Health information management and physiotherapy faculty collaboration to discover the use of health informatics hiding in plain sight in an entry-level DPT program.

Background: Many educational disciplines, especially in health professions, are required by accrediting bodies to introduce or include health informatics (HI); however, faculty (academics) teaching this content may not be well prepared. Objective: The aim of this project was to explore how a doctoral physical therapy (DPT) program could more accurately represent compliance with HI accreditation requirements by identifying hidden instances of relevant content within the curriculum. Method: This exploratory, mixed methods, action research study utilised document review, questionnaires and interviews in the collection of quantitative and qualitative data to enable assessment of knowledge about HI, to determine if HI content was already incorporated in current courses, and, whether the content was accurately reflected in course student learning objectives (SLOs). Change in faculty understanding of HI as a result of this study was also assessed. Results: Of 16 DPT faculty, 13 participated in the pre-interview questionnaire; 8 (50%) representing 22/39 courses participated in the full study. Most were unfamiliar with HI and had unrecognised HI already incorporated in their courses leading to several SLO revisions and additions. Interview and post-interview questionnaire results documented significant increases in HI understanding among faculty. Conclusion: Physical therapy and HIM collaboration was successful in identifying HI content hiding in plain sight. Results revealed multiple instances of unrecognised HI content across the DPT curriculum. Revised and newly added SLOs, with others likely to follow due to this study, will assist faculty with future reaccreditation and in preparing graduates to more fully utilise HI in today's digital healthcare environments.

The need for health information management professionals in Malawi health facilities.

BACKGROUND: Health information management (HIM) is at the core of health organisations, providing essential information. In Malawi, there is a substantial deficit of qualified personnel, specifically health information managers, who can properly manage health information in electronic and paper-based formats. The nation has no higher education institution offering an academic programme in HIM. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the need for HIM professionals in Malawi government health facilities, to determine the kinds of data managed by data users; competencies of HIM workers and challenges associated with the current HIM system. METHOD: A cross-sectional research design was adopted, with a qualitative approach to gather data from data users and key informants, using two focused interview guides. Data were collected from 13 participants from 6 government health facilities representing the primary, secondary and tertiary healthcare delivery levels. Data were analysed thematically. RESULTS: Data users handled a diverse range of data, the majority having moderate skills in HIM. Both data users and key informants reported experiencing challenges in dealing with the existing HIM system. Findings also revealed key challenges associated with the absence, or inadequacy, of a well-trained HIM professional workforce in Malawi health facilities. CONCLUSION: Introducing a training programme in HIM would improve data management in health facilities in Malawi. Well-managed data would improve the delivery of health care services.

Assessing the efficient use of the lightwave health information management system for health service delivery in Ghana.

BACKGROUND: In achieving the WHO's Universal Health Coverage and the Global Developmental Agenda: Sustainable Development Goal 3 and 9, the Ministry of Health launched a nationwide deployment of the lightwave health information management system (LHIMS) in the Central Region to facilitate health service delivery. This paper assessed the efficient use of the LHIMS among health professionals in the Central Region. METHODS: A non-interventional descriptive cross-sectional study design was employed for this research. The study used stratified and simple random sampling for selecting 1126 study respondents from 10 health facilities that use the LHIMS. The respondents included prescribers, nurses, midwives and auxiliary staff. Descriptive statistics (weighted mean) was computed to determine the average weighted score for all the indicators under efficiency. Also, bivariate (χ2) and multivariate (ordinal logistic regression) analyses were conducted to test the study's hypotheses. RESULTS: Findings revealed that the LHIMS enhanced efficient health service delivery. From the bivariate analysis, external factors; sex, educational qualification, work experience, profession type and computer literacy were associated with the efficient use of the LHIMS. However, training offered prior to the use of the LHIMS, and the duration of training had no association. At the multivariate level, only work experience and computer literacy significantly influenced the efficient use of the LHIMS. CONCLUSION: The implementation of LHIMS has the potential to significantly improve health service delivery. General computing skills should be offered to system users by the Ministry of Health to improve literacy in the use of computers. Active participation in the use of LHIMS by all relevant healthcare professionals should be encouraged.

A Description of Personal Health Information Management Work With a Spotlight on the Practices of Older Adults: Qualitative e-Delphi Study With Professional Organizers.

