'It is impossible to meet our officially bTB-free targets with the current testing policy'.

Neil J Watt and Keith Cutler argue that Defra's aim of achieving officially bovine tuberculosis (bTB)-free status for England by 2038 is unlikely to be met without a drastic change to testing and policy.

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus prevalence in livestock of Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, Central India and its implications for public health.

The rise of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF), poses a significant global health challenge, urging immediate action and continuous surveillance. With no available vaccines, monitoring pathogen presence is critical to identify at-risk areas promptly. A study was designed to assess the incidence of CCHF virus in goats and cattle using commercial ELISA IgG kits in tribal-dominated regions. Overall, 16% of the samples (n = 63/393) were positive for CCHF virus-specific IgG antibodies, whereas sero-prevalence detected in cattle 11.6% [95% CI:7-17.7] and in goats 18.9% [95% CI: 13.76-24.01], respectively. Statistically, Animal gender and age didn't significantly affect prevalence (p-value >0.05). Our finding indicates unnoticed CCHF virus circulation. Notably, lack of public awareness about zoonotic diseases in the study region was recorded. To combat this emerging tick-borne disease effectively, it's crucial to screen individuals with hemorrhagic manifestations in healthcare settings and active surveillance of ticks to prevent unwarranted public health outbreaks and design preventive interventions.

Resistant Escherichia coli isolated from wild mammals from two rescue and rehabilitation centers in Costa Rica: characterization and public health relevance.

This study aimed to characterize the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and virulence profiles of 67 Escherichia coli isolates obtained from faecal samples of 77 wild mammals from 19 different species, admitted in two rescue and rehabilitation centers in Costa Rica. It was possible to classify 48% (n = 32) of the isolates as multidrug-resistant, and while the highest resistance levels were found towards commonly prescribed antimicrobials, resistance to fluoroquinolones and third generation cephalosporins were also observed. Isolates obtained from samples of rehabilitated animals or animals treated with antibiotics were found to have significantly higher AMR levels, with the former also having a significant association with a multidrug-resistance profile. Additionally, the isolates displayed the capacity to produce α-haemolysins (n = 64, 96%), biofilms (n = 51, 76%) and protease (n = 21, 31%). Our results showed that AMR might be a widespread phenomenon within Costa Rican wildlife and that both free-ranging and rehabilitated wild mammals are potential carriers of bacteria with important resistance and virulence profiles. These results highlight the need to study potential sources of resistance determinants to wildlife, and to determine if wild animals can disseminate resistant bacteria in the environment, potentially posing a significant threat to public health and hindering the implementation of a "One Health" approach.

COSALFA 50. Resolutions of the 50th COSALFA (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - April 25 - 26, 2024) / COSALFA 50. Resoluciones de la 50a COSALFA (Rio de Janeiro, Brasil - 25 y 26 abril 2024)

Resolutions of the 50th COSALFA. Ordinary meeting of the South American Commission for the fight against Foot-and-Mouth Disease. (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - April 25 - 26, 2024)

COSALFA 50. Resoluciones de la 50a COSALFA (Rio de Janeiro, Brasil - 25 y 26 abril 2024) / COSALFA 50. Resolutions of the 50th COSALFA (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - April 25 - 26, 2024)

Resoluciones de la Resoluciones de la 50a COSALFA. Reunión ordinaria de la Comisión Sudamericana para la Lucha contra la Fiebre Aftosa. (Rio de Janeiro, Brasil - 25 y 26 de abril de 2024)

Biennial Plan 2024-2025 for strengthening technical cooperation from PANAFTOSA towards the consolidation of the Hemispheric Program for the Eradication of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (PHEFA) / Plan Bienal 2024-2025 para el fortalecimiento de la cooperación técnica de PANAFTOSA hacia la consolidación del Programa Hemisférico de Erradicación de la Fiebre Aftosa (PHEFA)

