Evaluating complementaries among urban water, energy, infrastructure, and social Sustainable Development Goals in China.

Urban areas' performance in water, energy, infrastructure, and socio-economic sectors is intertwined and measurable through Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 6-13. Effective synergy among these is critical for sustainability. This study constructs an indicator framework that reflects progress towards these urban SDGs in China. Findings indicate underperformance in SDGs 8-11, suggesting the need for transformative actions. Through network analysis, the research reveals complementarities among these SDGs. Notably, the SDG space divides into socio-economic and ecological clusters, with SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation) central to both. Additionally, SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth) and SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure) act as bridges, while greater synergies exist between SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production) and SDG 13 (Climate Action). An in-depth view at the indicator-level shows a core-periphery structure, emphasizing indicators like SDG 6.2 (Wastewater Treatment Rate) and SDG 6.6 (Recycled Water Production Capacity per capita) as pivotal. This study confirms the urban SDG space's stability and predictiveness, underscoring its value in steering well-aligned policy decisions for sustainable growth.

Application of Magnetized Ionized Water and Bacillus subtilis Improved Saline Soil Quality and Cotton Productivity.

Soil salinization, a significant global challenge, threatens sustainable development. This study explores the potential of magnetized ionized water irrigation and Bacillus subtilis application to mitigate this issue. The former method is hypothesized to enhance soil salt leaching, while the latter is expected to improve soil nutrient availability, thereby increasing microbial diversity. To address the unclear impact of these interventions on soil quality and cotton productivity, this study employs four different experimental methods: magnetized ionized water irrigation (M), application of 45 kg ha-1B. subtilis (B), a combination of 45 kg ha-1B. subtilis with magnetized ionized water irrigation (MB), and a control treatment with no intervention (CK). This study aims to clarify the effects of these treatments on soil bulk density (BD), field capacity (FC), salinity and alkalinity, nutrient content, microbial activity, and cotton crop yield and quality. Additionally, it aims to evaluate the efficacy of these methods in improving saline soil conditions by developing a soil quality index. The results showed that using magnetized ionized water for irrigation and applying B. subtilis, either alone or together, can effectively lower soil pH and salt levels, enhance microbial diversity and abundance, and improve the yield and quality of cotton. Notably, B. subtilis application significantly decreased BD and enhanced FC and nutrient content (p < 0.05). A correlation was found where soil nutrient content decreased as pH and salt content increased. Furthermore, a strong correlation was observed between the major soil bacteria and fungi with BD, FC, and salt content. Comparatively, M, B, and MB significantly boosted (p < 0.01) the soil quality index by 0.21, 0.52, and 0.69 units, respectively, and increased (p < 0.05) cotton yield by 5.7%, 14.8%, and 20.1% compared to CK. Therefore, this research offers eco-friendly and efficient methods to enhance cotton production capacity in saline soil.

Water and Fertilizer Management Is an Important Way to Synergistically Enhance the Yield, Rice Quality and Lodging Resistance of Hybrid Rice.

This study comprehensively investigated the synergistic effects and underlying mechanisms of optimized water and fertilizer management on the yield, quality, and lodging resistance of hybrid rice (Oryza sativa), through a two-year field experiment. Two hybrid rice varieties, Xinxiangliangyou 1751 (XXLY1751) and Yueliangyou Meixiang Xinzhan (YLYMXXZ), were subjected to three irrigation methods (W1: wet irrigation, W2: flooding irrigation, W3: shallow-wet-dry irrigation) and four nitrogen fertilizer treatments (F1 to F4 with application rates of 0, 180, 225, and 270 kg ha-1, respectively). Our results revealed that the W1F3 treatment significantly enhanced photosynthetic efficiency and non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) accumulation, laying a robust foundation for high yield and quality. NSC accumulation not only supported rice growth but also directly influenced starch and protein synthesis, ensuring smooth grain filling and significantly improving yield and quality. Moreover, NSC strengthened stem fullness and thickness, converting them into structural carbohydrates such as cellulose and lignin, which substantially increased stem mechanical strength and lodging resistance. Statistical analysis demonstrated that water and fertilizer treatments had significant main and interactive effects on photosynthetic rate, dry matter accumulation, yield, quality parameters, NSC, cellulose, lignin, and stem bending resistance. This study reveals the intricate relationship between water and fertilizer management and NSC dynamics, providing valuable theoretical and practical insights for high-yield and high-quality cultivation of hybrid rice, significantly contributing to the sustainable development of modern agriculture.