BACKGROUND: Personal health information (PHI) is created on behalf of and by health care consumers to support their care and wellness. Available tools designed to support PHI management (PHIM) remain insufficient. A comprehensive understanding of PHIM work is required, particularly for older adults, to offer more effective PHIM tools and support. OBJECTIVE: The primary objective of this study was to use the Patient Work System model to provide a holistic description of PHIM work from the perspective of professional organizers with experience assisting health care consumers, including older adults, in managing their PHI. A secondary objective was to examine how factors associated with 4 Patient Work System components (person, tasks, tools and technologies, and context) interact to support or compromise PHIM work performance. METHODS: A modified e-Delphi methodology was used to complete 3 web-based rounds of open-ended questions and obtain consensus among a panel of 16 experts in professional organizing. Data were collected between April and December 2017. The Patient Work System model was used as a coding schema and guided the interpretation of findings during the analysis. RESULTS: The PHIM work of adults who sought assistance focused on the tasks of acquiring, organizing, and storing 3 classifications of PHI (medical, financial, and reference) and then processing, reconciling, and storing the medical and financial classifications to tend to their health, health care, and health finances. We also found that the complexities of PHI and PHIM-related work often exceeded the abilities and willingness of those who sought assistance. A total of 6 factors contributed to the complexity of PHIM work. The misalignment of these factors was found to increase the PHIM workload, particularly for older adults. The life changes that often accompanied aging, coupled with obscure and fragmented health care provider- and insurer-generated PHI, created the need for much PHIM work. Acquiring and integrating obscure and fragmented PHI, detecting and reconciling PHI discrepancies, and protecting PHI held by health care consumers were among the most burdensome tasks, especially for older adults. Consequently, personal stakeholders (paid and unpaid) were called upon or voluntarily stepped in to assist with PHIM work. CONCLUSIONS: Streamlining and automating 2 of the most common and burdensome PHIM undertakings could drastically reduce health care consumers' PHIM workload: developing and maintaining accurate current and past health summaries and tracking medical bills and insurance claims to reconcile discrepancies. Other improvements that hold promise are the simplification and standardization of commonly used financial and medical PHI; standardization and automation of commonly used PHI acquisition interfaces; and provision of secure, Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)-certified PHI tools and technologies that control multiperson access for PHI stored by health care consumers in electronic and paper formats.

Awareness of, attitudes towards, and practices of health information management professionals in South Korea relating to privacy of personal health information.

Background: While information and communication technology has continued to advance, privacy of personal health information (PHI) has remained a challenge for health information management (HIM) professionals. Objective: This study aims to examine the awareness, attitude and practice relating to PHI privacy among HIM professionals in South Korea. Method: A survey questionnaire was developed for the study based on critical appraisal of relevant literature and expert consensus. It was completed by a sample of 312 respondents who were members of the Korean Health Information Management Association, over the age of 21, and worked in a healthcare organisation. Demographic data and questionnaire items (assessed on a 5-point Likert-type scale) were analysed using descriptive statistics, t-tests and ANOVA. Results: Mean scores and SDs for awareness, attitude and practice related to PHI privacy were calculated: 4.21 (0.60) for awareness, 4.17 (0.60) for attitude and 4.31 (0.63) for practice. Significant positive correlations were found between awareness and attitude scores (r = 0.765, p < 0.01); awareness and practice scores (r = 0.585; p < 0.01); and attitude and action scores (r = 0.672; p < 0.01). HIM professionals' awareness, attitude, and practice towards PHI privacy differed significantly according to age, level of education, years of HIM experience, type of employment, main task, number of completed privacy education activities within the previous 3 years and whether or not they had signed a pledge of confidentiality on PHI. More highly-educated, full-time employed respondents, those who had completed a greater number of privacy education activities and had more experience as HIM professionals, achieved higher scores on awareness, attitude and practice than did other respondents. These differences were all statistically significant (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Although causality cannot be inferred from results of this study, findings suggest that there is a relationship between PHI being a core responsibility of HIM professionals and their subsequent awareness, attitude and practice to ensure its privacy and confidentiality. To improve privacy practice, educational efforts should be prioritised and supported at all levels, including national, organisational, individual, and by professional HIM associations.

The historiography of a profession: The societal and political drivers of the health information management profession in Australia.

