Effect of acupuncture timing on functional impairment at 6 months post-onset in patients with first-ever stroke: a prospective cohort study. / é’ˆåˆºæ—¶æœºå¯¹é¦–æ¬¡ä¸­é£Žæ‚£è€ å‘ç— åŽ6ä¸ªæœˆåŠŸèƒ½éšœç¢çš„å½±å“ï¼šå‰çž»æ€§é˜Ÿåˆ—ç ”ç©¶.

OBJECTIVES: To observe the effect of acupuncture intervention in the acute phase on functional impairment at 6 months post-onset in patients with first-ever stroke, and provide evidence for selecting optimal acupuncture timing in the real-world setting. METHODS: A total of 601 patients with first-ever stroke were divided into an acute intervention group (onset within 14 days, 256 cases) and a non-acute intervention group (onset between 15 and 90 days, 345 cases) based on whether they received acupuncture treatment in the acute phase. The assessments were conducted at baseline and 6 months post-onset, including modified Rankin scale (mRS) score, total number of acupuncture sessions, total number of combined therapies (moxibustion, cupping, tuina and rehabilitation treatment), recurrence, death events and disability. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the association between acupuncture timing and the risk of disability at 6 months post-onset. The mRS transition method was employed to assess the effect of acupuncture timing on functional improvement at 6 months post-onset. RESULTS: Without adjusting for confounding factors, compared with the non-acute intervention group, the patients in the acute intervention group had reduced risk of disability at 6 months post-onset (OR=0.434, 95%CI: 0.309-0.609, P=0.000). After adjusting for variables i.e. severity of illness, number of acupuncture sessions, and number of cupping sessions, compared with the non-acute intervention group, the patients in the acute intervention group had reduced risk of disability at 6 months post-onset (OR=0.588, 95%CI: 0.388-0.890, P=0.012). After adjusting for all confounding factors, including severity of illness, number of acupuncture sessions, number of cupping sessions, gender, smoking and drinking history, comorbidities, and diagnosis, compared with the non-acute intervention group, the patients in the acute intervention group continued to have a reduced risk of disability at 6 months post-onset (OR=0.629, 95%CI: 0.408-0.971, P=0.036). Both groups showed an overall shift towards lower mRS scores at 6 months post-onset compared to baseline, with a more significant shift towards lower scores in the acute intervention group than the non-acute intervention group. CONCLUSIONS: In the real-world setting, acupuncture intervention in the acute phase in patients with first-ever stroke, compared to acupuncture intervention after the acute phase, reduces the risk of disability at 6 months post-onset and improves functional status.

Disease spectrum and strategy of acupuncture and moxibustion in treatment of encephalopathy. / è„‘ç— é’ˆç¸æ²»ç–—çš„ç— è°±ä¸Žç­–ç•¥æ€è€ƒ.

The paper presents the summary of the spectrum of encephalopathy treated with acupuncture and moxibustion and the analysis on the existing questions in its clinical research, and proposes the potential strategies on treatment of encephalopathy with acupuncture and moxibustion. The spectrum of encephalopathy includes 23 diseases of central nervous system (superspinal center) and 33 kinds of mental and behavioral disorders. There are three problems in clinical research of acupuncture and moxibustion for encephalopathy, i.e. lack of high-quality clinical evidences, inadequate support from theoretic study of TCM and limited study on the rules of treatment. Hence, the author proposes five strategies on the treatment of encephalopathy with acupuncture and moxibustion, i.e. ① stimulating the peripheral nerve trunk associated with brain dysfunction, triggering the interaction between peripheral and central nerves and emphasizing the autonomic rehabilitation training to promote the reorganization of brain function; ② improving the cerebral circulation and metabolism by stimulating the trigeminal nerve and sphenopalatine ganglion; ③ stimulating the sites with high-dense distribution of peripheral nerve endings and the large projection area in the somatosensory region of the brain to induce strong brain responses, which may adjust the abnormal operation of the default mode network in the resting state; ④ stimulating the vagus nerve to improve the mood, suppressing the abnormal firing of brain neurons and stimulating the sites with the stellate ganglion distributed to modulate the hypothalamic function; ⑤ delivering the therapeutic regimens in association with the specific conditions and symptoms, and the classification of the physical signs on the base of the treatment of encephalopathy.

Postpartum uterine involution promoted by penetrating-moxibustion therapy: a randomized controlled trial. / é€ç¸æ³•ä¿ƒè¿›äº§åŽå­å®«å¤æ—§ï¼šéšæœºå¯¹ç §è¯•éªŒ.

OBJECTIVES: To observe the effect of penetrating-moxibustion therapy on postpartum uterine involution. METHODS: Eighty puerpera were randomized into an observation group and a control group, 40 cases in each one. In the control group, oxytocin injection was administered by intravenous drip, 20 U each time, once daily. In the observation group, on the base of the treatment as the control group, the penetrating-moxibustion therapy was used at Shenque (GV 8), Qihai (CV 6) and Guanyuan (CV 4), 30 min to 40 min each time, twice a day. The intervention of each group started from the first day after childbirth and lasted 3 days. The uterine volume before and after treatment, and in 42 days of postpartum, the height decrease of the fundus of the uterus, the score of visual analogue scale (VAS) for uterine contraction, the volume of lochia rubra in 1 to 3 days of treatment, and lochia duration were compared between the two groups; and the clinical effect was evaluated. RESULTS: The uterine volume in the observation group was smaller than that of the control group after treatment (P<0.01). In 1 to 3 days of treatment, the height decrease of the fundus of the uterus in the observation group was larger (P<0.01), VAS scores of uterine contraction were lower (P<0.05, P<0.01), the lochia rubra volume was less (P<0.01) than those in the control group. The duration of lochia rubra and lochia was shorter (P<0.01) in the observation group when compared with that of the control group. The favorable rate of uterine involution in the observation group was 95.0% (38/40), higher than that of the control group (75.0%, 30/40, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Penetrating-moxibustion therapy accelerates the recovery of the uterine volume, relieves uterine contraction, shortens the duration of lochia, reduces the lochia volume and promotes the postpartum uterine involution.

