Aprendizagem baseada em projeto e a formação médica: relato de experiência introduzindo questões para o debate interprofissional / Project-based learning and medical education: experience report introducing issues for interprofessional debate / El aprendizaje basado en proyecto y la formación médica: informe de experiencia que introduce cuestiones para el debate interprofesional

A aprendizagem baseada em projeto orientada pelos fundamentos da educação interprofissional é um modelo que pode contribuir para a formação de relacionamentos interpessoais, criatividade, empatia e colaboração na educação médica, por meio de uma colaboração mútua com profissionais de saúde da rede. Muito se fala da efetividade desse método no campo do ensino e aprendizagem médica, mas há a necessidade de incluir a importância do desenvolvimento de habilidades interprofissionais, com equipes colaborativas, em ações extensionistas, diante das necessidades locais no contexto da atenção primária, pensando na melhoria dos resultados de saúde. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar um relato de experiência de aprendizagem baseada em projeto de estudantes de Medicina no contexto da Estratégia Saúde da Família. Participaram deste trabalho estudantes do Módulo Integração Ensino, Serviço e Comunidade da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri que executaram, em colaboração com uma equipe interprofissional o projeto sobre a saúde do homem. Como resultado da análise qualitativa do feedback entre os integrantes, observaram-se mudanças no comportamento dos estudantes, com melhorias na comunicação, empatia e nas relações interpessoais, por meio do trabalho colaborativo com a equipe interprofissional. Esta experiência poderá ser adaptada para implementar o ensino e aprendizagem no projeto pedagógico orientado pela educação interprofissional na atenção primária.

Project-based learning guided by the fundamentals of interprofessional education is a model that can contribute to the formation of interpersonal relationships, creativity, empathy and collaboration within medical education, through mutual collaboration with health professionals in the health network. Much has been said about the effectiveness of this method in medical teaching and learning, but there is a need to include the importance of developing interprofessional skills, with collaborative teams, within extension actions, in view of local needs in the context of primary care, thinking about the improved health outcomes. The objective of this work was to present a report of a project-based learning experience of medical students in Family Health Strategy. Students from the Teaching, Service and Community Integration Module of the Faculty of Medicine of Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri participated in this work, executing in collaboration with an interprofessional team a project about men's health. As a result of the qualitative analysis of the feedback among the members, changes in student behavior were observed with improvements in communication, empathy and interpersonal relationships through collaborative work with the interprofessional team. This experience can be adapted to implement teaching and learning in the pedagogical project guided by interprofessional education in primary care.

El aprendizaje basado en proyectos y guiado por los fundamentos de la educación interprofesional es un modelo que puede contribuir a la formación de relaciones interpersonales, creatividad, empatía y colaboración dentro de la educación médica, a través de la colaboración mutua con los profesionales de la salud en la red de salud. Mucho se habla de la efectividad de este método dentro de la enseñanza y el aprendizaje médico, pero es necesario incluir la importancia del desarrollo de habilidades interprofesionales, con equipos colaborativos, dentro de las acciones de extensión, frente a las necesidades locales en el contexto de la atención primaria, pensando sobre los mejores resultados de salud. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar un informe de experiencia de aprendizaje basado en proyectos de estudiantes de medicina en la Estrategia de Salud Familiar. Participaron en este trabajo estudiantes del Módulo Integración Enseñanza, Servicio y Comunidad de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri que ejecutaron en colaboración con un equipo interprofesional el proyecto sobre la salud del hombre. Como resultado del análisis cualitativo de la retroalimentación entre los integrantes, se observaron cambios en el comportamiento de los estudiantes con mejoras en la comunicación, la empatía y las relaciones interpersonales a través del trabajo colaborativo con el equipo interprofesional. Esta experiencia puede adaptarse para implementar la enseñanza y el aprendizaje en el proyecto pedagógico guiado por la educación interprofesional en atención primaria.

Development of interprofessional education programmes in nursing care and oral healthcare for dental and nursing students.

BACKGROUND: Interprofessional education (IPE) is essential for healthcare students to collaborate effectively in multidisciplinary teams. This study aimed to identify the effect of IPE programmes in nursing care and oral healthcare on dental and nursing students' perceptions of interprofessional collaboration. METHODS: The study included 101 third-year dental and 98 fourth-year nursing students. The participants were divided into mixed-professional groups of four (2 dental and 2 nursing students). They participated in nursing care and oral healthcare training programmes that included student-on-student training and discussion groups. Questionnaires regarding perceptions of interprofessional collaboration were distributed to the participants before and after the programmes to compare the programmes before and after and between the dental and nursing students. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test and chi-square test were used to compare the data. RESULTS: Data from 79 dental students (42 males and 37 females) and 89 nursing students (4 males and 85 females) who completed both questionnaires were used for the comparisons. Perceptions of the differences between the approaches of different health professionals to nursing care, the roles of other professionals, and the need for multiprofessional collaboration improved significantly among both dental and nursing students after the programmes. Although the perception of their ability to communicate with unfamiliar or new people improved significantly only among the nursing students, other perceptions of their ability to communicate did not improve for either group. More dental students than nursing students chose nursing trainings as good programmes to participate in with other professional students, while more nursing students than dental students chose oral care trainings as good programmes. Many students commented that they learned about nursing and oral healthcare skills as well as the importance of teamwork and communication with other professionals. Seven students commented that they were more motivated to become dentists and nurses. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that IPE programmes for nursing care and oral healthcare might be effective at helping students understand other professionals and promoting multiprofessional collaboration. However, further studies are needed to develop IPE programmes to improve attitudes and abilities related to interprofessional communication skills.

Implementation and Mixed-Methods Assessment of an Early Mobility Interprofessional Education Simulation.

INTRODUCTION: Extended periods of bed rest and mechanical ventilation (MV) have devastating effects on the body. BACKGROUND: Early mobility (EM) for patients in respiratory failure is safe and feasible, and an interprofessional team is recommended. Using simulation to train EM skills improves student confidence. The purpose of this study was to enable health care student collaboration as an interprofessional team in providing safe management and monitoring during an EM simulation for a patient requiring MV. METHODS: Nursing (n = 33), respiratory (n = 7), occupational (n = 24), and physical therapist students (n = 55) participated in an EM interprofessional education (IPE) simulation experience. A mixed-methods analytic approach was used with pre/post quantitative analysis of the Student Perceptions of Interprofessional Clinical Education-Revised, Version 2 instrument and qualitative analysis of students' guided reflection papers. RESULTS: Pre/post surveys completion rate was 39.5% (n = 47). The Student Perceptions of Interprofessional Clinical Education-Revised, Version 2 instrument indicated a significant improvement (P = .037) in students' perceptions of interprofessional collaborative practice. Qualitative data showed a positive response to the EM simulation IPE. Themes reflected all 4 Interprofessional Education Collaborative competencies. DISCUSSION: This study demonstrated improved perception of interprofessional collaborative practice and better understanding of the Interprofessional Education Collaborative competencies. CONCLUSION: Students collaborated in the simulation-based IPE to provide EM for a patient requiring MV and reported perceived benefits of the experience.

Interprofessional education interventions in undergraduate students of musculoskeletal healthcare professions: a scoping review protocol.

INTRODUCTION: Enhancing interprofessional education (IPE) fosters collaborative efforts among healthcare professionals specializing in musculoskeletal (MSK) care. This approach presents a valuable opportunity to address the pressing MSK disease burden in developing countries, with high prevalence rates and limited resources. While an abundance of literature on the various elements of IPE among healthcare students and professionals exists, shared contexts of practice of South African MSK disciplines are not currently developed through IPE at higher education level, establishing a need for South African formalised curricular IPE interventions with an explicit focus on undergraduate students of MSK healthcare professions. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The intended scoping review protocol is guided by the framework set out by Arksey and O'Malley, where the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews will guide the process of reporting. English sources (qualitative and quantitative methodological studies, conference papers and proceedings, systematic reviews, grey literature, unpublished materials, theses and dissertations) from the electronic databases PubMed, Scopus, ERIC and ProQuest with no date restriction will be included. A researcher, an independent reviewer and research librarian will search and extract data from abstracts and full texts for this scoping review, where any arising disagreements will be resolved by discussion. Reference lists of relevant literature will be scrutinised. Relevant literature will be recorded on a referencing software and deduplicated. The data collection will take place between May and October 2023. The findings will be reported narratively with the use of tables. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This scoping review does not require ethical approval as all literature used already exists in the public domain with no involvement of human participants. The findings from this planned review will be submitted to peer-reviewed journals and will be presented at higher education conferences. This scoping review protocol was registered on Open Science Framework with the registration osf.io/c27n4.

A Scoping Review of Interprofessional Education Training Aimed to Improve 2SLGBTQ+ Health.

OBJECTIVES: This scoping review aims to identify and summarize the available literature on 2-spirited, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, plus (2SLGBTQ+) interprofessional health education and to identify optimal methods of interprofessional training to improve health care professional competency for this patient population. METHODS: A search of PubMed and Embase was conducted and supplemented with a manual search of reference lists from identified articles. Articles were included if they reported an interprofessional education event on the topic of 2SLGBTQ+ health to at least 2 or more groups of health care professionals or students. Article screening was completed independently by 2 reviewers. Data from the included articles were extracted and mapped according to the type of participant (health care students or working health care professionals), type of event (workshop, case-based, course/curriculum, or forum), and type of assessment. RESULTS: One hundred articles were screened, of which 15 articles met the inclusion criteria. Twelve articles focused on interprofessional health education for entry-to-practice students, with the remaining 3 articles involving practicing health care professionals. When mapped by type of event, 1-time case-based and workshop style events were the most used to deliver training. All 15 studies used an immediate presurvey and postsurvey design to evaluate the knowledge and competence of the participants after training. CONCLUSIONS: Interprofessional education for improving 2SLGBTQ+ health is largely delivered within entry-to-practice degree programs via 1-time events with knowledge- and confidence-based assessments. Further research is needed to determine the impact of this training in practice, as well as the applicability for the training of practicing health care professionals.

Unpacking the perceptions and experiences of student facilitators in interprofessional education: a qualitative study.

Enhancing health professional students' effective learning and collaborative practice requires a deep understanding of strategies for facilitating interprofessional learning. While faculty members and clinical preceptors are recognized as facilitators in interprofessional education (IPE), there is limited knowledge about the impact of student facilitators' engagement in IPE. Accordingly, this study aims to explore the perceptions and experiences of student facilitators in IPE. Thirteen student facilitators were recruited to lead an interprofessional learning program, and they were subsequently invited to participate in one-on-one interviews. An interview guide was developed to explore their motivations, expectations, engagement, effectiveness, and achievements in IPE facilitation. Thematic analysis was conducted using MAXQDA software to analyze the student facilitators' experiences and perceptions. Eight interviewees from various disciplines, including Medicine, Nursing, Pharmacy, Speech and Hearing Sciences, and Social Work, took part in the study. The findings revealed that student facilitators highly valued their IPE facilitation experience, which aligned with their expectations and led to the creation of social networks, increased confidence, improved understanding of other professions, and the development of lifelong skills. Furthermore, the student facilitators demonstrated cognitive and social congruence by establishing a relaxed learning environment, displaying empathetic and supportive behaviors, and using inclusive language to engage IPE learners in group discussions. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the role of student facilitators in IPE, contributing to the evolving literature on IPE. A conceptual framework was developed to explore the entire facilitation experience, encompassing the motivations and expectations of student facilitators, their engagement and effectiveness, and the observed achievements. These findings can inform the development of peer teaching training in IPE and stimulate further research in identifying relevant facilitator competencies for optimal delivery of IPE.

Understanding Health Professionals' Experiences of Interprofessional Mentored Research During Clinical Training: A Qualitative Descriptive Study.

BACKGROUND: Interprofessional education is recognized as an important part of the training of future health professionals. Limited investigation has been done on the experiences of students who have completed interprofessional mentored research during their clinical training. PURPOSE: To explore if this experience provided meaningful training in key areas of interprofessional education. METHOD: Using a qualitative descriptive framework, one-on-one interviews were conducted with eight healthcare providers (three occupational therapists and five speech language pathologists) who engaged in interprofessional research during their clinical training. Qualitative content analysis was completed with triangulation by analyst and member checking. CONCLUSION: Three main themes were identified: 1) interprofessional research project collaboration, 2) professional development, and 3) recommendations for student-oriented interprofessional research collaborations. The results illustrated that the health practitioners found their student experiences valuable to their current interprofessional practice and provided salient training on roles and responsibilities, teamwork, and communication.

Student Preferences for Virtual or In-Person Interprofessional Education Simulations.

The COVID-19 pandemic created a shift in interprofessional education (IPE) courses, causing programs to change pedagogical approaches. We sought to examine student preferences for taking IPE simulations. On post-simulation surveys from two courses (n=844 students, 2020-2022 academic years), we asked students if they preferred to take the simulation through a synchronous in-person or virtual format. More students preferred a virtual platform in academic year 2021-2022 than the previous year (p<0.001). Students who chose the virtual format believed it was more convenient, reduced COVID-19 transmission, and eased interprofessional collaboration. The downsides to in-person simulations included travel logistics and technical challenges in the simulation lab. Students suggested that in-person simulations more closely resembled 'real life' and that communication and body language are easier to convey in person.

Impacts of interprofessional education on collaborative practice of healthcare professionals: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate and statistically synthesise data on the effects of interprofessional education on healthcare professionals' collaborative practice among healthcare professionals. DESIGN: A systematic review and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES: Seven databases and the grey literature were searched to collect relevant studies from database inception to 15 May 2023. REVIEW METHODS: A random-effects model was used to assess the pooled effect size. Each pooled analysis was tested for publication bias using Egger's regression test. RESULTS: Eleven studies were included in the final analysis. The evaluation of pooled results showed that interprofessional education significantly enhanced attitudes towards or mutual respect among healthcare professionals (pooled standardized mean difference: 0.14; 95 % Confidence Interval: 0.01-0.28; p = 0.04) and interprofessional knowledge (pooled standardized mean difference: 0.43; 95 % Confidence Interval: 0.22-0.65; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Interprofessional education is a feasible approach to enhance attitudes towards or mutual respect among healthcare professionals as well as their interprofessional knowledge. Future research is needed to consider the inclusion of a module designed to develop mutual interests and communication to enhance students' perspectives on the importance of the interprofessional education approach.

A single institution, cross-sectional study on medical student preferences for collaborators in interprofessional education.

BACKGROUND: While the importance of interprofessional education in medical training has been well-established, no specific framework has been used uniformly or shown to be most effective in the creation of interprofessional education (IPE) sessions. Further, prior studies have demonstrated that students have preferences for the design of these experiences. In this study, we sought to understand medical student preference for interprofessional teammates and motivations for this choice. METHODS: In this single-institution, cross-sectional analysis of the Duke IPE Clinic, participating students from September 2019-March 2020 completed a voluntary electronic survey that queried preferences for which health professions students (Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT), Accelerated Bachelor of Science in Nursing (ABSN), Nurse Practitioner (NP), Pharmacy, and Physician's Associate (PA)) they would want to work with, and the motivating reason. Preferences and reasons were compared between first-year medical students (MS1s) and third- and fourth-year medical students (MS3s/MS4s). RESULTS: In total, 132 students participated. We found that MS1s most preferred interprofessional teammates with a more similar area of study (PA, NP), whereas MS3s/MS4s most preferred classmates with a less similar area of study (pharmacy, DPT, ABSN). MS1 students frequently selected their first-choice preference because the profession seemed most similar, while MS3/MS4 students often selected their first-choice preference because the profession seemed most different. CONCLUSIONS: Medical students earlier in training have more interest in working with professions they view as similar whereas senior students prefer to work with professions they view as more different. This information is important for designing educational IPE opportunities.

A study of the impact of an interprofessional education module in Vietnam on students' readiness and competencies.

