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1.
Transl Psychiatry ; 14(1): 368, 2024 Sep 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39256365

RESUMO

Unhealthy diets high in fat and sugar content may have an impact on psychological health and increase the risk of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and stress levels. On the other hand, MDD and stress might be related to food choices and intake. However, it is not clear whether diet, and specifically fat and sugar intake, is causally related to stress and MDD, and whether this relationship may be bi-directional. This study utilised Mendelian Randomisation (MR) to investigate the causal nature of the relationship of fat and sugar intake with MDD and cortisol (as a proxy of stress), and to shed light on the direction of this relationship. Summary-level data for all exposure and outcome variables were obtained from large-scale, non-overlapping GWASs in individuals of European ancestry. Bidirectional analyses were performed: one with macronutrients as exposures and one with MDD/cortisol as exposures. Random-effects inverse-variance weighted regression was used as the primary analytic method for genetic instruments with at least two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) available (and individual Wald ratio was used when only one SNP was available). Higher levels of genetically predicted relative sugar intake were causally associated with lower MDD risk, for both genome-wide significant p-value threshold of p < 1 × 10-8, (OR = 0.553, 95% CI: 0.395-0.775) and relaxed p-value threshold of p < 1 × 10-6 (OR = 0.786, 95% CI: 0.630-0.981). No reverse causality was detected in the opposite direction as MDD was not associated with sugar consumption. The associations observed for all the other pairs of variables were weak and imprecise. A number of limitations was present in the study, such as low-SNP based heritability for some exposures, inability to prove whether variants were correlated with unmeasured confounders and self-reporting of MDD data. Lifestyle and/or pharmacological interventions targeting sugar-related physiological mechanisms may help to reduce depressive symptoms. However, more research is necessary on short- and long-term effects of sugar on the risk of MDD. Additionally, future studies should investigate whether the amount and type of sugar consumed may underlie the impact of sugar on mood and stress levels.


Assuntos
Transtorno Depressivo Maior , Gorduras na Dieta , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Hidrocortisona , Análise da Randomização Mendeliana , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Humanos , Hidrocortisona/metabolismo , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/genética , Açúcares da Dieta , Feminino , Estresse Psicológico/genética , Masculino
2.
Braz J Biol ; 84: e280948, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39230077

RESUMO

Characterizing the effects of saturated fat intake on metabolic health and its changes remains a major challenge. Lipid diets, from different sources, vary widely in their physiological effects on health; therefore, it is important to consider the specific lipid source consumed. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of the imposition of isocaloric diets with different lipid sources in zebrafish (fish oil/pork lard). Depicting how metabolic, morphological and behavioral parameters might express themselves in these fishes. Forty adult female fishes were used for the experiment. The animals were divided into a control group (C), fed with unsaturated fatty acid diet, and a saturated fatty acid group (Sat). They received food three times a day, during the 11-week period. The results showed that animals in the Sat group had increased body weight, with a difference relative to the C group, from the third week of diet until the end of the experiment. At the end of the last week, the Sat group had a body weight 32% higher (P=0.0182) than the body weight of the control group. The consumption of a diet rich in saturated fatty acids did not generate signs related to stress and anxiety in zebrafish. There was an increase in glycemia at T60 and T120, with a statistically significant difference between the two moments. Animals in the Sat group showed an increase (P=0.0086) in hepatic steatosis compared to animals in the control group. The results obtained on the relationship between diet and metabolic changes are fundamental to ensure the understanding and appropriate treatment of these problems.


Assuntos
Peixe-Zebra , Animais , Peixe-Zebra/fisiologia , Feminino , Gorduras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Ácidos Graxos/análise , Glicemia
3.
BMC Endocr Disord ; 24(1): 173, 2024 Sep 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39223590

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The role of dietary fat quality in promotion of cardiovascular diseases is studies before. However, the results are inconsistent. Recently, cholesterol to saturated fatty acid index (CSI) is suggested as a novel indicator of the atherogenicity and thrombogenicity potential of a diet. However, due to limited number of studies, in the current cross-sectional study, we aimed to evaluate the role of CSI in metabolic and inflammatory response among obese individuals. METHODS: In the current cross-sectional study 488 obese individuals aged 18-50 years old were involved in volunteer based invitation from outpatient obesity clinics. Subjects underwent anthropometric assays including weight, height, waist circumference (WC) and body composition and their fasting blood sample were obtained for biochemical assessments including blood sugar, serum lipids, hs-CRP and IL-6 concentrations by commercial kits. Physical activity was also assessed by short form of international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ). RESULTS: According to our results, being at the top tetile of CSI was associated with higher anthropometric indices including weight, height, WC, FFM, and basal metabolic rate (BMR) compared with those at the lowest tertile (P < 0.05). Similarly, those at the highest category of CSI had significantly higher levels of serum glucose and hs-CRP both in crude and adjusted models in ANCOVA and in multinomial logistic regression models (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: In the current study, for the first time, we identified the possible triggering role of dietary cholesterol to saturated fat index in increasing serum glucose and hs-CRP levels. due to cross-sectional design of the current study, causal inference is impossible. Further studies will help for better scientific justification.


