How Satisfaction Lead to Volunteer Role Identity? Revisiting Identity Salience applied to Volunteer Research.

Many studies have considered satisfaction as a necessary precursor for developing volunteer role identity (VRI). However, the mechanism involved in that relationship and whether diverse types of satisfaction from volunteering literature are part of this relationship remain unclear. We propose that satisfaction may promote the development of VRI by augmenting the identity saliency of the volunteer role. To address identity salience, we adopt a dual-concept approach, measuring the identity importance and identity invocation of the volunteer role. To investigate the hypothesis, we performed multiple general lineal mediation models employing identity importance and identity invocation as simultaneous mediators of the satisfaction-VRI relationship. A sample of 227 volunteers from different organizations completed an online questionnaire remotely. The results indicate that task satisfaction and motivational satisfaction, but not organizational satisfaction, significantly predict volunteer role identity-both directly and indirectly through the mediating roles of identity importance and identity invocation. Future work may continue investigating the paths through which satisfaction and other factors may promote volunteer role identity.

Neurocognition in adolescents and young adults at clinical high risk for psychosis: Predictive stability for social and role functioning.

The prodromal phase of schizophrenia provides an optimal opportunity to mitigate the profound functional disability that is often associated with fully expressed psychosis. Considerable evidence supports the importance of neurocognition in the development of interpersonal (social) and academic (role) skills. Further findings from adolescents and young adults at clinical high risk for developing psychosis (CHRP) suggest that treatment for functioning might be most effective when targeting early and specific neurocognitive deficits. The current study addresses this critical intervention issue by examining the potential of neurocognitive deficits at intake for predicting social and role functioning over time in CHR-P youth. The study included 345 CHR-P participants from the second phase of the North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study (NAPLS2) with baseline neurocognition and 2-year follow-up data on social and role functioning. Slower baseline processing speed consistently predicted poor social functioning over time, while attention deficits predicted poor role functioning at baseline and follow-up. In addition, the impact of processing speed and attention impairments on social and role functioning, respectively, persisted even when adjusting the regression models for attenuated positive, negative, and disorganized symptoms, and transition status. The current study demonstrates for, arguably the first time, that processing speed and attention are strongly predictive of social and role functioning over time, respectively, above and beyond the impact of symptoms and those CHR-P individuals that develop psychosis over the course of the study. These findings imply that early neurocognition is a critical treatment target linked to the developmental trajectory of social and role functioning.

Role adoption, anxiety, depression and loneliness in family caregivers of patients with chronic diseases.

OBJECTIVE: to describe and explore the relationship of loneliness, anxiety and depression with adoption of the caregiver role among individuals caring for people with chronic diseases in Colombia. METHODS: this was an exploratory and cross-sectional study involving 960 primary caregivers of individuals with chronic diseases. We applied the Caregiver Role Adoption Scale, the University of California at Los Angeles Loneliness Scale, and the Anxiety and Depression Scale. Principal component and multiple correspondence analyses were performed for clustering. RESULTS: among the participating caregivers, 40.8% reported experiencing depression, 59% reported anxiety, 54.6% reported moderate to severe loneliness, and 88.6% reported satisfactory adoption of the caregiver role. Caregivers who presented basic or insufficient role adoption levels tended to have higher scores for anxiety, depression and loneliness. CONCLUSION: adoption of the caregiver role is a mediator in the anxiety, depression and loneliness levels among caregivers. Strategies aimed at supporting caregivers should include training for the caregiver role to mitigate the negative impacts of anxiety, depression and loneliness. (1) More than half of the caregivers reported moderate or severe anxiety and loneliness. (2) Caregivers with low role adoption levels presented more anxiety, depression and loneliness. (3) Satisfactory adoption of the caregiver role reduces anxiety, depression and loneliness. (4) Role adoption should be intervened to reduce the impact on caregivers' mental health.