Post-war status of water supply, sanitation, hygiene and related reported diseases in Tigray, Ethiopia: A community-based cross-sectional study.

Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) associated diseases remain a global public health issue and linked with Sustainable Development Goal 6. In November 2020, a war broke out in Tigray, Ethiopia, resulting in a negative health consequence. The post war status of WASH and its associated diseases are not documented. The aim of this study was to assess the status of drinking water, sanitation and hygiene practices and the prevalence of WASH-associated diseases in Tigray, Ethiopia following the war. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in 24 randomly selected accessible districts of Tigray, Ethiopia. A standardized questionnaire was used to collect data from households in the study. Data was collected from 2338 households. Descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression were used to analyze the data. The average age of respondents was 28.7 years (SD = 6.2). The majority of respondents 2030 (86.8%) were married and 1698 (72.6%) were rural residents. Nearly one third of the respondents were uneducated and around 40% have either radio or TV as means of communication. More than half (55.2%) of the respondents had a family size of over 5. A quarter (25%, 95% CI: 23.3, 26.8) of study participants had access to a basic water supply. Less than a tenth (7.7%, 95% CI: 6.6, 8.8) of households had access to basic sanitation. Basic hand washing was available in 2% of households. Malaria, diarrhoea, skin infection and eye infection were the common reported disease in the community. Marital status, family size, place of residence and liquid waste management were the most important predictors of reported diseases. Access to basic water, sanitation and hygiene services was low, and the prevalence of malaria, diarrhoea and skin infections was higher. There were differences in WASH services and reported diseases according to zone and place of residence (urban-rural). Post war, improved access to basic water, sanitation and hygiene services is recommended to prevent WASH-associated diseases in Tigray, Ethiopia. Furthermore, the prevention oriented policy of the country needs better implementation to reduce preventable diseases and ensure better health status in the community.

3D-printing bauxite residue/fly ash-containing geopolymers as promising metal sorbents for water treatment.

Herein, we demonstrate for the first time the feasibility of employing significant amounts (up to 80 wt%) of unexplored industrial wastes (red mud and biomass fly ash) in the production of highly porous 3D-printed geopolymer lattices envisioned for wastewater treatment applications. This without compromising the mechanical performance of the geopolymers relative to those obtained using commercial precursors. The impact of the fly ash incorporation content in the fresh-state (calorimetric and reological characterization) and hardened-state (porosity and mechanical strength) properties of the produced structures was evaluated. Moreover, the influence of key printing parameters, including nozzle diameter and geometry alignment, on the resulting properties of the lattices was also evaluated. The most promising compositions were then evaluated as lead sorbents under continuous flow. The waste-based 3D-printed lattices showed remarkable adsorption ability reaching >95 % removal efficiency after 2 h. This sustainable strategy is in line with the United Nations sustainable development goals and the transition to a circular economy, reducing the consumption of natural resources and simultaneously contributing to reducing water pollution.

Embedding Water-Energy-Food nexus and circularity assessment for organization benchmarking: A case study for dairy farms.

The Water-Energy-Food (WEF) nexus approach is increasingly being used for supporting a transition to sustainable development, with initiatives involving the concept of circular economy (CE). In the agricultural sector in particular, assessing this nexus is crucial to ensure food security, control the consumption of key resources such as water and energy, as well as measure atmospheric emissions linked to climate change. This manuscript aims to propose a novel approach by coupling the WEF nexus with a circularity indicator, seeking to capture in a single index (the WEF+CEi) both performances in a sample of companies. The novel approach is applied to 30 dairy farms located in Galicia (NW Spain) to benchmark them in a holistic manner. To do this, the WEF nexus of each farm was represented through the following indicators: carbon footprint, water footprint, energy footprint, and food productivity. In addition, the percentage of circularity for each farm, and for the agro-industrial cooperative was measured thanks to the application of a circularity tool in percentage terms. Finally, the WEF+CEi indicator was obtained using the multicriteria mathematical tool of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). The results show that without considering the agro-industrial cooperative, the system is 51 % circular. On the other hand, considering the farms and the cooperative, the system goes up to 80 % of circularity. Finally, the proposed approach can support decision-making and provide insights for producers and stakeholders in the area.

