these hormonal factors when assessing and treating oral health conditions.


Assuntos
Hormônios Esteroides Gonadais , Homeostase , Humanos , Hormônios Esteroides Gonadais/metabolismo , Homeostase/fisiologia , Boca/metabolismo , Periodonto/metabolismo , Saúde Bucal
6.
Int J Mol Sci ; 25(15)2024 Jul 24.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39125611

RESUMO

Sexual dimorphism among mammals includes variations in the pain threshold. These differences are influenced by hormonal fluctuations in females during the estrous and menstrual cycles of rodents and humans, respectively. These physiological conditions display various phases, including proestrus and diestrus in rodents and follicular and luteal phases in humans, distinctly characterized by varying estrogen levels. In this study, we evaluated the capsaicin responses in male and female mice at different estrous cycle phases, using two murine acute pain models. Our findings indicate that the capsaicin-induced pain threshold was lower in the proestrus phase than in the other three phases in both pain assays. We also found that male mice exhibited a higher pain threshold than females in the proestrus phase, although it was similar to females in the other cycle phases. We also assessed the mRNA and protein levels of TRPV1 in the dorsal root and trigeminal ganglia of mice. Our results showed higher TRPV1 protein levels during proestrus compared to diestrus and male mice. Unexpectedly, we observed that the diestrus phase was associated with higher TRPV1 mRNA levels than those in both proestrus and male mice. These results underscore the hormonal influence on TRPV1 expression regulation and highlight the role of sex steroids in capsaicin-induced pain.


Assuntos
Capsaicina , Dor , Canais de Cátion TRPV , Animais , Canais de Cátion TRPV/metabolismo , Canais de Cátion TRPV/genética , Capsaicina/farmacologia , Masculino , Feminino , Camundongos , Dor/metabolismo , Dor/genética , Hormônios Esteroides Gonadais/metabolismo , Ciclo Estral/efeitos dos fármacos , Limiar da Dor/efeitos dos fármacos , Gânglios Espinais/metabolismo , Gânglios Espinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Gânglio Trigeminal/metabolismo , Gânglio Trigeminal/efeitos dos fármacos , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Caracteres Sexuais , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , RNA Mensageiro/genética
7.
Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) ; 15: 1429154, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39119007

RESUMO

Purpose: The study aimed to investigate the correlation between the change of sex hormone levels and ocular surface parameters in girls with idiopathic central precocious puberty(ICPP). Methods: Eighteen girls with ICPP and 18 age-matched normal girls participated in this study, all of the participants had undergone physical measurements, laboratory tests, imaging examination and ocular surface assessments. Results: The Objective Scatter Index (OSI) in the ICPP group was significantly higher than in the control group (P = 0.031), girls with ICPP showed slightly lower MNITBUT compared to the normal control group, although this difference was not statistically significant. Bivariate analysis revealed a positive association between estradiol and OSI (r=0.383, P=0.021), Additionally, in the study population, both Luteinizing hormone (LH) and Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were negatively correlated with Mean noninvasive tear breakup time (MNITBUT) (r=-0.359, P=0.031)(r=-0.357, P=0.032). Conclusion: In comparison with the normal control group, alterations in the OSI were observed in girls with ICPP. This alteration may be associated with an elevation in estrogen levels. Although there was a slight non-significant decrease in NITBUT in ICPP girls, the negative correlation between LH and FSH with MNITBUT suggests new perspective for further investigation.


Assuntos
Hormônio Foliculoestimulante , Hormônio Luteinizante , Puberdade Precoce , Lágrimas , Humanos , Feminino , Puberdade Precoce/sangue , Puberdade Precoce/metabolismo , Criança , Hormônio Luteinizante/sangue , Lágrimas/metabolismo , Hormônio Foliculoestimulante/sangue , Estradiol/sangue , Hormônios Esteroides Gonadais/sangue , Estudos de Casos e Controles
8.
BMC Endocr Disord ; 24(1): 135, 2024 Aug 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39090659

