Prevalência de alterações citológicas cervicais em indígenas do extremo norte da Amazônia brasileira / Prevalence of cervical cellular atypia in indigenous women from nothern amazonian region – Brazil

Introdução: Apesar de a saúde indígena ser apontada como prioritária por organizações de saúde, estudos sobreprevalência de lesões pré-malignas e malignas do colo do útero nas populações nativas do Brasil são escassos. Mais de 15% da população de Roraima é formada por indígenas aldeadas, mas seu risco de câncer do colo do útero é desconhecido. Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência de lesões citológicas pré-malignas ou malignas do colo do útero de indígenas aldeadasnos Distritos Sanitários Especiais Indígenas (DSEI) Leste e Yanomami, no extremo Norte da Amazônia Brasileira.Método: Estudo descritivo. Revisão de registros e exames patológicos de mulheres indígenas aldeadas submetidas a exame citopatológico na Casa de Saúde do Índio (RR), entre 2004 e 2012. O estudo foi aprovado pela Comissão Nacional de Ética em Pesquisa (CONE P). Resultados: Foram incluídas 2.701 indígenas, 74% de indígenas do DSEI Leste (Macuxi e Wapichana) e 26% de indígenas do DSEI Yanomami. A prevalência de LSIL foi 3,0%, HSIL 4,6% e câncer invasivo 1,1%. Nas indígenas Yanomami, houve maior prevalência da situação nunca antes rastreada (77,9% vs 55,0%) e de citologia sugestiva de câncer (2,0% vs 0,8%), sendo a diferença estatisticamente significativa.Conclusão: Este estudo chama atenção para a elevada prevalência de lesões cervicais pré-malignas e malignas emindígenas Yanomami (mais isoladas geográfica e culturalmente), comparadas com as indígenas do DSEI Leste. Estudos prospectivos avaliando os determinantes epidemiológicos e biológicos da infecção por papilomavírus humano (HPV) são necessários para melhor entendimento dessa susceptibilidade

Introduction: Despite the indigenous health being recognized as priority by health organizations, studies on theprevalence of premalignant and malignant cervical lesions in native populations of Brazil are scarce. In Roraima – Brazil,more than 15% of the population is constituted by indigenous people, but their risk of cervical cancer is unknown.Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of premalignant or malignant cervical cytological lesions in indigenous womenfrom Special Sanitary Yanomami and Eastern District, in the northern Brazilian Amazonian region. Method: Adescriptive study and medical records and pathological examinations of indigenous women review that underwentcytopathological screening in the House of Indigenous Health – RR, between 2004 and 2012. The study was approvedby National Commission on Ethics in Research (CONEP). Results: 2,701 indigenous were included, 74% fromEastern Special Sanitary District (ethnic groups Makushi and Wapichana) and 26% from Yanomami Special SanitaryDistrict. The prevalence of LSIL was 3.0%, HSIL 4.6% and 1.1% of invasive cancer. In the Yanomami group, therewas a higher prevalence of the status of never been screened before (77.9% vs 55.0%) and a higher prevalence ofa cytology suggestive of cancer (2.0% vs 0.8%), statistically significant. Conclusion: This study draws attention tothe high prevalence of premalignant and malignant cervical lesions in indigenous Yanomami (more geographicallyand culturally isolated) when compared to the indigenous from Eastern Special Sanitary District. Prospective studiesevaluating the epidemiological and biological determinants of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection are needed forbetter understanding of this susceptibility.

HIV-associated tuberculous lymphadenitis: the importance of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as a complementary tool for the diagnosis of tuberculosis - a study of 104 patients.