Thoughts and experiences of well-educated fathers about their role when breastfeeding difficulties arose.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate how fathers or partners perceive their roles as new parents when confronted with early breastfeeding challenges, how they navigate these difficulties, and the specific type of support they seek from the Child Health Care Centre (CHCC). METHOD: In-depth, individual interviews conducted with 12 partners of women for whom breastfeeding was difficult. Reflexive thematic analysis was applied on the interview data. RESULTS: Interviews resulted in three themes: 1) 'It is a revolutionary time to be a new father' represented a tumultuous time when fathers wanted to be involved in all decisions and part of a strong team with their partners. 2) 'When a breastfeeding problem arose'; fathers questioned the sovereignty of breast milk and began to seek more knowledge. They experienced a strong social norm about breastfeeding that led to feelings of guilt for their partners. They felt helpless when their partners suffered and lacked support. 3) 'Child Health Care Centre's duty'; was instrumental, as knowledge and competence were found to be important for trust. The fathers wanted concrete solutions to breastfeeding problems and more conversations of support with the CHCC nurse. CONCLUSION: Well-educated fathers desire to protect their partners as they experience suffering due to a robust social norm telling them that breastfeeding is best. This can result in them starting to question the sovereignty of breast milk. Fathers need support to help their partners successfully during breastfeeding. They want counselling to strengthen their role as parents and help them build trusting teams with their partners.

Changing placements: A punctuated equilibrium model of work-family role boundary reconstruction.

In the face of changes to the work-family environment, the ability to manage role boundaries may be threatened. Drawing on punctuated equilibrium models of system change and cognitive dissonance theory, we extend boundary theory through a conceptual model that explains how and when individuals may tear down and rebuild work and family role boundaries in the mind in order to maintain well-being. We argue that divergent events compel individuals to enact role boundaries inconsistent with those held internally in the mind, resulting in cognitive dissonance. We further argue that high levels of cognitive dissonance past a threshold may trigger a revolutionary change in the deep structure of one's internally drawn role boundaries, resulting in a significant change in the extent to which work and family roles are cognitively segmented or integrated. We also argue that change events that generate lower levels of cognitive dissonance can be mitigated with boundary management tactics that create only incremental changes to work and family role boundaries. Our model advances a dynamic perspective of boundary theory that returns focus to the boundary placement process, which is often overlooked in work-family research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Effects of oxytocin and vasopressin administration on human fathers' sensitive and challenging parenting: A randomized within-subject controlled trial.

This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled within-subject study examined the effects of intranasal administration of oxytocin and vasopressin on fathers' sensitive and challenging parenting behaviors. Furthermore, we examined the moderating role of fathers' early childhood experiences. The sample consisted of 70 fathers with their 2- to 12-month-old infants. All fathers were assigned to each of the three experimental sessions (oxytocin, vasopressin, and placebo), on three separate days, with random order and intervening periods of one to two weeks. Sensitive and challenging parenting behaviors (CPB) were observed during a 10-minute free play task. Results showed no effects of vasopressin administration on paternal sensitivity. Fathers in the oxytocin condition were less sensitive than fathers in the placebo condition, and this effect was moderated by fathers' own childhood experiences: Fathers who reported higher levels of experienced parental love withdrawal were less sensitive in the oxytocin condition as compared to the placebo condition, whereas fathers with less experienced parental love withdrawal showed no difference in sensitivity between the oxytocin and placebo condition. No effects were found of oxytocin and vasopressin administration on fathers' CPB. Our results, although partly unexpected, are largely in line with previous literature showing that oxytocin administration can exert negative effects in individuals with adverse childhood experiences.

Nursing Infection Control Practice Adherence, Related Barriers, and Methods of Intervention.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the level of infection control (IC) practice adherence and related barriers among nursing staff at a US academic medical center. Furthermore, it surveys staff to identify interventions to improve adherence with IC practices. BACKGROUND: Infectious disease emergencies have exposed healthcare workers to increased infection risk. This study aims to explore IC practice adherence in the tertiary hospital setting and further investigate the personal protective equipment (PPE) champion role as a method to boost adherence. METHODS: This descriptive quality improvement study includes 2 parts: 1) A PPE champion role was piloted to support healthcare worker adherence to IC practices; and 2) a survey was disseminated to nursing staff to identify the perceptions of their own and coworkers' adherence to IC practices as well as suggestions for improvement. RESULTS: Twenty-six percent of PPE champion observations found nursing staff nonadherent with IC practices and policies. Barriers included knowledge deficit (38%), lack of motivation (38%), time constraints (21%), and lack of supplies (3%). Two hundred sixty-four RNs and nurse technicians responded to the IC survey. Nursing staff rated their IC adherence higher than observed by their peers. Perceived barriers to adherence included the lack of supplies (53%), knowledge of proper technique (41%), time constraints (35%), and motivation (5%). Staff recommended using PPE champions (52%) and mandating supervised practice of essential skills (48%) to increase adherence. CONCLUSIONS: Nursing staff reported barriers related to their knowledge of proper technique and suggested interventions including supervised practice of critical skills. It seems that the PPE champion role is a popular method to boost IC practice adherence that can be implemented during pandemic and nonpandemic environments at minimal cost.