It is acknowledged that the technical coordination and cooperation provided by PANAFTOSA/PAHO within the framework of the Hemispheric Program for the Eradication of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (PHEFA) has been decisive for the progress made and it is still necessary for the complete eradication of the disease in the continent, without jeopardizing the progress made. The PHEFA remains in effect although the region reflected its best historical record in 2023, consecutively, regarding areas recognized as free by the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH). Additionally, the countries continue to be oriented toward the execution of the PHEFA Plan of Action 2021-2025 to complete the eradication of foot-and-mouth disease, while also seeking to strengthen prevention and the capacity of veterinary services of the countries of the continent to respond to a potential foot-and-mouth disease emergency. The funding modality of PANAFTOSA/PAHO’s technical cooperation for the PHEFA is based on PAHO’s contribution with international professionals responsible of the foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) area and the reference laboratory, as well as the resources obtained from the reference material supplied to the countries. Additionally, it includes a model of voluntary contributions linked to specific projects with the countries. Therefore, the aforementioned is reflected in the costs referred to for this Biennial Plan 2024-2025. The expected outcomes of the mentioned plan will contribute to the goals outlined in the PHEFA Plan of Action 2021-2025, with a priority vision from PANAFTOSA/PAHO that takes into account COSALFA resolutions, aiming to prepare the countries for the final stage of the PHEFA. Based on these guidelines, and considering the current situation, PANAFTOSA/PAHO has elaborated the present proposal of the Biennial Technical Cooperation Plan 2024-2025 to consolidate the PHEFA.

COSALFA 50. Informe de la Secretaria Ex Officio para la 50a Reunión de la Comisión Sudamericana de Lucha Contra la Fiebre Aftosa / COSALFA 50. Report of the Ex Officio Secretariat for the 50 th Meeting of the South American Commission for the fight against Foot-and-Mouth Disease

[Introducción] El informe presenta un resumen de las acciones para la erradicación y prevención de la Fiebre Aftosa (FA) en Sudamérica y Panamá, que incluye una evaluación del cumplimiento de las resoluciones de la 49ª COSALFA, celebrada el 25 de agosto de 2022, por parte de los países y del Centro Panamericano de Fiebre Aftosa y Salud Pública Veterinaria de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud/Organización Mundial de la Salud (PANAFTOSA/SPV-OPS/OMS). Además, se informa sobre las actividades generales de cooperación técnica, los resultados de acuerdos y proyectos, y los esfuerzos interinstitucionales y de colaboración con otras agencias de cooperación llevados a cabo por PANAFTOSA-OPS para apoyar a los países.

COSALFA 50. Report of the Ex Officio Secretariat for the 50 th Meeting of the South American Commission for the fight against Foot-and-Mouth Disease (COSALFA) / COSALFA 50. Informe de la Secretaria Ex Officio para la 50a Reunión de la Comisión Sudamericana de lucha contra la Fiebre Aftosa (COSALFA)

[Introduction] The report of the ex officio Secretariat presents a summary of the actions taken for the eradication and prevention of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in South America and Panama during the period July 2022- December 2023. It includes an assessment of compliance with the resolutions of the 49th COSALFA, held on August 25, 2022, by the countries and the Pan American Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease and Veterinary Public Health (PANAFTOSA/VPH-PAHO/WHO). Also, information is provided on general technical cooperation activities, the outcome of agreements and projects, and interinstitutional and collaborative efforts with other cooperation agencies undertaken by PANAFTOSA-PAHO in support of the countries. The regional situation of foot-and-mouth disease relies on the reports sent by the countries to PANAFTOSA-PAHO, and the information gathered by the Center, complemented by analyses of relevant data published in several media. The compliance with Resolutions is assessed based on the information gathered by the ex officio Secretariat within the framework of the commitments to the Hemispheric Program for the Eradication on Foot-and-Mouth Disease (PHEFA), and it can be improved with the contributions of delegates

CANINE HOOKWORM PRESENCE IN TONGATAPU, TONGA.