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Prevalence of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is higher in men than in women. Hormonal and genetic causes may account for the sex differences in MASLD. Current human in vitro liver models do not sufficiently take the influence of biological sex and sex hormones into consideration. METHODS: Primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) were isolated from liver specimen of female and male donors and cultured with sex hormones (17ß-estradiol, testosterone and progesterone) for up to 72 h. mRNA expression levels of 8 hepatic lipid metabolism genes were analyzed by RT-qPCR. Sex hormones and their metabolites were determined in cell culture supernatants by LC-MS analyses. RESULTS: A sex-specific expression was observed for LDLR (low density lipoprotein receptor) with higher mRNA levels in male than female PHHs. All three sex hormones were metabolized by PHHs and the effects of hormones on gene expression levels varied depending on hepatocyte sex. Only in female PHHs, 17ß-estradiol treatment affected expression levels of PPARA (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha), LIPC (hepatic lipase) and APOL2 (apolipoprotein L2). Further changes in mRNA levels of female PHHs were observed for ABCA1 (ATP-binding cassette, sub-family A, member 1) after testosterone and for ABCA1, APOA5 (apolipoprotein A-V) and PPARA after progesterone treatment. Only the male PHHs showed changing mRNA levels for LDLR after 17ß-estradiol and for APOA5 after testosterone treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Male and female PHHs showed differences in their expression levels of hepatic lipid metabolism genes and their responsiveness towards sex hormones. Thus, cellular sex should be considered, especially when investigating the pathophysiological mechanisms of MASLD.


Assuntos
Hormônios Esteroides Gonadais , Hepatócitos , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Hepatócitos/metabolismo , Hepatócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos/genética , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Hormônios Esteroides Gonadais/farmacologia , Hormônios Esteroides Gonadais/metabolismo , Células Cultivadas , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Testosterona/farmacologia , Testosterona/metabolismo , Estradiol/farmacologia , Adulto , Progesterona/farmacologia , Progesterona/metabolismo , Fatores Sexuais
10.
Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) ; 15: 1458422, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39188914

RESUMO

Despite the lack of endogenous synthesis and relevant nuclear receptors, several papers have been published over the decades claiming that the physiology of mollusks is affected by natural and synthetic sex steroids. With scant evidence for the existence of functional steroid nuclear receptors in mollusks, some scientists have speculated that the effects of steroids might be mediated via membrane receptors (i.e. via non-genomic/non-classical actions) - a mechanism that has been well-characterized in vertebrates. However, no study has yet investigated the ligand-binding ability of such receptor candidates in mollusks. The aim of the present study was to further trace the evolution of the endocrine system by investigating the presence of functional membrane sex steroid receptors in a mollusk, the great pond snail (Lymnaea stagnalis). We detected sequences homologous to the known vertebrate membrane sex steroid receptors in the Lymnaea transcriptome and genome data: G protein-coupled estrogen receptor-1 (GPER1); membrane progestin receptors (mPRs); G protein-coupled receptor family C group 6 member A (GPRC6A); and Zrt- and Irt-like protein 9 (ZIP9). Sequence analyses, including conserved domain analysis, phylogenetics, and transmembrane domain prediction, indicated that the mPR and ZIP9 candidates appeared to be homologs, while the GPER1 and GPRC6A candidates seemed to be non-orthologous receptors. All candidates transiently transfected into HEK293MSR cells were found to be localized at the plasma membrane, confirming that they function as membrane receptors. However, the signaling assays revealed that none of the candidates interacted with the main vertebrate steroid ligands. Our findings strongly suggest that functional membrane sex steroid receptors which would be homologous to the vertebrate ones are not present in Lymnaea. Although further experiments are required on other molluscan model species as well, we propose that both classical and non-classical sex steroid signaling for endocrine responses are specific to chordates, confirming that molluscan and vertebrate endocrine systems are fundamentally different.


Assuntos
Sistema Nervoso , Animais , Sistema Nervoso/metabolismo , Receptores de Esteroides/metabolismo , Receptores de Esteroides/genética , Lymnaea/metabolismo , Lymnaea/fisiologia , Moluscos/metabolismo , Sistema Endócrino/metabolismo , Filogenia , Receptores de Estrogênio/metabolismo , Humanos , Receptores de Progesterona/metabolismo , Hormônios Esteroides Gonadais/metabolismo
11.
J Physiol ; 602(17): 4129-4156, 2024 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39106346