BACKGROUND: Lymphadenitis is common in HIV-positive patients. Diagnosis of the infections associated with this condition is complex, particularly in the case of tuberculosis. Rapid and specific detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) is fundamental in ensuring adequate treatment. In addition, frequent causes of lymphadenitis such as those associated with lymphoma and histoplasmosis, among others, must be eliminated as possible causes. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the accuracy of polymerase chain reaction as a tool for the diagnosis of lymphadenitis resulting from M. tuberculosis. METHODS: In this study, a protocol was developed using the following procedures: direct microscopy using Ziehl-Neelsen staining, culture in Lowenstein-Jensen medium, histology and polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: A total of 104 patients were included in the study. According to histopathology, 38 patients (36%) were found to have nonspecific chronic lymphadenitis, 27 (26%) had tuberculous lymphadenitis, 11 patients (10.5%) had lymphoma and 9 (8.7%) had histoplasmosis. When Lowenstein-Jensen culture was performed, positive tests for tuberculous lymphadenitis increased by 30%. With polymerase chain reaction, M. tuberculosis DNA was detected in 6 out of 38 samples of non-specific chronic lymphadenitis. Three of these patients were followed up, developed symptoms of tuberculosis and were cured following specific treatment. CONCLUSION: The data obtained in this study suggest that all cases of lymphadenopathies should be submitted to histopathology, Lowenstein-Jensen or Ogawa culture and polymerase chain reaction. Polymerase chain reaction may prove to be useful in providing an early and accurate detection of cases of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in HIV-positive patients with lymphadenopathies, avoiding empirical treatment and the possible development of resistant strains.

HIV-associated tuberculous lymphadenitis: the importance of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as a complementary tool for the diagnosis of tuberculosis - a study of 104 patients / Linfadenite tuberculosa associada ao HIV: a importância da reação em cadeia de polimerase (PCR) como ferramenta complementar para o diagnóstico da tuberculose - estudo de 104 pacientes

BACKGROUND: Lymphadenitis is common in HIV-positive patients. Diagnosis of the infections associated with this condition is complex, particularly in the case of tuberculosis. Rapid and specific detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) is fundamental in ensuring adequate treatment. In addition, frequent causes of lymphadenitis such as those associated with lymphoma and histoplasmosis, among others, must be eliminated as possible causes. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the accuracy of polymerase chain reaction as a tool for the diagnosis of lymphadenitis resulting from M. tuberculosis. METHODS: In this study, a protocol was developed using the following procedures: direct microscopy using Ziehl-Neelsen staining, culture in Lowenstein-Jensen medium, histology and polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: A total of 104 patients were included in the study. According to histopathology, 38 patients (36 percent) were found to have nonspecific chronic lymphadenitis, 27 (26 percent) had tuberculous lymphadenitis, 11 patients (10.5 percent) had lymphoma and 9 (8.7 percent) had histoplasmosis. When Lowenstein-Jensen culture was performed, positive tests for tuberculous lymphadenitis increased by 30 percent. With polymerase chain reaction, M. tuberculosis DNA was detected in 6 out of 38 samples of non-specific chronic lymphadenitis. Three of these patients were followed up, developed symptoms of tuberculosis and were cured following specific treatment. CONCLUSION: The data obtained in this study suggest that all cases of lymphadenopathies should be submitted to histopathology, Lowenstein-Jensen or Ogawa culture and polymerase chain reaction. Polymerase chain reaction may prove to be useful in providing an early and accurate detection of cases of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in HIV-positive patients with lymphadenopathies, avoiding empirical treatment and the possible development of resistant strains.

FUNDAMENTOS: A linfadenite é comum em pacientes HIV-positivos. O diagnóstico das infecções associadas a essa condição é complexo, especialmente em relação à tuberculose. A detecção rápida e específica do Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) é essencial para o tratamento adequado. Além disso, frequentes causas de linfadenites tais como as relacionadas a linfoma, histoplasmose, e outras, devem ser afastadas. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a importância da biópsia cirúrgica excisional das linfadenites e realização dos exames histopatológicos, exames baciloscópicos (Ziehl-Neelsen), cultura (Lowenstein-Jensen) e reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) com finalidade diagnostica MÉTODOS: Desenvolveu-se um protocolo para biópsias excisionais de linfonodos, adotando-se os seguintes procedimentos: exame direto de esfregaços corados pelo método de Ziehl-Neelsen, cultura em meio de Lowenstein-Jensen, exame anátomo-patológico e PCR. RESULTADOS: Ao todo foram incluídos 104 pacientes, e o exame histopatológico evidenciou 36 por cento (n = 38 pacientes) de casos de linfadenite crônica inespecífica, 26 por cento (n = 27) de linfadenite tuberculosa, 10,5 por cento (n =11) de linfoma e 8,7 por cento (n = 9) de histoplasmose. Através da cultura no meio de Lowenstein-Jensen, os casos positivos para linfadenite tuberculosa aumentaram para 30 por cento. A PCR detectou M. tuberculosis em 6 das 38 amostras de linfadenite crônica inespecífica. Três desses pacientes foram acompanhados, exibiram sintomas de tuberculose e foram curados após tratamento específico. CONCLUSÃO: Os dados obtidos neste trabalho sugerem que em todos os casos de linfadenopatia deve-se realizar exame histopatológico, cultura em Lowenstein-Jensen ou Ogawa e reação em cadeia da polimerase. A reação em cadeia da polimerase pode ser útil na detecção precoce e acurada de casos de TB extrapulmonar nos pacientes HIV-positivos com linfadenopatias, evitando-se o uso de tratamentos empíricos e o eventual desenvolvimento de cepas resistentes.