Effects of moxibustion with wheat-grain size cone at "Zusanli" (ST 36) on vascular injury and oxidative stress in high-fat diet rats through mTOR/HIF-1α/VEGF signaling pathway. / 基于mTOR/HIF-1α/VEGF信号通路探讨麦粒灸"足三里"å¯¹é«˜è„‚é¥®é£Ÿå¤§é¼ è¡€ç®¡æŸä¼¤å’Œæ°§åŒ–åº”æ¿€çš„å½±å“.

OBJECTIVES: To explore the effect mechanism of moxibustion with wheat-grain size cone at "Zusanli" (ST 36) on vascular injury and oxidative stress in hyperlipidemia through mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α)/vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling pathway. METHODS: Forty healthy male SD rats with SPF grade were randomly divided into a normal group, a model group, a moxibustion group, and an inhibitor group, with 10 rats in each one. The hyperlipidemia model was established by feeding a high-fat diet for 8 weeks in rats of the model group, the moxibustion group and the inhibitor group. The moxibustion with wheat-grain size cone was delivered at bilateral "Zusanli" (ST 36) of each rat in the moxibustion group and the inhibitor group, with 3 cones on each acupoint in each intervention, once daily for 4 weeks. In the inhibitor group, before each intervention with moxibustion, rapamycin solution was injected intraperitoneally, 2.0 mg/kg. After modeling and intervention, using ELISA, the levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in the serum of rats were determined. After intervention, with HE staining and oil red O staining adopted, the abdominal aortic morphology and peripheral lipid deposition were observed. Separately, using WST-1, TBA and micro-plate method, the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) in the serum were detected. The protein expression of mTOR, HIF-1α and VEGF in abdominal aorta were measured by Western blot method. RESULTS: Compared with those in the normal group, the levels of TC, TG and LDL-C increased (P<0.01) and HDL-C decreased (P<0.01) in the serum of the rats in the model group, the moxibustion group and the inhibitor group after model establishment. When compared with the normal group after intervention, in the model group, the serum levels of TC, TG, LDL-C and MDA increased (P<0.01), HDL-C level, SOD activity and NO level were reduced (P<0.01); the cell structure of the abdominal arota was abnormal, the peripheral lipids deposited seriously; and the protein expression of mTOR, HIF-1α and VEGF of abdominal aorta was elevated (P<0.01, P<0.05). In comparison with the model group, the levels of TC, TG, LDL-C and MDA were reduced (P<0.01), HDL-C levels, SOD activities and NO levels elevated (P<0.01, P<0.05), as well as the protein expression of mTOR, HIF-1α and VEGF of abdominal aorta (P<0.01, P<0.05) in the moxibustion group and the inhibitor group; besides, the vascular structure was ameliorated and the lipid deposition reduced in the moxibustion group, while, the vascular structure was still abnormal and the lipid deposition declined in the inhibitor group. When compared with the inhibitor group, the serum SOD activity and NO level increased (P<0.05) and MDA decreased (P<0.05); and the protein expression of mTOR, HIF-1α and VEGF of abdominal aorta was elevated (P<0.01, P<0.05) in the moxibustion group. CONCLUSIONS: The vascular injury due to hyperlipidemia is repaired by moxibustion with wheat-grain size cone at "Zusanli" (ST 36) through ameliorating oxidative stress, which is associated potentially with the modulation of mTOR/HIF-1α/VEGF signaling pathway.

Treatment ideas of acupuncture and moxibustion for adenomyosis based on "etiology, location, nature and development of disease". / 基于"ç— å› ã€ç— ä½ã€ç— æ€§ã€ç— åŠ¿"æµ æžå­å®«è ºè‚Œç—‡çš„é’ˆç¸æ²»ç–—æ€è·¯.

Focusing on the syndrome/pattern differentiation to determine treatment, the approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of acupuncture and moxibustion for adenomyosis are explored by identifying the etiology, location, nature and development of disease. The syndromes/patterns of adenomyosis are differentiated in view of both zangfu and meridian theories. The treatment is delivered complying with the menstrual cycle and the basic rule of treatment, "treating the symptoms in the acute stage, while the root causes in the recovery stage". During menstrual period, stopping pain and eliminating stasis are dominant; while during the other days of menstrual cycle, regulating zangfu dysfunction (excess or deficiency) is emphasized. In general, the functions of the thoroughfare vessel and the conception vessel should be specially considered and adjusted, and the principles of treatment include strengthening the spleen, regulating the kidney and soothing the liver. Acupoints are selected mainly from the spleen meridian of foot-taiyin, the kidney meridian of foot-shaoyin and the conception vessel. Ciliao (BL 32), Shiqizhui (EX-B 8), Zigong (EX-CA 1), Diji (SP 8) and four-gate points (bilateral Hegu [LI 4] and Taichong [LR 3]) are used in menstrual period; Zusanli (ST 36), Sanyinjiao (SP 6) and Taixi (KI 3) in postmenstrual phase; Guanyuan (CV 4), Luanchao (Ovary, Extra) and Qihai (CV 6) in intermenstrual phase; while, Guanyuan (CV 4), Qihai (CV 6) and Shenque (CV 8), combined with Gongsun (SP 4), Neiguan (PC 6) and Jianshi (PC 5) in premenstrual phase. According to the dynamic development of patient's conditions, the reinforcing or reducing techniques of acupuncture and moxibustion are feasibly applied in treatment of adenomyosis.