INTRODUCTION: The literature puts forward a range of challenges of interprofessional education (IPE) related to its planning, initiation, implementation, and especially to IPE assessment. The present study aims to map changes in students' readiness and interprofessional collaboration competence (IPCC) in implementing an innovative IPE module. Potential differences in impact related to the health education programs and IPCC scores resulting from self-, peer-, and tutor assessments will also be analysed. METHODS: A pre-post design was adopted. The student's readiness for interprofessional learning was assessed using the Readiness for Interprofessional Learning Scale, and the student's IPCC score was calculated based on self-, peer-, and tutor assessments with the interprofessional collaborator assessment rubric. RESULTS: Students' mean post-test readiness scores and mean post-test IPCC scores were significantly higher than the total and subscales/domain pre-test scores (p<0.01). No significant within-subject differences were observed in students' readiness total or subscale scores when comparing health educational programs. However, significant differences were observed in students' mean total IPCC scores between programs (p<0.01). Significant differences in students' average IPCC scores were found when comparing self-, peer- and tutor assessment scores in six domains (p<0.01). Also, significant correlations between peer and tutor assessment scores were observed (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: The IPE module, designed and implemented to focus on patient-centred practice within a primary care context, positively impacted students' readiness and IPCC development. These results offer insights to expand the implementation of the IPE module to all health educational programs.

Evaluating the impact of a blended interprofessional education course on students' attitudes towards interprofessional education: a pre-post study.

BACKGROUND: Since 2011, five educational and healthcare institutions have implemented a short interprofessional education (IPE) course to bring together undergraduates from five disciplines. To meet the logistical challenges of IPE implementation, more specifically, the large number of classrooms needed to gather students together and the need for human resources to guide learning activities, a face-to-face IPE course was redesigned into a blended (online and face-to-face collaborative learning activities) IPE course. In March 2023, 183 medical, 378 nursing, 46 radiologic technology, 69 physiotherapy, and 74 occupational therapy students participated in a one-day IPE blended course to learn interprofessional team functioning and dynamics, role clarification and responsibilities of other professions, and interprofessional communication skills. This study aimed to assess students' changes in attitudes towards IPE after being involved in a large-scale interprofessional blended learning course. METHODS: A before-after study was conducted using a French translation of the validated questionnaire "University of West of England Interprofessional Questionnaire" (UWE-IP questionnaire). Students' attitudes towards interprofessional (IP) relationships and IP learning were measured before and after the course. In March 2023, two hundred fifty-six students from five professions answered two subscales of the UWE-IP questionnaire before and after the course (response rate 34%). RESULTS: Students' attitudes towards IP relationships improved significantly after the course. The score on this subscale (min 8; max 24) changed from 11.18 (SD 2,67) before the course to 10,38 (SD 2,55) after the course, indicating a significant improvement in attitudes towards IP relationships (p < 0,001). More specifically, students had more positive attitudes on the item "I have a good understanding of the roles of different health and social care professionals." and the item "I feel that I am respected by people from other health and social care disciplines." after the course. A positive change in students' attitudes towards IP learning was observed, but the results were not significative. CONCLUSION: A face-to-face IPE course redesigned as a blended course helped overcome existing challenges to implementing an IPE course. The results suggest a blended IPE course improves students' attitudes towards interprofessionality.

Exploring experiential learning within interprofessional practice education initiatives for pre-licensure healthcare students: a scoping review.

BACKGROUND: Interprofessional collaborative team-based approaches to care in health service delivery has been identified as important to health care reform around the world. Many academic institutions have integrated interprofessional education (IPE) into curricula for pre-licensure students in healthcare disciplines, but few provide formal initiatives for interprofessional practice (IPP). It is recognized that experiential learning (EL) can play a significant role supporting IPP education initiatives; however, little is known of how EL is used within education for IPP in healthcare settings. METHODS: We conducted a scoping review to map peer-reviewed literature describing IPP education initiatives involving EL for pre-licensure students in healthcare disciplines. A literature search was executed in MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, ERIC, PsycINFO, Scopus, and Social Services Abstracts. After deduplication, two independent reviewers screened titles and abstracts of 5664 records and then 252 full-text articles that yielded 100 articles for data extraction. Data was extracted using an Excel template, and results synthesized for presentation in narrative and tabular formats. RESULTS: The 100 included articles represented 12 countries and IPP education initiatives were described in three main typologies of literature - primary research, program descriptions, and program evaluations. Forty-three articles used a theory, framework, or model for design of their initiatives with only eight specific to EL. A variety of teaching and learning strategies were employed, such as small interprofessional groups of students, team huddles, direct provision of care, and reflective activities, but few initiatives utilized a full EL cycle. A range of perspectives and outcomes were evaluated such as student learning outcomes, including competencies associated with IPP, impacts and perceptions of the IPP initiatives, and others such as client satisfaction. CONCLUSION: Few educational frameworks specific to EL have been used to inform EL teaching and learning strategies to consolidate IPE learning and prepare students for IPP in healthcare settings. Further development and evaluation of existing EL frameworks and models would be beneficial in supporting robust IPP educational initiatives for students in healthcare disciplines. Intentional, thoughtful, and comprehensive use of EL informed by theory can contribute important advances in IPP educational approaches and the preparation of a future health care workforce.

Interprofessional education within a nurse practitioner led paediatric service: A multi-methods study.

AIM: This project explored whether a nurse practitioner led mobile paediatric screening service in early learning centres could incorporate allied health and nursing students and develop their confidence in interprofessional collaboration. BACKGROUND: Interprofessional collaboration is essential for health professionals across all contexts of care, including early childhood screening and intervention that enables children to thrive. METHODS: This multi-methods study (pre-test/post-test design) was conducted with nursing, physiotherapy, occupational therapy and nutrition and dietetics students attending clinical placement within the nurse practitioner led mobile paediatric service. Data were collected via pre and post placement surveys (ISVS-21) and post placement semi-structured interviews. RESULTS: Twelve students participated from July to December 2022. Survey findings demonstrated students improved inter-professional socialisation and readiness, supported by qualitative findings that uncovered unique mechanisms for how positive experiences were achieved. Unique pedagogical elements included 1) the nurse practitioner's professional attributes and 2) the mobile nature of the service leveraging learning opportunities within the shared commute. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides proof-of-concept of a placement model that facilitates interprofessional collaboration in nursing and allied health students. Further research should explore longer-term outcomes and scalability.

Enhancing interprofessional education readiness in undergraduate dental students: a scenario-based peer learning programme.

BACKGROUND: Interprofessional Education (IPE) is an educational approach that brings together students from different healthcare professions to foster collaborative learning and teamwork. Before integrating IPE into the curriculum of health preprofessional students, it is necessary to increase their readiness for IPE. Dentistry increasingly values interprofessional collaboration and teamwork for enhanced patient care and healthcare team competencies, an emphasis also echoed by recent dental education authorities. The aim of this quasi-experimental research was to assess the influence of Scenario Based Learning Peer Learning (SBPL) programme, which involved scenarios necessitating interprofessional communication, on the readiness for IPE among a cohort of undergraduate dental students studying within the framework of the European Higher Education Area (EHEA). METHODS: This study investigates undergraduate dental students' readiness for IPE and the influence of SBPL programme on their readiness. Participants (n = 25) from 18 EHEA countries completed the Readiness for Interprofessional Learning Scale (RIPLS) before and after SBPL programme, held at the 70th European Dental Students' Association (EDSA) meeting. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test (p = 0.05). RESULTS: After the SBPT programme, there was a statistically significant increase (p < 0.05) in the mean of the total scale, teamwork and collaboration, roles and responsibilities and professional identity subscale. In general, SBPL programme showed a constructive effect on interprofessional readiness. Although there was no statistically significant increase only in items 9,12,18 of the 19 items of the RIPLS, there was an increase in the averages in all except item 12. CONCLUSION: Our research emphasizes the importance of diverse perspectives and IPE in the realm of dental education. Within the limits of this study, it showcases the efficacy of a brief half-day SBPL programme with interprofessional scenarios in enhancing participants' readiness. The programme notably enhanced dental students' readiness in grasping crucial aspects of IPE: teamwork and collaboration, professional identity, and roles and responsibilities. However, this study does not delve into the potential impact of a comprehensive, long-term curriculum integrating IPE principles. This gap underscores the need for further exploration into the sustained influence of IPE on the interprofessional skills of dental school graduates.

Interprofessional Education and Essential Approach to Health care.

In today's changing landscape of the US health care system, it is imperative to have a health care delivery model that is patient-centered and delivered by a multidisciplinary collaborative team with an understanding of each other's roles and responsibilities as well as communicate effectively. Academic institutions must create partnerships with health systems and ambulatory care settings to provide health profession students with authentic and inclusive interprofessional learning opportunities which include practice-ready skills which are needed to enter the health care workforce. Nurses are well positioned to lead this effort and practice within interprofessional teams in health care organizations.

Health Professionals' Use of Online Communities for Interprofessional Peer Education.

Online communities in health care are well established as technologies for facilitating interactions between patients with common conditions and communication between patients and health professionals. Less well known is how health professionals use these platforms to connect with their peers, particularly for interprofessional education or support. We present early results from our exploratory international mixed methods (survey and interview) study of health professionals' experience of engaging with online communities for interprofessional peer education. Our results show that health professionals had relatively high levels of confidence engaging with multiple platforms. They used the platforms to formally and informally share evidence-based content, engage in collegial debate and connect with international colleagues. Health professionals are keen to engage with online communities for education and are aware of how these sites' functionality can promote engagement with interdisciplinary peers.

The effectiveness of community-based interprofessional education for undergraduate medical and health promotion students.

BACKGROUND: Community-based interprofessional education (CBIPE) has been proven effective in enhancing the interprofessional competencies of medical and health professional students. However, there is a lack of evaluation on the impact of experiential CBIPE among undergraduate medical and health promotion students in Thailand. Therefore, the objective of this study is to assess the influence of CBIPE learning on the collaborative competencies of these students. METHODS: A one-group pre-posttest design in 193 (152 medical students and 41 health promotion) students were involved in the CBIPE program, later divided into 12 groups. Data was collected by direct observations of mentors using the Interprofessional Collaborative Competencies Attainment Survey (ICCAS). The Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the CBIPE program. RESULTS: A total of 175 (90.67%) completed ICCAS and satisfaction questions before and after the CBIPE program. The mean age of respondents was 20.29 ± 1.63 years; 60.57% were women and 39.43% were men. The results showed a significant increase in collaborative competencies before and after the 2-week course. Gender-stratified analysis showed an improvement after CBIPE training for all subscales in women, while the communication, collaboration, conflict management, and functioning team skills segment score was significantly higher in the post-assessment among men. CONCLUSION: The implementation of CBIPE learning was successful in enhancing collaborative competencies among both medical and health promotion students. These findings will provide valuable insights for the design and improvement of CBIPE learning programs in other universities.

Interacting within an asynchronous online interprofessional education workshop focused on social determinants of health.

BACKGROUND: Meaningful interprofessional education (IPE) involves students from at least two professions interacting to learn with, about, and from one another. Our objective was to describe a novel online approach used to create meaningful IPE within a social determinants of health (SDoH) workshop. INTERPROFESSIONAL EDUCATION ACTIVITY: This online workshop integrated four different professions' perspectives on SDoH (social-work, public-health, nursing, and pharmacy). Each six-student interprofessional team was assigned a local neighborhood. This week-long workshop had numerous activities (pre- and post-workshop quizzes, a SDoH-primer video, video self-introduction to teammates, a windshield questionnaire with two subsequent clinical cases, a post-workshop reflection, and post-workshop evaluation). For discussion, asynchronous video-based responses were used instead of traditional text-based discussion-boards. DISCUSSION: Quantitatively comparing quiz scores, students' SDoH knowledge increased with this workshop. Qualitatively from evaluations, most students found this workshop helpful and meaningful. Supporting use of video-based responses, many students' favorite aspect was interacting and collaborating within their interprofessional teams, although some students desired synchronous activities instead. Faculty facilitators confirmed that meaningful IPE interactions occurred. IMPLICATIONS: In short, students from multiple health-professions learned SDoH-content and, using video-based responses, interacted asynchronously during this online workshop. This report demonstrated one tool available to help facilitate meaningful IPE asynchronously. This asynchronous, online IPE workshop appears to be a promising format to be integrated with other in-person IPE sessions.

Behavioural outcomes of interprofessional education within clinical settings for health professional students: A systematic literature review.

Interprofessional education facilitates collaborative practice, which promotes high-quality patient care and patient safety. Interprofessional education (IPE) experiences within clinical settings provide an opportunity for the development of interprofessional collaborative practice competence. The aim of this systematic review was to review the literature evaluating interprofessional education for health professional students within clinical settings and summarize the behavioral outcomes. Databases searched were PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, Taylor & Francis Online, ERIC and PsycINFO. Full-text articles were independently screened by two reviewers and included if agreed. Outcomes were analyzed using Kirkpatrick's model modified for IPE. Studies with behavioral change outcomes were analyzed and synthesized using narrative methods. Included studies provided evidence that IPE experiences in clinical settings can enable students to develop and integrate interprofessional collaborative practice competencies, across diverse types of settings. Key tasks enabling students to achieve these learning outcomes included synchronous patient consultations, collaborative development of integrative health-care plans outside of patient consultations, and participation in socialization with health-care teams. There were limitations in the methodological design of the included studies, with limited use of comparator groups and validated tools, high usage of self-report data and serious risk of bias identified across all quantitative included studies. In conclusion, high-quality research designed to measure the construct of behavioral change is lacking. Such research could further investigate the key tasks in IPE experiences in clinical settings that are necessary for students to develop the range of required collaborative practice competencies and integrate these. This could provide clarification regarding if and how this could be achieved across different types of clinical placements.

Exploring the Frameworks, Needs, and Barriers of Interprofessional Education and Simulation in Emergency Medicine.

SUMMARY STATEMENT: This manuscript focuses on interprofessional education (IPE) using simulation and its use between emergency department and emergency medical services personnel. It explores the theoretical frameworks behind IPE and applies them to simulation-based emergency medical services education. There is a notable lack of research on the use of IPE using simulation between these 2 professions. The need for IPE using simulation as well as barriers and recommendations to remove the barriers are discussed.

Impact of Standardized Multidisciplinary Critical Care Training on Confidence with Critical Illness and Attitudes Towards Interprofessional Education and Multidisciplinary Care.

INTRODUCTION: The Fundamental Critical Care Support Course (FCCS) is a standardized multidisciplinary program designed to educate participants on the basics of identification and management of patients with critical illness. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of FCCS participation on confidence in the assessment and management of critically ill patients and attitudes towards multidisciplinary education and interprofessional care in a multidisciplinary group of participants. METHODS: Participants enrolled in the FCCS course from May 2018 to November 2019 were solicited to participate in a series of surveys evaluating their course experience and confidence in critical care. Attitudes towards multidisciplinary education and interprofessional care were evaluated using the Student Perceptions of Interprofessional Clinical Education-Revised Instrument version 2 (SPICE-R2) tool. A prospective pre- and post-design with a self-report survey including retrospective pre-training assessment and a 3-month follow-up was conducted. Statistical analysis was performed using descriptive statics and non-parametric methods. RESULTS: 321 (97.9%) of the course participants enrolled in the study and completed the confidence survey and SPICE-R2 tool pre-course. Nurses (113, 35.4%) and physicians (110, 34.4%) made up the largest groups of participants, although physician assistants and paramedics were also well represented. Confidence in recognition and management of critical illness significantly improved across all studied domains after course completion, with the mean total confidence score improving from 32.96 pre-course to 41.10 post-course, P < 0.001. Attitudes towards multidisciplinary education and interprofessional care also improved (mean score 41.37 pre-course vs 42.71 post-course, P < 0.001), although pre-course numbers were higher than expected which limited the significance to only certain domains. DISCUSSION: In a multidisciplinary group, completion of FCCS training led to increased confidence in all aspects of critical illness measured. A modest increase in attitudes regarding multidisciplinary education and interprofessional care was also demonstrated. Further study is needed to assess whether this increased confidence translates to improvements in patient care and outcomes.

A university-wide seed grant program accelerates interprofessional education through faculty and staff engagement.

The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio launched an annual university-wide seed grant program in 2019 to foster innovation in interprofessional education (IPE) and increase IPE opportunities for learners. Program objectives included leveraging hypothesis-driven research to identify sustainable IPE activities for integration into educational programs (i.e. mandated for at least one cohort of learners), increasing scholarly dissemination of IPE efforts, and using pilot data to secure extramural funding. Over the first four funding cycles (2019-2022), US$100,509.00 was awarded to support 22 IPE projects (10 curricular, 12 co-curricular) involving 80 faculty and staff collaborators and over 2,100 student participants. To date, funded projects have yielded nine sustained IPE activities (four of which have been integrated), produced 24 scholarly presentations and three peer-reviewed publications, and contributed to the success of one extramural grant. Barriers experienced are discussed in this report alongside lessons learned and unexpected positive outcomes, including identification of future IPE champions.