Experimental splenectomies and malaria in mice.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the importance of spleen in malaric infection in murino model, comparing the parasitemia and the titles of immunoglobulins in the different groups. METHODS: It was used female mice non-isogenic, inoculated with Plasmodium berghei, cepa ANKA, intraperitoneally. The parasitemia was analyzed in 23rd, 25th, 27th and 32nd day of the experiment, being the stained blood exam colored by Giemsa. The titles of the total serum immunoglobulins IgM and IgG were analyzed by Dot-ELISA technique, at 6th, 22nd and 32nd day, when the animals were sacrificed. RESULTS: The parasitemia was gradual in all the inoculated groups. In the end of the experiment, the animals with partial parasitemia present superior parasitemia, but next to the non-splenectomized, while the asplenics present difference bigger than the double. The levels of total serum IgM and IgG didn't have significant changes with the removal partial or total splenic. CONCLUSION: The techniques conservatives in splenic trauma are possible and necessary. The importance of remaining spleen in the clearance of red blood cells parasitized by Plasmodium berghei showed being efficient, in order to avoid serious complications resulting of the malaria in mice.

Experimental splenectomies and malaria in mice / Esplenectomias e malária experimental em camundongos

PURPOSE: To evaluate the importance of spleen in malaric infection in murino model, comparing the parasitemia and the titles of imunoglobulins in the different groups. METHODS: It was used female mice non-isogenic, in inoculated with Plasmodium berghei, cepa ANKA, intraperitoneally. The parasitemia was analyzed in 23rd, 25th, 27th and 32nd day of the experiment, being the stained blood' exam colored by Giemsa. The titles of the total serum immunoglobulins IgM and IgG were analyzed by Dot-ELISA technique, at 6th, 22nd and 32nd day, when the animals were sacrificed. RESULTS: The parasitemia was gradual in all the inoculated groups. In the end of the experiment, the animals with partial parasitemia present superior parasitemia, but next to the non-splenectomized, while the asplenics present difference bigger than the double. The levels of total serum IgM and IgG didin´t have significant changes with the removal partial or total splenic. CONCLUSION: The techniques conservatives in splenic trauma are possible and necessary. The importance of remaining spleen in the clearance of red blood cells parasitized by Plasmodium berghei showed being efficient, in order to avoid serious complications resulting of the malaria in mice.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a importância do baço na infecção malárica em modelo murino, comparando a parasitemia e os títulos das imunoglobulinas nos diferentes grupos. MÉTODOS: Utilizaram-se camundongos fêmeos não isogênicos, inoculados com Plasmodium berghei, cepa ANKA, intraperitoneal. A parasitemia foi analisada no 23°, 25°, 27º e 32° dia do experimento, sendo o exame do esfregaço sangüíneo, corado pelo Giemsa. As titulações das imunoglobulinas totais séricas IgM e IgG foram realizadas pela técnica Dot-ELISA, no 6°, 22° e no 32° dia, quando os animais foram sacrificados. RESULTADOS: A parasitemia foi progressiva em todos os grupos inoculados. Ao final do experimento, os animais com esplenectomia parcial apresentaram parasitemia superior, porém próximos as dos não esplenectomizados, enquanto que os asplênicos apresentaram diferença superior a 100 por cento. Os níveis de IgM e IgG totais séricos não foram alterados significativamente com a remoção parcial ou total esplênica. CONCLUSÃO: As técnicas conservadoras no trauma esplênico são possíveis e necessárias. A importância do remanescente esplênico no clearence das hemácias infectadas pelo Plasmodium berghei demonstrou ser eficiente, de modo a evitar sérias complicações decorrentes da malária em camundongos.