Visual analysis on the study status and trends of acupuncture and moxibustion for Alzheimer's disease. / é’ˆç¸æ²»ç–—é˜¿å°”èŒ¨æµ·é»˜ç— ç ”ç©¶çŠ¶å†µåŠè¶‹åŠ¿çš„å¯è§†åŒ–åˆ†æž.

The research history, hot spots and frontier trends of acupuncture and moxibustion for Alzheimer's disease (AD) were explored using knowledge graph technology. The articles on acupuncture and moxibustion for AD were searched from 6 databases, i.e. CNKI, VIP, Wanfang, SinoMed, Pubmed and Web of Science, from January 1st, 1993 to January 1st, 2023. Using CiteSpace6.2.R2 Advance and VOSviewer V1.6.19 softwares, the knowledge map was graphed and the visual analysis was performed. A total of 1 228 Chinese and 309 English articles were included. The high-frequency keywords were generally divided into the keywords of clinical diseases (AD, dementia), those of therapeutic methods (electroacupuncture, acupuncture-moxibustion and acupuncture) and those of mechanism study (ß-amyloid, mice). Thirteen keyword clusters were formed among the articles of Chinese version, e.g. acupuncture-moxibustion, dementia, acupuncture and electroacupuncture; and 8 clusters were obtained among English articles, e.g. electroacupuncture, drug therapy and hippocampus. The high-frequency keywords of acupoints included Baihui (GV 20), Dazhui (GV 14), Yintang (GV 24+), Zusanli (ST 36), Fenglong (ST 40), etc. Six clusters of "acupuncture techniques → acupoints" were obtained for the treatment of AD with acupuncture and moxibustion. The therapeutic methods and modes of AD with acupuncture and moxibustion are constantly progressed, the development of clinical research tends to the evaluation of novel therapeutic mode and clinical effect, and the mechanism of acupuncture and moxibustion for the effect on AD are more deeply explored. Among the various therapeutic methods, acupuncture-moxibustion, acupuncture and electroacupuncture have been early predominant; while, many novel methods are gradually displayed later, such as music electroacupuncture and hydro-acupuncture. In recent 30 years, among Chinese and English articles for the studies of AD treated with acupuncture and moxibustion, the theme of them focuses on the two aspects, the observation of clinical effect and the mechanism research. It is found that the clinical therapeutic methods have been gradually improved and the mechanism exploration been deepened.

Effects of moxibustion on intestinal barrier function and TLR4/NF-κB p65 signaling pathway in obese rats. / è‰¾ç¸å¯¹è‚¥èƒ–å¤§é¼ è‚ é“å±éšœåŠŸèƒ½åŠTLR4/NF-κB p65信号通路的影响.

OBJECTIVES: To observe the effects of moxibustion on intestinal barrier function and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor-κB p65 (NF-κB p65) signaling pathway in obese rats and explore the mechanism of moxibustion in the intervention of obesity. METHODS: Fifty-five Wistar rats of SPF grade were randomly divided into a normal group (10 rats) and a modeling group (45 rats). In the modeling group, the obesity model was established by feeding high-fat diet. Thirty successfully-modeled rats were randomized into a model group, a moxibustion group, and a placebo-control group, with 10 rats in each one. In the moxibustion group, moxibustion was applied at the site 3 cm to 5 cm far from the surface of "Zhongwan" (CV 12), with the temperature maintained at (46±1 ) ℃. In the placebo-control group, moxibustion was applied at the site 8 cm to 10 cm far from "Zhongwan" (CV 12), with the temperature maintained at (38±1) ℃. The intervention was delivered once daily for 8 weeks in the above two groups. The body mass and food intake of the rats were observed before and after intervention in each group. Using ELISA methool, the levels of serum triacylglycerol (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were detected and the insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) was calculated. HE staining was used to observe the morphology of colon tissue. The mRNA expression of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), Occludin, Claudin-1, TLR4 and NF-κB p65 in the colon tissue was detected by quantitative real-time PCR; and the protein expression of ZO-1, Occludin, Claudin-1, TLR4 and NF-κB p65 was detected by Western blot in the rats of each group. RESULTS: Compared with the normal group, the body mass, food intake, the level of HOMA-IR, and the serum levels of TC, TG and LPS were increased in the rats of the model group (P<0.01); those indexes in the moxibustion group were all reduced when compared with the model group and the placebo-control group respectively (P<0.01, P<0.05). Compared with the normal group, a large number of epithelial cells in the mucosa of colon tissue was damaged, shed, and the inflammatory cells were infiltrated obviously in the interstitium in the rats of the model group. When compared with the model group, in the moxibustion group, the damage of the colon tissue was recovered to various degrees and there were few infiltrated inflammatory cells in the interstitium, while, the epithelial injury of the colon tissue was slightly recovered and the infiltrated inflammatory cells in the interstitium were still seen in the placebo-control group. The mRNA and protein expressions of ZO-1, Occludin and Caudin-1 were decreased in the model group compared with those in the normal group (P<0.01). When compared with the model group and the placebo-control group, the mRNA and protein expressions of these indexes were increased in the moxibustion group (P<0.01, P<0.05). In the model group, the mRNA and protein expressions of TLR4 and NF-κB p65 were increased when compared with those in the normal group (P<0.01), and the mRNA and protein expressions of these indexes were reduced in the moxibustion group when compared with those in the model group and the placebo-control group (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Moxibustion can reduce the body mass and food intake, regulate the blood lipid and improve insulin resistance in the rats of obesity. It may be related to alleviating inflammatory response through improving intestinal barrier function and modulating the intestinal TLR4/NF-κB p65 signaling pathway.