Assuntos
Colesterol , Ácidos Graxos , Obesidade , Humanos , Masculino , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Obesidade/sangue , Obesidade/complicações , Obesidade/metabolismo , Adolescente , Adulto Jovem , Ácidos Graxos/sangue , Ácidos Graxos/metabolismo , Colesterol/sangue , Inflamação/sangue , Biomarcadores/sangue , Gorduras na Dieta , Proteína C-Reativa/análise , Proteína C-Reativa/metabolismo
4.
J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) ; 70(4): 336-343, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39218695

RESUMO

The composition of gut microbiota is determined not only by genetic factors but also by environmental factors, such as diet, exercise, and disease conditions. Among these factors, diet is crucial in changing the gut microbial composition. Dietary lipids composed of different fatty acids not only alter host metabolism but also have a significant impact on the composition of gut microbiota. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the relationship between these host effects and their impact on gut microbiota remain unclear. Here, we demonstrated that intake of different dietary lipids improved glucose tolerance by modulating gut microbiota. The results of our analysis show that the taxa of bacteria that increase in number as a result of dietary lipid intake play an important role in glucose metabolism. Thus, we have identified a new mechanism underlying the function of dietary lipids in regulating glucose homeostasis. Our findings contribute to possible new methods to prevent and treat metabolic disorders by modifying the composition of gut microbiota.


Assuntos
Gorduras na Dieta , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/fisiologia , Animais , Gorduras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Masculino , Glicemia/metabolismo , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Glucose/metabolismo , Camundongos , Dieta/métodos , Intolerância à Glucose , Bactérias/classificação , Teste de Tolerância a Glucose
5.
Sci Rep ; 14(1): 20043, 2024 08 29.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39209992

RESUMO

Within the brain, the connections between neurons are constantly changing in response to environmental stimuli. A prime environmental regulator of neuronal activity is diet, and previous work has highlighted changes in hypothalamic connections in response to diets high in dietary fat and elevated sucrose. We sought to determine if the change in hypothalamic neuronal connections was driven primarily by an elevation in dietary fat alone. Analysis was performed in both male and female animals. We measured Agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neuropeptide and Synaptophysin markers in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) in response to an acute 48 h high fat diet challenge. Using two image analysis methods described in previous studies, an effect of a high fat diet on AgRP neuronal projections in the PVH of male or female mice was not identified. These results suggest that it may not be dietary fat alone that is responsible for the previously published alterations in hypothalamic connections. Future work should focus on deciphering the role of individual macronutrients on neuroanatomical and functional changes.


Assuntos
Proteína Relacionada com Agouti , Dieta Hiperlipídica , Núcleo Hipotalâmico Paraventricular , Animais , Proteína Relacionada com Agouti/metabolismo , Núcleo Hipotalâmico Paraventricular/metabolismo , Masculino , Feminino , Camundongos , Dieta Hiperlipídica/efeitos adversos , Gorduras na Dieta/farmacologia , Gorduras na Dieta/metabolismo , Neurônios/metabolismo , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Sinaptofisina/metabolismo
6.
Clin Nutr ; 43(9): 2106-2115, 2024 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39111049

RESUMO

BACKGROUND & AIMS: In recent times, the complexity of food styles and meal content has increased, leading to significant variations in macronutrient composition between meals. This phenomenon has coincided with a rise in obesity rates. We aimed to determine whether a large variation in macronutrient composition between meals results in reduced fat oxidation. METHODS: A cross-over study was conducted with 13 healthy young men, using whole-body indirect calorimetry to test 24-h energy metabolic responses under three conditions: regular meals (R), high-carbohydrate breakfast (CB), or high-fat breakfast (FB), each with different macronutrient contents. The R condition included three meals daily with the same macronutrient composition. The CB condition included a high-carbohydrate meal at breakfast, high-fat meal at lunch, and high-carbohydrate meal at dinner. The FB condition included a high-fat meal at breakfast, high-carbohydrate meal at lunch, and high-carbohydrate meal at dinner. The daily macronutrient compositions were similar across the three conditions, except that CB and FB had larger variations in carbohydrate-fat balance between meals than R. The participants were tested in random order. During the dietary intervention, we compared 24-h whole-body metabolic parameters, including substrate oxidation (e.g., 24 h respiratory quotient [RQ]). RESULTS: No significant differences were observed in the measures of energy expenditure among the three conditions. However, after adjusting for the sleeping RQ on a preceding day, the estimated 24hRQ was lower under the FB condition (0.845) than under the R (0.854, P = 0.0077 vs. FB) and CB conditions (0.853, P = 0.016 vs. FB). No difference was observed in the magnitude of the 5-h RQ change from lunch to dinner under the CB condition and in the magnitude of change from breakfast to lunch under the FB condition. CONCLUSIONS: A large variation in the carbohydrate-fat balance between meals does not decrease daily fat oxidation. An FB may increase daily fat oxidation compared to a CB when the daily food quotient is constant, but this increase may not be owing to the upregulation of fat burning on a daily basis.


