Pathogenesis and management of low-pressure hydrocephalus: A narrative review.

Patients diagnosed with low-pressure hydrocephalus typically present with enlarged ventricles and unusually low intracranial pressure, often measuring below 5 cmH2O or even below atmospheric pressure. This atypical presentation often leads to low recognition and diagnostic rates. The development of low-pressure hydrocephalus is believed to be associated with a decrease in the viscoelasticity of brain tissue or separation between the ventricular and subarachnoid spaces. Risk factors for low-pressure hydrocephalus include subarachnoid hemorrhage, aqueduct stenosis, prior cranial radiotherapy， ventricular shunting, and cerebrospinal fluid leaks. For potential low-pressure hydrocephalus, diagnostic criteria include neurological symptoms related to hydrocephalus, an Evans index >0.3 on imaging, ICP ≤ 5 cm H2O, symptom improvement with negative pressure drainage, and exclusion of ventriculomegaly caused by neurodegenerative diseases. The pathogenesis and pathophysiological features of low-pressure hydrocephalus differ significantly from other types of hydrocephalus, making it challenging to restore normal ventricular morphology through conventional drainage methods. The primary treatment options for low-pressure hydrocephalus involve negative pressure drainage and third ventriculostomy. With appropriate treatment, most patients can regain their previous neurological function. However, in most cases, permanent shunt surgery is still necessary. Low-pressure hydrocephalus is a rare condition with a high rate of underdiagnosis and mortality. Early identification and appropriate intervention are crucial in reducing complications and improving prognosis.

Study on the thawing characteristics of beef in ultrasound combined with plasma-activated water.

The effects of deionized water thawing (DT), plasma-activated water thawing (PT), ultrasound (150 W, 40 kHz) combined with deionized water thawing (UDT), and ultrasound combined with plasma-activated water thawing (UPT) on the thawing characteristics and the physicochemical properties of the beef were investigated. The results showed that the UPT group had a faster thawing rate (38 % higher compared to the PT group) and good bactericidal ability (75 % higher compared to the UDT group), and had no adverse effect on the color and pH value of the beef. Plasma-activated water (PAW) can maintain the stability of the beef fiber, improve the water holding capacity (WHC), inhibit lipid oxidation, and reduce the loss of soluble substances such as protein. Therefore, UPT thawing is a promising meat thawing technology, which provides practical guidance and methods for the wide application of UPT in the field of meat thawing.

Influence of electrohydrodynamics on the drying characteristics and volatile components of iron stick yam.

The drying characteristics, rehydration capacity, color, infrared spectra and volatile components of iron stick yam slices were investigated under different alternating current (AC) voltages (13, 17, 21 kV), hot air drying (HAD) (60 °C) and natural drying (AD) by electrohydrodynamic (EHD) drying and HAD experimental devices. The results showed that slices of iron stick yam dried the quickest with HAD, which also had the fastest drying rate; while drying the slices of iron stick yam with EHD led to a better rehydration capacity, higher brightness L* and whiteness, a more stable protein secondary structure, and a greater variety and content of volatile components compared with AD and HAD. These finding indicated that EHD is a more promising method for drying iron stick yam.

Comparative analysis of bile metabolic profile in patients with biliary obstruction complicated by Clonorchis sinensis infection.