Dogs are common in Tonga, where they exist in a close relationship with humans as pets and guard dogs and often are free-roaming due to limited property fencing and the need to scavenge for food. Little is known about the health status of these dogs and the type and level of pathogens carried by them. In this study, blood and fecal samples were analyzed to identify the presence of endoparasites and determine packed cell volume (PCV) values for dogs in Tonga. The current data deficit in this area made it necessary to develop a methodology and collect preliminary data to assist with future research in Tonga. Fecal analysis revealed hookworm in 73% of dogs, primarily those 4-12 mo old. Hematologic evaluation revealed low to borderline low PCV in 87% of dogs. The zoonotic nature of some of the pathogens identified poses a public health risk, with a particular risk for children.

The evolution, pathogenicity and transmissibility of quadruple reassortant H1N2 swine influenza virus in China: A potential threat to public health.

Swine are regarded as "intermediate hosts" or "mixing vessels" of influenza viruses, capable of generating strains with pandemic potential. From 2020 to 2021, we conducted surveillance on swine H1N2 influenza (swH1N2) viruses in swine farms located in Guangdong, Yunnan, and Guizhou provinces in southern China, as well as Henan and Shandong provinces in northern China. We systematically analyzed the evolution and pathogenicity of swH1N2 isolates, and characterized their replication and transmission abilities. The isolated viruses are quadruple reassortant H1N2 viruses containing genes from pdm/09 H1N1 (PB2, PB1, PA and NP genes), triple-reassortant swine (NS gene), Eurasian Avian-like (HA and M genes), and recent human H3N2 (NA gene) lineages. The NA, PB2, and NP of SW/188/20 and SW/198/20 show high gene similarities to A/Guangdong/Yue Fang277/2017 (H3N2). The HA gene of swH1N2 exhibits a high evolutionary rate. The five swH1N2 isolates replicate efficiently in human, canine, and swine cells, as well as in the turbinate, trachea, and lungs of mice. A/swine/Shandong/198/2020 strain efficiently replicates in the respiratory tract of pigs and effectively transmitted among them. Collectively, these current swH1N2 viruses possess zoonotic potential, highlighting the need for strengthened surveillance of swH1N2 viruses.

Epidemiology of multidrug-resistant zoonotic E. coli from beef processing and retail points in Delta State, Nigeria: Public health implications.

Some sorbitol non-fermenting E. coli (SN-F E. coli) and all E. coli O157 are zoonotic. Contamination of beef with zoonotic E. coli at the processing or retail point is a significant public health problem. Despite the public health importance of these organisms, there is no published data on the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of zoonotic E. coli from Delta State, Nigeria. Consequently, this study determined the prevalence and AMR of SN-F E. coli and E. coli O157 isolates from meat contact surfaces at the processing and retail points in the study area. The isolation, biochemical and serological characterisations and AMR status of the isolates were performed following standard microbiological methods. Overall prevalence of SN-F E. coli and E. coli O157 were 13.8% (56/406) and 1.5% (6/406), respectively. Majority of the 56 SN-F E. coli (64.3%, 36/56) and all the six E. coli O157 (10.7%, 6/56) detected in this study were found at the meat processing points. Most of the SN-F E. coli were isolated at the slaughterhouse floor (31%), meat hooks (17.2%) and meat sellers' knives (17.2%). The SN-F E. coli exhibited greater AMR to ampicillin (67.9%), gentamycin (64.3%) and tetracycline (50%) than other antimicrobial agents tested. No isolate was resistant to aztreonam. All six E. coli O157 isolates were resistant to enrofloxacin. Overall, 23 AMR patterns, comprised 14 from meat processing points and nine from meat retailing points, were observed from the 56 antimicrobial-resistant SN-F E. coli isolates. All the six E. coli O157 and 73.2% (41/56) of the SN-F E. coli isolates were multidrug-resistant. An overall mean multiple antimicrobial resistance index of 0.6 was recorded. Multidrug-resistant zoonotic E. coli were detected at meat processing and retail points in Delta State, Nigeria. The findings warrant the adoption of One Health control approach, "farm to fork" principle of food safety and prudent use of antimicrobial agents in animal agriculture. These may help to limit beef contamination with multidrug-resistant zoonotic E. coli at the processing and retailing points, for public health safety.

From Farms to Pharma: A "Natural" History of Vaccine Production and Vaccine Skepticism.