Contribution and influence of "Ningbo oriental acupuncture-moxibustion society". / 宁波东方针灸学社的贡献及影响.

"Ningbo oriental acupuncture-moxibustion society" was founded in 1930 by ZHANG Junyi. At that era, the enrollment conditions were flexible, the disciplines of warm moxibustion and acupuncture-moxibustion were set and taught by means of face-to-face class and correspondence one. The teaching content included the knowledge of western learning and traditional theory of acupuncture-moxibustion. The Society issued two periodicals, MedicalNewspaper of Warm Moxibustion and Oriental Acupuncture and Moxibustion, the staffs of the Society compiled teaching materials such as Warm Moxibustion and Advanced Acupuncture-Moxibustion, translated relevant books and improved the device and herbal medicine of warm moxibustion. The students trained in the Society worked all of the country and engaged in various professional fields. "Ningbo oriental acupuncture-moxibustion society" has cultivated a large number of excellent talents, adhering the teaching concept of integration of Chinese and western medicine, and has made the contribution to the preservation of precious literature, and promoting the innovation of acupuncture-moxibustion technology and the dissemination of warm moxibustion.

Combination of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and moxibustion restores cyclophosphamide-induced premature ovarian insufficiency by improving mitochondrial function and regulating mitophagy.

BACKGROUND: Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a major cause of infertility. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of the combination of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and moxibustion (BMSCs-MOX) on POI and evaluate the underlying mechanisms. METHODS: A POI rat model was established by injecting different doses of cyclophosphamide (Cy). The modeling of POI and the effects of the treatments were assessed by evaluating estrous cycle, serum hormone levels, ovarian weight, ovarian index, and ovarian histopathological analysis. The effects of moxibustion on BMSCs migration were evaluated by tracking DiR-labeled BMSCs and analyzing the expression of chemokines stromal cell-derived factor 1 (Sdf1) and chemokine receptor type 4 (Cxcr4). Mitochondrial function and mitophagy were assessed by measuring the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), ATP, and the mitophagy markers (Drp1, Pink1, and Parkin). Furthermore, the mitophagy inhibitor Mdivi-1 and the mitophagy activator CCCP were used to confirm the role of mitophagy in Cy-induced ovarian injury and the underlying mechanism of combination therapy. RESULTS: A suitable rat model of POI was established using Cy injection. Compared to moxibustion or BMSCs transplantation alone, BMSCs-MOX showed improved outcomes, such as reduced estrous cycle disorders, improved ovarian weight and index, normalized serum hormone levels, increased ovarian reserve, and reduced follicle atresia. Moxibustion enhanced Sdf1 and Cxcr4 expression, promoting BMSCs migration. BMSCs-MOX reduced ROS levels; upregulated MMP and ATP levels in ovarian granulosa cells (GCs); and downregulated Drp1, Pink1, and Parkin expression in ovarian tissues. Mdivi-1 significantly mitigated mitochondrial dysfunction in ovarian GCs and improved ovarian function. CCCP inhibited the ability of BMSCs-MOX treatment to regulate mitophagy and ameliorate Cy-induced ovarian injury. CONCLUSIONS: Moxibustion enhanced the migration and homing of BMSCs following transplantation and improves their ability to repair ovarian damage. The combination of BMSCs and moxibustion effectively reduced the excessive activation of mitophagy, which helped prevent mitochondrial damage, ultimately improving ovarian function. These findings provide a novel approach for the treatment of pathological ovarian aging and offer new insights into enhancing the efficacy of stem cell therapy for POI patients.

Moxibustion for declined cardiorespiratory fitness of apparently healthy older adults: A study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Aging and age-related declines lead to varying degrees of decreased cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in apparently healthy older adults. Exercise training, the primary approach for enhancing CRF, encounters several constraints when used with elderly individuals. Existing evidence implies that moxibustion might enhance the CRF of older adults. However, clinical research in this area still needs to be improved. METHODS: This study will employ a randomized, assessor-blinded, controlled trial design involving 126 eligible participants. These participants will be stratified and randomly assigned to one moxibustion group, one sham moxibustion group, and one blank control group. Acupoints of bilateral Zusanli (ST36), Shenque (CV8), and Guanyuan (CV4) are selected for both real and sham moxibustion groups. The treatment will last 60 min per session, 5 sessions a week for 12 weeks. The blank control group will not receive any intervention for CRF improvement. Primary outcomes will be the mean change in peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), anaerobic threshold (AT), and serum central carbon metabolites (CCB) from the baseline to observation points. Secondary outcome measures involve the six-minute walk distance (6MWD), the Short Form 36 Health Survey (SF-36), and the Qi and Blood Status Questionnaire (QBSQ). Outcome assessments will be conducted at weeks 4, 8, 12, and 24 as part of the follow-up. Adverse events will be assessed at each visit. DISCUSSION: This trial can potentially ascertain moxibustion's effectiveness and safety in enhancing CRF among apparently healthy older adults. TRAIL REGISTRATION: ChiCTR, ChiCTR2300070303. Registered on April 08, 2023.