Background: Clonorchiasis is an important foodborne parasitic disease. However, eggs of Clonorchis sinensis (C. sinensis) cannot be detected in feces during biliary obstruction. Moreover, many diseases can cause biliary obstruction, such as gallstones, adenocarcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma and Ascaris lumbricoides infection. Therefore, it is of great significance to distinguish between patients of biliary obstruction and biliary obstruction with C. sinensis infection. Methods: A total of 48 biliary obstruction patients were enrolled, including 23 infected with C. sinensis (C. sinensis) (OB+C.s) and 25 non-infected subjects (OB). The bile samples were collected by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and analyzed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF MS). Additionally, multivariate statistical analysis methods were employed to identify differential metabolites. Next, bile amino acid levels were determined by targeted metabolomics analysis. Result: A total of 146 and 132 significant metabolites were identified in electrospray ionization (ESI)+ and ESI- modes, respectively. The levels of amino acids (asparagine, glutamate, ornithine) and polyamines (spermidine and spermine) were significantly changed. Targeted analysis showed that the levels of amino acids (such as L-arginine, L-glutamine, L-lysine, L-propionic, and L-tyrosine) were lower in OB+C.s patients compared to those in OB patients. Marked metabolic pathways were involved in "Glutathione metabolism", "Caffeine metabolism", "Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism", "Arginine and proline metabolism", "Purine metabolism", "Beta-Alanine metabolism", and "D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism". Conclusion: These results show that there were significant differences between OB+C.s and OB patients, especially in amino acids. The metabolic signature and perturbations in metabolic pathways may help to better distinguish OB+C.s and OB patients.

Influence of electrohydrodynamics on the drying characteristics and physicochemical properties of garlic.

Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) drying, natural air drying (AD) and hot air drying (HAD) were used to comprehensively study the drying characteristics and physicochemical properties of garlic, and low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and other technologies were used as detection methods. In terms of drying characteristics, HAD has the largest effective diffusion coefficient of moisture and the shortest average drying time. EHD-treated garlic slices had the most attractive color, the highest rehydration rate, the most stable cell structure, the highest content of active ingredients, and the most stable protein secondary structure. Therefore, electrohydrodynamic drying is a promising garlic slice drying technology and provides an effective method for the large-scale production of high-quality garlic.

Tumor-induced osteomalacia combined with increased bone resorption postoperatively: A case report.

RATIONALE: Rare tumor-induced osteomalacia (TIO) usually resulted in bone pain, fragility fractures and muscle weakness in clinical, which is caused by the reduced phosphate reabsorption, thus impaired mineralization of the bone matrix and free energy transfer. The specific problems in postsurgical patients are obscure although surgical removal of the tumor is the only definitive treatment. Here, we documented a female TIO patient who suffered more severe bone pain and muscle spasms post-operation. Further, we presented and discussed our explanation for the unexpected symptoms. PATIENT CONCERNS: The main symptoms were whole-body pain and muscle weakness. The patient also presented with osteoporosis and multiple fractures. DIAGNOSIS: Elevated serum fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) level and hypophosphatemia indicated the diagnosis of TIO. Positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) with 68 Ga-DOTATATE located the tumor in the dorsolateral part of the left foot. Histopathological examinations confirmed the diagnosis. INTERVENTIONS: The tumor was surgically removed immediately after the diagnosis of TIO and localization of the tumor. Postoperatively, calcium carbonate supplement treatment was continued. OUTCOMES: Two days after surgery, the serum FGF23 level was decreased to the normal range. Five days after surgery, N-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen and ß-CrossLaps (ß-CTx) had a remarkable increase. A month after surgery, the patient N-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen and ß-CTx levels were decreased obviously, and serum FGF23, phosphate and 24h urinary phosphate were in the normal range. LESSONS: We report a female patient who presented with osteoporosis and fractures. She was found with an elevation of FGF23 and diagnosis with TIO after PET/CT scanning. After surgically removing the tumor, the patient experienced more severe bone pain and muscle spasms. Active bone remodeling might be the reason for the symptoms. Further study will reveal the specific mechanism for this abnormal bone metabolism.

Single-cell chromatin accessibility profiling of cell-state-specific gene regulatory programs during mouse organogenesis.