Assuntos
Calorimetria Indireta , Estudos Cross-Over , Carboidratos da Dieta , Gorduras na Dieta , Metabolismo Energético , Oxirredução , Humanos , Masculino , Carboidratos da Dieta/administração & dosagem , Carboidratos da Dieta/metabolismo , Gorduras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Adulto Jovem , Adulto , Metabolismo Energético/fisiologia , Refeições/fisiologia , Ritmo Circadiano/fisiologia , Nutrientes , Desjejum/fisiologia , Dieta/métodos , Ingestão de Energia/fisiologia
7.
Nutrients ; 16(15)2024 Jul 30.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39125354

RESUMO

The 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend limiting intakes of saturated fat and added sugars (SF/AS) to <10% total energy. Data-driven approaches to identify sources of SF/AS are needed to meet these goals. We propose using a population-based approach to identify the leading food and beverage sources of SF/AS consumed by US adults. Foods and beverages reported as consumed were assessed from two, 24 h dietary recalls (24HRDR) from 36,378 adults aged 19 years and older from the 2005-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Intakes of SF/AS were aggregated across both 24HRDR to identify What We Eat in America food categories accounting for ≥90% of SF/AS, respectively, by the total population and within population subgroups. Data were weighted to estimate a nationally representative sample. Ninety-five discrete food categories accounted for ≥90% of the total SF/AS intakes for >88% of the representative sample of U.S. adults. The top sources of SF were cheese, pizza, ice cream, and eggs. The leading sources of AS were soft drinks, tea, fruit drinks, and cakes and pies. This analysis reflects a parsimonious approach to reliably identify foods and beverages that contribute to SF/AS intakes in U.S. adults.


Assuntos
Gorduras na Dieta , Açúcares da Dieta , Inquéritos Nutricionais , Humanos , Adulto , Estados Unidos , Feminino , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Gorduras na Dieta/análise , Gorduras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Açúcares da Dieta/análise , Açúcares da Dieta/administração & dosagem , Bebidas/análise , Idoso , Ácidos Graxos/administração & dosagem , Ácidos Graxos/análise , Dieta/estatística & dados numéricos , Política Nutricional
8.
BMC Endocr Disord ; 24(1): 141, 2024 Aug 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39103858

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Numerous studies have revealed the role of dietary fatty acids in human health. However, few studies have evaluated dietary fatty acid patterns and their association with metabolic parameters. The current study aimed to explore the association between dietary fatty acid patterns and risk factors for metabolic syndrome (MetS) among overweight and obese adults. METHODS: This cross-sectional study involved 340 participants who were overweight or obese. The study included assessments of body composition and anthropometric measurements. Dietary fatty acid consumption was evaluated using a validated Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) containing 168 items. Additionally, biochemical parameters, including serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), fasting serum glucose (FSG), and insulin levels, were measured using enzymatic methods. Fatty acid patterns were determined by principal component analysis (PCA), and the association between these dietary FA patterns and risk factors related to MetS components was assessed using logistic regression. RESULTS: Factor analysis conducted in this study explored three dietary fatty acid patterns: saturated fatty acids (SFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and long-chain combined fatty acids (LC-CFA). Those at the highest tertile of the SFA pattern had lower diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (P = 0.03). Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) was lower in the second and third tertiles (P ≤ 0.05). Also, higher fasting blood glucose (FBS) was observed in the second and third tertiles (P < 0.05), and the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was higher in the third tertile (P = 0.049). In the PUFA pattern, FBS was lower in the third tertile (P = 0.03). In the LC-CFA pattern, lower TC was achieved in higher tertiles (P = 0.04). CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrated that consuming high and moderate SFA patterns is associated with higher FBS and HOMA-IR. Also, increased consumption of SCFAs is related to lower DPB and LDL. Individuals who consumed more PUFA, especially linoleic acid, had lower FBS. These outcomes might be beneficial in managing MetS and leading to a new field of research.