Impact of Practice Scholarship as Perceived by Nurses Holding a DNP Degree.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to explore the perceived impact of practice scholarship among DNP-prepared nurses and the relationship of impact to primary work role and years since graduation. BACKGROUND: Healthcare organizations continuously seek ways to improve health outcomes and reduce cost. Doctor of Nursing Practice-prepared nurses are educated with essential competencies to lead healthcare reform initiatives based on their practice scholarship contribution. METHODS: A cross-sectional design was used to administer a self-report online survey to a convenience sample of 306 DNP graduates currently in practice. RESULTS: The highest impact of practice scholarship was perceived on patients, populations, quality of care, and the profession. The impact on policy, cost, and cost savings was significantly lower. No significant difference was found on practice scholarship impact based on role or between years of experience since graduation. CONCLUSION: Doctor of Nursing Practice competencies support practice scholarship outcomes. Organizational resources are needed to support the impact of practice scholarship.

Perceived Gratitude, Role Overload, and Mental Health Among Spousal Caregivers of Older Adults.

OBJECTIVES: We investigated whether spousal caregivers' greater perception of being appreciated by their partner for their help was associated with caregivers' better mental health and whether caregivers' higher role overload was related to their poorer mental health. We further evaluated whether spousal caregivers' greater perceived gratitude buffered the association between their role overload and mental health. METHODS: We examined 306 spousal caregivers of older adults with chronic illness or disability, drawn from the 2011 National Health and Aging Trends Study and National Study of Caregiving. We defined mental health as better psychological well-being and less psychological distress (i.e., fewer depressive and anxiety symptoms). Hierarchical regression models were estimated to test hypotheses. RESULTS: Greater perceived gratitude was associated with better psychological well-being, and higher role overload was related to poorer psychological well-being and greater psychological distress. In addition, greater perceived gratitude buffered the associations between role overload and anxiety symptoms as well as psychological well-being. DISCUSSION: Findings suggest that spousal caregivers' role overload may be a strong risk factor for their poorer mental health, especially when caregivers feel less appreciated by their partner. Couple-oriented interventions to improve spousal caregivers' mental health could be aimed at reducing their role overload and enhancing perceived gratitude.

Role ambiguity as an amplifier of the association between job stressors and workers' psychological ill-being: Evidence from an occupational survey in Japan.

OBJECTIVES: We aim to examine the extent to which role ambiguity modifies the association between job stressors and workers' psychological ill-being. METHODS: We used data from 41 962 observations from 13 811 individuals (10 269 males and 3542 females) who participated in three to eight waves of an occupational survey conducted in Japan. We estimated fixed-effects models to explain psychological distress (defined by Kessler 6 score ≥13) by role ambiguity. Four types of job stressors (i.e., high job demands, low job control, high effort, and low reward), and their interactions were examined along with potential confounders. We repeated a similar analysis for job dissatisfaction. RESULTS: The fixed-effects models showed that role ambiguity as well as the four job stressors were positively associated with psychological distress, albeit somewhat more modestly than the results of the pooled cross-sectional models. More notably, we found that role ambiguity substantially amplified the association between job stressors and psychological distress; for example, a combination of high job demands and high role ambiguity added to the risk of psychological distress by 3.5% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.5%-4.5%), compared with 1.4% (95% CI: 0.4%-2.3%) for a combination of high job demands and low role ambiguity. In contrast, we did not find a modifying effect of role ambiguity on the association between low job control and psychological distress. Similar results were observed for job dissatisfaction. CONCLUSION: The results underscore the importance of reducing role ambiguity to mitigate the adverse impact of job stressors on workers' psychological ill-being.