In mammals, early organogenesis begins soon after gastrulation, accompanied by specification of various type of progenitor/precusor cells. In order to reveal dynamic chromatin landscape of precursor cells and decipher the underlying molecular mechanism driving early mouse organogenesis, we performed single-cell ATAC-seq of E8.5-E10.5 mouse embryos. We profiled a total of 101,599 single cells and identified 41 specific cell types at these stages. Besides, by performing integrated analysis of scATAC-seq and public scRNA-seq data, we identified the critical cis-regulatory elements and key transcription factors which drving development of spinal cord and somitogenesis. Furthermore, we intersected accessible peaks with human diseases/traits-related loci and found potential clinical associated single nucleotide variants (SNPs). Overall, our work provides a fundamental source for understanding cell fate determination and revealing the underlying mechanism during postimplantation embryonic development, and expand our knowledge of pathology for human developmental malformations.

Profiles of biliary microbiota in biliary obstruction patients with Clonorchis sinensis infection.

Background: Clonorchis sinensis (C. sinensis) is a epidemiologically significant food-borne parasite, causing several hepatobiliary diseases. Biliary microbiota community structure might be influenced by infection with pathogens. However, the biliary microbiome of biliary obstruction patients infected with C. sinensis is still an unexplored aspect. Methods: A total of 50 biliary obstruction patients were enrolled, including 24 infected with C. sinensis and 26 non-infected subjects. The bile samples were collected by Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancretography. Biliary microbiota alteration was analyzed through high-throughput 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing. Results: Our findings revealed that there was significant increase in both richness and diversity, as well as changes in the taxonomic composition of the biliary microbiota of C. sinensis infected patients. At the phylum level, C. sinensis infection induced Proteobacteria increased and Firmicutes reduced. At the genus level, the relative abundance of Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus increased significantly, while Enterococcus decreased prominently in infected groups (P < 0.05). The PICRUSt analysis further showed remarkably different metabolic pathways between the two groups. Conclusion: C. sinensis infection could modify the biliary microbiota, increasing the abundance and changing the phylogenetic composition of bacterial in biliary obstruction patients. This study may help deepen the understanding of the host-biliary microbiota interplay with C. sinensis infection on the background of biliary obstruction and provide new insights into understanding the pathogenesis of clonorchiasis.

Anti-osteoporosis treatments changed body composition in postmenopausal women: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Whether the widespread anti-osteoporosis treatments in postmenopausal women also benefit the change of body composition (lean body mass [LBM] and body fat mass [FM]) remains controversial. In order to solve this issue and find out the most effective treatment, we conducted this meta-analysis. METHODS: We searched the literature, via PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane to screen citations from inception to March 26, 2022, for inclusion in this study. Only clinical trials that used anti-osteoporosis treatments in postmenopausal women and displayed the alteration of body composition were included. Stata 14.0 was used for the meta-analysis. RESULTS: Our meta-analysis results presented that: compared with placebo, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) was associated with increased LBM (standardized mean differences [SMD] = 0.32, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.02-0.61) and reduced FM (SMD = -0.30, 95% CI = -0.51 to -0.09) in postmenopausal women. Compared with placebo, physical exercise training showed an effect of decreasing FM (SMD = -0.66, 95% CI = -0.94 to -0.38) but not significant influence LBM (SMD = 1.31, 95% CI = -0.29 to 2.91). The network meta-analysis of our study showed that oral estrogen and progestogen plus exercise (OEPE) treatment might be the most effective anti-osteoporosis treatment (surface under the cumulative ranking curve 99.9) to reduce FM in postmenopausal women. CONCLUSIONS: anti-osteoporosis treatments, especially HRT, affect body composition. Furthermore, the combination of HRT and exercise training are the most effective treatment to reduce FM while maintaining LBM.

Differences in the secretory exosomes of Clonorchis sinensis adults at different incubation times.