Assuntos
Gorduras na Dieta , Ácidos Graxos , Síndrome Metabólica , Obesidade , Sobrepeso , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Estudos Transversais , Adulto , Obesidade/metabolismo , Sobrepeso/metabolismo , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Ácidos Graxos/metabolismo , Síndrome Metabólica/metabolismo , Síndrome Metabólica/epidemiologia , Síndrome Metabólica/etiologia , Gorduras na Dieta/metabolismo , Fatores de Risco , Metaboloma , Biomarcadores/sangue , Biomarcadores/análise
9.
J Affect Disord ; 365: 364-374, 2024 Nov 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39173925

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have mainly focused on the effects of individual fatty acids on depressive symptoms, while the combined effect of fatty acids on the risk of depressive symptoms has not yet been extensively reported. This study evaluate the associations between individual and multiple fatty acids with depressive symptoms in U.S. adults. METHODS: Data sets were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-2018 cycles. Both males and females aged above 18 years with complete information about dietary fatty acids intake, depression symptoms, and covariates were included. Weighted linear regression models were conducted to evaluate the relationships between individual fatty acid intake and depressive symptoms, and restricted cubic spline (RCS) models were utilized to explore the corresponding dose-response relationships. Additionally, we implemented the weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression and quantile g-computation (QGC) models to estimate the mixed effects of 19 fatty acids and identify the predominant types. RESULTS: After multivariable adjustments, an increase of one unit in Linoleic acid (LA), Alpha-Linolenic Acid (ALA), Arachidonic acid (AA), Docosapentaenoic acid(DPA), Docosahexaenoic acid(DHA), was associated with a decrease in depressive scores by -0.021 (95 % CI: -0.039,-0.003, p = 0.021),-0.028 (95 % CI: -0.045,-0.011, p = 0.002),-0.026 (95 % CI: -0.044,-0.008, p = 0.005), -0.026 (95 % CI: -0.042,-0.009, p = 0.003), and - 0.022 (95 % CI: -0.041,-0.003, p = 0.022), respectively. However, a per unit increase in Hexanoic acid and Octanoic acid was associated with an increase in depressive scores of 0.020 (95 % CI: 0.002,0.038, p = 0.029) and 0.026 (95 % CI: 0.004,0.048, p = 0.020), respectively. Meanwhile, significant dose-response relationships were supported by the RCS models. As for the mixed effects, both WQS and QGC models demonstrated that the mixture of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) was inversely related to depressive symptoms, and ALA and DPA were the most critical contributors. DHA was negatively correlated with depressive symptoms in WQS analysis, but positively correlated with depressive symptoms in QGC analysis. LIMITATIONS: The cross-sectional design limits our ability to establish causality, and 24-hour dietary recall can lead to potential inaccuracies reflecting participants' true eating habits. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that the single effects of each PUFA were inversely associated with depressive symptoms, except for octadecatetraenoic acid. Moreover, higher combined intake of dietary PUFAs is inversely associated with depressive symptoms in U.S. adults. Among the mixed effects of PUFAs, ALA and DPA may play predominant roles. However, DHA mixed with other fatty acids may have different effects on depressive symptoms, and further study is needed.


Assuntos
Depressão , Ácidos Graxos , Inquéritos Nutricionais , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Depressão/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Ácidos Graxos/administração & dosagem , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Adulto Jovem , Gorduras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Ácidos Graxos Insaturados/administração & dosagem , Estudos Transversais , Adolescente
10.
Neuropharmacology ; 259: 110108, 2024 Nov 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39128582

RESUMO

Consumption of saturated fat-enriched diets during adolescence has been closely associated with the reduction of hippocampal synaptic plasticity and the impairment of cognitive function. Nevertheless, the effect of long-term intake of these foods has not yet been studied. In the present study, we have investigated the effect of a treatment, lasting for 40 weeks, with a diet enriched in saturated fat (SOLF) on i) spatial learning and memory, ii) hippocampal synaptic transmission and plasticity, and iii) hippocampal gene expression levels in aged male and female mice. Our findings reveal that SOLF has a detrimental impact on spatial memory and synaptic plasticity mechanisms, such as long-term potentiation (LTP), and downregulates Gria1 expression specifically in males. In females, SOLF downregulates the gene expression of Gria1/2/3 and Grin1/2A/2B glutamate receptor subunits as well as some proinflammatory interleukins. These findings highlight the importance of considering sex-specific factors when assessing the long-term effects of high-fat diets on cognition and brain plasticity.


Assuntos
Dieta Hiperlipídica , Hipocampo , Caracteres Sexuais , Animais , Masculino , Feminino , Hipocampo/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Dieta Hiperlipídica/efeitos adversos , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Plasticidade Neuronal/efeitos dos fármacos , Plasticidade Neuronal/fisiologia , Aprendizagem Espacial/efeitos dos fármacos , Aprendizagem Espacial/fisiologia , Receptores de AMPA/metabolismo , Memória Espacial/efeitos dos fármacos , Memória Espacial/fisiologia , Memória/efeitos dos fármacos , Memória/fisiologia , Potenciação de Longa Duração/efeitos dos fármacos , Potenciação de Longa Duração/fisiologia , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/metabolismo , Transmissão Sináptica/efeitos dos fármacos , Transmissão Sináptica/fisiologia , Gorduras na Dieta/farmacologia
11.
Meat Sci ; 217: 109627, 2024 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39141968