Health information permeates healthcare delivery from point-of-care, across the continuum of care and throughout the healthcare system's policy, population health, research, planning and funding arenas. Health information managers (HIMs) expertly manage that information. This commentary theorises the health information management profession for the first time. Its purpose is to identify and contextualise, via a historiographical account, the societal and political drivers that have shaped contemporary Australian health information management and HIMs' scientific work. It seeks to build our knowledge of the socio-political influences on the profession's emergence and development, and the projected drivers of its future. Eight critical, socio-political drivers were identified and are addressed in temporaneous order. Scientific medicine has reflected the influences on medicine in the past century and a half of the medical record and other technologies, laboratory-based sciences, evidence-based medicine and evidence-based health. Standardisation has underpinned and guided the profession's practice. The hegemony of non-medical healthcare managers and resource- and performance-related accountabilities emerged in the 1960s, as did the efficiencies of bureaucratisation in healthcare and post-bureaucratic shifts to textualisation and technogovernance. Technologisation has driven constant change in health information management, as have the forces of the fast-paced risk society. Since the 1980s, the health consumer movement has propelled regulatory mechanisms that accord patients' access rights to their medical records and mandate information privacy protections. Finally, a nascent commodification of health information has emerged. These forces exert ongoing impacts on the profession. They will, we conclude, singularly and collectively continue to shape its discourses and direction.

Training and experience of coding with the World Health Organization's International Classification of Diseases, Eleventh Revision.

BACKGROUND: The new International Classification of Diseases, Eleventh Revision for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics (ICD-11) was developed and released by the World Health Organization (WHO) in June 2018. Because ICD-11 incorporates new codes and features, training materials for coding with ICD-11 are urgently needed prior to its implementation. OBJECTIVE: This study outlines the development of ICD-11 training materials, training processes and experiences of clinical coders while learning to code using ICD-11. METHOD: Six certified clinical coders were recruited to code inpatient charts using ICD-11. Training materials were developed with input from experts from the Canadian Institute for Health Information and the WHO, and the clinical coders were trained to use the new classification. Monthly team meetings were conducted to enable discussions on coding issues and to select the correct ICD-11 codes. The training experience was evaluated using qualitative interviews, a questionnaire and a coding quiz. RESULTS: total of 3011 charts were coded using ICD-11. In general, clinical coders provided positive feedback regarding the training program. The average score for the coding quiz (multiple choice, True/False) was 84%, suggesting that the training program was effective. Feedback from the coders enabled the ICD-11 code content, electronic tooling and terminologies to be updated. CONCLUSION: This study provides a detailed account of the processes involved with training clinical coders to use ICD-11. Important findings from the interviews were reported at the annual WHO conferences, and these findings helped improve the ICD-11 browser and reference guide.

A competency framework for Ph.D. programs in health information management.

INTRODUCTION: The job expectations and professional competencies required by health information management (HIM) students/graduates are constantly changing and workforce development requires curricula in line with new emerging competencies. Although there are some competency frameworks in this field, there is no one specifically for Ph.D. educational programs in HIM. We aimed to develop a competency framework for Ph.D. programs in HIM in Iran. METHODS: We firstly developed a list of competencies based on those published in the literature or by related associations in nine domains and 51 sub-domains. We used the modified Delphi technique and invited Ph.D. students/graduates in HIM and related faculty members throughout the country to participate. Competencies with more than 75% agreement were considered as high priority competencies and those with 50% to 75% agreement as a medium priority. Competencies with less than 50% agreement were dropped. After two rounds, the competency framework was finalized. RESULTS: All suggested competencies were considered a high priority in the first round. Based on suggestions, two new domains (health knowledge management and information technology) and 20 new sub-competencies were added and then accepted in the second round. The final framework includes these competency domains: health data and information management; health data analytics; information technology; teaching competencies; research competencies; health information technology and digital health; health information classifications, terminologies, and ontologies; health information systems governance; managerial competencies; health knowledge management; and digital health entrepreneurship. CONCLUSION: This framework suggests a list of competencies in 11 domains and 71 sub-domains for Ph.D. students/graduates in HIM that should be considered for the development of future curricula for these educational programs.

Precepting HIM Students: A Multi-Case Study Exploring the Challenges of HIM Hospital-Based Professional Practice Experience.