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin and widely involved in a variety of physiological and pathological conditions. Exosome-like vesicles (ELVs) have been identified to mediate the parasite-host interactions and communication. Thus, increased knowledge of C. sinensis ELVs could provide insights into parasite-host interactions. In this experiment, ELVs was purified by ultracentrifugation from the culture medium of C. sinensis adults in vitro incubated for 24 h and 48 h, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) confirmed that the purified vesicles which ranged from 30 to 150 nm in size were present in the culture medium. Small RNA high-throughput sequencing analysis identified 51 miRNAs, including 37 known C. sinensis miRNAs, 3 novel C. sinensis miRNAs and 11 rat miRNAs. The sequencing data were validated by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The biological function of targets of known C. sinensis miRNAs were proved to associated with signal transduction, infectious diseases and the immune system. Further, 15 miRNAs were classified as differentially expressed in the 24h-ELVs compared to the 48h-ELVs. We found that the numbers and expression levels of most miRNAs from 24h-ELVs were more and higer than 48h-ELVs'. Our work provides important data for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of C. sinensis adults ELVs.

Suppression of MIR31HG affects the functional properties of thyroid cancer cells depending on the miR-761/MAPK1 axis.

BACKGROUND: Thyroid cancer is the most prevalent endocrine malignancy. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) MIR31HG is abnormally expressed in thyroid cancer tissues. However, the precise, critical role of MIR31HG in thyroid cancer development remains unclear. METHODS: MIR31HG, microRNA (miR)-761 and mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1) were quantified by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and immunoblotting. Cell viability, proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and migration abilities were evaluated by MTS, 5-Ethynyl-2'-Deoxyuridine (EdU), flow cytometry, transwell and wound-healing assays, respectively. Dual-luciferase reporter assays were used to validate the direct relationship between miR-761 and MIR31HG or MAPK1. RESULTS: MIR31HG was overexpressed in human thyroid cancer, and its overexpression predicted poor prognosis. Suppression of MIR31HG impeded cell proliferation, invasion and migration, as well as promoted cell apoptosis in vitro, and diminished the growth of xenograft tumors in vivo. Mechanistically, MIR31HG targeted and regulated miR-761. Moreover, miR-761 was identified as a molecular mediator of MIR30HG function in regulating thyroid cancer cell behaviors. MAPK1 was established as a direct and functional target of miR-761 and MAPK1 knockdown phenocopied miR-761 overexpression in impacting thyroid cancer cell behaviors. Furthermore, MIR31HG modulated MAPK1 expression by competitively binding to miR-761 via the shared binding sequence. CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrate that MIR31HG targets miR-761 to regulate the functional behaviors of thyroid cancer cells by upregulating MAPK1, highlighting a strong rationale for developing MIR31HG as a novel therapeutic target against thyroid cancer.

Single-cell transcriptional diversity of neonatal umbilical cord blood immune cells reveals neonatal immune tolerance.

The characteristics of neonatal immune cells display intrinsic differences compared with adult immune cells. Therefore, a comprehensive analysis of key gene expression regulation is required to understand the response of the human fetal immune system to infections. Here, we applied single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and single-cell sequencing assay for transposase-accessible chromatin (scATAC-seq) to systematically profile umbilical cord blood (UCB) nucleated cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to identify their composition and differentially expressed genes. The immune cells in neonatal UCB demonstrated the expression of key genes, such as HBG2, NFKBIA, JUN, FOS, and TNFAIP3. In contrast, natural killer and T cells, which are constituents of adult PBMCs, exhibited high cytotoxic gene expression. Furthermore, we obtained similar results from the data of scATAC-seq by identifying the status of chromatin accessibility of key genes. Therefore, scRNA-seq and scATAC-seq of neonatal UCB nucleated cells and adult PBMCs could serve as an invaluable resource for elucidating the regulatory mechanisms of responses of distinct immune cell types and further identifying the differences between neonatal and adult immune responses to predict the potential underlying mechanism for neonatal immune tolerance.

Serum metabolic profiling of rats infected with Clonorchis sinensis using LC-MS/MS method.