RESUMO

Pork belly is a meat cut valued for its rich flavour and texture, attributed to its high fat content, which also makes it susceptible to oxidation. Therefore, meat producers and processors must carefully select packaging options to maximise shelf life while meeting consumer preferences. This study aimed to develop customised packaging strategies for sliced pork belly with varying fat content to extend shelf life while minimizing environmental impact. The research compared three packaging solutions: modified atmosphere packaging (MAP1: 70:30% O2:CO2, MAP2: 30:40:30% O2:CO2:N2) and vacuum skin packaging (VSP) for pork bellies with low (LF: 16.07 ± 1.87%), medium (MF: 37.39 ± 4.41%), and high fat content (HF: 57.57 ± 2.36%). Samples packaged in VSP exhibited the longest shelf life (13-14 days) with lower purge and reduced fat and colour oxidation compared to MAP-packaged samples for all studied belly types. Nonetheless, the impact of MAP on shelf life depended on the belly type. HF bellies, with lower proportions of unsaturated fatty acids, showed less purge, and greater colour and fat stability, resulting in a longer shelf life compared to LF and MF bellies. LF and MF bellies in MAP2 showed the shortest shelf life (around 6 days), followed by LF and MF in MAP1 (around 7-8 days). Life Cycle Assessment indicated VSP generally as the most environmentally favourable option for LF and MF bellies, whereas for HF bellies, the choice among the three packaging solutions depended on the specific impact category under consideration.


Assuntos
Embalagem de Alimentos , Armazenamento de Alimentos , Embalagem de Alimentos/métodos , Animais , Suínos , Armazenamento de Alimentos/métodos , Cor , Vácuo , Gorduras na Dieta/análise , Oxirredução , Carne de Porco/análise , Meio Ambiente
12.
Int Immunopharmacol ; 141: 112971, 2024 Nov 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39178517

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have shown that KIR+CD8+ T cells play a role in suppressing autoimmunity by eliminating pathogenic CD4+ T cells. However, their specific role in type 1 diabetes (T1D) remains unclear. METHODS: In this study, we enrolled 108 patients diagnosed with T1D and 86 healthy individuals. We conducted flow cytometric analysis to examine the various subtypes of KIR+CD8+ T cells derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Additionally, CD8+ T cells were isolated from the peripheral blood of T1D patients to assess the functions of different KIR+CD8+ T cell subtypes. To investigate the influence of lipids on the characteristics and activities of these T cell subtypes, the isolated CD8+ T cells were cultured with varying concentrations of palmitic acid (PA). Furthermore, we utilized an NSG (NOD scid gamma) mouse adoptive transfer model to assess the impact of dietary lipid intake on the functionality of KIR2DL5+CD8+ T cells in vivo. RESULTS: We observed variations in circulating KIR+CD8+ T cell subtypes between patients with T1D and healthy controls. Notably, we observed a significant negative correlation between the frequencies of circulating KIR+CD8+ T cells and the titers of ZnT8 autoantibodies in individuals with T1D. Among these subtypes, KIR2DL5+CD8+ T cells demonstrated a positive association with dietary fat intake, characterized by increased perforin expression and reduced PD-1 expression. Importantly, KIR2DL5+CD8+ T cells exhibited enhanced proliferative capacity compared to other KIR+CD8+ T cell subsets. Palmitic acid (PA) was found to enhance the activation of KIR2DL5+CD8+ T cells and strengthened their ability to suppress CD4+ T cell proliferation in T1D patients. Moreover, dietary lipid intake significantly enhanced the functionality of KIR2DL5+CD8+ T cells in an NSG mouse adoptive transfer model. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that lipid intake enhances the functionality of human KIR2DL5+CD8+ T cells and may offer implications for immunotherapy in T1D.


Assuntos
Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1 , Camundongos Endogâmicos NOD , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/imunologia , Humanos , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Animais , Feminino , Masculino , Adulto , Gorduras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Camundongos , Ácido Palmítico/administração & dosagem , Ácido Palmítico/farmacologia , Camundongos SCID , Transferência Adotiva , Adulto Jovem , Células Cultivadas , Adolescente , Autoanticorpos/sangue , Autoanticorpos/imunologia
13.
Nutr Res ; 129: 14-27, 2024 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39178640