Embedding Interprofessional Education in Clinical Settings: Medical and Dental Student Perceptions of a Patient Interview-Storytelling Experience.

PROBLEM: Interprofessional education (IPE) is valued but difficult to deliver, given logistical and other barriers. Centering IPE around patients and grounding it in authentic practice settings are challenging within early undergraduate medical education. APPROACH: This intervention facilitated student-patient conversations to elicit patient reflections on the health care professionals who keep them healthy and care for them when they are unwell. After being introduced to the Interprofessional Education Collaborative (IPEC) core competencies, first-year medical (n = 127) and dental (n = 34) students conducted a brief semistructured patient interview, using an interview card with guiding questions, during a precepted outpatient clinic session in March-May 2021. Students transcribed patients' stories and wrote their own reflections on the interview card. These reflections were used as a stimulus for a class IPE discussion. The authors employed a pragmatic qualitative research approach to explore what students learned about interprofessional collaboration from reflecting on patients' stories. OUTCOMES: Of the 161 students, 158 (98%) completed an interview card. Sixteen health professions were represented in patients' stories. The patients' stories prompted students to recognize and expand their understanding of the IPEC competencies. Students' responses reflected synthesis of the competencies into 3 themes: students value patient-centered holistic care as the goal of interprofessional collaboration; students reflect emerging professional and interprofessional identities in relating to patients, teams, and systems; and students appreciate interprofessional care is complex and challenging, requiring sustained effort and commitment. NEXT STEPS: Next steps include continuing to integrate patient voices through structured conversations across the undergraduate and graduate medical education spectrum and adapting the model to support conversations with other health professionals engaged in shared patient care. These experiences could foster ongoing deliberate reflection by students on their professional and interprofessional identity development but would require investments in student time and faculty development.

Feasibility testing of an interprofessional education intervention to support collaborative practice in home care for older stroke survivors with multiple chronic conditions.

This mixed-methods study examined the feasibility of implementing a new six-month, theory-based, interprofessional education intervention, and explored its effects and impact on collaborative practice among home care providers caring for older adult stroke survivors (≥65) with multiple chronic conditions. The evaluation utilized a qualitative descriptive and one group repeated measures design which included participant questionnaires, focus groups and field notes. Participants included 37 home care providers (registered nurses, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, personal support workers, care coordinators, and their supervisors) in Ontario, Canada. The intervention was feasible and acceptable to home care providers. Perceived benefits included improved communication and collaboration within teams, enhanced role understanding, increased learning with and from each other, and increased appreciation of all team members' expertise. From 3 to 6 months post initial IPE training, there was a statistically significant improvement in three domains of collaborative practice as measured by the Collaborative Practice Assessment Tool (communication/information exchange; community linkage and coordination of care; decision-making and conflict management) and one domain of collaborative practice, as measured by the 19-item Team Climate Inventory (task orientation). Implications for implementing interprofessional education in home care practice settings are described. Further testing in other populations and settings is warranted.

A cross-sectional study examining the nature and extent of interprofessional education in schools of pharmacy in the United Kingdom.

BACKGROUND: Interprofessional education can prepare the workforce for collaborative practice in complex health and social care systems. AIM: To examine the nature and extent of interprofessional education in schools of pharmacy in the United Kingdom. METHOD: An online questionnaire was developed using systems theory, published literature and input from an interprofessional expert panel; it included closed and open-ended questions and a demographic section. Following piloting, it was distributed to 31 schools of pharmacy. Descriptive statistics were used for quantitative data, and a content analysis approach for qualitative data. RESULTS: Ten schools of pharmacy responded. All reported delivering compulsory interprofessional education. Most (80%) reported an interprofessional steering group overseeing development. Formative and/or summative assessment varied depending on year of study. Mechanism and purpose of evaluation varied with respondents reporting Kirkpatrick Evaluation Model Levels 1-3 (100%; 80%; 70%). Two themes were identified: "Variation in Interprofessional Education Approaches and Opportunities" and "Factors Influencing Development and Implementation of Interprofessional Education". Formal teaching was mainly integrated into other modules; various pedagogic approaches and topics were used for campus-based activities. Respondents referred to planned interprofessional education during practice-based placements; some still at pilot stage. Overall, respondents agreed that practice-based placements offered opportunistic interprofessional education, but a more focused approach is needed to maximise student pharmacists' learning potential. CONCLUSION: Most interprofessional education offered in undergraduate pharmacy curricula in the United Kingdom is campus-based; the nature and extent of which varies between programmes. Very few examples of practice-based activities were reported. Results may inform future interprofessional education curricular development.

Clinical Interprofessional Education in Inpatient Pharmacy: Findings From a Secondary Analysis of a Scoping Review.

OBJECTIVES: Clinical interprofessional education (IPE) is defined as learning that occurs within clinical learning environments such as hospitals, primary care clinics, and long-term care facilities where learners collaborate to deliver care to real patients. The objective of this secondary analysis of a scoping review is to identify, characterize, and summarize evidence from the published literature regarding clinical IPE for pharmacy learners in the inpatient setting. FINDINGS: PubMed, CINAHL, and Scopus databases were searched for clinical IPE articles that met the following inclusion criteria: ≥ 2 health professions, ≥ 2 learner groups, and involvement of real patients/patient care. For this secondary analysis, 12 articles involving pharmacy learners in an inpatient setting were included. The most common interprofessional partner was medicine (66%), and the median number of student participants involved in the activity was 19 (range, 10-525). Five studies conducted clinical IPE in the context of advanced pharmacy practice experiences. Clinical IPE activities were described primarily as inpatient rounding with the medical team, but were often outside the normal clinical workflow (66%). Incorporation of Interprofessional Education Collaborative competencies was limited, as was the use of validated IPE assessment tools to measure outcomes. SUMMARY: Current literature is limited in reports of pharmacy learner involvement in inpatient clinical IPE. Expansion of pharmacy partnerships and alignment of team outcomes with the Interprofessional Education Collaborative competencies are needed to demonstrate the relationship between clinical IPE and patient care outcomes within established workflows.

The rural and interprofessional education and collaborative practice interface: Findings from a qualitative study.

While rural health-care settings are said to be ideal places for the facilitation of interprofessional education and collaborative practice (IPECP) in students, little is known about the rural-IPECP interface. This study explored this interface through student and clinical educator experiences following implementation of a structured IPECP student placement model. Data were gathered through 11 focus groups with 34 students and 24 clinical educators. Content analysis was used to analyze data and two categories were developed for reporting. The power of place and space, highlighting the importance of flexibility, co-location, and lack of hierarchy in promoting IPECP, as well as the role of shared accommodation in enhancing social connectedness within and outside placement were highlighted. This study unpacks the characteristics of rural health-care settings that make it ideal for IPECP despite the resource constraints. Future studies can investigate the rural-IPECP interface through a patient lens.

The status and outcomes of interprofessional health education in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review.

The increasing burden of chronic diseases, and shortage of health care workers especially in Low and Middle Income countries (LMICs) requires greater collaborative working between health professions. There is a growing body of evidence that interprofessional education (IPE) and interprofessional continuous education (IPCE) can improve collaborative practice thus strengthening health care delivery in low resource settings. The World Health Organization (WHO) promotes this educational strategy in these regions as part of wider programs to improve health care. The purpose of this systematic review was to summarize IPE and IPCE activities in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and its outcomes; including practice, service and patient outcomes. Standard guidelines for conducting and reporting systematic reviews were followed. The online databases searched included MEDLINE, Embase, Education Resources Information Centre (ERIC), the Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) and Science Direct. The Kirkpatrick model was used to classify IPE outcomes reported from literature. Following full text screening, 41 articles were selected for data extraction. It was found that IPE/IPCE is still a relatively new concept in SSA with 93% of studies published after 2012. Furthermore, IPE is concentrated predominantly in undergraduate institutions and mainly implemented to improve collaborative practice and address important public health concerns. Positive reaction and outcomes of IPE/IPCE were reported in terms of change of attitude and perception toward collaborative practice as well as knowledge and skills acquisition. Few studies in SSA sought to understand and measure the outcomes of IPE/IPCE relating to health care practice. More work in this important potential outcome of IPE/IPCE is recommended.

Knowledge, skills, and training of community health workers to contribute to interprofessional education: a scoping review.

A scoping review of 32 publications was conducted with the aim of mapping literature to determine what is known about the knowledge, skills, and training of community health workers that could contribute to interprofessional education. Interprofessional education, as a pedagogical approach, prepares health professions students to serve patients in collaboration with other health professionals to improve patient outcomes. All over the world, the role of community health workers is vital for its support of community service and community health outcomes. However, no evidence could be found on the knowledge, skills, and training of community health workers that contribute to interprofessional education. The knowledge that community health workers need to contribute to interprofessional education, as reported by the literature, relates to case management, communication, health education, recordkeeping and referrals. Skills, such as critical thinking, interprofessional collaboration, and various clinical procedures, were noted. Training approaches reported included the use of technology such as mobile phones and web-based learning. The scoping review improved our understanding of the knowledge, skills, and training of community health workers that could contribute to interprofessional education. Applying a fit-for-purpose approach, and building on existing knowledge, skills, and training, could fast-track the contribution of community health workers to interprofessional education.

Interprofessional Education in a Psychiatry Clerkship.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this initiative was to encourage medical students to develop collaborative relationships with healthcare team members during a required psychiatry clerkship and reflect upon their demonstration of interprofessional competencies. METHODS: During the clerkship, third year medical students were required to complete two interprofessional activities (from a menu of 18 potential options) in conjunction with nurses, therapists, care coordinators, behavioral health specialists, peer specialists, unit secretaries, or unit managers during care of mutual patients. After completing these activities, students completed a reflection in which they self-reported how they had accomplished specific interprofessional competencies (quantitative and qualitative); the healthcare team members with whom the students collaborated also completed a corresponding reflection (quantitative) of students' interprofessional competence, based upon their interactions. RESULTS: Quantitative feedback from students and staff was paired to look for correlations. Paired responses produced a dataset that included 67 students' self-reflections and 110 feedback submissions from staff. Overall, there was much similarity between students' self-assessment ratings and ratings provided by staff members. Qualitative analysis of students' written feedback indicated they took initiative to take on new roles to support the care team and intentionally sought out healthcare teammates to learn about their roles and to better care for patients. Reflections highlight examples of student advocacy and empathy for patients they served. CONCLUSIONS: Results demonstrate that clerkship-based interprofessional education initiatives, designed with intentionality, promote interprofessional collaborative practices and prepare medical students for achieving residency milestones related to interprofessional collaboration.

Evaluating attitudes among healthcare graduate students following interprofessional education on opioid use disorder.

CONTEXT: Provider-enacted stigma is a barrier for people with substance use disorder (SUD) who interface with the healthcare system, and it has been shown to lead to worse healthcare outcomes. This has given urgency to the need for stigma reduction interventions such as education- and contact-based approaches. The positive effect of interprofessional education (IPE) in reducing graduate health students' stigmatizing attitudes on opioids has been examined before, and we contribute to the existing literature by examining the attitudes across the following four health disciplines-osteopathic medicine, physician assistant (PA) studies and public health, pharmacy, and nursing-following a single half-day IPE event focused on opioid use disorder (OUD). OBJECTIVES: We aimed to determine whether attitudes could be affected by the IPE event by assessing attitudes utilizing an adapted version of the Alcohol and Alcohol Problems Perceptions Questionnaire (AAPPQ) before and after the IPE event. METHODS: A total of 647 students across the four previously mentioned health disciplines participated in the IPE event. Attitudes were compared between the pre/post groups utilizing unpaired t tests, and a summative "all-attitudes" score was generated, with higher scores being associated with improved attitudes toward individuals with an OUD. Linear regression was performed controlling for program type, gender, and previous OUD exposure (personal, professional, and education). RESULTS: We found that the pre/post summative attitudes scores improved an average of 2.81 units (SD 0.87, p=0.001, CI 1.09-4.52) for the entire cohort of graduate health students (56.9 vs. 66.6, p<0.0001) and for all attitudinal subscales (role adequacy, role legitimacy, role support, task-specific self-esteem, and work satisfaction). Students from PA programs had significantly higher attitude scores than other programs, and there were differences in degree type on attitude scores, with an average decrease of 1.89 units in attitude scores (SE 0.38, p<0.0001, CI -2.64 to -1.16). We found that students with previous exposure to OUD had higher pre-IPE event scores than those without, and knowing someone impacted by an SUD was a significant predictor of increased attitude scores, by an average of 3.82 units (SE 0.27, p<0.0001, CI 3.49-4.16). However, students without previous exposure to OUD had equal attitude scores post event to those who had previous exposure to OUD through education, personal experience, or training. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that an IPE intervention and panel discussion may improve attitudes toward people with OUD in healthcare trainees, which is consistent with previous research that shows the beneficial effect of education and contact in reducing stigma. Degree type and knowing someone who has been impacted by an SUD are also significant predictors of attitude scores. IPE events are useful in targeting a public health issue by encouraging collaboration between different health professionals at early stages of their training, and preclinical educational efforts can affect therapeutic attitudes.

Exploring factors influencing implementation of interprofessional education in undergraduate healthcare programmes: a multiple-case study.

Interprofessional education (IPE) can help prepare future graduates to work collaboratively in healthcare teams. Using a multiple-case study approach, we explored IPE across four United Kingdom (UK) Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) to identify factors affecting IPE implementation and outcomes. For each site, educators involved with IPE were surveyed and interviewed to explore IPE implementation. To examine outcomes, students took part in focus groups and accreditation reports published by professional regulators were explored. A total of five IPE courses were surveyed, six IPE leads were interviewed, three focus groups were conducted with students, and sixteen reports were reviewed. Regulators' standards mandating IPE and directives by the Deans were the main triggers for IPE initiation. In sites where the regulator's standards were perceived by educators as non-mandating IPE, some staff were less inclined to engage with IPE initiation, which adversely affected IPE planning and delivery. Students from such sites were less satisfied with their IPE experiences and uncertain about the purpose of IPE. Senior management (i.e. Dean) commitment and support is needed to establish IPE initiatives across the institution and cultivate a collaborative culture. The presence of a collaborative culture was associated with positive feedback from regulators and students regarding IPE.

Describing the evidence linking interprofessional education interventions to improving the delivery of safe and effective patient care: a scoping review.

Empirical evidence indicates that collaborative interprofessional practice leads to positive health outcomes. Further, there is an abundance of evidence examining student and/or faculty perceptions of learning or satisfaction about the interprofessional education (IPE) learning experience. However, there is a dearth of research linking IPE interventions to patient outcomes. The objective of this scoping review was to describe and summarize the evidence linking IPE interventions to the delivery of effective patient care. A three-step search strategy was utilized for this review with articles that met the following criteria: publications dated 2015-2020 using qualitative, quantitative or mixed methods; the inclusion of healthcare professionals, students, or practitioners who had experienced IPE or training that included at least two collaborators within coursework or other professional education; and at least one of ten Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services quality measures (length of stay, medication errors, medical errors, patient satisfaction scores, medication adherence, patient and caregiver education, hospice usage, mortality, infection rates, and readmission rates). Overall, n=94 articles were identified, providing overwhelming evidence supporting a positive relationship between IPE interventions and several key quality health measures including length of stay, medical errors, patient satisfaction, patient or caregiver education, and mortality. Findings from this scoping review suggest a critical need for the development, implementation, and evaluation of IPE interventions to improve patient outcomes.

The status of interprofessional education (IPE) at regional and global levels - update from 2022 global IPE situational analysis.

This short report is based on the 2022 Global IPE Situational Analysis Results e-Book that is available at https://interprofessionalresearch.global/. As an up-to-date global environmental scan of interprofessional education (IPE), this cross-sectional study investigated institutional, administrative, and system-level processes that support IPE program development and implementation globally. Conducted by InterprofessionalResearch.Global (IPR.Global), the survey included 17 quantitative questions that were analyzed at global and regional levels. Three open-text questions were thematically analyzed. In total, 152 institutions from six regions worldwide contributed to this study. Results revealed that only 51.97% of all responding institutions have an established IPE program, with Canada and the USA having the highest (84%) and Africa (26%) having the lowest numbers. Globally, 37.33% of respondents reported no formal leadership positions and 41.33% reported the absence of a designated IPE Director or Coordinator. In addition, IPE funding varies considerably across the world, with 32.65% of institutions reporting no financial support. Over 48.22% of respondents indicated their institutions are rarely or not involved in IPE-related scholarly work or research. The open-text analysis revealed that supportive senior leadership, a culture of collaboration, and recognition of IPE as a strategic direction and/or priority at the institutional level, could foster the successful implementation of IPE. On the other hand, inadequate administrative support, lack of funding, poor attitudes regarding IPE, and limited dedicated time for research, seemed to impair successful implementation of scholarly activities in the field.