Moxibustion of Zusanli (ST36) and Shenshu (BL23) alleviates the inflammation of rheumatoid arthritis in rats through regulating macrophage migration inhibitory factor/glucocorticoids signaling.

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that moxibustion may inhibit rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial inflammation by regulating the expression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF)/glucocorticoids (GCs). METHODS: Fifty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups (n = 10 each): blank Control (CON) group, RA Model (RA) group, Moxibustion (MOX) group, MIF inhibitor (S,R)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-5-isoxazole acetic acid methyl ester (ISO-1) group, and Moxibustion + MIF inhibitor ISO-1 (MOX + ISO-1) group. Rats in the ISO-1 group and ISO-1 + MOX group were intraperitoneally injected with the inhibitor ISO-1. The rats in the RA group, ISO-1 group, MOX group, and ISO-1 + MOX group were injected with Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) in the right hind footpad to establish an experimental RA rat model. In the MOX group and MOX + ISO-1 group, rats were treated with Moxa. The thickness of the footpads of the rats in each group was measured at three-time points before, after modeling and after moxibustion treatment. The contents of serum MIF, corticosterone (CORT), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; and the contents of synovial MIF were detected by Western blot. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining method was used to observe the pathological changes of synovial tissue under a section light microscope, and pathological scoring was performed according to the grading standard of the degree of synovial tissue disease. RESULTS: Moxibustion was found to reduce the level of MIF and alleviate inflammation in RA rats in this study. In addition, after inhibiting the expression of MIF, the level of CORT increased, and the level of TNF-α decreased. Treating RA rats with inhibited MIF by moxibustion, the level of CORT was almost unchanged, but the level of TNF-α further decreased. The correlation analysis data suggested that MIF was positively related to the expression of TNF-α and negatively correlated with the expression of CORT. CONCLUSION: Reducing MIF to increase CORT and decrease TNF-α by moxibustion treatment in RA. MIF may be a factor for moxibustion to regulate the expression of CORT, but the expression of TNF-α is due to the incomplete regulation of the MIF. This study added to the body of evidence pointing to moxibustion's anti-inflammatory mechanism in the treatment of RA.

[The life and works of Li Shouxian, a medical doctor in the Qing Dynasty].

Li Shouxian, styled as Shanshu, was a medical doctor in the Qing Dynasty. His work Zhenjiu Yixue (Easy Study of Acupuncture and Moxibustion) has numerous versions, with the most refined one being the self-engraved edition from the third year of Jiaqing's reign, housed in the Jilin Province Library. While most content of the book was drawn from Zhenjiu Dacheng (Great Compendium of Acupuncture and Moxibustion), Li's condensation and arrangement of the material achieved the purpose of making it simple and easy to learn. The book has been widely spread and holds certain academic and historical value. This paper makes a textual research on Li's life, family, and his works, clarifies the content, structure and origin of the version of Zhenjiu Yixue and corrects errors in the version records of this book in the General Catalogue of Chinese Ancient Medical Books.

Effects of pressing moxibustion at Baihui (GV 20) and Guanyuan (CV 4) on cognitive impairment and serum levels of Aß1-42, tau, P-tau in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. / åŽ‹ç¸ç™¾ä¼šã€å ³å ƒå¯¹è½»ä¸­åº¦é˜¿å°”èŒ¨æµ·é»˜ç— æ‚£è€ è®¤çŸ¥éšœç¢åŠè¡€æ¸ Aß1-42、tau、P-tau水平的影响.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the effects of pressing moxibustion at Baihui (GV 20) and Guanyuan (CV 4) combined with donepezil hydrochloride tablets and donepezil hydrochloride tablets alone on cognitive impairment in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease(AD), and to explore the mechanism of pressing moxibustion in the treatment of mild to moderate AD from the serum levels of ß-amyloid 1-42 (Aß1-42), microtubule-associated protein tau and phosphorylated tau (P-tau). METHODS: A total of 76 patients with mild to moderate AD were randomly divided into an observation group (38 cases, 4 cases dropped out) and a control group (38 cases, 2 cases dropped out). Patients in the control group were given oral donepezil hydrochloride tablets (5 mg each time, once a day). On the basis of the control group, patients in the observation group were treated with pressing moxibustion at Baihui (GV 20) and Guanyuan (CV 4), 5 cones per acupoint, once every other day, three times a week. Both groups were treated for 8 weeks. The scores of mini-mental state examination (MMSE) and Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) were compared between the two groups before treatment, after treatment and after 4 and 12 weeks of treatment completion. The serum levels of Aß1-42, tau and P-tau were detected before and after treatment in the two groups, and the safety was evaluated. RESULTS: At each time point after treatment, the MMSE and MoCA scores of the two groups were higher than those before treatment (P<0.05), and the scores in the observation group were higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). After treatment, the serum levels of Aß1-42, tau and P-tau in the two groups were lower than those before treatment (P<0.05), and above indexes in the observation group were lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the safety level between the two groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The short-term and long-term effect of pressing moxibustion at Baihui (GV 20) and Guanyuan (CV 4) combined with donepezil hydrochloride tablets in improving cognitive impairment in mild to moderate AD is better than that of donepezil hydrochloride tablets alone, and can reduce serum levels of Aß1-42, tau and P-tau, which may be one of the mechanisms of pressing moxibustion to improve cognitive impairment.