The Mediating Role of Parental Factors in the Social Patterning of Smoking among Adolescents in Urban Indonesia.

INTRODUCTION: Parental factors may explain part of the social patterning of smoking among adolescents. This study aims at assessing the association between adolescent smoking and family characteristics (parental education, family wealth, and religion) and the mediating role of parental factors (smoking, control, and permissiveness towards smoking). METHODS: In 2017, a cross-sectional survey was conducted in eight Indonesian cities among 2,393 students aged 13-18 years. Multilevel logistic regression analysis estimated the associations between family characteristics and adolescent smoking. Generalized Structural Equation Models (GSEM) quantified mediation of these associations by parental factors. Analyses were stratified by gender. RESULTS: Smoking prevalence was 35.8% among boys and 2.6% among girls. Odds of smoking were higher among those with lower parental education among boys (low vs. high: OR:1.57, 95%CI:1.01-2.43), but not girls (OR:0.91, 95%CI:0.24-3.43). The association among boys was partially mediated by father's smoking status, parental control, and parental permissiveness towards smoking. High family wealth was associated with higher odds of smoking among girls (poorer vs. wealthier: OR:0.39, 95%CI:0.15-0.99), but not boys (OR:0.76, 95%CI:0.52-1.10). This association among girls was not clearly mediated by parental factors. Religion was not associated with smoking among boys or girls. CONCLUSIONS: In Indonesia's urban settings, inequalities in boys' smoking by educational background may be addressed by measures aimed at supporting lower educated parents to improve parental control and to reduce permissiveness towards smoking.

The role of Environmental Health in preventing antimicrobial resistance in low- and middle-income countries.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is increasingly becoming a threat to global public health, not least in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where it is contributing to longer treatment for illnesses, use of higher generation drugs, more expenditure on antimicrobials, and increased deaths attributed to what should be treatable diseases. Some of the known causes of AMR include misuse and overuse of antimicrobials in both humans and animals, unnecessary use of antimicrobials in animals as growth promoters, and lack of awareness among the public on how to protect antimicrobials. As a result, resistant organisms are circulating in the wider environment, and there is a need to consider the One Health approach to minimise the continuing development of AMR. Environmental Health, specifically water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH), waste management, and food hygiene and safety, are key components of One Health needed to prevent the spread of antimicrobial-resistant microorganisms particularly in LMICs and reduce the AMR threat to global public health. The key Environmental Health practices in the prevention of AMR include: (1) adequate WASH through access and consumption of safe water; suitable containment, treatment and disposal of human excreta and other wastewater including from health facilities; good personal hygiene practices such as washing hands with soap at critical times to prevent the spread of resistant microorganisms, and contraction of illnesses which may require antimicrobial treatment; (2) proper disposal of solid waste, including the disposal of unused and expired antimicrobials to prevent their unnecessary exposure to microorganisms in the environment; and (3) ensuring proper food hygiene and safety practices, such as sale and consumption of animal products in which adequate antimicrobial withdrawal periods have been observed, and growing vegetables on unpolluted soil. Environmental Health is therefore crucial in the prevention of infectious diseases that would require antimicrobials, reducing the spread of resistant organisms, and exposure to antimicrobial residues in LMICs. Working with other professionals in One Health, Environmental Health Practitioners have a key role in reducing the spread of AMR including health education and promotion, surveillance, enforcement of legislation, and research.

Academic resilience in European countries: The role of teachers, families, and student profiles.

Academic resilience is a student's ability to achieve academic results significantly higher than would be expected according to their socioeconomic level. In this study, we aimed to identify the characteristics of students, families, and teacher activities which had the greatest impact on academic resilience. The sample comprised 117,539 fourth grade students and 6,222 teachers from 4,324 schools in member states of the European Union that participated in the PIRLS 2016 study. We specified a two-level hierarchical linear model in two phases: in the first level we used the students' personal and family background variables, in the second level we used the variables related to teaching activity. In the first phase we used the complete model for all countries and regions, in the second phase we produced a model for each country with the highest possible number of statistically significant variables. The results indicated that the students' personal and family variables that best predicted resilience were the reading self-confidence index, which increased the probability of student resilience by between 62 and 130 percentage points, a feeling of belonging to the school, which increased the chances of being resilient by up to 40 percentage points, and support from the family before starting primary school (Students from Lithuania who had done early literary activities in the family setting were twice as likely to be resilient than those who had not). The teaching-related factors best predicting resilience were keeping order in the classroom, a safe and orderly school environment (increasing chances of resilience by up to 62 percentage points), and teaching focused on comprehension and reflection, which could increase the probability of resilience by up to 61 percentage points.