RESUMO

Weight variations are common in sporting life, with important inter-individual variability in the degree of an athlete's habitual weight loss. As a part of the WAVE study (NCT04107545), the main objective of this preliminary study was to determine whether the habitual degree of weight loss was associated with anthropometric, body composition, nutritional or psychometric profiles during a period of weight maintenance in athletes accustomed to weight variations. We hypothesized that athletes accustomed to a higher habitual degree of weight loss may have a higher body weight and body fat mass, and may present a more controlled diet regimen and cognitive restriction than athletes with a lower habitual degree of weight loss. During a period of weight maintenance, 62 athletes (24.0 ± 5.3 years; 26 women) completed anthropometry and body composition measurements, a 48-hours food diary and self-reported questionnaires to determine their weight variation practice, nutritional profile and mood state. Athletes were stratified within inter- and intra-quartile groups according to their habitual degree of weight loss. Athletes with a higher habitual degree of weight loss were those who consumed more protein (P < .001) and less fat (P = .01) as a proportion of total energy compared with those losing less weight, without any difference in body composition between the groups. The rapid weight loss score was significantly higher in individuals losing more weight (P < .001) and no difference was observed for the mood state profile. The present results suggest a potential control of nutritional regulation during a period of weight maintenance in order to spare fat-free mass and favor fat mass loss in athletes who are routinely losing more weight. Fat-free mass may be the main nutritional driver due to low body fat mass in athletes, which may limit the "catch-up fat" phenomenon commonly observed in nonathletic population.


Assuntos
Atletas , Composição Corporal , Gorduras na Dieta , Proteínas Alimentares , Redução de Peso , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto Jovem , Tecido Adiposo/metabolismo , Índice de Massa Corporal , Peso Corporal , Manutenção do Peso Corporal , Dieta , Registros de Dieta , Gorduras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Proteínas Alimentares/administração & dosagem , Ingestão de Energia , Comportamento Alimentar , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Esportiva , Inquéritos e Questionários
14.
Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis ; 34(11): 2546-2554, 2024 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39174431

RESUMO

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Population-based studies suggest an inverse relationship between the dietary share of ultra-processed foods (UPF), as defined by NOVA classification, and the overall dietary nutritional quality. However, few studies have evaluated the impact of ultra-processed foods on the fatty acid profile of the diet. The aim of this study was to assess the association between consumption of UPF and the fatty acids profile of the diet in Portugal. METHODS AND RESULTS: Cross-sectional data from IAN-AF 2015-2016 were used for this study. Food consumption data were collected through two 24-h food recalls, and food items were classified according to the NOVA system. For both adults and elderly, the contents of total fatty acids (TFA), saturated fatty acids (SFA) and trans fatty (TRFA) were higher in the fraction of UPF, compared to the other three NOVA groups, while [monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA)+, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)/SFA] ratio was lower. The UPF population attributable fraction (PAF) demonstrated that if the dietary contribution of UPF was reduced to levels observed in the first quintile, statistically significant reductions in the prevalence of inadequate intakes of fatty acids would be observed for adults [TRFA (PAF 98.37%, 95% CI 87.27-99.79) and SFA (PAF 37.26%, 95% CI 25.46-47.19)] and for elderly [TRFA (PAF 94.61%, 95% CI 77.59-98.71) and PUFA (PAF 98.28, 95% CI 48.22-99.94)]. CONCLUSIONS: In this study the consumption of UPF was associated with a worse fatty acids profile in the Portuguese diet, adding evidence regarding the negative impact of UPF on diet quality.


Assuntos
Gorduras na Dieta , Fast Foods , Ácidos Graxos , Valor Nutritivo , Humanos , Portugal/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Fast Foods/efeitos adversos , Adulto , Ácidos Graxos/administração & dosagem , Gorduras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Manipulação de Alimentos , Comportamento Alimentar , Adulto Jovem , Fatores Etários , Recomendações Nutricionais , Inquéritos sobre Dietas , Dieta Saudável , Alimento Processado
15.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ; 121(36): e2321874121, 2024 Sep 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39207736

RESUMO

Medium chain fatty acids are commonly consumed as part of diets for endurance sports and as medical treatment in ketogenic diets where these diets regulate energy metabolism and increase adenosine levels. However, the role of the equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1), which is responsible for adenosine transport across membranes in this process, is not well understood. Here, we investigate ENT1 activity in controlling the effects of two dietary medium chain fatty acids (decanoic and octanoic acid), employing the tractable model system Dictyostelium. We show that genetic ablation of three ENT1 orthologues unexpectedly improves cell proliferation specifically following decanoic acid treatment. This effect is not caused by increased adenosine levels triggered by both fatty acids in the presence of ENT1 activity. Instead, we show that decanoic acid increases expression of energy-related genes relevant for fatty acid ß-oxidation, and that pharmacological inhibition of ENT1 activity leads to an enhanced effect of decanoic acid to increase expression of tricarboxylicacid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation components. Importantly, similar transcriptional changes have been shown in the rat hippocampus during ketogenic diet treatment. We validated these changes by showing enhanced mitochondria load and reduced lipid droplets. Thus, our data show that ENT1 regulates the medium chain fatty acid-induced increase in cellular adenosine levels and the decanoic acid-induced expression of important metabolic enzymes in energy provision, identifying a key role for ENT1 proteins in metabolic effects of medium chain fatty acids.