Comprehending the risk of foodborne and waterborne disease outbreaks: Current situation and control measures with Special reference to the Indian Scenario.

Background: Foodborne and waterborne diseases and outbreaks are a neglected public health issue worldwide. In developing countries, diarrheal disease caused by foodborne and waterborne infections is a major cause of ill health. There is a lack of information on foodborne pathogens, their transmission routes, outbreaks, and related mortalities, due to the absence of a robust disease surveillance system and adequately equipped laboratories. Although hygiene practices are much better in Western countries, the widespread use of preserved and raw food items is a cause of concern. Consequently, the occurrence of foodborne diseases is not rare in these countries either. WHO has recently released the 'Global Strategy for Food Safety 2022-2030', addressing the emerging challenges, new technologies, and innovative approaches to strengthen food safety systems and enhance laboratory capacity for foodborne disease surveillance. Foodborne outbreaks are a huge challenge in India. Malnutrition, anemia, hookworm and enteric infections, are the predominant cryptic health conditions among children in rural and tribal areas, leading to severe consequences, including death, and posing a substantial threat to public health. Combating such events with adequate food safety and hygiene practices is achievable. Systematic collection of data can help to develop food safety policies that could reduce the burden of foodborne diseases. Objective: This review aims to examine the current situation of foodborne and waterborne diseases, identification of the factors contributing to their occurrence and outbreaks, and defining the gaps in control measures, challenges, and potential solutions in improving the public health system. Methods: Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis was made based on the literature review of foodborne and waterborne infections to assess the current situation and to identify knowledge gaps. Finding: SWOT analysis showed the strength and gaps in the different national initiatives analogous to the global programs. Though, Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP), Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI), the core Government missions, independently generate substantial information, sporadic and outbreak cases of diarrhea still prevail in the country due to the absence of a systematic national surveillance system. Recently, many government initiatives have been made through Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), G20 goals, etc. However, potential threats such as risk of zoonotic disease transmission to humans, emerging infections and antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and unauthorized activities in the food sector pose a big challenge in safeguarding the public health. Conclusion: Maintenance of global food safety requires a systematic analysis of present situations, identification of existing shortcomings, and targeted efforts toward prevention of infections. The ongoing G20 mission and the SDGs for 2030 represent significant strides in this direction. To have pathogen-free animals and supply of contamination-free raw foods is impractical, but, mitigating the prevalence of zoonotic diseases can be accomplished by rigorously enforcing hygiene standards throughout the food production chain. A crucial requirement at present is the implementation of integrated laboratory surveillance for foodborne and waterborne infections, as this will provide policymakers and stakeholders all the evidence based scientific information. This system will facilitate efforts in minimizing the risks associated with foodborne and waterborne infections.

Assessment of water, sanitation and hand hygiene practices in rural households of Tamil Nadu: A cross-sectional study.

Context: Water is a basic human right essential to all for sustainable development. Sanitation is one of the determinants of quality of life and the human development index. Drinking unsafe water impairs health through illnesses such as diarrhoea, and untreated excreta contaminates ground waters and surface waters used for drinking, bathing and household purposes. Aims: To assess the existing facilities and practices related to drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene among household members in the rural population of Tamil Nadu and to assess whether accessibility and availability of safe drinking water and adequate sanitation under sustainable development goal 6 is being achieved in the rural population of Tamil Nadu. Methodology: This community-based cross-sectional study was carried out among 200 households in the rural field practice area of the Medical College and Hospital, Thiruvallur district, Tamil Nadu. The participants were interviewed using a predesigned semi-structured questionnaire on their existing water, sanitation, and hand washing facilities and practices. Results: Our study observed that 71.5% of households had piped water supply into their dwellings, 82% were using sanitary latrines and 28% had closed drainage for draining wastewater. Twenty-eight percent were using soap and water for hand-washing before food, and 82.5% were doing hand-washing with soap after using the toilet. In our study, the association between sanitary practices and education, occupation and socioeconomic status was statistically significant. Conclusions: Our study emphasized the need for strengthening health education and behaviour change communication regarding sanitation and hand hygiene practices.

Quantitative prediction of water quality in Dongjiang Lake watershed based on LUCC.