Effectiveness of interprofessional education for medical and nursing professionals and students on interprofessional educational outcomes: A systematic review.

AIM AND BACKGROUND: Patient safety is a global health priority as unsafe care is a principal cause of death and disability. Ineffective interprofessional communication and collaboration among nursing and medical professionals and students contribute to unsafe practices. Interprofessional education provides opportunities to strengthen nurse-physician collaboration and enhance patient care. However, there is inconclusive evidence regarding interprofessional education effectiveness. This review aims to systematically evaluate interprofessional education effectiveness for nursing and medical professionals and students on interprofessional educational outcomes (interprofessional attitudes, perceptions, skills, knowledge, behaviours, and organisational and patient outcomes). DESIGN AND METHODS: PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Scopus, CINAHL, ERIC, PsycInfo, Web of Science were last searched on 13 January 2022. This review included published and unpublished randomised controlled trials, quasi-experimental and mixed-method studies in English examining interprofessional education outcomes among nursing and medical professionals and students. Two reviewers independently appraised studies using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Tools and extracted data using a modified Joanna Briggs Institute data extraction form. Narrative synthesis was conducted instead of meta-analysis since majority of the included studies had quasi-experimental design, and various interventions and outcomes. Certainty of evidence was appraised using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations tool. RESULTS: This review included 15 studies involving 1185 participants. Improvements were reported in each interprofessional educational outcome after interprofessional education. High-fidelity simulation with multiple scenarios, standardised communication tools, didactic and active learning methods, theoretical frameworks, debriefing sessions and provider training enhanced interprofessional education effectiveness. CONCLUSIONS: Effectiveness of interprofessional education for nursing and medical professionals and students was demonstrated since improvements were observed for each interprofessional educational outcome. This systematic review addressed literature gaps, demonstrated effectiveness of interprofessional education in clinical practice and academic curricula and provided evidence-based insights that future research can consider to enhance global patient safety standards for optimal patient outcomes and quality of healthcare. Caution is advised in interpreting findings due to 'very low' evidence certainty and limited studies. More high-quality randomised controlled trials with longitudinal designs are needed.

Relação entre benefício e risco em interações medicamentosas nas prescrições médicas de um hospital universitário no estado de São Paulo / Benefit-risk relationship in drug interactions in prescriptions from a university hospital in the state of São Paulo / Relación beneficio-riesgo en interacciones medicamentosas en prescripciones de un hospital universitario del estado de São Paulo

Objetivo: Avaliar interações medicamentosas (IM), em que os riscos se so- brepõem aos benefícios (nível I) ou os benefícios se sobrepõem aos riscos (nível II); a partir da análise retrospectiva de prescrições médicas em um Hospital Universitário no estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Métodos: Foram analisadas 19762 prescrições médicas des- tinadas à farmácia do hospital, de janeiro a setembro de 2009; com o auxílio de programas sobre IM, para categorizar IM de nível I e II. Resultados: Na análise 26,53% apresentaram IM, em que 23,64% foram classificadas em nível I e 76,35% em nível II. Dentre as IM com maior frequência no nível I, estavam: ácido acetilsalicílico (AAS) e clopidogrel, AAS e heparina, captopril e espironolactona, digoxina e hidroclorotiazida. Houve uma redução em percentual de IM de nível I, comparando janeiro representado por 26,5% e setembro representado por 18,4%. Já nas IM de nível II, tem-se as seguintes associações com maior frequência: AAS e propranolol, AAS e insulina regular humana, AAS e ate- nolol, AAS e enalapril, AAS e carvedilol. Conclusão: A atuação dos farmacêuticos cola- borou à redução de IM de nível I, devido à intervenção por meio de comunicação estabe- lecida com os prescritores; sinalizando a importância da equipe interprofissional em saúde.

Objective: To evaluate drug interactions (MI), in which risks outweigh the benefits (level I) or benefits outweigh the risks (level II); from the retrospective analysis of medical prescriptions in a University Hospital in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Methods: 19,762 prescriptions destined to the hospital pharmacy were analyzed, from January to September 2009; with the help of programs on MI, to categorize level I and II MI. Results: In the analysis 26.53% presented MI, in which 23.64% were classified in level I and 76.35% in level II. Among the most frequent level I MI were: acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and clopidogrel, ASA and heparin, captopril and spironolactone, digoxin and hydrochlorothiazide. There was a reduction in the percentage of level I MI, comparing January, which accounted for 26.5%, and September, which accounted for 18.4%. As for level II MI, the following associations were more frequent: ASA and propranolol, ASA and regular human insulin, ASA and atenolol, ASA and enalapril, ASA and carvedilol. Conclusion: The role of pharmacists collaborated to the reduction of level I MI, due to the intervention by means of communication established with the prescribers; signaling the importance of the interprofessional health team.

Objetivo: Evaluar las interacciones medicamentosas (IM), en las que los riesgos superan a los beneficios (nivel I) o los beneficios superan a los riesgos (nivel II); a partir del análisis retrospectivo de las prescripciones médicas en un Hospital Universitario del estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Métodos: Se analizaron 19.762 prescripciones destinadas a la farmacia del hospital, de enero a septiembre de 2009; con la ayuda de programas sobre IM, para categorizar los IM de nivel I y II. Resultados: En el análisis el 26,53% presentaron IM, en el que el 23,64% se clasificaron en nivel I y el 76,35% en nivel II. Entre los IM de nivel I más frecuentes estaban: ácido acetilsalicílico (AAS) y clopidogrel, AAS y heparina, captopril y espironolactona, digoxina e hidroclorotiazida. Hubo una reducción del porcentaje de IM de nivel I, comparando enero, que supuso el 26,5%, y septiembre, que supuso el 18,4%. En cuanto a los IM de nivel II, fueron más frecuentes las siguientes asociaciones: AAS y propranolol, AAS e insulina humana regular, AAS y atenolol, AAS y enalapril, AAS y carvedilol. Conclusiones: El papel de los farmacéuticos colaboró a la reducción de las IM de nivel I, debido a la intervención mediante la comunicación establecida con los prescriptores; señalando la importancia del equipo sanitario interprofesional.

Demonstrating the importance of interprofessional health education through an interactive case competition at Queen's Faculty of Health Sciences.

On March 4, 2021, OSLER Kingston and KHealth, student-run organizations at Queen's Faculty of Health Sciences, hosted a two-hour-long virtual interprofessional case competition called "OSLER x KHealth IPR Case Competition: Homelessness," focusing on housing insecurity and homelessness. This event demonstrated that integrating interprofessional education (IPE) competencies into educational experiences of health professional students is feasible to organize and implement while also being valuable. Students who participated found IPE to be helpful for their learning. Consequently, we encourage medical school curriculum leaders and student-led groups to prioritize IPE in their preclerkship curricular and extracurricular offerings.

Le 4 mars 2021, OSLER Kingston et KHealth, deux organisations étudiantes de la Faculté des sciences de la santé de l'Université Queen's, ont organisé un concours virtuel de cas interprofessionnels d'une durée de deux heures intitulé « OSLER x KHealth IPR Case Competition : Homelessness ¼, qui portait sur l'insécurité du logement et l'itinérance. Cette activité a montré qu'il est non seulement possible, mais aussi utile d'intégrer les compétences en formation interprofessionnelle (FIP) dans le parcours d'apprentissage des étudiants des professions de la santé. Les étudiants qui y ont participé ont trouvé que la FIP était utile à leur apprentissage. Nous encourageons donc les responsables de programme des facultés de médecine et les organisations étudiantes à donner la priorité à la FIP dans leurs activités de prexternat et hors programme.

Centering Health Equity Through the Social Determinants of Health, Interprofessional Education, and Sustainable Partnerships With Historically Black Colleges and Universities: Envisioning Upstream and Downstream Impacts.

The social determinants of health (SDOH) framework identifies barriers to health care, education, financial stability, and other conditions that exist across socially determined parameters, often to the detriment of Communities of Color. Postsecondary healthcare students must be aware of these disparities. In order to address upstream and downstream healthcare equity, the SDOH framework must be leveraged as a cross-disciplinary curricular innovation to support interprofessional education. Historically Black Colleges and Universities have unrealized potential to develop extraordinary healthcare leaders; partnerships integrating SDOH can be a powerful force to advance health equity in the United States.

Characterization of interprofessional education experiences in health education at the University of São Paulo.

OBJECTIVE: To map the experiences of Interprofessional Education (IPE) in Health at the São Paulo campus of the University of São Paulo. METHOD: This is a descriptive, exploratory study with a quantitative approach and data collection through an online questionnaire addressed to teachers from eight teaching units and 14 health courses. The data was analyzed using absolute and percentage frequencies. RESULTS: The majority of teachers do not take part in IPE experiences (70.4%). Most of the experiences are between six and ten years old, involving up to four teachers and small groups of students, mostly extracurricular or extension activities. The teaching and assessment strategies are diverse and open to students of all years. CONCLUSION: IPE experiences involve a small number of students and teachers and, although consolidated in terms of the time they have been offered, are limited to extracurricular spaces. Factors such as improvements in institutional support and teacher development are pointed out as important for making progress in strengthening IPE in the analyzed context.

The interprofessional education of medical students and physician associate students during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background: Due to the potential for improved team working and patient care, interprofessional education (IPE) is increasingly recognized as a core competency within the education of health-care professionals. Methods: In response to cancellation of the physician associate (PA) acute medicine clinical placement at our institution following COVID-19, a technology-focused, case-based IPE course between medical and PA students was implemented. The course consisted of 6 weekly seminars involving an average of 16 PA students, two medical students, and two supervising general practitioners. Course evaluation was mixed methods, comprising pre/postcourse questionnaires, weekly feedback forms, and postcourse e-mail interviews. Results: The course improved the confidence and perceived knowledge base of all participating students across every clinical topic covered, while promoting interprofessional collaboration and understanding. Discussion: To our knowledge, this represents one of the first IPE courses implemented between medical and PA students alone and has highlighted the need for further IPE courses between both professions. We show that successful IPE is feasible during a global pandemic, and that initiatives relying on technology alone are successful. Weekly written feedback was overwhelmingly positive, and based on the success of this course, faculty have planned further IPE opportunities between both professions.

The applicability of interprofessional education for collaborative people-centered practice and care to health plans and workforce issues: A thematic global case review.

Background: This article focuses on a growing, global recognition of the importance of the field of interprofessional education for person-centered collaborative practice (IPECP) expressed through high-level policy and accreditation decisions/actions taking place in 5 countries. Policy decisions are used to motivate strategies related to IPECP that align with national health plans, and workforce issues. Methods: Using a collective of representative stories from around the globe, a grouping of case studies were developed to illustrate different approaches and challenges to IPECP implementation. Results: Institutions from countries of various income levels face many similar challenges in the execution, delivery, and sustainability of IPECP. All programs face issues of financing, of preparing faculty, of developing and organizing curricula, and of bridging between campus and community. Discussion: Policies are being developed that promote a global approach to the inclusion of IPECP in the accreditation and regulation of postsecondary institutions and health service organizations, in keeping with WHO National Health Workforce Accounts. Policies developed promote and demonstrate the benefits of IPECP through remote emergency learning methods. The policies also build national systems for IPECP as an integral part of continuing professional development and lifelong learning. The organization of interprofessional research programs and the increasing publication of their results of such programs will lead to a clearer understanding of the efficacy of the field of IPECP. To ensure sustainability, stakeholders and policymakers should continue to foster policies that facilitate IPECP.

A qualitative study to explore student learning and development of interprofessional collaboration during an online interprofessional education intervention.

Interprofessional education (IPE) during undergraduate education and training has been found to improve collaboration between health care students. This supports interprofessional working in clinical practice to enhance patient safety and care delivery.Undergraduate students from pharmacy and medical programmes worked online in pairs to review notes of hospital patients due to be discharged. Students were tasked to complete a discharge letter and undertake an online consultation with a simulated patient prior to discharge. Online interactions were recorded and assessed using a validated tool to measure interprofessional professionalism. Students undertook this intervention in different pairings with different patient cases for three iterations after receiving feedback and undertaking a reflective exercise.The aim was to investigate the student learning and development that could be used to inform intervention optimisation and scale-up.Qualitative data were collected from different sources. Method triangulation was employed to develop a comprehensive understanding of the student learning and development. Data was collected from written feedback provided by the assessment team, student reflections on their performance, and from semi-structured interviews conducted with the student pairs and one to one with the assessment team. Content and thematic analysis was used to analyse these data and the Kirkpatrick/Barr evaluation model provided a framework to organise the themes.Eighteen students (nine from each professional programme) completed the study and a total of 27 IPE sessions were conducted. The assessment team completed 54 assessment tools and 31 student reflections were received (from a maximum of 36). Students were interviewed in their interprofessional pairs to yield nine interview transcripts and one interview was conducted with the assessment team.Students reported and were observed to improve in interprofessional collaboration over the three iterations following feedback and rehearsal opportunities. Longitudinal observation and assessment of student interprofessional working in changing teams provided the opportunity to capture the influence of interdependence on student performance and assessment of competence.

Embedding patient safety in a scaffold of interprofessional education; a qualitative study with thematic analysis.

BACKGROUND: Regardless of a proliferation of interest in reducing unsafe practices in healthcare, threats to patient safety (PS) remain high. Moreover, little attention has been paid towards the role of interprofessional education (IPE) in enhancing PS. This qualitative study was conducted to unfold the insights of the senior medical, dental and health sciences students at the University of Sharjah (UoS) in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) about PS in an online IPE-based workshop. METHODS: This inductive thematic analysis study was conducted on senior medical and health students at the Colleges of Medicine, Dental Medicine, Health Sciences, and Pharmacy of UoS. During an online workshop, students discussed plausible solutions for four real practice-based clinical scenarios with elements of unsafe healthcare practices. During the breakout rooms, the students exhibited high level of articulation and proactively participated in discussions. The data from the online workshop were transcribed and then coding, categorizing, and labelling of recurrent themes were carried out. Multiple individual deliberations, consolidation, incorporation of the identified preliminary themes, and merging and reorganizing sub-themes led to a final thematic framework. RESULTS: This work delved into the perspectives of 248 students regarding teamwork, communication, problem-solving, and other aspects concerning PS in interprofessional settings in an online workshop. The iterative process of data transcription, curating and qualitative analysis surfaced 32 codes. Later, the inductive themaric analysis yielded five themes with distinct yet interconnected nested subthemes in the context of PS in IPE settings. These themes of information sharing and grounding (problem-solving, social skills), maintaining communication (clinical reasoning, shared mental model), executing interprofessional activities (collaborative practice, collaboration scripts), professional cognitive abilities (cognitive maturity, metacognition), and negotiating professional identities (systematic change, socio-economic scaffolding) emerged as fundamental pillars for enhancing PS in healthcare. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated the outcome of an innovative and team-based workshop which embedded PS within a scaffold of IPE environment. This research calls for incorporation of the emerging areas of clinical reasoning, problem solving, collaborative practice, and shared mental model into medical curricula for structured IPE in improving PS domains in medical education. These findings underscore the need for multifaceted dimensions of IPE imperatives for cultivating collaborative competence.

Using interprofessional education to build dynamic teams to help drive collaborative, coordinated and effective newborn care.

BACKGROUND: As countries strive to achieve sustainable development goal 3.2, high-quality medical education is crucial for high-quality neonatal care. Women are encouraged to deliver in health units attended by a skilled team. Traditionally, the team is doctors and nurses, but they are members of a large group of interdependent experts from other disciplines. Each discipline trains separately, yet the goal of good neonatal care is common to all. The use of interprofessional education breaks down these professional silos improving collaborative practice and promoting excellent clinical care. Introduction of new educational materials and training requires a rigorous approach to ensure sustainability. METHODS: An extensive needs assessment identified gaps in neonatal training. Specifically, there was a lack of inclusion of medical devices used in clinical care. In each country, national key stakeholders came together to develop and revise their own neonatal curricula, trainings or guidelines. A core writing education team were tasked to develop evidence-based materials on pertinent medical devices to include in these national materials. These then underwent internal and external review. A provider course for biomedical engineers and technicians was introduced. Skills labs were established to improve practical skills teaching. To improve the quality of teaching, a NEST360 generic instructors course (GIC) was developed. RESULTS: Twenty modules, 14 scenarios, 17 job aids and 34 videos have been published to date. Materials have been embedded into neonatal curricula and national trainings. Forty-one skills labs were installed in pre-service learning institutions and, up to June 2022, have been used by 7281 students. Pre- and in-service interprofessional training was implemented at all NEST360 institutions (clinical and biomedical). GIC courses were conducted at least twice a year in all countries. Three hundred seventeen nurses, biomedical and clinical staff have undertaken the GIC in all four countries. GIC participants report that the course has very positively influenced their teaching practice. CONCLUSIONS: Inclusion of key stakeholders throughout has ensured training is embedded within the four countries. Use of interprofessional education and inclusion of biomedical engineers and technicians has been very successful. Introduction of the GIC has developed a pool of high-quality educators for neonatal care. This approach has ensured that high-quality interprofessional neonatal training is included within national agendas for neonatal care and beyond.