In the era of synthetic biology, vaccine skeptics have made claims that vaccines are "unnatural," that the technology used to develop them is risky and untested, and that "naturally acquired" immunity is superior to vaccination. Public health practitioners and physicians alike have attempted to respond to these concerns by reminding patients and the public that vaccines generate a "natural" immune response. These negotiations over the language to describe vaccines are nothing new. This article puts the relationship between vaccines and concepts like "nature" and "natural" in historical perspective. In the mid- to late 19th century, the smallpox vaccine, then the only vaccine available, was propagated on farms. Vaccine farmers-usually enterprising physicians-kept herds of cattle infected with cowpox, cultivating the virus "stock" from which the vaccine was derived. By exploring how vaccine farmers established and maintained public confidence in their products, we can see that debates over vaccine safety have always involved concerted efforts to persuade the public to place their trust in technologies that might at first seem novel, strange, or even dangerous. More broadly, this article encourages readers to think about the shifting valences of the category "natural," particularly in a public health context. (Am J Public Health. 2024;114(2):193-201. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2023.307508).

Lassa virus in novel hosts: insights into the epidemiology of lassa virus infections in southern Nigeria.

Identification of the diverse animal hosts responsible for spill-over events from animals to humans is crucial for comprehending the transmission patterns of emerging infectious diseases, which pose significant public health risks. To better characterize potential animal hosts of Lassa virus (LASV), we assessed domestic and non-domestic animals from 2021-2022 in four locations in southern Nigeria with reported cases of Lassa fever (LF). Birds, lizards, and domestic mammals (dogs, pigs, cattle and goats) were screened using RT-qPCR, and whole genome sequencing was performed for lineage identification on selected LASV positive samples. Animals were also screened for exposure to LASV by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Among these animals, lizards had the highest positivity rate by PCR. Genomic sequencing of samples in most infected animals showed sub-lineage 2 g of LASV. Seropositivity was highest among cattle and lowest in pigs. Though the specific impact these additional hosts may have in the broader virus-host context are still unknown - specifically relating to pathogen diversity, evolution, and transmission - the detection of LASV in non-rodent hosts living in proximity to confirmed human LF cases suggests their involvement during transmission as potential reservoirs. Additional epidemiological data comparing viral genomes from humans and animals, as well as those circulating within the environment will be critical in understanding LASV transmission dynamics and will ultimately guide the development of countermeasures for this zoonotic health threat.

The risk of pet animals in spreading severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and public health importance: An updated review.

Since the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 was first identified in 2019, it has been reported that the virus could infect a variety of animals either naturally or experimentally. This review discusses the occurrence SARS-CoV-2 in dogs and cats and the role of these animals in transmitting coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) to their owners. The data were collected from epidemiological studies and case reports that focused on studying the occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 in pet animals and their owners. Epidemiological studies and case reports indicate that dogs and cats are infected with SARS-CoV-2 either naturally or experimentally; however, the global number of naturally infected animals is far lower than the number of people who have COVID-19. These studies demonstrate that pet animals acquire the infection from direct contact with COVID-19-infected owners. Currently, there are no studies reporting that dogs and cats can transmit SARS-CoV-2 to other animals and humans, under natural conditions. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in companion animals (dogs and cats) in different countries worldwide raises concerns that pets are at higher risk for spreading and transmitting SARS-CoV-2 to humans and other animals, which poses a hazard to the public health. Therefore, investigating the role of dogs and cats in the transmission and epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 will help us to design and implement appropriate preventive measures against the further transmission of SARS-CoV-2.

A One Health perspective: COVID-sniffing dogs can be effective and efficient as public health guardians.

Scent-detection dogs have been used for decades to locate drugs, explosives, toxic waste, and more. Scent dogs have been trained to alert for seizures and hypoglycemia, locate cadavers, and screen for viruses, bacterial infections, and numerous cancers. These capable dogs warrant a more significant role in public health protection. The purpose of this preliminary study was to determine whether dogs could be trained to accurately identify coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections in humans. In previously published studies, dogs were trained to identify the scent of COVID-19 in inert samples with high sensitivity and specificity. In this study, 2 dogs were trained to identify the scent in live individuals (vs inert samples, as used in previous studies), a faster and more efficient screening method. These dogs tested out at 94% to 96% positive and negative agreement compared to PCR testing. These results recommend the use of scent dogs for public health applications and warrant investigation for other applications beyond COVID-19. This study is included as part of the Currents in One Health series. A partner article by Pellin et al, AJVR, January 2024, describes and evaluates the current research on the utilization of trained scent-detection dogs for the detection of disease within human and veterinary patients.