Effect of the modified painless blistering moxibustion with wheat-grain sized moxa cone on cough variant asthma of pathogenic wind attacking the lung: a randomized controlled trial. / æ”¹è‰¯æ— ç—›éº¦ç²’åŒ–è„“ç¸æ²»ç–—é£Žé‚ªçŠ¯è‚ºåž‹å’³å—½å˜å¼‚æ€§å“®å–˜ï¼šéšæœºå¯¹ç §è¯•éªŒ.

OBJECTIVES: To observe the clinical effect of the modified painless blistering moxibustion with wheat-grain sized moxa cone on cough variant asthma (CVA) differentiated as pathogenic wind attacking the lung and explore the influences on eosinophil count (EOS) in the peripheral blood and the content of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the serum of patients. METHODS: Ninety-two patients with CVA of pathogenic wind attacking the lung were randomly divided into an observation group and a control group, 46 cases in each group. In the observation group, the modified painless blistering moxibustion with wheat-grain sized moxa cone was applied to the unilateral Feishu (BL 13), Gaohuang (BL 43) and Zusanli (ST 36) in each session of treatment, once every 3 days. In the control group, budesonide and formoterol powder inhaler was delivered, 4.5 µg per inhalation, once every half an hour after breakfast and dinner; one more time of inhalation needed if the symptoms were not well controlled, but less than 6 times of inhalation per day. The duration of treatment was 8 weeks in both groups. Separately, before and after treatment, and during the 1-month follow-up after treatment completion, the score of the symptoms of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) was observed in the two groups; using the lung function detector, the indexes of pulmonary function (forced expiratory volume in one second [FEV1], FEV1/forced vital capacity [FVC] and peak expiratory flow [PEF]) were determined, and the count of EOS in the peripheral blood and the content of IL-4 and TNF-α in the serum were determined before and after treatment; and the clinical effect was compared between the two groups. RESULTS: After treatment and in follow-up, the TCM symptom scores were decreased compared with those before treatment in the two groups (P<0.05), and the score in the observation group was lower than that of the control group in follow-up (P<0.05). After treatment, FEV1, FEV1/FVC and PEF were increased when compared with those before treatment in the two groups (P<0.05), and the count of EOS in the peripheral blood and the content of IL-4 and TNF-α in the serum were reduced (P<0.05); there was no statistical difference in these indexes between the two groups (P>0.05). After treatment, the total effective rate of the observation group was 95.7% (44/46), which was not different statistically in comparison with the control group (93.5% [43/46], P>0.05). In the follow-up, the total effective rate of the observation group was 95.7% (44/46), which was higher than that of the control group (78.3% [36/46], P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The modified painless blistering moxibustion with wheat-grain sized moxa cone may ameliorate the symptoms of CVA of pathogenic wind attacking the lung and improve the pulmonary functions, which is probably related to the regulation of the count of EOS in the peripheral blood and the content of IL-4 and TNF-α in the serum, thereby, reducing the inflammatory response.

Effect of moxibustion on colonic low-grade inflammatory response in rats with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome based on mast cell degranulation. / åŸºäºŽè‚¥å¤§ç»†èƒžè„±é¢—ç²’æŽ¢è®¨è‰¾ç¸å¯¹è ¹æ³»åž‹è‚ æ˜“æ¿€ç»¼åˆå¾å¤§é¼ ç»“è‚ ä½Žåº¦ç‚Žæ€§ååº”çš„å½±å“.