Assuntos
Metabolismo Energético , Transportador Equilibrativo 1 de Nucleosídeo , Adenosina/metabolismo , Adenosina/farmacologia , Caprilatos/farmacologia , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Dictyostelium/metabolismo , Dictyostelium/genética , Dictyostelium/efeitos dos fármacos , Dieta Cetogênica , Gorduras na Dieta/farmacologia , Gorduras na Dieta/metabolismo , Metabolismo Energético/efeitos dos fármacos , Transportador Equilibrativo 1 de Nucleosídeo/metabolismo , Transportador Equilibrativo 1 de Nucleosídeo/genética , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Mitocôndrias/efeitos dos fármacos
16.
Nutr J ; 23(1): 101, 2024 Aug 30.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39215334

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The association between macronutrient consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) remains equivocal. Here, we investigated whether the quantity and quality of macronutrient intake are associated with T2D incidence in a West Asian population. METHODS: T2D-free adults (n = 2457, mean age 38.5 ± 13.6 years, 54.2% women) who participated in the third examination cycle (2005-2008) of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study were followed for a median of 8.6 years. We estimated the macronutrient quality index (MQI), its individual sub-indices (carbohydrate quality index (CQI), fat quality index (FQI), and healthy plate protein quality index (HPPQI)), as well as the macronutrient quantity. The risk of T2D in relation to macronutrient quantity, quality, and their combined effects was examined using Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for known risk factors for T2D. RESULTS: During the study follow-up, 257 incident cases of T2D were documented. Individuals in the highest tertiles of MQI and CQI had a 27% (HR = 0.73, 95% CI = 0.54, 0.98) and 29% (HR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.51-0.99) lower T2D risk than those in the lowest tertiles. The T2D incidence was 35% lower in the middle HPPQI tertile than in the lowest (HR = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.47, 0.89). The multivariable adjusted model showed that individuals in the middle and highest tertiles of carbohydrate intake had 32% (HR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.49-0.95) and 26% (HR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.55-1.00) lower risks of T2D than individuals in the lowest tertile. A high-quantity, high-quality carbohydrate diet (≥ 58.5% of energy from carbohydrate with a CQI ≥ 13) and a low-glycemic index (GI), high-fiber diet (GI < 55 and fiber ≥ 25 g/d) were related to a reduced risk of T2D by 34% (HR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.47, 0.93) and 42% (HR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.38, 0.90), respectively. CONCLUSION: A diet with a higher carbohydrate quality may be associated with a lower T2D incidence, particularly when the carbohydrate quantity is also high.


Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Carboidratos da Dieta , Nutrientes , Humanos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiologia , Feminino , Masculino , Adulto , Incidência , Seguimentos , Irã (Geográfico)/epidemiologia , Nutrientes/administração & dosagem , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Risco , Carboidratos da Dieta/administração & dosagem , Gorduras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Proteínas Alimentares/administração & dosagem , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Dieta/métodos , Dieta/estatística & dados numéricos
17.
Wei Sheng Yan Jiu ; 53(4): 612-617, 2024 Jul.
Artigo em Chinês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39155230

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To understand the current status of protein, fat, carbohydrates, energy, vitamins, minerals and other contents in common dishes of large, small, and medium-sized restaurants in Shandong Province. METHODS: From July to October 2021, 90 Shandong cuisine dishes were collected from 9 large, medium, and small restaurants in Shandong Province. One dish was collected from each restaurant, and samples from different types of restaurants were mixed as one sample. The content of nutrients and their carbohydrate and energy levels were detected and calculated. RESULTS: The median fat and protein content detected in the 90 dishes collected were 7.7 and 6.8 g/100 g, respectively. The calculated median values of energy and carbohydrates were 528 kJ/100 g and 5.4 g/100 g, respectively. The energy supply ratio of carbohydrates per 100 g of dishes was 17.2%, fat was 55.3%, and protein was 21.4%. The content of vitamin A, vitamin B_1, vitamin B_2, vitamin C and vitamin E was trace(tr)-26 700 µg/100 g, tr-0.12 mg/100 g, tr-0.40 mg/100 g, tr-56.5 mg/100 g and tr-5.31 mg α-TE/100 g. The medium number of dishes and potassium content was 375 and 219 mg/100 g. The detection rate of trans fat acid was 81.1%, and the median content was 0.06 g/100 g. CONCLUSION: The energy supply ratio of protein and fat in dishes is relatively high, while the energy supply ratio of total carbohydrates is relatively low. The sodium content is high, showing the characteristics of high sodium and low potassium. Vitamin, especially vitamin B_1 and vitamin B_2, has a low content.