RESUMO

Sex as a biological variable is an underappreciated aspect of biomedical research, with its importance emerging in more recent years. This review assesses the current understanding of sex differences in human physical performance. Males outperform females in many physical capacities because they are faster, stronger and more powerful, particularly after male puberty. This review highlights key sex differences in physiological and anatomical systems (generally conferred via sex steroids and puberty) that contribute to these sex differences in human physical performance. Specifically, we address the effects of the primary sex steroids that affect human physical development, discuss insight gained from an observational study of 'real-world data' and elite athletes, and highlight the key physiological mechanisms that contribute to sex differences in several aspects of physical performance. Physiological mechanisms discussed include those for the varying magnitude of the sex differences in performance involving: (1) absolute muscular strength and power; (2) fatigability of limb muscles as a measure of relative performance; and (3) maximal aerobic power and endurance. The profound sex-based differences in human performance involving strength, power, speed and endurance, and that are largely attributable to the direct and indirect effects of sex-steroid hormones, sex chromosomes and epigenetics, provide a scientific rationale and framework for policy decisions on sex-based categories in sports during puberty and adulthood. Finally, we highlight the sex bias and problem in human performance research of insufficient studies and information on females across many areas of biology and physiology, creating knowledge gaps and opportunities for high-impact studies.


Assuntos
Caracteres Sexuais , Humanos , Feminino , Masculino , Hormônios Esteroides Gonadais/metabolismo , Desempenho Físico Funcional , Desempenho Atlético/fisiologia
12.
J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol ; 244: 106596, 2024 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39089343

RESUMO

Since steroids are crucial for diagnosing endocrine disorders, the lack of research on factors that affect hormone levels makes interpreting the results difficult. Our study aims to assess the stability of the pre-analytical procedure and the impact of hormonal physiological fluctuations using real-world data. The datasets were created using 12,418 records from individuals whose steroid hormone measurements were taken in our laboratory between September 2019 and March 2024. 22 steroid hormones in plasma by a well-validated liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method were measured. After normalization transformation, outlier removal, and z-score normalization, generalized additive models were constructed to evaluate preanalytic stability and age, sex, and sample time-dependent hormonal fluctuations. Most hormones exhibit significant variability with age, particularly steroid hormone precursors, sex hormones, and certain corticosteroids such as aldosterone. 18-hydroxycortisol, 18-oxocortisol. Sex hormones varied between males and females. Levels of certain hormones, including cortisol, cortisone, 11-deoxycortisol, 18-hydroxycortisol, 18-oxocortisol, corticosterone, aldosterone, estrone, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, 11-ketotestosterone, and 11-hydroxytestosterone, fluctuated with sampling time. Moreover, levels of pregnenolone and progesterone decreased within 1 hour of sampling, with pregnenolone becoming unstable with storage time at 4 degrees after centrifugation, while other hormone levels remained relatively stable for a short period of time without or after centrifugation of the sample. This is the first instance real-world data has been used to assess the pre-analytic stability of plasma hormones and to evaluate the impact of physiological factors on steroid hormones.


Assuntos
Hormônios Esteroides Gonadais , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Hormônios Esteroides Gonadais/sangue , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem/métodos , Adolescente , Adulto Jovem , Cromatografia Líquida/métodos , Idoso , Esteroides/sangue , Criança , Pré-Escolar
13.
Nat Commun ; 15(1): 7279, 2024 Aug 23.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39179555

RESUMO

Determining sex-bias in brain structure is of great societal interest to improve diagnostics and treatment of brain-related disorders. So far, studies on sex-bias in brain structure predominantly focus on macro-scale measures, and often ignore factors determining this bias. Here we study sex-bias in cortical and hippocampal microstructure in relation to sex hormones. Investigating quantitative intracortical profiling in-vivo using the T1w/T2w ratio in 1093 healthy females and males of the cross-sectional Human Connectome Project young adult sample, we find that regional cortical and hippocampal microstructure differs between males and females and that the effect size of this sex-bias varies depending on self-reported hormonal status in females. Microstructural sex-bias and expression of sex hormone genes, based on an independent post-mortem sample, are spatially coupled. Lastly, sex-bias is most pronounced in paralimbic areas, with low laminar complexity, which are predicted to be most plastic based on their cytoarchitectural properties. Albeit correlative, our study underscores the importance of incorporating sex hormone variables into the investigation of brain structure and plasticity.