Health Profession Students' Interprofessional Socialization and Values Toward a College-Based Virtual Interprofessional Education Activity.

PURPOSE: The inclusion of interprofessional education (IPE) is essential for the health professions curricula and establishes the expectation of collaborative patient-centered care. The COVID-19 pandemic has required educators to develop innovative methods for IPE student engagement. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a college-based virtual IPE activity for first-year health profession students and measure their interprofessional socialization and values (ISVS) toward IPE teams. The validated interprofessional socialization and valuing scales (ISVS-9A/9B) were used. METHODS: A one-group pre-post-test design examined health profession students' ISVS from seven health programs before and after a virtual IPE activity. The IPE activity was a case-study grounded in the Interprofessional Education Collaborative (IPEC) core competencies that addressed each of the student learners' professional roles. RESULTS: A total of 244 students and 122 students completed the ISVS-9A/9B, respectively. A significant increase in the average total ISVS-9A/9B scores was observed among all student learners for 85 matched pairs (5.27 ± 1.11 vs 5.56 ± 1.02, p=0.01). Participating students generally found the activity valuable to their learning. CONCLUSIONS: The virtual composition of the IPE activity reduced logistical barriers and allowed for collaboration and awareness among students. Virtual IPE activities may be the cornerstone for interdisciplinary student engagement.

Not Just Another Committee: How to Create a College-Specific Framework to Support Interprofessional Education.

During the 2019-2020 academic year, the Southeast Missouri State University College of Education, Health, and Human Studies initiated a college-level Interprofessional Education (IPE) Committee to identify methods for collaboration, interprofessional research opportunities, and cross-disciplinary learning experiences. The IPE Committee determined that IPE was an installed component of the healthcare majors, without significant interactions between programs, and non-healthcare programs were omitted from formal IPE efforts. The exclusion of the non-healthcare academic majors from traditional healthcare initiatives limited faculty and student interactions, notably between the educator preparatory and healthcare programs. The IPE Committee determined the need to develop a college-specific framework that includes healthcare and non-healthcare academic programs. The IPE Committee additionally decided to combine the IPEC Core Competencies with the 4Cs of Future Ready Learning to create an inclusive framework. The IPE Committee created a college-specific competency map and disseminated the information through all college departments to further promote IPE collaboration across the college. The IPE Committee purposely created a sustainable structure to leverage existing interprofessional relationships and discover new opportunities for interprofessional collaboration. Colleges housing healthcare and non-healthcare programs can develop distinctive methods for incorporating IPE into their collaborative academic structure.

Framing asynchronous interprofessional education: a qualitative study on medical, physiotherapy and nursing students.

Objectives: To explore how virtual, asynchronous modules can be used in interprofessional health education curricula and to identify any advantages and shortcomings of asynchronous interprofessional education. Methods: A sample of 27 health professional students who attended in-person interprofessional education workshops at the McMaster Centre for Simulation-Based Learning from 2019-2020 were recruited through email discourse. Participants were asked to complete an asynchronous interprofessional education module and take part in a semi-structured interview that was recorded and transcribed verbatim. Techniques of direct content analysis were used to analyze the qualitative data from recorded transcripts. Results: The following emergent themes from participants' responses were identified: 1) the modules, as well as the features interspersed throughout, taught strategies for conflict resolution and interprofessional communication, 2) the modules have utility in preparing students for future interprofessional learning, 3) the convenience of virtual asynchronous modules introduces a sense of learner safety, and 4) a sense of isolation and fatigue was identified as a consequence of the lack of face-to-face interaction in these modules. Conclusion: Asynchronous interprofessional education modules may be best suited to prepare students for future interprofessional learning in a synchronous setting. Asynchronous modules effectively provide an introduction to interprofessional objectives such as conflict resolution and role clarification, yet the competency of team functioning is more difficult to achieve in an asynchronous environment. Future studies may focus on establishing a sequence of completing asynchronous modules for ideal development of interprofessional competencies in health professions learners.

Escaping the Silos: Utilization of a Pediatric Trauma Escape Room to Promote Interprofessional Education and Collaboration.

BACKGROUND: Millions of children are treated annually for trauma-related injuries but comprise a smaller proportion of emergency department visits than adults. As a result, emergency department teams may not have the knowledge, skills, and confidence to care for pediatric patients, and specialty teams may not interact enough as an interprofessional team to provide high-quality patient care. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this project is to describe a novel interprofessional simulation-based education initiative to assist pediatric trauma team readiness. METHODS: An escape room was designed to provide an interactive educational environment focused on pediatric trauma education. Using an interprofessional dyad of a trauma nursing specialist and a pediatric nursing expert, the escape room was designed as a series of clues to improve pediatric skills and interprofessional collaboration between specialty teams. The escape room training was conducted (from February to March, 2023) in a large Southeastern U.S. Level II adult trauma center. RESULTS: Twenty-one registered nurses from different specialty teams participated in the simulation exercises with overwhelmingly positive feedback. Colleagues reported this was a unique way to deliver education that resulted in innovative team building and enriched collegiality between the specialty teams. CONCLUSIONS: The escape room educational format was positively received, and future events are planned across disciplines and various topics. Trauma centers with lower pediatric volumes seeking to provide engaging team-based education may use this format as a unique and innovative way to develop teams for clinical success.

How theories of complexity and resilience affect interprofessional simulation-based education: a qualitative analysis of facilitators' perspectives.

BACKGROUND: Quality of care and patient safety rely on the ability of interprofessional teams to collaborate effectively. This can be trained through interprofessional simulation-based education (IPSE). Patient safety also relies on the ability to adapt to the complexity of such situations, an ability termed resilience. Since these needs are not explicitly addressed in IPSE, the aim of this study was to explore how central concepts from complexity-theory and resilience affect IPSE, from facilitators' perspective, when applied in debriefings. METHODS: A set of central concepts in complexity-theory and resilience were introduced to facilitators on an IPSE course for nursing and medical students. In five iterations of focus groups interviews the facilitators discussed their application of these concepts by reviewing video recordings of their own debriefings. Video recordings of the interviews were subjected to coding and thematic analysis. RESULTS: Three themes were identified. The first, Concepts of complexity and resilience are relevant for IPSE, points to the applicability of these concepts and to the fact that students often need to deviate from prescribed guidelines/algorithms in order to solve cases. The second theme, Exploring complexity, shows how uncertainty could be used as a cue to explore complexity. Further, that individual performance needs to account for the context of actions and how this may lead to certain outcomes. Moreover, it was suggested that several ways to approach a challenge can contribute to important insight in the conditions for teamwork. The third theme, Unpacking how solutions are achieved, turns to needs for handling the aforementioned complexity. It illustrates the importance of addressing self-criticism by highlighting how students were often able to overcome challenges and find solutions. Finally, this theme highlights how pre-defined guidelines and algorithms still work as important resources to help students in transforming perceived messiness into clarity. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that IPSE provides the possibility to explore complexity and highlight resilience so that such capability can be trained and improved. Further studies are needed to develop more concrete ways of using IPSE to account for complexity and developing resilience capacity and to evaluate to what extent IPSE can provide such an effect.

Evidence of successful interprofessional education programs-models, barriers, facilitators and success: a systematic review of European studies.

PURPOSE: Interprofessional education (IPE) has been highly promoted as a means of enhancing interprofessional practice and thereby having a positive impact on healthcare systems and patient outcomes. Various documents mention that sufficient evidence has been accumulated to demonstrate the effectiveness of IPE, yet it is not completely clear what type of evidence is being alluded to. The objective of this review was to gather evidence about IPE programs that resulted in effective long-term outcomes in healthcare. Secondary outcomes included identification of the types of models that met the success criteria, barriers and facilitators of such successful programs if any. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL and Scopus. The review considered studies that targeted undergraduate and postgraduate students among more than one health profession and included those in the English language published between 2010 and end of 2020. FINDINGS: Five studies have been identified and described in this review. These papers evaluated different IPE programs and models. RESEARCH LIMITATIONS/IMPLICATIONS: 1. This systematic review investigated the evidence of the existence of IPE programs and the findings show there is no robust specific evidence of long-term impact on healthcare and on patients' outcomes. 2. The conclusion from this review is that it is still unclear what format constitutes a successful and efficient program. 3. Appropriate longitudinal studies need to be designed to identify the impact of IPE on long-term health outcomes. ORIGINALITY/VALUE: Overall, the studies show that although there is an emphasis on practice-based learning, there is no robust specific evidence of long-term impact on healthcare and on patients' outcomes. Appropriate longitudinal studies need to be designed to identify the impact of IPE on long-term health outcomes.

Evaluation of an interprofessional education intervention in partnership with patient educators.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Patient involvement in interprofessional education is a novel approach to building collaborative and empathic skills in students. However, this area of teaching is lacking in rigorous studies. The project aimed to evaluate whether an interprofessional education intervention in partnership with patient educators (IPE-PE) would increase readiness for interprofessional learning and empathy in health sciences students. METHODS: This is the report of a didactic innovation project. Participants included 310 undergraduate health sciences students who took part in an IPE-PE intervention. Data were collected before and after the training, using the Readiness for Interprofessional Learning Scale (RIPLS) and the Jefferson Scale of Empathy-Health Professions Student version (JSE-HPS). Only at the end of the intervention, a data collection form was administered to explore the value of the patient educator in the training and to investigate the socio-demographic variables. RESULTS: The mean age of participants was 21±3.2 SD years and 76% were female. A paired t-test showed significant changes from before to after the IPE-PE in the mean total RIPLS score (42.7±5.8 SD vs 44.62±5.9 SD, P<0.001) and the mean total JSE-HPS score (112.7±12.5 SD vs 116.03±12.8 SD, P<0.001).            Conclusions: Our students reported that IPE-PE had helped them to become more effective healthcare team members, to think positively about other professionals, and to gain empathic understanding of the perspective of the person being cared for. The results of the project confirm that the intervention promoted the development of empathy, fostering a better understanding of the patient-centred perspective.

Describing the readiness for interprofessional education among university students attending healthcare programs: insights from a monocentric cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Readiness for interprofessional education (IPE) was recognized by international authorities as a key approach for educating students attending healthcare programs. Thus far, there are no descriptions of readiness for IPE in the Albanian context. For this reason, this study aimed to describe readiness for IPE, assessed by measuring "teamwork and collaboration" and "positive professional identity, roles, and responsibilities" among students attending healthcare programs in an Italian-speaking university based in Albania, and describe the correlations between readiness for IPE and the characteristics of the respondents. METHODS: This study had a descriptive observational design, a cross-sectional data collection, and a convenience sampling procedure performed in a single centre. The study was accomplished between April 2020 and June 2021, involving 688 students, 38.2% of the entire population of students attending healthcare programs in the context of the investigation. RESULTS: The teamwork and collaboration mean score was 4.40 (standard deviation = 0.56), and no differences were found between programs (p-value=0.159). The positive professional identity, roles, and responsibilities mean score was 4.33 (standard deviation = 0.64) with no differences between programs (p-value=0.340). Females attending nursing or midwifery reported higher positive professional identity, roles, and responsibilities scores (p-value=0.020), and females in dentistry reported higher teamwork and collaboration scores than males (p-value=0.045). CONCLUSIONS: Future research should evaluate readiness for IPE longitudinally to ascertain its trajectories over time and analyze any potential individual- or organizational-level variables that may impact IPE and sex-related differences regarding factors influencing IPE.

Visual thinking strategies for interprofessional education and promoting collaborative competencies.

BACKGROUND: Interprofessional education (IPE) curricula require approaches that address the needs of learners from multiple professions and levels of clinical experience. Frameworks based in the arts and humanities, which can improve learners' skills in collaborative competencies such as communication and team building, remain limited in IPE. We describe the development, implementation and evaluation of a visual arts-based IPE session for over 400 interprofessional learners. APPROACH: During the 90-min session held in 2021, an art museum educator first guided learners through observations of art works using the Visual Thinking Strategies (VTS) approach. Subsequently, small groups of six to eight interprofessional learners and two trained facilitators explored how their observations were influenced by personal and professional identities and made connections to interprofessional collaborative practice. EVALUATION: Two hundred eleven of the 407 student attendees responded to the post-session survey (52%). Eighty percent of the respondents agreed or strongly agreed that 'the art of observation activity is an effective means of starting discussions with interprofessional teams.' On the Interprofessional Collaborative Competency Attainment Survey, a validated tool assessing changes in interprofessional collaboration-related competencies, there was a significant increase between pre- (M = 45.73, SD = 8.05, p < 0.001) and post-session scores (M = 51.46, SD = 7.97, p < 0.001), using a paired t-test analysis. Qualitative analysis of learners' takeaways identified themes of open-mindedness, hearing other opinions and perspectives, collaboration/teamwork, patient-centeredness and awareness of biases. IMPLICATIONS: Our curricular approach shows how integrating visual arts-based pedagogies into IPE activities with learners from diverse disciplines and clinical experiences is both feasible and helpful for developing collaborative competencies.

Perceptions of medical students toward assessors in interprofessional education.

PURPOSE: This study aims to establish if medical students think it is fair to be assessed by nursing professors in interprofessional education (IPE) and why. METHODS: Eighty-seven third-year medical students who participated in the IPE in 2022 submitted self-reflection essays. They were asked how they perceived the assessors, and 86 medical students responded to content analyses. RESULTS: Sixty-seven students (77.9%) agreed to be assessed by nursing professors. They believed that interprofessional assessment is possible because it is an IPE. They also believed that this was an opportunity to be assessed from various perspectives. Nineteen students (22.1%) objected because the assessment criteria may be different and nursing professors would not understand the learning experiences of medical students. CONCLUSION: Regarding the reasons medical students oppose it, IPE developers should supplement the development of assessment criteria and understand learners' experiences during planning assessment.

Incorporating Interprofessional Education into a Required Introductory Pharmacy and Nursing Didactic Course.

OBJECTIVE: The primary objective was to describe the pedagogical approach of conducting 2 Interprofessional Education (IPE) sessions focused on IPE Collaborative (IPEC) Core Competencies in a required pharmacy and nursing didactic course. The secondary objective was to use quantitative and qualitative methods to assess students' self-reported IPE knowledge, skills, and attitudes after the IPE sessions. METHODS: Sessions consisted of active learning exercises with supplemental lectures, emphasizing students work together to find optimal solutions to both clinical and nonclinical problems. Time was allotted for debriefing and discussion. Students completed a post-session reflection with 6 guided questions to collect qualitative themes. Participants also completed the W(e) Learn Interprofessional Program Assessment Scale, a survey designed to assess student perceptions of the interprofessional sessions. We used t tests for comparing scores among relevant subgroups. RESULTS: From 2017-2019, 263 students attended 2 annual IPE sessions in a required, introductory course. Small group didactic activities with faculty-led debriefing were included in each session. A total of 111 students fully completed the scale and average scores were high (Mean = 197.5, SD = 15.96). Thematic analysis of reflections revealed that students recognized teamwork, mutual respect, effective communication, and understanding the roles and responsibilities of the interprofessional team helped improve patient care. CONCLUSION: Including joint IPE sessions in a foundational didactic course was a feasible and successful IPE component. Sessions provided students with experience practicing foundational skills for interprofessional communication and teamwork. Students reported high satisfaction and valued the sessions, as indicated by quantitative surveys and qualitative themes.

Experiences of faculty and students regarding a locally developed framework for implementing interprofessional education during international electives in Sub-Saharan Africa.