OBJECTIVES: To observe the effects of moxibustion on colonic mast cell degranulation and inflammatory factor expression in rats with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D), and explore the potential mechanism of moxibustion in treating IBS-D. METHODS: Forty-five rat pups born from 5 healthy SPF-grade pregnant SD rats, with 8 rats were randomly selected as the normal group. The remaining 37 rats were intervened with maternal separation, acetic acid enema, and chronic restraint stress to establish the IBS-D model. The successfully modeled 32 rats were then randomly assigned to a model group, a ketotifen group, a moxibustion group, and a moxibustion-medication group, with 8 rats in each group. The rats in the ketotifen group were intervened with intragastric administration of ketotifen solution (10 mL/kg); the rats in the moxibustion group were intervened with suspended moxibustion on bilateral "Tianshu" (ST 25) and "Shangjuxu" (ST 37); the rats in the moxibustion-medication group were intervened with suspended moxibustion combined with intragastric administration of ketotifen solution. All interventions were administered once daily for 7 consecutive days. The diarrhea rate and minimum volume threshold of abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR) were calculated before and after modeling, as well as after intervention. After intervention, colonic tissue morphology was observed using HE staining; colonic mucosal ultrastructure was examined by scanning electron microscopy; colonic mast cell ultrastructure was observed using transmission electron microscopy; mast cell degranulation was assessed by toluidine blue staining; serum and colonic levels of histamine, interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6, IL-1α, trypsin-like enzyme, and protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) were measured by ELISA; the Western blot and real-time quantitative PCR were employed to evaluate the protein and mRNA expression of colonic IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-1α, trypsin-like enzyme, and PAR-2; the immunofluorescence was used to detect the positive expression of histamine, IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-1α, trypsin-like enzyme, and PAR-2 in the colonic tissue. RESULTS: Compared to the normal group, the rats in the model group exhibited extensive infiltration of inflammatory cells in colonic tissue, severe damage to the colonic mucosa, disordered arrangement of villi, reduced electron density, and a significant decrease in granule quantity within mast cells. The diarrhea rate and mast cell degranulation rate were increased (P<0.01), AWR minimum volume threshold was decreased (P<0.01); the serum and colonic levels of histamine, IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-1α, trypsin-like enzyme, and PAR-2 were elevated (P<0.01); the positive expression of histamine, as well as protein, mRNA and positive expression of IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-1α, trypsin-like enzyme, and PAR-2 in the colon were all elevated (P<0.01). Compared to the model group, the rats in the ketotifen group, the moxibustion group, and the moxibustion-medication group exhibited significantly reduced infiltration of inflammatory cells in colonic tissue, relatively intact colonic mucosa, orderly arranged villi, increased electron density, and an augmented number of mast cell granules; the diarrhea rate and mast cell degranulation rate were decreased (P<0.01), and AWR minimum volume threshold was increased (P<0.01); the serum and colonic levels of histamine, IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-1α, trypsin-like enzyme, and PAR-2 were reduced (P<0.01); the positive expression of histamine, as well as protein, mRNA and positive expression of IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-1α, trypsin-like enzyme, and PAR-2 in the colon were all decreased (P<0.01). Compared to the ketotifen group, the moxibustion group showed decreased serum levels of histamine, IL-6, and trypsin-like enzyme (P<0.01, P<0.05), as well as reduced colonic levels of IL-1ß and IL-6 (P<0.01, P<0.05); the protein expression of colonic IL-1ß, IL-1α, and PAR-2 was reduced (P<0.05), and the positive expression of colonic IL-1ß and trypsin-like enzyme was reduced (P<0.01, P<0.05). Compared to both the ketotifen group and the moxibustion group, the moxibustion-medication group exhibited decreased diarrhea rate and mast cell degranulation rate (P<0.01), an increased AWR minimum volume threshold (P<0.01), reduced serum and colonic levels of histamine, IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-1α, trypsin-like enzyme, and PAR-2 (P<0.01), decreased protein expression of colonic IL-1ß, trypsin-like enzyme, and PAR-2 (P<0.01, P<0.05), reduced mRNA and positive expression of colonic IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-1α, trypsin-like enzyme, and PAR-2 (P<0.01, P<0.05), and decreased positive expression of colonic histamine (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Moxibustion on "Tianshu" (ST 25) and "Shangjuxu" (ST 37) might inhibit low-grade inflammatory reactions in the colon of IBS-D model rats. The mechanism may be related to the inhibition of histamine and trypsin-like enzyme secreted by mast cell, thereby reducing the expression of related inflammatory factors.

Effects of moxibustion at "Zusanli" (ST 36) on oxidative stress and intestinal flora in aging rats. / 艾灸"足三里"å¯¹è¡°è€å¤§é¼ æ°§åŒ–åº”æ¿€å’Œè‚ é“èŒç¾¤çš„å½±å“.

OBJECTIVES: To observe the effects of moxibustion at "Zusanli"(ST 36)on oxidative stress and intestinal flora in subacute aging rats, and to explore the possible mechanism of moxibustion in delaying aging. METHODS: Thirty SD rats were randomly divided into a blank group, a model group and a Zusanli group, with 10 rats in each group. Subacute aging model was established by intraperitoneal injection of D-galactose at dosage of 500 mg/kg in the model group and the Zusanli group, once a day for 42 days. In the Zusanli group, moxibustion was applied at bilateral "Zusanli" (ST 36) , once a day, 3 moxa cones at each acupoint, for consecutive 28 days. After intervention, the serum levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were detected by ELISA; the intestinal flora was detected by 16S rRNA sequencing technique in each group. RESULTS: Compared with the blank group, the serum level of SOD was decreased (P<0.01), the serum level of MDA was increased (P<0.01) in the model group. Compared with the model group, the serum level of SOD was increased (P<0.01), the serum level of MDA was decreased (P<0.01) in the Zusanli group. Compared with the blank group, Chao1 and Shannon indexes were decreased in the model group (P<0.01, P<0.05). Compared with the model group, Chao1 and Shannon indexes were increased in the Zusanli group (P<0.01, P<0.05). Compared with the blank group, the relative abundance of Firmicutes, Treponema_2 and Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group was increased (P<0.05, P<0.01), while the relative abundance of Prevotellaceae_UCG-003 and the relative abundance ratio of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes (B/F value) were decreased (P<0.01, P<0.05) in the model group. Compared with the model group, the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Treponema_2 was decreased (P<0.01), while the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes, Lactobacillus, Prevotellaceae_UCG-003 and B/F value were increased (P<0.05, P<0.01) in the Zusanli group. CONCLUSIONS: Moxibustion at "Zusanli"(ST 36)can effectively improve the level of oxidative stress, regulate the constitution of intestinal flora, maintain the microecological balance of intestinal flora in aging rats, and thus play a role in delaying aging.

CHEN Rixin's clinical experience of heat-sensitive moxibustion for Wenyang Yangshen in treatment of insomnia of yang deficiency. / 陈日新热敏灸"æ¸©é˜³å »ç¥ž"æ²»ç–—é˜³è™šå¤±çœ ç—‡ä¸´åºŠç»éªŒæ’·è.

The paper introduces CHEN Rixin's experience and ideas of heat-sensitive moxibustion for Wenyang Yangshen (warming-up yang and nourishing the spirit) in treatment of insomnia of yang deficiency. This type of insomnia is caused by yang insufficiency of the body and malnutrition of the spirit. The treatment focuses on Wenyang Yangshen. Replenishing yang (Shenque [CV 8], Qihai [CV 6] and Guanyuan [CV 4]) is combined with promoting yang circulation (Taiyang [EX-HN 5]). The acupoint combination is optimized through identifying the heat sensitivity. Sparrow-pecking moxibustion and mild moxibustion are used to control the appropriate moxibustion temperature, efficiently stimulate deqi and individually saturate the dose of moxibustion so as to target the principle of treatment and improve the sleep quality.