Introduction: Experiential learning supervised by a qualified preceptor has been an enduring requirement for accredited allied health academic programs.1 Data show that students benefit from participating in experiential learning activities, such as an internship.2 Further, studies show organizations are eager to hire new graduates who took part in some type of external hands-on experience.3Health information management (HIM) programs accredited by the Commission on Accreditation for Health Informatics and Information Management Education (CAHIIM) require students to complete a supervised professional practice experience (PPE) before graduation to show proficiency of the curriculum requirements.4This study explored the challenges and barriers of professional practice experience for placing local and online baccalaureate students in hospital-based HIM departments from the preceptors' viewpoint. This study focused on the hospital setting for several reasons: gaining site approval is complicated, the centralized HIM department poses unique problems for hosting students, and to narrow the research focus to a setting commonly used among HIM academic programs. Literature Review: The PPE problems with placing and precepting students have been a long-standing concern in HIM education;5 however, there was limited literature available directly related to this problem of practice. An extensive literature search was conducted that yielded only a few research-based articles that provided limited information about the problem. Therefore, the literature review included related works from other allied health disciplines with similar issues with experiential learning.The overarching findings for allied health academic programs centered on issues at the healthcare organizational level, including legal concerns, cost, time, and productivity.6 Geographic location was yet another issue that prevented student placement. Additional concerns focused on lack of student or preceptor preparation for the experience.7. Methods: This was a qualitative multi-case study conducted in 2021. A total of six cases, or participants, took part in this study. Participants completed a pre-interview survey to obtain demographic information before conducting semi-structured interviews online with health information management preceptors. The survey data were compiled and analyzed to inform the interviews. Results: The study results indicate that HIM preceptors are challenged with placing and precepting students at their hospitals. Lack of support from senior leadership is a contributing factor. Additional issues center on planning and preparation. Keeping students engaged with the learning experience was another key finding. Lastly, this research uncovered an anecdotal finding about the lack of preceptor training provided to HIM professionals. Conclusion: A variety of issues contribute to the problem of placing and precepting students at the organizational level. Despite these challenges, the participants in this study expressed dedication to serving in the preceptor role. Further, this study identified plausible solutions for improving the PPE by incorporating creative ways to deliver learning activities. Finally, this study was carried out during the pandemic at a time when preceptors had to employ innovative strategies for precepting HIM students.

The Capability Gap in Occupational Health Information Management.

The lack of an integrated approach to data capture, information management, and analysis limits the contribution of occupational and environmental medicine to protecting 2.3 million uniformed and civilian DoD workers. Despite an abundance of military information systems that include the terms "Safety" and "Occupational Health" in their names, none of these systems provide capabilities needed to aggregate and analyze the results of occupational medicine exams, use medical surveillance to mitigate exposure incidents, provide enterprise-level management of occupational medicine services, or comply with privacy and recordkeeping law and regulation. Instead, they provide a patchwork of data that meets most regulatory compliance requirements but fails to achieve the true objectives of occupational health programs. Bridging these capability gaps will improve the occupational health care of the DoD workforce, improve the quality of occupational medicine services, increase public trust in the DoD management of exposure incidents, and potentially generate hundreds of millions of dollars through cost-avoidance on workers' compensation claims and through identification and elimination of non-value-added medical certification exams. The ongoing Military Health System transformation represents a unique opportunity to bridge these long-recognized but persistent capability gaps.

A Data-Driven Assessment of the U.S. Health Informatics Programs and Job Market.

BACKGROUND: Health Informatics (HI) is an interdisciplinary field, integrating health sciences, computer science, information science, and cognitive science to assist health information management, analysis, and utilization. As the HI field is broad, it is impossible that a student will be able to master all the diverse HI topics. Thus, it is important to train the HI students based on the offering of the various HI programs and needs of the current market. This project will study the U.S. HI programs, training materials, HI job market, the skillset required by the employers, competencies taught in HI programs, and comparisons between them. METHODS: We collected the training information for the 238 U.S. universities that offered MS, PhD, or postbaccalaureate certificate programs in HI or related professions. Next, we explored the HI job market by randomly checking 200 jobs and their required skillsets and domain knowledge. Then, we compared these skillsets with those offered by the HI programs and identified the gaps and overlaps for program enhancements. RESULTS: Among the 238 U.S. universities, 94 universities offer HI programs: 92 universities with MS (Master of Science), 43 with doctoral, 42 with both MS and doctoral, and 54 with certificate programs. The most offered HI courses are related to practicum, data analytics, research, and ethics. For the HI job postings, the three most technical skillsets required in HI job posting are data analysis, database management, and knowledge of electronic health records. However, only 58% of HI programs offer courses in database management and analytics. Compared with American Medical Informatics Association's recommended 10 fundamental domains, the HI curriculum generally lacks training in socio-technical systems, social-behavioral aspects of health, and interprofessional collaborative practice. CONCLUSION: There are gaps between the industry expectations of HI and the training received in HI programs. Advance level technical courses are needed in HI programs to meet industry expectations.