BACKGROUND: Given that there are hardly any comprehensive frameworks to guide institutions on approaches to use as they implement interprofessional education and collaborative practice during international electives, we developed and piloted a framework to address this gap. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to explore the experiences of faculty and students regarding the use of the developed interprofessional education and collaborative practice framework during international electives. METHODS: This was an exploratory qualitative study. The study participants included faculty and students from four health training universities in Africa who participated in the pilot of international electives guided by the framework developed. Deductive thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. The codes were categorized as per the major themes. RESULTS: The major themes regarding the framework included (1) The Strengths, (2) Weaknesses, (3) Opportunities, and (4) Threats. All participants perceived the framework as useful and appropriate to enable the acquisition of interprofessional education and collaborative practice skills objectives set. The framework's duration of the elective was seen as a weakness with the need for an increment in the duration. The opportunities the framework presented included: acting as a starting point to structure and implement interprofessional education across various training institutions in Africa, advancing research, and networking opportunities to share the best practices. The main threat included siloed training where the current training curriculum of the students does not have opportunities that allow the students to study with, from, and about each other. CONCLUSIONS: The framework developed to guide the implementation of interprofessional education and collaborative practice during international electives is feasible and enabled students to achieve the interprofessional education and collaborative practice objectives set while appreciating the transcultural similarities and differences in another country.

Changes in Student Perceptions after Participating in a High-Fidelity Simulation-Based Interprofessional Education Activity at a Historically Black University.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the impact of a high-fidelity simulation interprofessional education (IPE) activity at a large, historically Black university (HBU) on perceptions of IPE. PARTICIPANTS: Student participants represented various allied health care professions; the majority were female and enrolled in the pharmacy professional program. Health administration, nutrition and dietetics, nursing, respiratory therapy, and clinical lab science programs were also represented. METHODS: Participants were randomly assigned to IPE teams of 6-7 individuals. The 1-day activity transpired at a high-fidelity simulation facility and included a pre-briefing, simulated scenario with high-fidelity mannequins, and a faculty-guided video-assisted debriefing session. The patient scenario was designed by subject area faculty experts and featured an adult patient on hemodialysis. Participants completed pre and post-activity questionnaires that included the Student Perceptions of Interprofessional Clinical Education-Revised (SPICE-R) instrument. RESULTS: Participants completed pre (n=107) and post-activity (n=81) questionnaires. There was a significant increase from the pre-event (M=3.90, SD 0.91) and post-event score (M=4.22, SD 0.84) for the SPICE-R item regarding understanding "the roles of other professionals within the interdisciplinary team"; t(186)= -2.471, p=0.01. The SPICE-R item score for "health professionals should collaborate in teams" also significantly increased from the pre-event (M=4.28, SD 0.80) to the post-event (M=4.53, SD 0.73); t(186)= -2.209, p=0.03. CONCLUSIONS: Participation in a 1-day high-fidelity simulation-based IPE activity at a HBU has the potential to positively change students' perceptions of IPE. Future studies should consider the impact of IPE on perceptions of diversity.

Experiential Interprofessional Education Rooted in the Social Determinants of Health and Ecological Model Fosters Interprofessional Socialization.

OBJECTIVE: Experiential interprofessional education (IPE) fostering socialization to interprofessional teams is essential to clinical practice. Inclusion of authentic patient voices cultivates an understanding of social factors that patients face. We qualitatively assessed how experiential IPE framed around social determinants of health (SDH) and socioecological model (SEM) influenced early health profession students' development of interprofessional socialization while working with patients. Secondarily, we explored how students shifted their mindsets for future interactions. METHODS: Fifty-one health profession students participated in the Longitudinal Interprofessional Family-based Experience (LIFE), a virtual, 13-week experiential IPE opportunity during which students interacted with patients living with chronic illnesses through two interviews. Prompts representing aspects of working on an interprofessional team while interacting with a patient framed around social factors affecting healthcare were coded using the constant comparative method of analysis. Themes were derived and tallied for frequencies. RESULTS: Themes from prompt related to working with an interprofessional team included: 1) perspectives, 2) informative, and 3) collaboration. Themes related to patients as a team member included: 1) active listening, 2) patients of similar/dissimilar back¬grounds, 3) person-centered care, and 4) awareness. Themes derived from prompt about future collaborations included: 1) collaboration, 2) awareness, and 3) person-centered care. CONCLUSIONS: This SDH-focused experiential IPE advanced the understanding among early learners of how social factors that patients experience are barriers to how care is delivered and interprofessional teams must collaborate to consider factors to support patients.

Dipping Your Toes in the Water: An Experiential Strategy to Recruit and Engage New Faculty in Interprofessional Education.

AIMS: Engaged and trained faculty to support and role-model interprofessional education (IPE)-related concepts and behaviors are vital in the development, implementation, and sustainability of IPE academic teaching and training programs. Thus, recruitment of engaged faculty is essential for effective IPE expansion, scalability innovation, and sustainability across a variety of schools, programs, and students. The primary aim of this descriptive study was to implement a strategy to recruit and engage new IPE faculty and determine the strategy's effectiveness in increasing faculty's intent to participate in future IPE. A secondary aim was to identify implementation recommendations for this strategy as a first step of IPE faculty engagement. METHODS: An introductory experiential recruitment and engagement strategy for new Faculty Observers was developed. The project used a descriptive study design and data were gathered through pre- and post-program online self-administered surveys completed by Faculty Observer participants. The surveys included questions about demographics, rating usefulness of activities, engagement motivators, and willingness to facilitate in the future. RESULTS: Fifteen faculty with no or limited IPE experience participated. Post-survey results indicated that 85% of the participants expressed willingness to participate in this program in the future, and 100% would recommend using this experiential recruitment and engagement strategy. DISCUSSION: A "dip your toes in the water" experiential strategy for IPE faculty recruitment and engagement was effective in recruitment of new IPE faculty.

Virtual Interprofessional Education: Lessons Learned.

INTRODUCTION: Several universities modified interprofessional education (IPE) to a virtual format, showing similar outcomes as IPE delivered through an in-person format. This study aimed to describe perceptions of 106 students from programs in occupational therapy, dietetics, nursing, athletic training, and speech-language pathology (SLP) following an established IPE activity in a virtual format. This information will add to previous literature through inclusion of 5 healthcare programs as well as identifying attitudes from each discipline. both of which will enhance future IPE curriculum development. METHODS: Following the IPE event with a case study, participants wrote reflective essays describing their perceptions of the virtual IPE experience. Four researchers analyzed the reflective essays using thematic analysis. RESULTS: Findings revealed four themes: beneficial learning experience, roles, the more the merrier, and logistics. Participants felt overall that the virtual IPE experience was beneficial, but the logistical issues of the online format as well as students' amount of participation created negative perceptions. Participants from dietetics expressed the most positive comments (70%), followed by occupational therapy (69%), athletic training (67%), speech-language pathology (54%) and nursing (48%). Undergraduate students (dietetics and nursing) made 4% more positive comments than graduate students (SLP, athletic training, occupational therapy). DISCUSSION: Participants shared that the virtual IPE experience is beneficial for optimal holistic care and felt some components of the IPE experience prepared them for real-world clinical practice. However, logistical issues (large group size and online format) prevented equal participation and establishing a connection with other participants.

Early stages of learning in interprofessional education: stepping towards collective competence for healthcare teams.

BACKGROUND: Interprofessional education (IPE) is a core element of many health professional education curricula. To date the focus of much research has been on student perceptions of, and attitudes towards, the learning experience. Little is known about the impact of early IPE experience on how students understand and learn about effective interprofessional teamwork. METHODS: This qualitative study involved first year university students enrolled in health professions degrees and investigated their descriptions of interprofessional teamwork through graphic elicitation and interviews. Participants were enrolled in a large-scale interprofessional unit (subject) in the university. RESULTS: The data were analysed through the lens of a tool that classifies dimensions of interprofessional activity. The findings indicated the majority of students had what was classified as a Stage 1 (or 'nascent') understanding of integration between work practices and a Stage 2 (or 'emerging') understanding of the dimensions of interprofessional teamwork which were commitment, identity, goals, roles and responsibilities, and interdependence. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the findings, the stages for a learning trajectory for interprofessional education are proposed and each stage is mapped to dimensions of interprofessional activity. A number of pedagogical strategies are suggested in order to move students through this two-stage model of learning and ensure their readiness for interprofessional teamwork as health professionals.

Programa de entrenamiento basado en TeamSTEPPS® mediante simulación clínica en profesionales de cuidados intensivos: un estudio con metodología mixta / TeamSTEPPS®-based clinical simulation training program for critical care professionals: A mixed-methodology study

Introducción: El programa Team Strategies and Tools to Enhance Performance and Patient Safety (TeamSTEPPS®) ha demostrado mejorar el trabajo interprofesional entre los profesionales sanitarios mejorando el trabajo en equipo. Se formó a profesionales de cuidados intensivos en esta metodología mediante el Curso «Instructor/a en simulación: Mejorando el Trabajo en Equipo a Través de TeamSTEPPS®». Objetivos: Analizar el desempeño del trabajo en equipo y las buenas prácticas en simulación de los profesionales de cuidados intensivos asistentes al curso y explorar sus percepciones sobre la experiencia formativa llevada a cabo durante el mismo. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo transversal y fenomenológico mediante una metodología mixta. Se aplicaron a los 18 asistentes al curso los cuestionarios «TeamSTEPPS™ 2.0 Team Performance Observation Tool» para evaluar el desempeño del trabajo en equipo y «Educational Practices Questionnaire» para las buenas prácticas en simulación tras los escenarios simulados. Posteriormente se realizó una entrevista grupal a través de un grupo focal a ocho asistentes mediante la plataforma de videoconferencias Zoom™. Se realizó un análisis temático y de contenido de los discursos desde el paradigma interpretativo. Los datos cuantitativos y cualitativos se analizaron mediante los programas IBM SPSS Statistics™ 27.0 y MAXQDA Analytics Pro™, respectivamente. Resultados: Tanto el nivel de desempeño del trabajo en equipo (media = 96,25; DT = 8.257) como las buenas prácticas en simulación (media = 75; DT = 1.632) tras los escenarios simulados fueron adecuados. Se identificaron los siguientes temas principales: satisfacción con la metodología TeamSTEPPS®, utilidad de la metodología, barreras de implementación de la misma y habilidades no técnicas mejoradas a través del TeamSTEPPS®. Conclusiones: La metodología TeamSTEPPS® puede ser una buena estrategia de educación interprofesional para la mejora de la comunicación el...(AU)

Introduction: The Team Strategies and Tools to Enhance Performance and Patient Safety (TeamSTEPPS®) programme has been shown to improve interprofessional work among healthcare professionals by enhancing teamwork. Intensive care professionals were trained in this methodology through the course «Simulation Trainer: Improving Teamwork through TeamSTEPPS®». Objectives: To analyse the teamwork performance and good practice in simulation of the intensive care professionals attending the course and to explore their perceptions of the training experience carried out during the course. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive and phenomenological study was carried out using a mixed methodology. The 18 course participants were administered the questionnaires «TeamSTEPPS™ 2.0 Team Performance Observation Tool» to evaluate teamwork performance and «Educational Practices Questionnaire» for good practices in simulation after the simulated scenarios. Subsequently, a group interview was conducted through a focus group with 8 attendees using the Zoom™ videoconferencing platform. A thematic and content analysis of the discourses was carried out using the interpretative paradigm. Quantitative and qualitative data were analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics™ 27.0 and MAXQDA Analytics Pro™, respectively. Results: Both the level of teamwork performance (mean = 96.25; SD = 8.257) and good practice in simulation (mean = 75; SD = 1.632) following the simulated scenarios were adequate. The following main themes were identified: satisfaction with the TeamSTEPPS® methodology, usefulness of the methodology, barriers to methodology implementation and non-technical skills improved through TeamSTEPPS®. Conclusions: TeamSTEPPS® methodology can be a good interprofessional education strategy for the improvement of communication and teamwork in intensive care professionals, both at the care level (through on-site simulation strategies)...(AU)

A pilot study evaluating the feasibility of assessing undergraduate pharmacy and medical students interprofessional collaboration during an online interprofessional education intervention about hospital discharge.

BACKGROUND: Interprofessional education (IPE) has been identified as a strategy towards improving competence at interprofessional working and collaboration within teams. Entrustable professional activities (EPAs) provide a framework for translating competencies into elements of clinical practice, some of which in healthcare are inherently interprofessional. However, it is challenging to reconcile that entrustment decisions about student competence in an interprofessional activity are made about an individual without considering the dynamics and tensions between interprofessional team members and the task itself. This can influence students' development and demonstration of competence at interprofessional collaboration. METHODS: In this study, undergraduate medical and pharmacy students worked in pairs online (Zoom) to undertake the hospital discharge process (a professional activity reliant on interprofessional collaboration) for a simulated patient, producing a hospital discharge letter and completing a consultation with the simulated patient. The online sessions were recorded and interprofessional behaviours were assessed using a validated scale completed by an interprofessional assessment team. Students undertook this IPE intervention three times after receiving feedback and a period of reflection each time. RESULTS: Eighteen students participated across the entire intervention and 27 one-hour online IPE sessions were completed and recorded. Students demonstrated statistically significant improvements in interprofessional behaviours across the three iterations (p < 0.05 for all the sessions). The discharge letter students produced also improved over the three sessions (p = 0.01). Students found the educational sessions useful and relevant. CONCLUSION: This online IPE intervention provided the students with an authentic opportunity to work collaboratively. At the end of each iteration, students received feedback about their work as a team and about the discharge letter, helping students to reflect and purposefully develop their performance. The IPE intervention with this assessment strategy is feasible and allows student development to be captured but has proved to be time and resource intensive.

An Interactive Online Interprofessional Opioid Education Training Using Standardized Patients.

Introduction: Opioid pain management is complex and requires a collaborative approach. To prepare health professions students to care for patients who have chronic pain, we developed an interprofessional education (IPE) session for delivery using a virtual platform that featured a standardized patient (SP) interaction. Methods: The SP case highlighted a patient on opioids for chronic low back pain resulting from a car accident. Despite no improvement in pain or function, the patient continued taking opioids and developed behaviors that could represent opioid misuse. During the synchronous, online session, interprofessional teams of students interviewed an SP and collaborated to develop a holistic care plan to address the patient's pain and potential opioid misuse. The session evaluation included pre- and postsession surveys. Results: Over 750 students from medicine, pharmacy, nursing, and social work programs participated in the virtual IPE sessions during a single year. Students rated the session positively. Matched survey responses suggested improved confidence in knowledge and skills, and learning through Zoom was rated favorably. Discussion: We successfully implemented a synchronous online IPE session involving SP interactions that allowed students to practice team-based care of a patient with chronic pain who was taking opioids. Based on the success of this IPE session, including the success of the online delivery model, future IPE sessions will continue virtually.

El entrenamiento como forma de actualización docente en la Licenciatura en Imaginología y Radiofísica Médica

El desarrollo alcanzado en los servicios de salud demanda la mejora en la superación profesional de los docentes de la Licenciatura en Imaginología y Radiofísica Médica. Esta exigencia requiere la profesionalización en los modos de actuación de la profesión. Su actualización en los contenidos acerca de los principios físicos, anatomía humana, semiología radiológica, en esencia, así como sus habilidades prácticas durante la educación en el trabajo, son imprescindibles. Este trabajo tiene como propósito presentar la concepción del entrenamiento como una forma de profesionalización docente para la actualización de los contenidos. Se presenta la estructura del entrenamiento para la profesionalización del docente en la Licenciatura en Imaginología y Radiofísica Médica y la concepción pedagógica sobre el entrenamiento para su organización y aplicación en los docentes de esta carrera en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Cienfuegos.

The development achieved in the health services demands the teachers Degree in Medical Imaging and Radiophysics' professional improvement. This demand requires professionalization in the action modes. Its updating in physical principles, human anatomy, radiological semiology, as well as its practical skills during education at work, are essential. The purpose of this paper is to present the conception of training as a form of teacher professionalization for content updating. The training structure for the teacher's professionalization in the Medical Imaging and Radiophysics Degree and the training pedagogical conception for its organization and application in this career's teachers at the Cienfuegos Medical Sciences University are presented.

Interprofessional education and collaborative practice in Nigeria - Pharmacists' and pharmacy students' attitudes and perceptions of the obstacles and recommendations.