Interpersonal and Social Functioning Among Psychotherapy Patients: The Indirect Effect of Childhood Adversity.

ABSTRACT: This study examined the mediating role of pathogenic beliefs on the relationship between patients' recollections of experienced adverse parenting in childhood and adult interpersonal and social problems. A total of 210 psychotherapy outpatients rated their experiences of perceived adverse parenting in childhood and completed measures of psychological distress, interpersonal problems and social impairment, and internalized beliefs about self and others. Significant mediation effects were observed for two of the three belief domains: "cannot rely on others" and "undeserving." Although both were significant mediators between adverse parenting and symptom distress, only "cannot rely on others" was a significant mediator predicting interpersonal problems, and only "undeserving" was a significant mediator predicting impaired social functioning. Thus, patients' underlying convictions regarding their self-worth seem to play a role in the ability to develop social roles, whereas the beliefs about the steadfastness of others play an important role in the capacity for interpersonal relating.

How changing life roles predict eating disorder pathology over 30-year follow-up.

Epidemiological data support higher prevalence of eating disorders in midlife than previously believed. Yet, few studies have examined risk factors unique to adult development. The present study examined how changes in life roles (educational, marital, and parental status) predicted disordered eating as participants transitioned from their 20s to their 50s. Participants (N = 624 women and N = 276 men) completed baseline assessments in college and at 10-, 20-, and 30-year follow-up, with 72% of women and 67% of men completing 30-year follow-up. Multilevel models examined how changes in life roles predicted changes in disordered eating. For women, obtaining a graduate degree predicted decreased eating pathology initially but over time predicted subsequent increases in Drive for Thinness. Men's eating pathology was not affected by obtaining a graduate degree. Changes in marital status demonstrated no significant association with disordered eating for either gender. Becoming a parent predicted a significant decrease in Drive for Thinness at the subsequent assessment but no further declines with age, whereas those who never had children showed significant decreases in both Drive for Thinness and Bulimia with age. For both women and men, becoming a parent may decrease the importance of shape and weight as sources of self-evaluation. However, women obtaining advanced degrees and parents may experience shifts in eating pathology related to the "Career-and-Care-Crunch" according to Mehta and colleagues' (2020) recent conceptualization of adult developmental stages. Pending independent replication, future research might design interventions for those whose role transitions put them at greater risk for disordered eating during midlife. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Negotiating with parents: Attorney practices in the juvenile plea bargain process.

OBJECTIVES: Research on plea bargaining is increasing, yet much of this work examines how the process unfolds in adult court. Plea bargaining in juvenile court has several notable differences such as parental involvement. Including parents throughout the adjudicatory process is encouraged but ultimately left up to the attorney. Research has not explored whether attorneys include parents in plea bargain discussions with their clients. The present study examined parental involvement in the juvenile plea bargain process. HYPOTHESES: We did not have any formal a priori hypotheses for this exploratory study. METHOD: The first author conducted qualitative interviews with eighteen defense attorneys from the juvenile division of a public defender's office on the East Coast where we discussed their most recent case that resulted in a plea bargain. RESULTS: Parents were included in plea negotiations and hearings. Attorneys described seeking parental input because parents may be impacted by the terms of the plea and because the court often seeks parental approval. During hearings, parents offered input regarding their child's ability to plea, the disposition plan, and whether they support their child's decision to plead guilty. CONCLUSIONS: Pleas might impact parents, so it may be impractical to overlook their interests. However, parent and child interests may conflict, and parents often lack understanding of their children's rights and pleading generally. Therefore, attorneys must not only advocate for their clients, but also educate and manage parents' interests both inside and outside the courtroom. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).