Assuntos
Córtex Cerebral , Conectoma , Hormônios Esteroides Gonadais , Hipocampo , Humanos , Feminino , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Hipocampo/diagnóstico por imagem , Masculino , Adulto Jovem , Adulto , Hormônios Esteroides Gonadais/metabolismo , Córtex Cerebral/metabolismo , Córtex Cerebral/diagnóstico por imagem , Caracteres Sexuais , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Estudos Transversais
14.
Psychoneuroendocrinology ; 169: 107161, 2024 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39116520

RESUMO

Difficulties in fear regulation can sometimes result in maladaptive fear responses. To better understand how to improve fear regulation, it is important to determine how known factors, such as sex hormone status and stress, might interact to influence fear memory. Research has shown that women with high estradiol levels (mid-cycle) and men exhibit better extinction retention compared to women with low estradiol levels (women in the early follicular cycle or using oral contraceptives). Stress has also been demonstrated to affect both the learning and retention of extinction. Despite documented interactions between stress and sex hormones, their combined effects have not been thoroughly studied. This study aims to examine the impact of stress as a function of sex hormone status on extinction learning and retention. A total of 168 non-clinical participants were studied, including men (n = 46), women using oral contraceptives (n = 38), women in the early follicular phase (n = 40), and women in mid-cycle (n = 44). On Day 1, fear acquisition training was performed. On day 2, prior to extinction training, half of the participants were exposed to a psychosocial stressor, while the other half performed a non-stressful control task. On day 3, extinction retention was tested. Fear was quantified using skin conductance responses, while stress hormones were quantified through saliva samples. Exposure to stress prior to extinction training did not affect extinction learning, regardless of sex hormone status. In contrast, pre-extinction stress exposure had different effects on extinction retention depending on hormone status. Stressed men showed impairment in extinction retention compared to controls, while the experimental condition had no effect on naturally cycling women. Regardless of stress exposure, early follicular women exhibited a deficit in fear regulation, while mid-cycle women showed effective fear regulation. Among women using oral contraceptives, the stress group demonstrated better extinction retention compared to the control group. These results demonstrate the importance of considering sex hormone status and stress exposure during extinction learning, as both components may modulate extinction retention. These results could help identifying hormonal conditions that may enhance the effectiveness of extinction-based psychological therapies used in the treatment of fear-related disorders.


Assuntos
Extinção Psicológica , Medo , Estresse Psicológico , Humanos , Extinção Psicológica/fisiologia , Feminino , Masculino , Adulto , Medo/fisiologia , Medo/psicologia , Estresse Psicológico/metabolismo , Estresse Psicológico/fisiopatologia , Adulto Jovem , Estradiol/metabolismo , Estradiol/sangue , Estradiol/análise , Caracteres Sexuais , Hormônios Esteroides Gonadais/metabolismo , Hormônios Esteroides Gonadais/análise , Fatores Sexuais , Adolescente , Saliva/química , Saliva/metabolismo , Fase Folicular/fisiologia , Fase Folicular/psicologia , Ciclo Menstrual/fisiologia , Ciclo Menstrual/psicologia , Condicionamento Clássico/fisiologia
15.
Mar Environ Res ; 201: 106710, 2024 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39205360

RESUMO

Global changes in the coastal ecosystems of oceans and seas, influenced by natural environmental factors and anthropogenic load, have led to a shift in the sexual structure of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, a species cultivated in many countries. This paper is the first to study the effects of steroid hormones on sex inversion and mortality in the M. galloprovincialis. A unidirectional pattern of sex change from females to males was observed. A 100% sex change of females was achieved under the influence of the hormone testosterone during the period of post-spring restructuring of the gonads. No sex change occurred when males and females were exposed to 17ß-estradiol. The mortality of mollusks did not exceed 5%.