Background: Clonorchiasis is an important foodborne parasitic disease. The omics-based-techniques could illuminate parasite biology and further make innovations in the research for parasitic diseases. However, knowledge about the serum metabolic profiles and related metabolic pathways in clonorchiasis is very limited. Methods: A untargeted ultra-high performance liquid tandem chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS) was used to profile the serum metabolites of rats at both 4 and 8 weeks post infection (wpi) with Clonorchis sinensis (C. sinensis). Additionally, multivariate statistical analysis methods were employed to identify differential metabolites. Next, serum amino acids and phosphatidylcholines (PCs) levels were determined by targeted metabolomics analysis. Result: A total of 10530 and 6560 ions were identified in ESI+ and ESI- modes. The levels of phosphatidylcholines, glycerophosphocholine and choline were significantly changed, with the shift in lipid metabolism. Significant changes were also observed in amino acids (isoleucine, valine, leucine, threonine, glutamate and glutamine). Targeted analysis showed that BCAAs (isoleucine, valine, leucine) levels significantly increased at 4 wpi and decreased at 8 wpi; threonine was increased at 8 wpi, whereas glutamate and glutamine showed a decreasing trend at 8 wpi. Additionally, the level of 17 PCs were significantly changed in infected rats. Marked metabolic pathways were involved in clonorchiasis, including glycerophospholipid metabolism, alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, histidine metabolism and pyrimidine metabolism. Conclusion: These results show that C. sinensis infection can cause significant changes in the rat serum metabolism, especially in amino acids and lipids. The metabolic signature together with perturbations in metabolic pathways could provide more in depth understanding of clonorchiasis and further make potential therapeutic interventions.

Psychological Status of High School Students 1 Year After the COVID-19 Emergency.

Background: With the control of the epidemic, adolescents' mental outlook might have improved. However, little evidence existed with regard to the psychological status of adolescents in post-COVID-19 era. This present study aimed to explore the psychological status of high school students after the epidemic getting eased. Methods: A web-based cross-sectional survey was used to obtain data from three high schools, including the demographic information, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), the Self-Rating Scale of Sleep (SRSS), and self-designed general recent-status questionnaire. Correlation analysis was performed to explore potential associations between the depression symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and sleep status. The PHQ-9 and GAD-7 differences between nowadays data and the data enrolled 12 months before were also compared. Result: A total of 1,108 qualified questionnaires were obtained. The prevalence of depressive and anxious symptoms was 27.5 and 21.3%, respectively, from mild to severe in all students, while 11.8% of these high students got sleep disturbances. Both the rate and the severity of depression, anxiety and sleep problems of female students were higher than male students. Grade three students suffered higher prevalence and severer mental disturbances than the other two grades. There were significant correlations between the depression symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and sleep status. The psychological status has been improved in nowadays high school students compared with the sample enrolled 12 months before. Conclusion: As a supplement to our former study, this present research provided a perspective on the psychological status of high school students 1 year after the COVID-19 pandemic being well controlled. We should pay attention to the psychological status of high school students, and should also notice the progresses made by this special group after the epidemic.

Perceptions of workplace heat exposure and adaption behaviors among Chinese construction workers in the context of climate change.