Assuntos
Valor Nutritivo , Restaurantes , Vitaminas , China , Vitaminas/análise , Cidades , Carboidratos da Dieta/análise , Gorduras na Dieta/análise , Proteínas Alimentares/análise , Minerais/análise , Análise de Alimentos , Vitamina A/análise , Ingestão de Energia , Vitamina E/análise , Ácido Ascórbico/análise , Nutrientes/análise , Oligoelementos/análise
18.
Sci Prog ; 107(3): 368504241269431, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39090965

RESUMO

Pork is one type of the most frequently consumed meat with about 30% globally. Thus, the questions regarding to the health effects of diet with high fat content from lard are raised. Here, we developed a model of mice fed with high fat (HF) from lard to investigate and have more insights on the effects of long-time feeding with HF on health. The results showed that 66 days on HF induced a significant gain in the body weight of mice, and this weight gain was associated to the deposits in the white fat, but not brown fat. The glucose tolerance, not insulin resistance, in mice was decreased by the HF diet, and this was accompanied with significantly higher blood levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides. Furthermore, the weight gains in mice fed with HF seemed to link to increased mRNA levels of adipose biomarkers in lipogenesis, including Acly and Acaca genes, in white fat tissues. Thus, our study shows that a diet with high fat from lard induced the increase in body weight, white fat depots' expansion, disruption of glucose tolerance, blood dyslipidemia, and seemed to start affecting the mRNA expression of some adipose biomarkers in a murine model.


Assuntos
Biomarcadores , Dieta Hiperlipídica , Gorduras na Dieta , RNA Mensageiro , Animais , Camundongos , Dieta Hiperlipídica/efeitos adversos , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Biomarcadores/sangue , Masculino , Gorduras na Dieta/metabolismo , Resistência à Insulina , Tecido Adiposo/metabolismo , Peso Corporal , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Aumento de Peso , Tecido Adiposo Branco/metabolismo , Triglicerídeos/sangue , Triglicerídeos/metabolismo
19.
Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care ; 27(5): 434-442, 2024 Sep 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39083430

RESUMO

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Contemporary guidelines for the prevention of cardio-metabolic diseases focus on the control of dietary fat intake, because of their adverse metabolic effects. Moreover, fats alter innate immune defenses, by eliciting pro-inflammatory epigenetic mechanisms on the long-living hematopoietic cell progenitors which, in the bone marrow, mainly give rise to short-living neutrophils. Nevertheless, the heterogenicity of fats and the complexity of the biology of neutrophils pose challenges in the understanding on how this class of nutrients could contribute to the development of cardio-metabolic diseases via specific molecular mechanisms activating the inflammatory response. RECENT FINDINGS: The knowledge on the biology of neutrophils is expanding and there are now different cellular networks orchestrating site-specific reprogramming of these cells to optimize the responses against pathogens. The innate immune competence of neutrophil is altered in response to high fat diet and contributes to the development of metabolic alterations, although the precise mechanisms are still poorly understood. SUMMARY: Defining the different molecular mechanisms involved in the fat-neutrophil crosstalk will help to reconcile the sparse data about the interaction of dietary fats with neutrophils and to tailor strategies to target neutrophils in the context of cardio-metabolic diseases.


Assuntos
Gorduras na Dieta , Neutrófilos , Humanos , Neutrófilos/metabolismo , Neutrófilos/imunologia , Imunidade Inata , Inflamação , Dieta Hiperlipídica/efeitos adversos , Animais , Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controle
20.
Mol Nutr Food Res ; 68(15): e2400078, 2024 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38965658

RESUMO

SCOPE: Immunoglobulin A (IgA) selectively coats gut bacteria and contributes to regulatory functions in gastrointestinal inflammation and glucose metabolism. Excess intake of lard leads to decrease in the IgA coating of gut bacteria, although the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. This study validates how unabsorbed fat derived from a high-lard diet in the gut affects the IgA coating of bacteria, as assessed in mouse models using three types of dietary fat (lard, medium-, and long-chain triglycerides [MLCTs], and medium-chain triglycerides [MCTs]) exhibiting different digestibilities. METHODS AND RESULTS: C57BL/6J mice are maintained on diets containing lard, MLCTs, or MCTs at 7% or 30% w/w for 10 weeks (n = 6 per group). The fecal fatty acid concentration is measured to quantify unabsorbed fat content. The ratio of IgA-coated bacteria to total bacteria (IgA coating ratio) in the feces is measured by flow cytometry. Compared to lard-fed mice, MLCT- and MCT-fed mice exhibit lower fecal concentrations of palmitic acid, stearic acid, and oleic acid and higher IgA coating ratios at both 7% and 30% dietary fat, and these parameters exhibit significant negative correlations. CONCLUSION: Unabsorbed fat content in the gut may result in attenuated IgA coating of bacteria in high-lard diet-fed mice.


Assuntos
Dieta Hiperlipídica , Fezes , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Imunoglobulina A , Animais , Masculino , Camundongos , Dieta Hiperlipídica/efeitos adversos , Gorduras na Dieta , Ácidos Graxos , Fezes/microbiologia , Fezes/química , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/fisiologia , Imunoglobulina A/metabolismo , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Triglicerídeos/metabolismo
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