Land Use/ Cover Change (LUCC) plays a crucial role in influencing hydrological processes, nutrient cycling, and sediment transport in watersheds, ultimately impacting water quality on both spatial and temporal scales. Accurately predicting changes in watershed water quality is beneficial for the sustainable management of water resources. Current models often lack the ability to effectively predict water quality changes in a dynamic spatio-temporal context, particularly in complex watershed environments. The overall purpose of the study is to establish a comprehensive and dynamic modeling framework that links LUCC with water quality, allowing for accurate predictions of future water quality under varying land use scenarios. The model, which uses water quality as the dependent variable and LUCC as the independent variable, was developed to quantitatively predict changes in watershed water quality. To achieve this, annual multi-period remote sensing images from Landsat-5, Landsat-8 or Sentinel-2 satellites spanning from 1992 to 2022 were analyzed. Random Forest (achieving a Kappa coefficient of 0.9468) were employed to classify land use within the watershed. Based on classification results, a Cellular Automata-Markov chain model (CA-Markov) was constructed to simulate and predict the spatio-temporal patterns of land use, incorporating driving factors such as proximity to water systems, roads, elevation, and slope. Validation of the model using LUCC data from 2020 yielded a high prediction accuracy with a Kappa coefficient of 0.9505. The CA-Markov model was further utilized to project LUCC under three different scenarios-natural development, ecological protection, and arable land protection-between 2023 and 2033. Based on these projections, the coupled water quality and LUCC model was employed to predict water quality changes in the watershed over the same period. Key findings indicate that water quality is likely to improve under ecological protection scenario, while deterioration is expected under natural development scenario and cropland protection scenario due to urban expansion, agricultural practices, and water diversion for irrigation. This study provides a robust framework for watershed management, offering scientific guidance for source management and water purification efforts, thereby contributing significantly to the sustainable development of water resources.

Ecological compensation mechanism controlled by both river ecological water demand and regional water rights.

River ecological protection and rational utilization of water resources provide an important support for the sustainable development for human beings and nature. In view of the lack of ecological compensation research on river ecological water demand and socio-economic water demand, a mechanism and methodology for ecological compensation based on the synergistic control of river ecological water demand and river water rights allocation is proposed. The variable monthly flow method and the improved dynamic calculation method are applied to obtain the river basic and suitable ecological water demands as the river protection threshold. A two-layer decision model for water rights allocation is established, which realizes the cascading allocation of initial water rights from city to counties to sectors, and the socio-economic water usage threshold for each level is obtained based on the model. Developing compensation discrimination guidelines under the dual-threshold synergistic control and using the unilateral water resources value by sub-sector as the compensation standard, realize the quantification and sharing of compensation funds. The Nanyang section of the Bai River basin in China is used as an example. The ecological compensation value for wet year (2011), normal year (2012), and dry years (2014-2013) are 0, 15.09 × 108 and 12.04 × 108 (average value for dry years) RMB. The adoption of suitable ecological water demand thresholds in 2012 increases the ecological protection requirements thus leading to an internal compensation situation between Nanyang County and Xinye County. From 2014 to 2016, river runoff continued to be low, and excessive water intake from upstream lead to a chain of compensation situations in the midstream and downstream. It is essential to establish a basin and regionally nested ecological compensation mechanism. The research results are conducive to improving the eco-compensation theory and provide scientific references for water resources management and high-quality development in the basin.

Enhancing water security: Statistical measurement and spatiotemporal analysis.

Water security is essential for ensuring energy security, sustainable development, and human survival. However, due to a series of challenges, including rising water demand, environmental pollution, and water resource shortages, the global water security situation remains concerning and poses a threat to global sustainable development. To assess water security in China, this study uses data from 30 provinces in China from 2012 to 2021. A comprehensive evaluation method was applied to determine the level of water resource security in China. The Dagum Gini coefficient, Moran index, and spatial model were used to clarify regional differentiation characteristics and the driving factors. The results indicate that while China's water resource security is relatively low, it has shown steady improvement in recent years. Significant regional disparities exist in water resource security across China, with notable spatial characteristics, and socio-economic factors are the primary causes of these differences. Based on the above research, we put forward policy recommendations from the aspects of water resources management, public participation and inter-regional water resources cooperation, to provide reference for water resources security in developing countries.

Smart waterborne disease control for a scalable population using biodynamic model in IoT network.