Tegumentary leishmaniasis as the cause of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in a patient co-infected with human immunodeficiency virus and Leishmania guyanensis.

We report a case of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) in a 32-year-old man infected with human immunodeficiency virus and Leishmania guyanensis. Three months after initiation of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART), the patient had disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis and started anti-leishmanial therapy. The patient's leishmaniasis manifestations during HAART ranged form an anergic response (46 CD4+ T cells/microL) to a disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis (112 CD4+ T cells/microL). Eight weeks later (168 CD4+ T cells/microL, skin biopsy specimens showed inflammatory infiltrates with no detectable amastigotes. The patient then became comatose. Prednisone therapy (60 mg/day) was initiated with a significant improvement within 48 hours. Three months later (CD4+ T cell count = 184 cell/microL), localized, classic, cutaneous leishmaniasis developed in the patient and anti-leishmanial treatment was re-introduced. On that occasion, frequency of T regulatory cells was 1.82% of all CD4+ cells. Our data suggest a pivotal role for CD4+ T cells in the onset of IRIS and lesion ulceration and their association with a low frequency of T regulatory cells.

Atividade antiinflamatória do extrato aquoso de Arrabidaea chica (Humb. & Bonpl.) B. Verl. sobre o edema induzido por venenos de serpentes amazônicas / Anti-inflammatory activity of the aqueous extract of Arrabidaea chica (Humb. & Bonpl.) B. Verl. on the self-induced inflammatory process from venoms amazonians snakes

O estudo investigou o efeito antiinflamatório do extrato aquoso da Arrabidaea chica (Humb. & Bonpl.) B. Verl., Bignoniaceae, popularmente conhecida como "crajiru", sobre o edema induzido por venenos de serpentes amazônicas dos gêneros Brothrops e Crotalus, em camundongos albinos, por via oral, intraperitoneal e subcutânea. O efeito anti-edematogênico foi avaliado pela medição do diâmetro dos coxins das patas posteriores, sendo medidos as 1, 3, 6, 12 e 24 horas, para B. atrox e 1, 3 e 6 horas para Crotalus durissus ruruima, e também avaliado por histopatologia. O estudo mostrou que o efeito inibitório do extrato aquoso para o gênero Bothrops, pelas vias subcutânea e intraperitoneal (12 horas) foi de 55,87 por cento e 65,70 por cento, respectivamente. Para o gênero Crotalus o efeito inibitório do extrato pela via subcutânea após 3 horas foi de 33,55 por cento e após 6 horas de 79,81 por cento. Pela via intraperitoneal após 3 horas foi de 48,02 por cento e após 6 horas de 92,52 por cento. Na análise histopatológica, o infiltrado de granulócitos e a miocitólise foram os efeitos inflamatórios inibidos mais significativamente. Os resultados sugerem a presença no extrato aquoso de A. chica de substâncias com atividade inibitória sobre os efeitos inflamatórios dos venenos das serpentes Bothrops atrox e Crotalus durissus ruruima.

The study investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of the aqueous extract (EAq), the Arrabidaea chica (Humb. & Bonpl.) B. Verl., Bignoniaceae, known as the "crajiru", tested on the paw oedema induced in inflammatory process by venoms Amazon snakes from the Bothrops and Crotalus species, on albino mice. This process was done by an oral, intraperitoneal and subcutaneous way. The cushions thickness was measured at time breaks of 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 hours, Bothrops genus and 1, 3 and 6 hours, Crotalus genus, and a histopathologic analysis was made. The Bothrops genus, was used as an inhibitory effect for the subcutaneous and intraperitoneal way (12 hours), and it had an inhibition of 55.87 percent and 65.70 percent, respectively. For the Crotalus genus, the inhibitory effect for the subcutaneous way after 3 hours was the 33.55 percent and 79.81 percent, after 6 hours. The intraperitoneal way affect after 3 hours had an inhibition of 48.02 percent and 92.52 percent after 6 hours. For the histopathological analysis, the leucocytes infiltration and the miocitolisis were the most expressive parameters and thus inhibited. The results suggest the presence of active principles with anti-inflammatory effects.