Nationwide survey of ticks on domesticated animals in Taiwan: Revealing the hidden threat to animal and public health.

Ticks are not only bloodsucking ectoparasites but also important vectors of tick-borne diseases (TBDs), posing significant threats to public and animal health. Domesticated animals serve as critical hosts for numerous ticks, highlighting the importance of understanding tick infestations in Taiwan. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a nationwide survey to identify ticks on domesticated animals and associated environments in 2018 and 2019. A total of 6,205 ticks were collected from 1,337 host animals, revealing the presence of seven tick species, with Rhipicephalus microplus, and Rhipicephalus sanguineus being the dominant species. High infestation rates and widespread distribution of ticks were observed on domesticated animals, especially on dogs and cattle (yellow cattle and angus cattle), and the neighbouring grassland of yellow cattle. While this study has certain limitations, it provides valuable insights into the distribution and prevalence of ticks on domesticated animals in Taiwan and their implications for controlling TBDs. Further research is needed to comprehensively understand the complex interactions among ticks, hosts and pathogens.

Resumen histórico de la Comisión Sudamericana para la Lucha contra la Fiebre Aftosa (COSALFA) 1973–2022: COSALFA 50

Conmemorar los 50 años de las Reuniones Ordinarias de la Comisión Sudamericana de Lucha Contra la Fiebre Aftosa – COSALFA – es una ocasión propicia para conocer y reconocer el trabajo y los desafíos que enfrentamos en la construcción de esa historia. En esa edición especial en la cual presentamos el Resumen Histórico de la COSALFA 1973-2022, agradecimos especialmente la posibilidad de recorrer la historia de los resultados de esa Comisión que PANAFTOSA/OPS lideró para aportar a la construcción de memoria, pero fundamentalmente para poder pensar, mirando la realidad de hoy, qué nuevas formas puedan tomar y cuáles son los nuevos retos que hay por delante para alcanzar la erradicación de la fiebre aftosa en nuestro continente. Las alianzas estratégicas son fundamentales para configurar políticas y procesos de transformación eficaces. Esto queda notoriamente demostrado por la asociación que líderes visionarios promovieron al proponer la creación de esa Comisión en 1972 que fue acogida con entusiasmo por la Organización Panamericana de Salud (OPS). Claramente, las nuevas generaciones, las actuales y las por venir tienen y tenemos hoy la responsabilidad de que esto así suceda. Debemos continuar fortaleciéndonos sobre la base de nuestra historia, de lo que fueron construyendo los que nos antecedieron y lo que construimos en distintos escenarios de dirección en las diferentes organizaciones. Es allí donde nuestra cooperación tiene más vigencia que nunca: en el hoy, sustentado en el ayer y con perspectiva de futuro. Estos cincuenta años de colaboración permanente dan testimonio del perseverante trabajo de hombres y mujeres que han puesto lo mejor de sí para conseguir estos resultados. PANAFTOSA/OPS ha sido un pionero en la cooperación técnica entre los países. Medio siglo de historia demuestra que esta cooperación es necesaria y realizable y que se inspira en el trabajo en red, la solidaridad y la gestión del conocimiento.