Barriers in access to services and information gaps by genders and key populations in the national Tuberculosis programme in Cambodia.

Approximately 34% of people with tuberculosis (TB) were undiagnosed in Cambodia in 2017. This study explored barriers in access to TB services and information gaps by genders and key populations in the Cambodian national TB programme. In 2017, we conducted a consensus and validation workshop, desk reviews, 19 in-depth interviews, and 30 focus group discussions with representatives of stakeholder groups, affected populations, and communities. Content analyses were performed for qualitative interviews. We employed the consensus development methods during the workshop to define and prioritise key populations. Key themes that inhibited access to TB services included the lack of knowledge, awareness, time and financial means, and gender-specific vulnerabilities. Systemic barriers included inconsistencies in policy and guideline implementation and lack of resources required for effective TB management. We did not find indications of coercive practices against women and key populations. However, stigma and discrimination did exist in healthcare institutions, the workplace, and the community. There were significant gaps in gender and key population-specific data and reporting systems at all levels. Data availability is vital for understanding gender and key population-specific gaps, and they should be duly utilised. Mechanisms to ensure equality and inclusivity are necessary to end TB in Cambodia.

Study on Risk Factors for Death from Cardiomyopathy and Effectiveness of Health Information Management.

Objective: To explore risk factors for death from cardiomyopathy and the effectiveness of health information management (HIM). Methods: A total of 80 patients with cardiomyopathy admitted in ICU of our hospital (January 2016-January 2020) were selected as study subjects, and the clinical data of the patients were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into the survival group (n = 72) and the death group (n = 14) according to the treatment outcome. Then, according to the management mode, the survival group was further equally divided into the conventional group and the HIM group to investigate the influence of risk factors on prognosis of patients with cardiomyopathy and the effectiveness of HIM. Results: No significant difference was found in baseline body mass, myocardial enzymes, troponin, infection factors, history of heart disease, and gender between the survival group and the death group (P > 0.05). Compared with the survival group, the patients of the death group were older (P < 0.05), LVEF of the death group was obviously lower (P < 0.05), and the scores of APACHE II and SOFA of the death group were obviously higher (P < 0.05). Further logistic regression analysis of the univariate factors influencing the risk of death from cardiomyopathy led to the conclusion that LVEF was an independent risk factor for death in patients with cardiomyopathy. LVEF below 24.69% examined by echocardiography had a high predictive value, with a sensitivity of 98.6% and a specificity of 78.6%. No obvious difference was found in general data between the conventional group and the HIM group (P > 0.05). Compared with the conventional group, the disease remission rate, complication rate, awareness rate of health knowledge, ICU length of stay, and scores of self-management efficacy of the HIM group were obviously better (P < 0.05). No significant difference was found in 5-year mean survival rate between the conventional group and the HIM group (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Older age, lower LVEF, and higher scores of APACHE II and SOFA are all risk factors for death from cardiomyopathy. Lower LVEF is an independent risk factor, and LVEF below 24.69% is an important indicator of increased risk of death. Moreover, HIM can effectively improve short-term treatment efficacy but has little effect on the long-term survival rate.

PREDICTORS OF SUCCESS ON THE RHIA EXAM.

The ultimate goal for most health information management (HIM) program graduates is successful passage of the Registered Health Information Administrator (RHIA) exam. As educators, it is our goal to successfully prepare our students for this endeavor. Past studies in this area have resulted in many recommendations for further research. The current study builds on this past research to provide further insight into predictors of graduate success on the RHIA exam. This study assessed variables impacting student success on the RHIA exam using data from students from one HIM academic program who graduated between 2014 and 2019. Variables included in the study were the dependent variable of the first-time RHIA exam score/pass or fail, and the independent variables of student mock exam score, time between graduation and examination, student self-report of English as a second language (ESL) status, introductory HIM course grade, introductory coding and intermediate coding course grades, overall GPA, and major GPA. The study found that introductory HIM course grade, mock exam score, and time between graduation and examination were significant predictive factors in HIM graduate success on the RHIA exam. The study also revealed some interesting findings regarding student ESL status and exam success that merit further study. The results of this study provide educators with further insight into predictors of student success on the RHIA exam, as well as provide information that can be used by educators to aid in student RHIA exam success.

STUDENT PERCEPTIONS OF AN UNDERGRADUATE INTERPROFESSIONAL CAPSTONE COURSE INCLUDING HEALTH INFORMATION MANAGEMENT.