INTRODUCTION: Many countries have implemented interprofessional education (IPE) and interprofessional collaborative practice (IPCP), but there is a dearth of information on the state of IPE in Nigeria. We evaluated the attitude of Nigerian pharmacy students and pharmacists towards IPE and IPCP and the perceived barriers to and recommendations for the implementation of IPE and IPCP. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of 238 community and hospital pharmacists and 765 pharmacy students in Nigeria was conducted with an online questionnaire using the Interprofessional Attitude Scale. Information on the perceived barriers to and recommendations for implementing IPE was also collected. RESULTS: Two hundred and seven pharmacists (87%) and 629 (82.2%) pharmacy students agreed that it is necessary for health profession students to learn together. Perceived barriers to the implementation of IPE and IPCP included professional pride [pharmacists = 51 (21.42%), pharmacy students = 55 (7.19%)], prejudice against other health professions [pharmacists = 35 (14.7%), pharmacy students = 74 (9.67%)], uni-professional training [pharmacists = 5 (2.1%), pharmacy students = 7 (0.92%)], and government policies that discourage IPE and IPCP [pharmacists = 10 (4.2%), pharmacy students = 20 (2.61%)]. Recommendations proposed were the integration of IPE in undergraduate pharmacy curricula, cooperation among health professionals to curb professional rivalry, and the provision of necessary facilities and resources by the government. CONCLUSIONS: Nigerian pharmacists and pharmacy students had positive attitudes towards IPE and IPCP. The perceived barriers to implementing IPE in Nigeria include discouraging government policies. Deliberate and implementable government policies on IPE are needed.

Evaluation of inter-professional seminar involving patient-partners and caregivers.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the contribution of interprofessional education (IPE) for pre-graduate students from eight study branches. These seminars had patient-partners and caregivers as co-facilitators for reflexive conversations, with educational goals of learning interprofessional communication and involving patients in decision-making. METHODS: A pre/post seminar comparison with 2 questionnaires about the students' professional identity, multidisciplinary collaboration and patients' involvement, and the richness of stakeholders' definitions. RESULTS: 1142 students participated in the course (n = 740 after removing missing data). The results indicate that this type of education helps students feel more confident in their ability to communicate and collaborate (z = -10,204; p < 0,001), involves patients in their care plan (z = -7,996; p < 0,001) and fosters the competence and autonomy of the post-graduate students in their own professional field (z = -10,627; p < 0,001). It also enriches the definition of patients' roles (n = 399; z = -17,276; p < 0,001). CONCLUSION: Including patients-partners and caregivers in IPE enriches the professional identity and increases the self-efficacy of futures caregivers. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: This program exposed students to collaborative care practices, can reduce their resistance to this type of practice after graduation by making them more confident in using a structured team approach and recognising its benefits for both patients and caregivers.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of outcomes of interprofessional education for healthcare students from seven countries.

AIM: This study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of the learning outcomes of the interprofessional education (IPE) model for healthcare students. BACKGROUND: Interprofessional education (IPE) is an important teaching and learning model that involves two or more professions engaging or working together to improve the knowledge of healthcare students. However, the specific outcomes of IPE for healthcare students are unclear as only a few studies have reported them. DESIGN: A meta-analysis was conducted to draw broad conclusions on the impact of IPE on healthcare students' learning outcomes. METHODS: The CINAHL, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, MEDLINE, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases were searched for relevant articles in the English language. To investigate the effectiveness of IPE, a pooled estimate of knowledge, readiness for and attitude toward interprofessional learning, and interprofessional competence were analyzed using a random effects model. The methodologies of the studies evaluated were assessed using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials, version 2. Sensitivity analysis was performed to ensure the rigor of the findings. STATA 17 was used to perform the meta-analysis. RESULTS: Eight studies were reviewed. IPE had a significant positive impact on healthcare students' knowledge (Standardized Mean Difference [SMD]: 0.43; 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 0.21-0.66). However, its impact on readiness for and attitude toward interprofessional learning and interprofessional competence was nonsignificant and needs further investigation. CONCLUSION: IPE enables students to develop their knowledge of healthcare. This study provides evidence that IPE is a better strategy for enhancing healthcare students' knowledge than traditional/discipline-specific teaching techniques.

Interprofessional Education to Address Substance Use among Adults with Persistent Pain: A Pre-Post Program Evaluation.

BACKGROUND: Substance use disorders (SUDs) are highly prevalent among adults with persistent pain. Yet, standard competencies for integrating pain and SUD content are lacking across health science student curricula. Additionally, pharmacotherapies to treat SUDs are underutilized. AIM: To address these gaps, a team of health science faculty created an interprofessional simulation activity using a standardized patient and evaluated learner outcomes related to assessment and treatment of comorbid persistent pain and substance use. METHODS: A total of 304 health science students representing nursing, medicine, pharmacy, and social work programs attended virtual learning sessions. Interprofessional student teams developed a team-based care plan for an adult with musculoskeletal pain who takes prescribed opioids while using alcohol. Pre- and post-activity surveys assessing knowledge and confidence were matched for 198 students. Descriptive statistics summarized survey data with inferential analysis of paired data. RESULTS: The largest significant improvements between pre- and post-activity knowledge were observed in items specific to pharmacotherapy options for alcohol and opioid use disorders. Similar gains were noted in students' confidence regarding pharmacotherapies. No significant differences were noted on pre-post-activity knowledge scores between the three main profession groups (medicine, nursing, and pharmacy). CONCLUSIONS: Students attending this interprofessional simulation demonstrated improved knowledge and confidence, particularly in pharmacotherapies for alcohol and opioid use disorders. Replication of such programs can be used to provide consistent content across health science disciplines to heighten awareness and receptivity to medications available to treat SUDs in people treated for persistent pain. The curriculum is freely available from the corresponding author.

Leveraging an Interprofessional Continuing Education Approach to Empower Preceptors.

In July 2022, a large multi-state health care organization received Joint Accreditation, making the organization one of the elite 150 organizations internationally. Joint Accreditation offers continuing education using one succinct accreditation process. Interprofessional continuing education versus a siloed continuing education approach is essential in providing high-quality patient care and improving organizational outcomes. Completing a comprehensive needs assessment led to discovering potential educational opportunities and awareness that precepting interprofessional teams was an opportunity for interprofessional continuing education. This column will discuss how nursing professional development practitioners in the health care system with Joint Accreditation can address the need for interprofessional preceptor development. [J Contin Educ Nurs. 2023;54(7):293-296.].

Teaching Person-Centered Care and Interprofessional Collaboration through a Virtual Mental Health World Café: A Mixed Methods IPE Pilot Project.

The purpose of this convergent mixed methods interprofessional education (IPE) pilot project was to help health profession students gain valuable insight about the experiences of people living with mental illness, to help them have a better understanding of person-centered care and have greater knowledge about the importance of interprofessional collaboration. A developmental workgroup which consisted of mental health consumers, four interdisciplinary students, and our team developed and implemented a virtual Mental Health World Café IPE event. Twelve other students attended the World Café event. A paired sample t-test was used to examine group differences between pre- and post-test scores for the Interprofessional Socialization and Valuing Scale and the Texas AHEC Survey measures among the four student leaders and the 12 student participants of the virtual Mental Health World Cafe. We conducted individual interviews with the four student leaders and collected reflective journals from the 12 students who attended the World Café event. We examined to what extent the statistically significant quantitative results supported the qualitative results separately for the student leaders and for the student participants of the virtual World Café. We also examined how both the quantitative and qualitative findings aligned with the key components of the Patient-Centered Care in Interprofessional Collaborative Practice Model. While the project allowed the students to reflect upon how they may apply the principles of person-centered care and interprofessional collaboration, the impact of the consumers on the student's experiences was profound and resulted in widespread engagement of the students who attended the event.

Interprofessional Education on the Neurology Clerkship for Physical Therapy and Medical Students.

Introduction: Globally, neurological disorders make up the second most common cause of death and are the leading cause of years lived with disability. Because neurological patients often require multidisciplinary care and future professionals will encounter increasing demands for neurological care, it is important to emphasize education on the interaction between physical therapy (PT) and neurology. Yet there is a dearth of interprofessional education (IPE) learning activities that include neurology clerkship students and physical therapists. Methods: We created a 4-hour IPE experience that incorporated hospitalized patients with neurological disorders who were examined at the bedside by pairs of second- and third-year PT students and second- and third-year medical students, followed by a debriefing. Participants completed the Self-Efficacy for Interprofessional Experiential Learning (SEIEL) survey before and after the session. Results: Significant pre/post improvements were seen for SEIEL total and domain scores (n = 75, p < .001). Qualitative comments were analyzed; major themes that emerged included a greater appreciation for the other discipline. Students felt the IPE activity was a great learning opportunity to understand roles and responsibilities and communicate with the other discipline. Discussion: Students noted significant increases in their ability to understand and explain the importance of interprofessional communication and in their capabilities as health care professionals to work together on an interprofessional collaborative team. This clinical IPE experience can be seamlessly incorporated into the workplace for medical and PT students. IPE activities like this should be encouraged and developed to reach more students and other health care providers.

The perceived impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on interprofessional education and collaborative practice: preliminary results from phase I of a global survey.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a sizable effect on interprofessional education and collaborative practice (IPECP) globally, yet much of the available literature on the topic remains anecdotal and locally bounded. This body of literature reflects celebratory and aspirational reports, with many case studies of successful response and perseverance under conditions of extreme pressure. There is, however, a more worrisome narrative emerging that pointed to differences in pandemic response with concerns raised about the sustainability of IPECP during and after the pandemic. The COVID-19 task force of InterprofessionalResearch.Global (IPRGlobal) set out to capture the successes and challenges of the interprofessional community over the pandemic through a longitudinal survey, with a view to inform global attempts at recovery and resilience. In this article, we report preliminary findings from Phase 1 of the survey. Phase 1 of the survey was sent to institutions/organizations in IPRGlobal (representing over 50 countries from Europe, North and South America, Australia, and Africa). The country-level response rate was over 50%. Key opportunities and challenges include the abrupt digitalization of collaborative learning and practice; de-prioritization of interprofessional education (IPE); and rise in interprofessional collaborative spirit. Implications for IPECP pedagogy, research, and policy post-pandemic are considered.

Towards a global partnership model in interprofessional education for cross-sector problem-solving.

OBJECTIVES: A partnership model in interprofessional education (IPE) is important in promoting a sense of global citizenship while preparing students for cross-sector problem-solving. However, the literature remains scant in providing useful guidance for the development of an IPE programme co-implemented by external partners. In this pioneering study, we describe the processes of forging global partnerships in co-implementing IPE and evaluate the programme in light of the preliminary data available. METHODS: This study is generally quantitative. We collected data from a total of 747 health and social care students from four higher education institutions. We utilized a descriptive narrative format and a quantitative design to present our experiences of running IPE with external partners and performed independent t-tests and analysis of variance to examine pretest and posttest mean differences in students' data. RESULTS: We identified factors in establishing a cross-institutional IPE programme. These factors include complementarity of expertise, mutual benefits, internet connectivity, interactivity of design, and time difference. We found significant pretest-posttest differences in students' readiness for interprofessional learning (teamwork and collaboration, positive professional identity, roles, and responsibilities). We also found a significant decrease in students' social interaction anxiety after the IPE simulation. CONCLUSIONS: The narrative of our experiences described in this manuscript could be considered by higher education institutions seeking to forge meaningful external partnerships in their effort to establish interprofessional global health education.

Advancing Pharmacogenomics-Based Care Through Interprofessional Education.

As genomic medicine becomes increasingly complex, pharmacists need to work collaboratively with other healthcare professionals to provide genomics-based care. The core pharmacist competencies in genomics were recently updated and mapped to the entrustable professional activities (EPAs). The new competency that is mapped to the "Interprofessional Team Member" EPA domain emphasizes the role of pharmacists as the pharmacogenomics experts in an interprofessional healthcare team. Interprofessional education (IPE) activities involving student pharmacists and students from other healthcare disciplines are crucial to prepare student pharmacists for a team-based approach to patient-centered care. This commentary discusses the pharmacogenomics-focused IPE activities implemented by 3 programs, the challenges faced, and the lessons learned. It also discusses strategies to develop pharmacogenomics-focused IPE activities based on existing resources. Developing pharmacogenomics-focused IPE activities will help prepare pharmacy graduates with the knowledge, skills, and attitudes to lead collaborative, interprofessional teams in the provision of pharmacogenomics-based care, consistent with the standards described in the genomics competencies for pharmacists.

Interprofessional education tracks: One schools response to common IPE barriers.

BACKGROUND: Implementing meaningful interprofessional education (IPE) experiences into the curriculum often requires overcoming barriers and challenges. To overcome these challenges on a non-medical center campus, school of pharmacy IPE faculty implemented a longitudinal, three-semester, multi-track series. The goals of forming a multi-track series were: (1) to overcome the pharmacy class size compared to the other available disciplines, (2) to utilize disciplines available on a liberal arts campus, and (3) to address varying academic calendars between disciplines. INTERPROFESSIONAL ACTIVITY: In 2018, the IPE course series was developed and imbedded within the first- and second-year, required, one-credit hour IPE courses. Tracks included community wellness involving accelerated bachelor of science in nursing students on the liberal arts campus, health law involving juris doctorate candidates on the liberal arts campus, and quality management involving masters of science in nursing administration and doctor of medicine students on the medical campus. Each pharmacy student was assigned a track spring semester of the first year based on preference. DISCUSSION: Creation of the track series successfully overcame barriers for IPE implementation. The use of multiple partners, smaller cohorts, and virtual technology allowed faculty greater flexibility, smaller student cohorts, and group autonomy to determine best time and method for meetings, assignment completion, and events. IMPLICATIONS: Utilization of a non-traditional course structure allowed for creative solutions to common barriers related to implementation of IPE on a liberal arts campus. This concept can be applied to a wide variety of curriculums to implement meaningful interprofessional experiences.

An interprofessional education initiative: Introducing a local anesthesia dental course for nurse practitioner and physician assistant students.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of local anesthesia (LA) course for physician assistant (PA) and adult gerontology-acute care nurse practitioner (NP) program students on knowledge, attitudes, confidence, and intention to incorporate skills in clinical practice. METHODS: The course was conducted by dental faculty for forty-eight PA and seven NP students and consisted of two lecture hours on anatomy of the oral cavity, anesthesia and pain management, 2 hours of preclinic lab where participants practiced injection technique on mannikins, and a clinical practicum conducted by dental school faculty and residents where students observed dental treatment including administration of LA, and discussed symptom triage by NPs and PAs for patients with dental problems including orofacial pain, initial management including LA, and patient referral to dentists. An online survey was administered to all students before and after the course to assess changes in knowledge, attitudes, confidence, and intention to incorporate LA administration skills into clinical practice and elicit students' perception of program quality. Pre- to post-changes were analyzed by two-tailed t-tests and analysis of variance (ANOVA) with significance at 0.05. RESULTS: The response rate for pre- and post-course assessment was 96.4% and 87.3% respectively. Students' overall scale score for self-assessment of dental knowledge increased significantly from pre- (2.34) to post-assessment (4.19). An increase was seen in students' attitudes regarding management of dental emergencies (t = 2.181; p < 0.05). Furthermore, overall confidence of students related to managing patients with dental problems increased significantly (2.00 to 3.85) after taking the course. CONCLUSION: The LA course was well received by PA and NP students and resulted in increased knowledge and confidence in recognizing common oral health conditions, understanding dental pain management including administration of LA, and making referrals to dentists to optimize patient care.

Simulation-Enhanced Interprofessional Education for Ambulatory Care Registered Nurses and Health Professions Students.

Ambulatory care RNs and health professions students have limited education on interprofessional care before entering clinical settings. This article describes a program evaluation of a simulation-enhanced interprofessional education (Sim-IPE) experience designed for ambulatory care RNs and health professions students. An 11-item electronic post-Sim-IPE survey was administered to collect perceptions of the Sim-IPE experience. Most responses indicated the Sim-IPE promoted learning about each other's roles, was designed for their level of knowledge and skills, and provided sufficient information. The participants indicated that they felt supported and would use their learning in a clinical setting. Open-ended survey responses identified positive aspects of the Sim-IPE, areas for improvement, and suggestions for future Sim-IPE. The National League for Nursing Jeffries Simulation Theory was used to guide a program evaluation of the Sim-IPE. The program evaluation identified positive aspects and areas for improvement for future interprofessional education experiences. [J Contin Educ Nurs. 2023;54(5):226-232.].

Development of a pilot interprofessional education workshop for healthcare students and assessment of interprofessional collaborative competency attainment.