Assuntos
Mytilus , Animais , Mytilus/fisiologia , Mytilus/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Masculino , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Gônadas/efeitos dos fármacos , Hormônios Esteroides Gonadais , Testosterona , Estradiol
16.
Postgrad Med ; 136(5): 567-576, 2024 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39109519

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the association between sex hormones and the risk of pulmonary fibrosis by conducting a meta-analysis of previously published studies. METHODS: We executed a comprehensive search of the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases to locate pertinent studies published up to April 2024. We included studies that reported the association between sex hormones and the risk of pulmonary fibrosis. Standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random-effects model. RESULTS: A total of 10 articles, encompassing 1371 patients, were finally incorporated in this meta-analysis. Based on the evaluation of the included studies, it was observed that the levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) (pooled SMD: -0.72, 95% CI: -1.21 to -0.24, p < 0.001), testosterone (pooled SMD: -1.25, CI: -2.39 and -0.11, p < 0.001) and estrogen (pooled SMD: -0.56, 95% CI: -0.96 to -0.15, p < 0.001) were significantly lower in patients with pulmonary fibrosis, whereas the levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) remained unaffected. Publication bias was ruled out through funnel plots. CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis indicates that reduced levels of DHEA-S, testosterone, estrogen may serve as potential risk factors for pulmonary fibrosis. There is a pressing need for additional studies to confirm this association and explore the underlying biological mechanisms. Clinicians should recognize the potential influence of sex hormones in the etiology of pulmonary fibrosis and consider this aspect during the patient management process.


Assuntos
Sulfato de Desidroepiandrosterona , Hormônios Esteroides Gonadais , Fibrose Pulmonar , Testosterona , Humanos , Fibrose Pulmonar/sangue , Fibrose Pulmonar/epidemiologia , Sulfato de Desidroepiandrosterona/sangue , Hormônios Esteroides Gonadais/sangue , Testosterona/sangue , Estrogênios/sangue , Hormônio Luteinizante/sangue , Feminino , Masculino
17.
J Bone Joint Surg Am ; 106(16): 1512-1519, 2024 Aug 21.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38954642

RESUMO

ABSTRACT: There is increasing evidence that musculoskeletal tissues are differentially regulated by sex hormones in males and females. The influence of sex hormones, in addition to other sex-based differences such as in anatomical alignment and immune-system function, impact the prevalence and severity of disease as well as the types of injuries that affect the musculoskeletal system and the outcomes of prevention measures and treatment. Literature specifically addressing sex differences related to the musculoskeletal system is limited, underscoring the imperative for both basic and clinical research on this topic. This review highlights areas of research that have implications for bone and cartilage health, including growth and development, sports injuries, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, and bone frailty. It is clear that important aspects of the musculoskeletal system have been understudied. Consideration of how sex hormone therapy will affect musculoskeletal tissues in prepuberty, during puberty, and in adults is vital, yet little is known. The purpose of this article is to foster awareness and interest in advancing our understanding of how sex differences influence orthopaedic practice.


Assuntos
Doenças Musculoesqueléticas , Humanos , Doenças Musculoesqueléticas/epidemiologia , Doenças Musculoesqueléticas/etiologia , Masculino , Feminino , Fatores Sexuais , Hormônios Esteroides Gonadais/fisiologia , Caracteres Sexuais , Traumatismos em Atletas/epidemiologia
18.
JCI Insight ; 9(17)2024 Sep 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39078714

RESUMO

The role of different biological variables including biological sex, age, and sex hormones in Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) cure approaches is not well understood. The γc-cytokine IL-15 is a clinically relevant cytokine that promotes immune activation and mediates HIV reactivation from latency. In this work, we examined the interplay that biological sex, age, and sex hormones 17ß-estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone may have on the biological activity of IL-15. We found that IL-15-mediated CD4+ T cell activation was higher in female donors than in male donors. This difference was abrogated at high 17ß-estradiol concentration. Additionally, there was a positive correlation between age and both IL-15-mediated CD8+ T cell activation and IFN-γ production. In a primary cell model of latency, biological sex, age, or sex hormones did not influence the ability of IL-15 to reactivate latent HIV. Finally, 17ß-estradiol did not consistently affect reactivation of translation-competent reservoirs in CD4+ T cells from people living with HIV who are antiretroviral therapy (ART) suppressed. Our study has found that biological sex and age, but not sex hormones, may influence some of the biological activities of IL-15. Understanding how different biological variables may affect HIV cure therapies will help us evaluate current and future clinical trials aimed toward HIV cure in diverse populations.


