Achieving health benefits from carbon reductions: manual for CaRBonH calculation tool

The Carbon Reduction Benefits on Health (CaRBonH) calculation tool allows quantification of the physical and economic consequences for human health achieved through improvements in country-level air quality from domestic carbon reductions, specifically policy mitigation actions and measures as reported in the NDCs submitted by the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC in support of the objectives as set out in Article 2 of the Convention.

Chlorine residual efficiency in inactivating bacteria from secondary contamination in Isfahan, 2002

To investigate the inactivation of potential pathogens, we evaluated survival rates for Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Aeromonas hydrophila and Salmonella typhi in samples taken from the Isfahan drinking water system. Chlorine residual, pH, temperature and total organic carbon levels were measured. The organism most sensitive to chlorine was A. hydrophila. It was inactived in < 100 minutes at chlorine levels of 0.11 mg/L to 0.90 mg/L. The other 3 organisms showed higher resistance. E. coli tolerated 0.30 mg/L chlorine for > 1000 minutes while Ent. faecalis and S. typhi survived at total chlorine concentration of 0.50 mg/L for 100 minutes. We concluded that total chlorine levels of less than 0.71 mg/L in water supply systems cannot provide the recommended safety levels

Selected synthetic organic fibres / published under the joint sponsorship of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation and the World Health Organization

Evaluates the risks to human health posed by occupational and environmental exposure to selected synthetic organic fibres. Fibres covered include carbon and graphite fibres, aramid fibres, and polyolefin fibres. Carbon and aramid fibres are used mainly in advanced composite materials to improve strength, stiffness, durability, electrical conductivity, or heat resistance. Since these fibres improve properties without adding much weight, they are used primarily in the aerospace industry, for military purposes, and in the manufacture of sports equipment. Polyolefin fibres are used in carpet pile, upholstery, bedding, curtains, and other household textile applications. The largest use of polyolefin fabric in clothing is in disposable diapers and athletic socks. Basic information on chemical and physical properties and methods of production is followed by a review of data from studies of exposure in the occupational environment, where operations such as fibre forming, winding, chopping, weaving, cutting, and machining and composite formation release fibre dusts into the workplace. The most extensive chapter, focused on the results of toxicological studies in laboratory animals and in vitro test systems, reviews the many important methodological problems, including choice of exposure route, that make it difficult to assess effects and extrapolate findings to humans. Although data from human studies are limited, the report concludes that occupational exposure to these synthetic organic fibres may have adverse effects on the respiratory system. The report further concludes that the health risk associated with exposure in the general environment is likely to be very low