We propose a biodynamic model for managing waterborne diseases over an Internet of Things (IoT) network, leveraging the scalability of LoRa IoT technology to accommodate a growing human population. The model, based on fractional order derivatives (FOD), enables smart prediction and control of pathogens that cause waterborne diseases using IoT infrastructure. The human-pathogen-based biodynamic FOD model utilises epidemic parameters (SVIRT: susceptibility, vaccination, infection, recovery, and treatment) transmitted over the IoT network to predict pathogenic contamination in water reservoirs and dumpsites in Iji-Nike, Enugu, the study community in Nigeria. These pathogens contribute to person-to-person, water-to-person, and dumpsite-to-person transmission of disease vectors. Five control measures are proposed: potable water supply, treatment, vaccination, adequate sanitation, and health education campaigns. A stable disease-free equilibrium point is found when the effective reproduction number of the pathogens, R0eff<1 and unstable if R0eff>1. While other studies showed a 98.2% reduction in infections when using IoT alone, this paper demonstrates that combining the SVIRT epidemic control parameters (such as potable water supply and health education campaign) with IoT achieves a 99.89% reduction in infected human populations and a 99.56% reduction in pathogen populations in water reservoirs. Furthermore, integrating treatment with sanitation results in a 99.97% reduction in infected populations. Finally, combining these five control strategies nearly eliminates infection and pathogen populations, demonstrating the effectiveness of multifaceted approaches in public health and environmental management. This study provides a blueprint for governments to plan sustainable smart cities for a growing population, ensuring potable water free from pathogenic contamination,in line with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals #6 (Clean Water and Sanitation) and #11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities).

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Accurate assessment of material and energy exchange between land and atmosphere is essential for water resources management and sustainable development of agriculture. To understand the characteristics of energy distribution and the dynamic change process of water and heat fluxes within the maize farmland ecosystem in the old course of Yellow River and their response to meteorological factors, we utilized the eddy covariance measurements and the full-element automatic weather station to continuously observe energy fluxes and conventional meteorological elements of summer maize farmland in the old course of Yellow River during 2019-2020. We analyzed the variation of energy fluxes and the effects of environmental factors, such as temperature, precipitation, and wind speed. Additionally, we calculated the energy closure rate and the proportion of energy distribution during the growth stage. The results showed that the peaks of net radiation, sensible heat flux, and latent heat flux occurred between 11:00 and 14:00, and the peak of soil heat flux occurred between 14:00 and 15:00. In terms of energy distribution, energy consumption of summer maize farmland during the whole growth period was dominated by latent heat flux and sensible heat flux. Energy was mainly consumed by sensible heat flux at sowing-emergence stage, accounting for 37.1% of net radiation, respectively. Energy in the rest of growth stages was dominated by latent heat flux. The energy closure rate during the whole growth period was better, with a coefficient of determination of 0.83, and the closure rate was higher in day and lower at night. Precipitation affected latent heat flux and sensible heat flux, and latent heat flux was more sensitive to precipitation. The increase of latent heat flux after rainfall was lower in late growth stage than in early growth stage. During the whole growth period of summer maize, solar radiation was the most significant meteorological factor affecting both sensible heat flux and latent heat flux, followed by vapor pressure deficit. The contribution of temperature and vapor pressure deficit to latent heat flux was significantly higher than sensible heat flux, while the relative contribution of wind speed, relative humidity, and solar radiation to latent heat flux was lower than sensible heat flux. Leaf area index and fractional vegetation cover had a significant positive correlation with latent heat flux and a significant negative correlation with sensible heat flux. Our results could deepen the understanding of water and heat transfer law of summer maize farmland in the old course of Yellow River, providing a theoretical basis for efficient water use of crops.

Lithium Metal Recovery from Sea Water by a Flexible and Scalable Membrane with Lithium-Ion Exclusive Channels.

Sea water is abundant in lithium reserves, and extracting lithium metal from it holds the potential to not only mitigate the shortage of lithium in light of the fast-growing electric vehicle industry, but also serve as an anode electrode to provide electricity. The task, however, is challenging due to the harsh reactions and low lithium concentration in sea water. Here, we present a single-channel strategy based on a flexible and scalable lithium ion-sieve membrane for efficient lithium extraction. Our composite membrane exhibits high separation factor ßLi/Na of more than 2.87 × 107 with an ionic conductivity of 6.2×10-5 S cm-1. Lithium metal was electrolytically extracted from sea water through a hybrid-electrolyte system, which yielded a high Coulombic efficiency of 98.04% and a low energy consumption of 17.4 kWh kgLi-1 at an optimized extracting current of 200 µA cm-2. The extracted lithium metal can be directly integrated into a lithium-sulfur battery, delivering an energy output of 395 Wh kg-1. To demonstrate its industrial viability, we also fabricate a pouch cell with Li metal anode extracted by an amplified extraction prototype. This study has the potential to dispel concerns of lithium depletion and facilitate the sustainable development of lithium-based energy storage systems.