BACKGROUND: Workplace heat exposure can cause a series of heat-related illnesses and injuries. Protecting workers especially those undertake work outdoors from the risk of heat strain is a great challenge for many workplaces in China under the context of climate change. The aim of this study is to investigate the perceptions and adaptation behaviors of heat exposure among construction workers and to provide evidence for the development of targeted heat adaptation strategies nationally and internationally. METHODS: In 2020, we conducted a cross-sectional online questionnaire survey via WeChat Survey Star in China, using a purposive snowball sampling approach. A total of 326 construction workers submitted completed questionnaires. The perceptions of workplace heat exposure were measured using seven indicators: concerns over high temperature, perception of high temperature injury, attitudes towards both heat-related training and regulations, adjustment of working habits during heat, heat prevention measures in the workplace, and reduction of work efficiency. Bivariate and multivariate regression analyses were used to identify the factors significantly associated with workers' heat perceptions and behavioral responses. RESULTS: 33.3% of the respondents were moderately or very concerned about heat exposure in the workplace. Less than half of the workers (43.8%) were worried about heat-related injuries. Workers who have either experienced work-related injuries (OR = 1.30, 95% CI 1.03-1.62) or witnessed injuries to others during high temperatures (OR = 1.12, 95% CI 1.02-1.27) were more concerned about heat exposure compared to other workers. Most respondents (63.5%) stated that their work efficiency declined during extremely hot weather. The factors significantly associated with a reduction of work efficiency included undertaking physically demanding jobs (OR = 1.28, 95% CI 1.07-1.54) and witnessing other workers' injuries during high temperatures (OR = 1.26, 95% CI 1.11-1.43). More than half of the workers were willing to adjust their work habits to adapt to the impact of high temperatures (81.6%). The internet was the most common method to obtain heat prevention information (44.7%), and the most frequently used heat prevention measure was the provision of cool drinking water (64.8%). CONCLUSIONS: Chinese construction workers lack heat risk awareness and are not well prepared for the likely increasing heat exposure in the workplace due to global warming. Therefore, there is a need to improve their awareness of heat-related injuries, strengthen high temperature related education and training, and update the current heat prevention policies to ensure compliance and implementation.

Loss of FBXO31-mediated degradation of DUSP6 dysregulates ERK and PI3K-AKT signaling and promotes prostate tumorigenesis.

FBXO31 is the substrate receptor of one of many CUL1-RING ubiquitin ligase (CRL1) complexes. Here, we show that low FBXO31 mRNA levels are associated with high pre-operative prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels and Gleason grade in human prostate cancer. Mechanistically, the ubiquitin ligase CRL1FBXO31 promotes the ubiquitylation-mediated degradation of DUSP6, a dual specificity phosphatase that dephosphorylates and inactivates the extracellular-signal-regulated kinase-1 and -2 (ERK1/2). Depletion of FBXO31 stabilizes DUSP6, suppresses ERK signaling, and activates the PI3K-AKT signaling cascade. Moreover, deletion of FBXO31 promotes tumor development in a mouse orthotopic model of prostate cancer. Treatment with BCI, a small molecule inhibitor of DUSP6, suppresses AKT activation and prevents tumor formation, suggesting that the FBXO31 tumor suppressor activity is dependent on DUSP6. Taken together, our studies highlight the relevance of the FBXO31-DUSP6 axis in the regulation of ERK- and PI3K-AKT-mediated signaling pathways, as well as its therapeutic potential in prostate cancer.

Ubiquitin ligases in cancer: Functions and clinical potentials.

Ubiquitylation, a highly regulated post-translational modification, controls many cellular pathways that are critical to cell homeostasis. Ubiquitin ligases recruit substrates and promote ubiquitin transfer onto targets, inducing proteasomal degradation or non-degradative signaling. Accumulating evidence highlights the critical role of dysregulated ubiquitin ligases in processes associated with the initiation and progression of cancer. Depending on the substrate specificity and biological context, a ubiquitin ligase can act either as a tumor promoter or as a tumor suppressor. In this review, we focus on the regulatory roles of ubiquitin ligases and how perturbations of their functions contribute to cancer pathogenesis. We also briefly discuss current strategies for targeting or exploiting ubiquitin ligases for cancer therapy.

Direct Ink Writing of Li1.3 Al0.3 Ti1.7 (PO4 )3 -Based Solid-State Electrolytes with Customized Shapes and Remarkable Electrochemical Behaviors.