Assuntos
Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos , Estradiol , Infecções por HIV , HIV-1 , Interleucina-15 , Latência Viral , Humanos , Interleucina-15/imunologia , Masculino , Feminino , Latência Viral/imunologia , Latência Viral/efeitos dos fármacos , HIV-1/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por HIV/virologia , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , Adulto , Hormônios Esteroides Gonadais/metabolismo , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Ativação Linfocitária/imunologia , Ativação Viral/imunologia , Fatores Sexuais , Adulto Jovem
19.
Sports Med ; 54(9): 2267-2289, 2024 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38995599

RESUMO

Low energy availability, particularly when problematic (i.e., prolonged and/or severe), has numerous negative consequences for health and sports performance as characterized in relative energy deficiency in sport. These consequences may be driven by disturbances in endocrine function, although scientific evidence clearly linking endocrine dysfunction to decreased sports performance and blunted or diminished training adaptations is limited. We describe how low energy availability-induced changes in sex hormones manifest as menstrual dysfunction and accompanying hormonal dysfunction in other endocrine axes that lead to adverse health outcomes, including negative bone health, impaired metabolic activity, undesired outcomes for body composition, altered immune response, problematic cardiovascular outcomes, iron deficiency, as well as impaired endurance performance and force production, all of which ultimately may influence athlete health and performance. Where identifiable menstrual dysfunction indicates hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis dysfunction, concomitant disturbances in other hormonal axes and their impact on the athlete's health and sports performance must be recognized as well. Given that the margin between podium positions and "losing" in competitive sports can be very small, several important questions regarding low energy availability, endocrinology, and the mechanisms behind impaired training adaptations and sports performance have yet to be explored.


Assuntos
Desempenho Atlético , Distúrbios Menstruais , Deficiência Energética Relativa no Esporte , Humanos , Feminino , Desempenho Atlético/fisiologia , Distúrbios Menstruais/fisiopatologia , Distúrbios Menstruais/etiologia , Atletas , Composição Corporal , Hormônios Esteroides Gonadais , Sistema Hipotálamo-Hipofisário/fisiopatologia , Resistência Física/fisiologia , Metabolismo Energético
20.
Chemosphere ; 363: 142852, 2024 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39019188

RESUMO

Atrazine is currently one of the most commonly used agrochemicals in the United States and elsewhere. Here, we studied the immunoexpression of molecular markers of mammalian testicular functions: androgen receptor (AR), promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF), GDNF family receptor alpha-1 (GFRA1), VASA/DDX4 (DEAD-Box Helicase 4) as well as the levels of intratesticular and intra-epididymal estradiol (E2) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukins (IL-1ß and IL-6, IL-10) and testicular chemokines (CXCL-1, CCL-2 and CCL3) in BalB/c mice after a sub-acute gavage treatment with a gonado-toxin, atrazine (50 mg/kg body wt.) for three days. We found high numbers of AR immunopositive Sertoli cells and low numbers of GFRA1, PLZF and VASA/DDX4-positive germ cells in the seminiferous tubule regions of the testes. While TNF-α level in the testes fell and remained unchanged in the epididymides, IFN-γ levels in the testes remained constant but increased in the epididymides. E2 and DHT concentrations remained unaltered in the testes but were changed in the epididymides. There were no significant changes in the levels of interleukins in the testis and epididymis. Intratesticular chemokines were also not significantly altered, except for CCL-4, which was increased in the testis. Light microscopy of the epididymis showed detached epithelium and some detached cells in the lumen. It is concluded that atrazine changed the inflammatory status of the gonads and highlighted Sertoli and undifferentiated spermatogonia as important targets for atrazine's toxic effects in the testis of mice. Concerning the epididymis, atrazine altered the epididymal hormonal concentrations and promoted histopathological modifications in its parenchyma.


Assuntos
Atrazina , Quimiocinas , Citocinas , Epididimo , Hormônios Esteroides Gonadais , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Células de Sertoli , Testículo , Animais , Masculino , Atrazina/toxicidade , Camundongos , Testículo/efeitos dos fármacos , Testículo/metabolismo , Hormônios Esteroides Gonadais/metabolismo , Citocinas/metabolismo , Epididimo/efeitos dos fármacos , Epididimo/metabolismo , Quimiocinas/metabolismo , Células de Sertoli/metabolismo , Células de Sertoli/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Germinativas/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Germinativas/metabolismo , Herbicidas/toxicidade , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Receptores Androgênicos/metabolismo
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