Application of the upcycling trend using ultrafiltrate of water from the production of collagen from fish skin in hair care cosmetics.

The aim of the research problem of the article was to try to popularize the upcycling trend in the production of sustainable cosmetics and to confirm their effectiveness. The development of recycled raw materials is a new discovery in the chemical industry. Manufacturers emphasize the production of more environmentally friendly raw materials. Conscious consumers choose cosmetics whose production is based on sustainable development. Instead of throwing away waste from various industries, let us use it to produce active substances used in hair cosmetics. The production of the collagen series was created in accordance with the principles of upcycling, which involves obtaining collagen water, which is waste generated during the production of supplements. The main goal of the work was to learn cosmetic recipes for styling, washing and conditioning hair based on collagen waste, as well as to compare the results of people using the product in question. The aim of the study was also to demonstrate the effectiveness of the treatment in preventing split ends and hair breakage, usually caused by mechanical stress (brushing), as well as to confirm the effectiveness of other tests. The article presents procedures and parameters confirming the effectiveness of treatment with the tested hair products. The following tests were carried out: hair thickness and density, colour uniformity, shine factor and scalp hydration. All parameters numerically confirmed the beneficial effects of products containing collagen water used in hair care.

L'objectif Synthèse: de l'article était de vulgariser la tendance de l'upcycling dans la production de cosmétiques durables et de confirmer leur efficacité. Le développement de matières premières recyclées est une nouvelle découverte dans l'industrie chimique. Les fabricants mettent l'accent sur la production de matières premières plus respectueuses de l'environnement. Les consommateurs responsables vont choisir des cosmétiques dont la production s'appuie sur des principes de développement durable. Les déchets provenant de diverses industries peuvent servir à la fabrication de substances actives utilisées dans les produits de soins des cheveux. La fabrication de produits à base de collagène reposait sur le principe de l'upcycling, qui consistait à obtenir de l'eau de collagène issue des déchets générés lors de la production de compléments alimentaires. Le but principal était d'apprendre des recettes de cosmétiques pour le coiffage, le lavage et le soin des cheveux à partir de déchets de collagène, et de comparer les résultats avec des personnes utilisant le produit en question. L'objectif de l'étude était de démontrer l'efficacité des soins dans la prévention des fourches et de la casse, généralement causés par un stress mécanique tel que le brossage, et de confirmer l'efficacité d'autres tests. L'article présente les procédures et paramètres confirmant l'efficacité du traitement avec les soins capillaires testés. Les tests suivant ont été menés : épaisseur et densité des cheveux, uniformité de la couleur, brillance et hydratation du cuir chevelu. Les chiffres ont parlé et tous les paramètres ont confirmé les effets bénéfiques des produits contenant de l'eau de collagène dans les soins capillaires.

Water-land-energy efficiency and nexus within global agricultural trade during 1995-2019.

Agricultural product demand driven by population and economic growth poses challenges to water, land, and energy utilization, and this increasing local demand is largely met through trade. However, the efficiency and nexus pattern of the water, land, and energy embodied in agricultural trade are not well understood. This study uses the multi-regional input-output framework to analyze agricultural water, land, and energy utilization efficiency of resource footprints per unit economic output as well as their transfer and nexus pattern in global agricultural trade for 1995-2019. The results show that many international agricultural trade paths are inefficient in the water, land, and energy resource use because the agricultural products in these paths are exported from relatively low- to high-efficiency economies/regions. However, these inefficient transfer paths show an increasing trend over the study period. Regarding the water-land-energy nexus, conflicts are prevalent in land-energy and water-energy couplings. Most trade paths are conducted to alleviate the pressure on a specific resource, inadvertently increasing the pressure on other resources. Although agricultural trade is important for meeting global food demands, it is not consistently beneficial to the local environment when considering agricultural resources use efficiency. This study is expected to improve our understanding of agricultural trade impacts to the agricultural resources and support the sustainable development of global agriculture.