La profesión de la salud pública en España: un reto urgente para fortalecer su práctica / The public health profession in Spain: an urgent challenge to strengthen its practice

Las últimas crisis sanitarias han puesto de manifiesto la debilidad de las estructuras de salud pública en España. Las causas son, entre otras, la escasez de recursos económicos y el retraso en su modernización institucional, junto a la debilidad de los procesos formativos y de la empleabilidad. La Sociedad Española de Salud Pública y Administración Sanitaria (SESPAS) ha impulsado la elaboración del Libro blanco de la profesión de salud pública con el objetivo de contribuir a fortalecer el ejercicio profesional. Para ello se han descrito las características sociodemográficas de las asociaciones federadas a SESPAS y se ha analizado el discurso de los profesionales a través de seis grupos focales y 19 entrevistas en profundidad (72 personas). Con este material se realizó una reunión (29 personas) para consensuar conclusiones y recomendaciones. De las 3467 personas pertenecientes a las siete sociedades de SESPAS que proporcionaron datos, alrededor del 60% son mujeres y el 40% tienen menos de 50 años, siendo los estudios de grado de medicina (35,9%), enfermería (17,4%), farmacia y veterinaria (10,4%) los más frecuentes. En las entrevistas y grupos focales se identificaron como temas centrales la formación, la empleabilidad y la carrera profesional. En la reunión final se acordaron 25 conclusiones y 24 recomendaciones que pretenden contribuir a fortalecer a los/las profesionales y la profesión de la salud pública en España. Las relacionadas con la formación, la empleabilidad y la carrera profesional fueron compartidas en un Encuentro en la Escuela de Salud Pública de Menorca con responsables de salud pública del Ministerio de Sanidad y de algunas comunidades autónomas.(AU)

The recent health crises have highlighted the weakness of public health structures in Spain. The causes are, among others, the scarcity of economic resources and the delay in their institutional modernization. In addition, there is the weakness of the training processes and the employability. The Spanish Society of Public Health and Health Administration (SESPAS) has developed a White paper of the public health profession with the aim of contributing to strengthening professional practice. The sociodemographic characteristics of the associations federated to SESPAS have been described and the discourse of professionals has been analyzed through six focus groups and 19 interviews (72 people). To agree on the conclusions and recommendations, a meeting was organized with the participation of 29 participants. The demographic and employment data of the 3467 people belonging to seven SESPAS societies show that, overall, about 60% are women and 40% were under 50 years of age. Undergraduate degrees were medicine (35.9%), nursing (17.4%) and pharmacy and veterinary medicine (10.4%). Key aspects of the meaning of public health, training, employability and career and institutionalization of public health were collected through interviews and focus groups. The final meeting agreed on 25 conclusions and 24 recommendations that aim to contribute to strengthening professionals and the public health profession in Spain. Some of them, related to training, employability and professional career, have been shared in a workshop at the School of Public Health of Menorca with public health officials from the Ministry of Health and some autonomous communities.(AU)

REDIPRA 17. Plano Regional para Eliminação da Raiva Canina 2024-2030

Este documento oferece uma atualização para o plano de ação para a eliminação da raiva canina nos países das Américas, para o período de 2024 a 2030, que propõe elementos de coordenação em todos os níveis, com especial atenção aos mecanismos que garantam o compromisso político e de investidores da saúde, e a gestão na corresponsabilidade intra e interinstitucional de todos os atores. A atualização entende que esse compromisso político deve ser mantido para além da eliminação de casos caninos e humanos, para evitar a reintrodução da doença e se refletir na criação de estruturas e mecanismos sustentáveis. Este plano de ação visa principalmente a raiva humana transmitida por cão e reconhece a magnitude do problema da raiva em outras espécies animais selvagens e de produção.

REDIPRA 17. Plan Regional para Eliminación de la Rabia Canina 2024-2030

Este documento ofrece una actualización para el plan de acción para la eliminación de la rabia canina en los países de las Américas, para el período de 2024 hasta 2030, que propone elementos de coordinación en todos los niveles, con atención especial a mecanismos que garanticen el compromiso político y de patrocinadores de salud, y de la gestión en la corresponsabilidad intra e interinstitucional de todos los actores. La actualización entiende que dicho compromiso político debe mantenerse más allá de la eliminación de la rabia canina y de casos humanos para evitar la reintroducción de la enfermedad y reflejarse en la creación de estructuras y mecanismos sostenibles. Este plan de acción está dirigido prioritariamente a la rabia humana transmitida por el perro y reconoce la magnitud del problema de la rabia en otras especies animales silvestres y de producción.