Historical and contemporary applications of moxibustion at Gaohuang (BL 43). / 膏肓灸古今应用探析.

The relevant passages on moxibustion at Gaohuang (BL 43) in the Chinese Medical Code (fifth edition), and relevant literature on moxibustion at Gaohuang (BL 43) published up to January 17th, 2023 in the CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, SinoMed, PubMed, Web of Science, EMbase and Scopus were searched. The localization and selection methods of Gaohuang (BL 43), types of moxibustion at Gaohuang (BL 43), moxibustion quantity, and the main clinical indications were analyzed. As a result, a total of 227 ancient passages were included, with 51 related to moxibustion quantity and 171 related to clinical indications, encompassing 33 different diseases. A total of 50 modern articles were reviewed, covering 26 different diseases. The key of selection methods of Gaohuang (BL 43) is exploring sensitivity around the scapula, with direct moxibustion as a preferred technique; the optimal moxibustion dose is detenuined by arrival and withdrawal of deqi, and primary indications were related to syndrome of heart and lung deficiencies.

Efficacy and safety of moxibustion for ulcerative colitis: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a global chronic inflammatory bowel disease, and the poor efficacy of currently available pharmacological regimens makes the management of UC a great challenge. Moxibustion has shown great potential in the management of UC. However, its effectiveness and safety are still controversial. The purpose of this study is to synthesise the latest evidence regarding the clinical efficacy and safety of moxibustion for UC. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMBASE, CNKI, Wanfang, VIP and SinoMed databases will be searched from inception to July 2023, to identify all randomised controlled trials with moxibustion for UC. The primary outcome will be clinical efficacy, as measured by validated scales. The serum inflammatory factor, colonoscopy results, quality of life, recurrence rate and adverse events will be the secondary outcomes. The Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 tool will be used to assess the methodological quality of each included trial. All data extraction will be carried out independently by two investigators. RevMan V.5.4 software will be used for data analysis and Cochran's Q statistic and I2 test will be used to assess heterogeneity between studies. In addition, we will perform subgroup analyses, sensitivity analyses and publication bias if the available data are sufficient. The strength of evidence will be graded using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethics approval is not required for this review. Our findings will be published in a peer-reviewed journal. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42023425481.

Effect of moxibustion combined with intraperitoneal injection of benazepril on endoplasmic reticulum stress-related protein phosphorylation in rats with chronic heart failure. / è‰¾ç¸è”åˆè´é‚£æ™®åˆ©å¯¹æ ¢æ€§å¿ƒåŠ›è¡°ç«­å¤§é¼ å¿ƒè‚Œå† è´¨ç½‘åº”æ¿€ç›¸å ³è›‹ç™½ç£·é ¸åŒ–è¡¨è¾¾çš„å½±å“.

OBJECTIVES: To observe the effect of moxibustion at "Xinshu"(BL15) and "Feishu"(BL13) combined with intraperitoneal injection of benazepril on cardiac function and phosphorylation of protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) and eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (elF2α) proteins in myocardium of rats with chronic heart failure (CHF), so as to explore its potential mechanism underlying improvement of CHF. METHODS: A total of 42 male SD rats were randomly assigned to blank control (n=10), CHF model (n=7), medication (benazepril, n=8), moxibustion (n=8) and moxibustion+benazepril (n=9) groups, after cardiac ultrasound model identification and elimination of the dead. The CHF model was established by intraperitoneal injection of doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX), once every week for 6 weeks. Mild moxibustion was applied to bilateral BL15 and BL13 regions for 20 min, once daily for 3 weeks. The rats of the medication group and moxibustion+benazepril group (benazepril was given first, followed by moxibustion) received intraperitoneal injection of benazepril (0.86 mg/kg) solution once daily for 3 weeks . The cardiac ejection fraction (EF) and left ventricular fractional shortening (FS) were measured using echocardiography. Histopathological changes of the cardiac muscle tissue were observed under light microscope after hematoxylin-eosin (H.E.) staining. Serum contents of B-type brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and angiotensin Ⅱ (AngⅡ) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expressions of phospho-PERK (p-PERK) and phospho-elF2α (p-elF2α) in the myocardium were detected by Western blot. RESULTS: Compared with the blank control group, the EF and FS of the left cardiac ventricle were significantly decreased (P<0.01), while the contents of serum BNP and AngⅡ, and expression levels of p-PERK and p-eIF2α significantly increased in the model group (P<0.01). In comparison with the model group, both the decreased EF and FS and the increased BNP and AngⅡ contents as well as p-PERK and p-elF2α expression levels were reversed by moxibustion, medication and moxibustion+benazepril (P<0.01). The effects of moxibustion+benazepril were markedly superior to those of simple moxibustion and simple medication in raising the levels of EF and FS rate and in down-regulating the contents of BNP, Ang Ⅱ, levels of p-PERK and p-elF2α (P<0.01, P<0.05). Outcomes of H.E. staining showed irregular arrangement of cardiomyocytes, cell swelling, vacuole and inflammatory infiltration in the model group, which was relatively milder in the 3 treatment groups. The effects of moxibustion+benazepril were superior to those of moxibustion or benazepril. CONCLUSIONS: Moxibustion combined with Benazepril can improve the cardiac function in CHF rats, which may be related to its functions in down-regulating the expression levels of myocardial p-PERK and p-elF2α to inhibit endoplasmic reticulum stress response.