Investigating agricultural water sustainability in arid regions with Bayesian network and water footprint theories.

Water scarcity is a significant constraint in agricultural ecosystems of arid regions, necessitating sustainable development of agricultural water resources. This study innovatively combines Bayesian theory and Water Footprint (WF) to construct a Bayesian Network (BN). Water quantity and quality data were evaluated comprehensively by WF in agricultural production. This evaluation integrates WF and local water resources to establish a sustainability assessment framework. Selected nodes are incorporated into a BN and continuously updated through structural and parameter learning, resulting in a robust model. Results reveal a nearly threefold increase of WF in the arid regions of Northwest China from 1989 to 2019, averaging 189.95 × 108 m3 annually. The region's agricultural scale is expanding, and economic development is rapid, but the unsustainability of agricultural water use is increasing. Blue WF predominates in this region, with cotton having the highest WF among crops. The BN indicates a 70.1 % probability of unsustainable water use. Sensitivity analysis identifies anthropogenic factors as primary drivers influencing water resource sustainability. Scenario analysis underscores the need to reduce WF production and increase agricultural water supply for sustainable development in arid regions. Proposed strategies include improving irrigation methods, implementing integrated water-fertilizer management, and selecting drought-resistant, economically viable crops to optimize crop planting structures and enhance water use efficiency in current agricultural practices in arid regions. This study not only offers insights into water management in arid regions but also provides practical guidance for similar agricultural contexts. The BN model serves as a flexible tool for informed decision-making in dynamic environments.

Integrated environmental assessment of a diversion-project-type urban water source considering the risks of novel and legacy contaminants.

The water diversion project is an effective engineering approach to overcome water scarcity as a water source for the area. However, the complex environmental conditions of long-distance water diversion bring many uncertainties for water security. In this study, we assessed the pollution condition and risk levels of emerging contaminants and traditional contaminants in the water and soil along a water diversion project in Tianjin. Then, we assessed the influence of eco-economic characteristics on environmental conditions and established a comprehensive assessment framework of water source sustainability by analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The results showed that excessive nutrient elements and heavy metal pollution mainly contributed to environmental problems in the water source area. Contrary to pollution assessment, the soil ecosystem was more subject to environmental pressure due to atmospheric deposition. The health risk assessment indicated that all contaminants had negligible non-carcinogenic risks for adults, with arsenic being considered a priority pollutant. The statistical analysis results indicated land use allocation was the most important factor in the environmental management of the water source area. According to the result of the integrated environmental assessment, the main characteristics of pressure zones were high pollution levels and human activity intensity. It is urgent to control agricultural pollution and allocate land use rationally for water source pressure zones. By considering the risks of traditional and emerging contaminants in water and soil, this study could support urban water source management and the sustainable development of the water diversion project.

Comprehensive evaluation of "Three Waters" carrying capacity and path evolution study: A case of the Yellow River Basin.

Research focusing solely on the carrying capacity of a single aspect of water resources, water environment, or water ecology is no longer sufficient to support the sustainable development and management of basin water systems. The study of basin carrying capacity should expand towards a comprehensive and holistic direction. Therefore, this study constructed an evaluation index system for carrying capacity based on water resources, water environment, and water ecology ("Three Waters"). Utilizing the entropy weight-TOPSIS method, System Comprehensive Index Evaluation, and ArcGIS tools, the comprehensive evaluation index of the "Three Waters" System Carrying Capacity (TWSCC) in the Yellow River Basin (YRB) from 2005 to 2020 was calculated. The evaluation index analyzed the spatiotemporal variation characteristics of subsystem carrying capacity and performed early warning identification and analysis of TWSCC. Four differentiated developmental pathways were designed based on the current status of basin carrying capacity. Leveraging System Dynamics (SD) modeling, the dynamic simulation, and emulation of carrying capacity trends in the YRB from 2020 to 2035 were conducted. The research findings indicate that from 2005 to 2020, the TWSCC levels across the nine provinces in the YRB consistently exhibited varying degrees of overload. The alert levels mostly remained in "Heavy warning" or "Medium warning" states. By 2035, TWSCC under the four development paths improved from 2020 levels, with the Green Environmental Protection-Oriented scheme reaching a safe carrying capacity. In summary, this paper offers theoretical and methodological support for developing basin-carrying capacity and the integrated governance of "Three Waters."