All-solid-state lithium batteries have received extensive attention due to their high safety and promising energy density and are considered as the next-generation electrochemical energy storage system. However, exploring solid-state electrolytes in customized geometries without sacrificing the ionic transport is significant yet challenging. Herein, various 3D printable Li1.3 Al0.3 Ti1.7 (PO4 )3 (LATP)-based inks are developed to construct ceramic and hybrid solid-state electrolytes with arbitrary shapes as well as high conductivities. The obtained inks show suitable rheological behaviors and can be successfully extruded into solid-state electrolytes using the direct ink writing (DIW) method. As-printed free-standing LATP ceramic solid-state electrolytes deliver high ionic conductivity up to 4.24 × 10-4  S cm-1 and different shapes such as "L", "T," and "+" can be easily realized without sacrificing high ionic transport properties. Moreover, using this printing method, LATP-based hybrid solid-state electrolytes can be directly printed on LiFePO4 cathodes for solid-state lithium batteries, where a high discharge capacity of 150 mAh g-1 at 0.5 C is obtained. The DIW strategy for solid-state electrolytes demonstrates a new way toward advanced solid-state energy storage with the high ionic transport and customized manufacturing ability.

Long Non-Coding RNA and mRNA Expression Analysis in Liver of Mice With Clonorchis sinensis Infection.

Clonorchiasis is recognized as an important zoonotic parasitic disease worldwide. However, the roles of host long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and messenger RNAs (mRNAs) in the response to Clonorchis sinensis (C. sinensis) infection remain unknown. Here we compared the expression of lncRNAs and mRNAs in the liver tissue of mice infected with C. sinensis, in order to further understand the molecular mechanisms of clonorchiasis. A total of 388 lncRNAs and 1,172 mRNAs were found to be differentially expressed with absolute value of fold change (FC) ≥ 2.0 and p < 0.05 by microarray. Compared with controls, Gm6135 and 4930581F22Rik were the most over- and under-expressed lncRNAs; flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (Fmo3) and deleted in malignant brain tumors 1 (Dmbt1) were the most over- and under-expressed mRNAs. Moreover, functional annotation showed that the significantly different mRNAs were related with "FOXO signaling pathway", "Wnt signaling pathway", and "AMPK signaling pathway". Remarkably, lncRNA Gm8801 were significantly correlated with mRNA glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase mitochondrial (Gpam), insulin receptor substrate 2 (Irs2), and tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 19 (Tnfrsf19) in ceRNA networks. These results showed that the expression profiles of lncRNAs and mRNAs in the liver changed after C. sinensis infection. Our results provided valuable insights into the lncRNAs and mRNAs involved in clonorchiasis pathogenesis, which may be useful for future control strategies.

Perturbations of Metabolomic Profiling of Spleen From Rats Infected With Clonorchis sinensis Determined by LC-MS/MS Method.

Clonorchiasis is an important zoonotic parasitic disease worldwide. In view of the fact that parasite infection affects host metabolism, and there is an intricate relationship between metabolism and immunity. Metabolic analysis of the spleen could be helpful for understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms in clonorchiasis. A non-targeted ultra high performance liquid tandem chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF MS) approach was employed to investigate the metabolic profiles of spleen in rats at 4 and 8 weeks post infection with Clonorchis sinensis (C. sinensis). Then a targeted ultra-high performance liquid chromatography multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MRM-MS/MS) approach was used to further quantify amino acid metabolism. Multivariate data analysis methods, such as principal components analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis, were used to identify differential metabolites. Finally, a total of 396 and 242 significant differential metabolites were identified in ESI+ and ESI- modes, respectively. These metabolites included amino acids, nucleotides, carboxylic acids, lipids and carbohydrates. There were 38 significantly different metabolites shared in the two infected groups compared with the control group through the Venn diagram. The metabolic pathways analysis revealed that pyrimidine metabolism, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, purine metabolism and phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis were significantly enriched in differential metabolites, which was speculated to be related to the disease progression of clonorchiasis. Furthermore, 15 amino acids screened using untargeted profiling can be accurately quantified and identifed by targeted metabolomics during clonrochiasis. These results preliminarily revealed the perturbations of spleen metabolism in clonorchiasis. Meanwhile, this present study supplied new insights into the molecular mechanisms of host-parasite interactions.