As the healthcare industry continues to push for better patient care at a lower cost, it is essential that healthcare professionals develop skills in collaboration and teamwork. These skills should be practiced by students in post-secondary institutions, as they also learn to master content and technical skills. Participation of health information management (HIM) students in such activities helps to promote the value of HIM on the healthcare team. This study provides an example of integrating undergraduate HIM students into an interprofessional capstone course with other healthcare majors, summarizing student perceptions of learning activities in applying interprofessional education competencies. The results indicate a positive student perception of activities supporting application of at least three of the four competencies. Comments also highlight the struggles students have with group work, particularly in virtual teams. Sharing these activities and perceptions may contribute to further integration of undergraduate HIM students in interprofessional learning opportunities.

The impact of health information management professionals on patient safety: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: The importance of high-quality health information for patient safety has been established in the literature, yet the impact of the professionals who are the custodians of health information is absent. OBJECTIVES: This article presents the results of a systematic literature review examining the impact of the Health Information Management (HIM) profession on patient safety. METHODS: A PRISMA approach was adopted for the review of selected databases and specific journals. Titles identified as relating to HIM and patient quality were screened using Covidence ® by title and abstract, followed by full text. The quality of selected articles was assessed and thematically analysed. RESULTS: Analysis of the 8 included articles found that the key themes from the non-empirical research were data quality, information governance, corporate governance, skills and knowledge required for HIM professionals. DISCUSSION: Most publications focussed on HIM professional involvement in maintaining standards for data quality and health records, but not the professional qualifications themselves. CONCLUSIONS: There are links between patient safety and health records, and between health records and HIM professional work. More empirical research is needed to demonstrate how qualified HIM professionals contribute to patient safety.

Findings from the 2021 Yearbook Section on Health Information Management.

OBJECTIVES: To summarize the recent literature and research and present a selection of the best papers published in 2020 in the field of Health Information Management (HIM) and Health Informatics. METHODS: A systematic review of the literature for the IMIA Yearbook HIM section was performed by the two section editors with the help of a medical librarian. We searched bibliographic databases for HIM-related papers using both MeSH headings and keywords in titles and abstracts. A shortlist of the fifteen best candidate papers was first selected by section editors before being peer-reviewed by independent external reviewers. RESULTS: The three major themes of Health Information Exchange (transmitting, sharing, and accessing patient health-related data and information) (HIE), Data Quality, and Privacy and Security make up 80% of the fifteen papers, with individual papers on personal health records, information governance and the professionalism of the HIM field. CONCLUSIONS: Traditional HIM concerns about HIM practice and workforce as well as issues about the data in electronic health records (EHRs) including data quality, coding, health information exchange among entities within the healthcare systems and privacy and confidentiality continue to be a large part of the HIM research literature. Although there was little research applying these themes to pandemic concerns, HIM professionals have the expertise to make ccontributions to public health informatics research and this research would benefit from their involvement.

Personal Health Information Management Among Older Adults: Scoping Review.

BACKGROUND: Older adults face growing health care needs and could potentially benefit from personal health information management (PHIM) and PHIM technology. To ensure effective PHIM and to provide supportive tools, it is crucial to investigate the needs, challenges, processes, and tools used by this subpopulation. The literature on PHIM by older adults, however, remains scattered and has not provided a clear picture of what we know about the elements that play a role in older adults' PHIM. OBJECTIVE: The goal of our review was to provide a comprehensive overview of extant knowledge on PHIM by older adults, establish the status quo of research on this topic, and identify research gaps. METHODS: We carried out a scoping review of the literature from 1998 to 2020, which followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) framework. First, we executed a broad and structured search. We then carried out a qualitative analysis of papers pertinent to the topic taking into consideration the five elements of the patient work system as follows: (1) personal-level factors, (2) PHIM tasks, (3) tools used, (4) physical settings of PHIM activities, and (5) socio-organizational aspects. RESULTS: The review included 22 studies. Consolidated empirical evidence was related to all elements of the patient work system. Multiple personal factors affected PHIM. Various types of personal health information were managed (clinical, patient-generated, and general) and tools were used (electronic, paper-based, and others). Older adults' PHIM was intertwined with their surroundings, and various individuals participated. The largest body of evidence concerned personal factors, while findings regarding the physical environment of PHIM were scarce. Most research has thus far examined older adults as a single group, and scant attention has been paid to age subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: Opportunities for further PHIM studies remain across all elements of the patient work system in terms of empirical, design science, or review work.