We describe the development and student evaluation of a collaborative health service provider and higher education institution initiative designed to deliver an Interprofessional Education (IPE) pilot workshop program for healthcare students. The aim was to investigate whether an IPE workshop would result in improved student confidence in self-reported interprofessional competencies using the Interprofessional Collaborative Competency Attainment Scale (ICCAS) tool. The workshops involved interprofessional student groups working on a patient case followed by a facilitator-led discussion and patient representative interaction. There were three different voluntary, extra-curricular workshops. A total of 99 students registered, from 3rd to 5th year undergraduate and 2nd year graduate entry healthcare programs at a single Irish university in February 2022. Ninety-three post-workshop survey responses showed statistically significant improvements in the ICCAS subscales of Communication, Collaboration, Roles and Responsibilities, Collaborative Patient/Family-Centered Approach, and Team Functioning; Conflict Management showed less change. Students reported positively on the benefit of the patient representative, the workshop format, and the opportunity to collaborate with students from other professions. Our findings indicate that this was a beneficial and effective way to deliver IPE across a range of healthcare professions that led to improvements in self-reported interprofessional competencies.

Discussion-based interprofessional education: A positive step toward promoting shared understanding between surgical residents and nurses.

Interprofessional education during medical training may improve communication by promoting collaboration and the development of shared mental models between professions. We implemented a novel discussion-based intervention for surgical residents and nurses to promote mutual understanding of workflows and communication practices. General surgery residents and inpatient nurses from our institution were recruited to participate. Surveys and paging data were collected prior to and following the intervention. Surveys contained original questions and validated subscales. Interventions involved facilitated discussions about workflows, perceptions of urgency, and technology preferences. Discussions were recorded and transcribed for qualitative content analysis. Pre and post-intervention survey responses were compared with descriptive sample statistics. Group characteristics were compared using Fisher's exact tests. Eleven intervention groups were conducted (2-6 participants per group) (n = 38). Discussions achieved three aims: Information-Sharing (learning about each other's workflows and preferences), 2) Interpersonal Relationship-Building (establishing rapport and fostering empathy) and 3) Interventional Brainstorming (discussing strategies to mitigate communication challenges). Post-intervention surveys revealed improved nurse-reported grasp of resident schedules and tailoring of communication methods based on workflow understanding; however, communication best practices remain limited by organizational and technological constraints. Systems-level changes must be prioritized to allow intentions toward collegial communication to thrive.

Students' interaction anxiety and social phobia in interprofessional education in Hong Kong: mapping a new research direction.

BACKGROUND: Interprofessional education (IPE) has been promoted as a breakthrough in healthcare because of the impact when professionals work as a team. However, despite its inception dating back to the 1960s, its science has taken a long time to advance. There is a need to theorize IPE to cultivate creative insights for a nuanced understanding of IPE. This study aims to propose a research agenda on social interaction by understanding the measurement scales used and guiding researchers to contribute to the discussion of social processes in IPE. METHOD: This quantitative research was undertaken in a cross-institutional IPE involving 925 healthcare students (Medicine, Nursing, Social Work, Chinese Medicine, Pharmacy, Speech Language Pathology, Clinical Psychology, Food and Nutritional Science and Physiotherapy) from two institutions in Hong Kong. Participants completed the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS-6) and Social Phobia Scale (SPS-6). We applied a construct validation approach: within-network and between-network validation. We performed confirmatory factors analysis, t-test, analysis of variance and regression analysis. RESULTS: CFA results indicated that current data fit the a priori model providing support to within-network validity [RMSEA=.08, NFI=.959, CFI=.965, IFI=.965, TLI=.955]. The criteria for acceptable fit were met. The scales were invariant between genders, across year levels and disciplines. Results indicated that social interaction anxiety and social phobia negatively predicted behavioural engagement (F = 25.093, p<.001, R2=.065) and positively predicted behavioural disaffection (F = 22.169, p<.001, R2=.057) to IPE, suggesting between-network validity. CONCLUSIONS: Our data provided support for the validity of the scales when used among healthcare students in Hong Kong. SIAS-6 and SPS-6 have sound psychometric properties based on students' data in Hong Kong. We identified quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods research designs to guide researchers in getting involved in the discussion of students' social interactions in IPE.Key MessagesThe Social Anxiety Scale (SIAS-6) and Social Phobia Scale (SPS-6) scales have sound psychometric properties based on the large-scale healthcare students' data in IPE in Hong Kong.Social interaction anxiety and social phobia negatively predicted students' behavioural engagement with IPE and positively predicted behavioural disaffection. The scales are invariant in terms of gender, year level and discipline.Quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods studies are proposed to aid researchers to contribute in healthcare education literature using the SIAS-6 and SPS-6.

Undoing Institutional and Racial Trauma Through Interprofessional, Trauma-Informed Education.

Trauma-informed care is a transdisciplinary framework that existed well before 2020, but it is now more imperative to teach it and incorporate it into medical education. This paper describes a novel interprofessional curriculum and its focus on trauma-informed care-notably, including institutional and racial trauma-that was implemented by Yale University for medical, physician associate, and advanced practice registered nursing students.

Psychological Safety as an Educational Value in Interprofessional Health Education.

The Interprofessional Education Collaborative competency on values and ethics is defined as "work[ing] with individuals of other professions to maintain a climate of mutual respect and shared values." Essential to mastery of this competency is acknowledging biases, many of which are rooted in historically entrenched assumptions about the value of medical supremacy in health care, popular cultural representations of health professionals, and students' lived experiences. This article describes an interprofessional education activity in which students from several health professions discuss stereotypes and misconceptions about their own professions and other health professions and professionals. Psychological safety in the learning environment is key, so this article also canvasses how authors revised the activity to promote and facilitate open communication.

How Do Classroom-Based Interprofessional Education Interactions Influence Medical Students' Clerkship Experiences?

Background: Classroom-based interprofessional education (IPE) has been shown to improve medical students' understanding of IPE competencies, but less is known about how those skills apply in clinical environments. This study assesses an IPE session's influence on medical students' interactions with cross-disciplinary colleagues during their pediatrics clerkship. Methods: Medical, nursing, and pharmacy students in pediatrics clinical rotations participated in an hour-long, virtual classroom-based small-group IPE activity in which they answered questions about a hypothetical case of a febrile neonate's course of hospitalization. Each student received answers to these questions given to students from other professions, such that answering the questions from the perspective of their own profession required the students to share and gather information from other students in their group. After the session, students completed retrospective pre- and postsession self-assessments of their achievement of IPE session objectives, which were analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. They also participated in focused interviews that were analyzed qualitatively to explore the session's influence on their clinical experiences. Results: Medical students' retrospective pre- and postsession self-assessment ratings differed significantly, indicating improvement in students' IPE competencies. However, interviews revealed that less than one-third of medical students applied IPE skills during their clerkship due to lack of autonomy and confidence. Conclusions: The IPE session's influence on medical students' interprofessional collaboration was minimal and suggests that classroom-based IPE has limited impact on students' interprofessional collaboration in the clinical learning environment. This finding suggests the need for intentional, clinically integrated IPE activities.

Effects of a virtual simulation-based interprofessional education activity for rehabilitation nursing using shared resources: A quasi-experimental study.

BACKGROUND: Interprofessional education (IPE) is crucial for effective clinical practice but remains challenging to be implemented. The IPE activity using virtual simulation (VS) may potentially solve the time and space challenges of in-person interprofessional simulations. Using shared VS resources may increase the popularity of virtual teaching in conditions of limited resources. OBJECTIVES: Using shared resources, this study aimed to design and implement a VS-based IPE activity for undergraduate healthcare students, exploring the effects. DESIGN: A quasi-experimental design was used, with assessments conducted before and after the activity. SETTINGS: One university and its affiliated hospitals in south China. PARTICIPANTS: Forty-two undergraduate students majoring in nursing, clinical medicine, and rehabilitation therapy participated in this study. METHODS: A test composed of ten questions was used to evaluate knowledge of rehabilitation. The Chinese version of Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory (CTDI-CV) and the Chinese version of Assessment of Interprofessional Team Collaboration in Student Learning Scale (AITCS-II (Student)-CV) were used to evaluate critical thinking and interprofessional collaboration. Participants' opinions about the activity were assessed, considering satisfaction, perceived effectiveness, the ease of shared VS platform use, and suggestions about the activity. RESULTS: Significant improvements were shown in pre- and post-test total scores on knowledge of rehabilitation, mean scores for overall critical thinking disposition, and mean item scores on overall interprofessional team collaboration. CONCLUSIONS: The study provides a reference for designing and implementing VS-based IPE but the effects of this innovative pedagogy on students' rehabilitation knowledge, critical thinking, and interprofessional collaboration ability still need to be further confirmed. Most of the students gave positive feedback on the activity. Technical issues should be addressed to decrease their impacts on the VS practice experience.

An exploration of perceptions of online asynchronous and synchronous interprofessional education facilitation strategies.

Interprofessional education (IPE) has increasingly been delivered online using synchronous and asynchronous mediums; however, little research focuses on facilitation strategies in the synchronous environment. We explored whether the perceived strategies used by facilitators in online synchronous IPE facilitation are similar to those used in face-to-face and online asynchronous IPE facilitation, and if the strategies are used to a similar degree online in both synchronous and asynchronous environments. Following completion of an online IPE course, students and facilitators were invited to complete an anonymous questionnaire exploring their perceptions of the facilitation strategies used in their synchronous and asynchronous IPE experiences. Responses were received from 118 students and 21 facilitators. Descriptive statistics indicate that students and facilitators perceived facilitation strategies are being used in online synchronous settings that have previously been recognized in asynchronous and face-to-face IPE settings. This included strategies linked to communicating about the design/organization of the experience, providing direct instruction, facilitating and encouraging interprofessional interaction, and contextualizing IPE. Wilcoxon Signed-Rank tests demonstrated a perception that these strategies were being used to a greater extent in the synchronous than asynchronous environment. This knowledge is useful to further refine the training of online IPE facilitators in both synchronous and asynchronous settings.

From self-regulation to co-regulation: refining learning presence in a community of inquiry in interprofessional education.

INTRODUCTION: Online interprofessional education is a collaborative process that emphasizes both individual reflection and shared discourses. A useful analytical tool for understanding the complex dynamics of online collaborative learning is the community of inquiry (CoI) framework, which originally held that there are three types of presence in such learning: teaching, cognitive, and social. However, it was later revised to include learning presence, which is characterized by self-regulated learning. Our study aims to refine the construct of learning presence through a clearer understanding of how self- and co-regulation jointly influence learning outcomes. METHODS: We surveyed 110 people involved with an online interprofessional medical-education curriculum at a university in Hong Kong. Path analysis was adopted to explore the relationships among 1) the three original presences of CoI; 2) learning presence (i.e., for this purpose, a combination of self-regulation and co-regulation); and 3) two learning outcomes: perceived progress and learner satisfaction. RESULTS: The results of path analysis indicated that teaching presence had a significant indirect effect, through co-regulation, on perceived progress. In terms of direct relationships, co-regulation significantly and positively influenced both self-regulation and cognitive presence; and social presence had both positive influence on learners' satisfaction and perceived progress. DISCUSSION: This study's findings suggest the important role of co-regulation in supporting self-regulation, especially in online collaborative-learning environments. Learners' self-regulation skills are shaped by their social interactions and regulatory activities with others. This further implies that health-professions educators and instructional designers should create learning activities that facilitate the development of co-regulatory skills, as a means of improving learning outcomes. As self-regulation is an important skill for health professions learners' lifelong learning, and because their future workplaces will be interdisciplinary in nature, it is critical to provide interactive and collaborative learning environments that will promote co-regulation and self-regulation.

TeamSTEPPS®-based clinical simulation training program for critical care professionals: A mixed-methodology study.

INTRODUCTION: The Team Strategies and Tools to Enhance Performance and Patient Safety (TeamSTEPPS®) programme has been shown to improve interprofessional work among healthcare professionals by enhancing teamwork. Intensive care professionals were trained in this methodology through the course "Simulation Trainer: Improving Teamwork through TeamSTEPPS®". OBJECTIVES: To analyse the teamwork performance and good practice in simulation of the intensive care professionals attending the course and to explore their perceptions of the training experience carried out during the course. METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive and phenomenological study was carried out using a mixed methodology. The 18 course participants were administered the questionnaires "TeamSTEPPS™ 2.0 Team Performance Observation Tool" to evaluate teamwork performance and "Educational Practices Questionnaire" for good practices in simulation after the simulated scenarios. Subsequently, a group interview was conducted through a focus group with 8 attendees using the Zoom™ videoconferencing platform. A thematic and content analysis of the discourses was carried out using the interpretative paradigm. Quantitative and qualitative data were analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics™ 27.0 and MAXQDA Analytics Pro™ respectively. RESULTS: Both the level of teamwork performance (mean = 96.25; SD = 8.257) and good practice in simulation (mean = 75; SD = 1.632) following the simulated scenarios were adequate. The following main themes were identified: satisfaction with the TeamSTEPPS® methodology, usefulness of the methodology, barriers to methodology implementation and non-technical skills improved through TeamSTEPPS®. CONCLUSIONS: TeamSTEPPS® methodology can be a good interprofessional education strategy for the improvement of communication and teamwork in intensive care professionals, both at the care level (through on-site simulation strategies) and at the teaching level (through its inclusion in the students' curriculum).

Professional partners: Longitudinal interprofessional education events with pharmacy and nursing programs.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Faculty from a school of pharmacy and a school of nursing developed a series of interprofessional education (IPE) events to create a two-year, longitudinal experience to maximize the time student groups would be able to work together. This paper outlines the activities created and the assessment tool utilized to evaluate the experiences. EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY AND SETTING: Four activities were planned for 43 pharmacy and 19 nursing students to cover topics encountered by both professions. These included Vitals Techniques, Medication Reconciliation, End of Life Care, and Enteral/Parenteral Nutrition. Each activity was evaluated by students using a modified Interprofessional Collaborative Competency Attainment Survey (ICCAS). FINDINGS: The most challenging part of creating this longitudinal experience was finding dates and keeping the groups the same from activity to activity. Despite this, the activities were well executed and for each event, over 95% of students completing the ICCAS survey agreed that the activities were appropriate and beneficial for IPE. Anecdotally, students enjoyed the experience and appreciated the group consistency over time. SUMMARY: The creation of a series of longitudinal IPE activities was successfully implemented between a school of pharmacy and a school of nursing.

National Center for Interprofessional Practice and Education 2023: reflecting back, looking forward.

The United States (US) National Center for Interprofessional Practice and Education was funded at the University of Minnesota to serve as the National Coordinating Center for Interprofessional Education and Collaborative Practice (IPECP) in the US In 2012, the funders had specific expectations for operationalizing their vision that included scholarship, programs and leadership as an unbiased, neutral convener to align education with health system redesign. While US specific, the National Center benefited from and contributed to the international maturity of the field over the past decade. Through its various services and technology platforms, the National Center has a wide reach nationally and internationally. This perspective provides a unique view of the field in the US with observations and implications for the future.

Potentialities and limitations of Interprofessional Education during graduation: a systematic review and thematic synthesis of qualitative studies.

BACKGROUND: Rapid demographic, epidemiological, technological, cultural/behavioural, and educational transitions, as they become more complex, demand new integrated and complementary professional skills and abilities. Interprofessional Education (IPE) is a promising alternative to deal with these changes, especially in courses in the health area. This systematic review was to explore the potentialities and limitations of IPE, from the perspective of undergraduate students, through a thematic synthesis of qualitative studies. METHODS: A thematic synthesis of qualitative studies was conducted. The question elaborated for this review was: "What is the impact of interprofessional education on the teaching and learning of students in the health area inserted in Higher Education Institutions?". The search strategy was performed in the electronic databases PubMed, Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (LILACS), Cochrane Library, and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO). In addition, searches were carried out in grey literature on the ERIC platforms, ProQuest Disserts and Theses, and Academic Google. The assessment of the quality of the studies was carried out using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme tool. Data were summarized through thematic synthesis. From the databases, 8,793 studies were identified. After standardized filters procedures, critical summaries, and assessment of relevance to the eligibility criteria, 14 articles were included. RESULTS: The synthesis of the studies revealed the potential of this teaching approach, arranged in three analytical themes: learning from each other and about them; the value of education and interprofessional practice; patient-centred health care. On the other hand, some limitations were also identified, such as barriers related to EIP; the difficulties related to teaching methodologies. CONCLUSION: Overcoming the identified limitations can enhance the results of the IPE, in view of its impact on the education of students and on the health care of the population.