Training nurses and care/ministering when dealing with tuberculosis, nervous and mental diseases (1920s) / Formação da enfermeira e os cuidados ante a tuberculose e doenças nervosas e mentais (década de 1920) / Formación en enfermería y los cuidados ante la tuberculosis y las enfermedades nerviosas y mentales (década de 1920)

In this study we analyze the Goldmark Report recommendations for the adjustment in the training of nurses in two areas: tuberculosis and nervous and mental diseases. The method used here was the historical research based on documentary analysis. The results showed that Nursing Schools and Courses at the time met the requirements more of its institutions, sponsors and trainers, rather than following the report’s guidelines to include in their curricula, materials specific for tuberculosis and mental diseases. We conclude that the Goldmark Report identified the resistance of nurses in dealing with this issue. However, recommendations were left behind that had an impact on these training courses in the 20th century...

Neste estudo analisam-se as recomendações do Relatório Goldmark para o ajuste na formação das(os) enfermeiras(os) em duas áreas: a tuberculose e as doenças nervosas e mentais. O método usado foi a pesquisa histórica, embasada na análise documental. Os resultados mostraram que as Escolas e Cursos de Enfermagem, à época, atenderam mais as exigências de suas instituições, mantenedoras e formadoras, do que procuraram seguir as orientações do Relatório, no sentido de contemplar, nos seus currículos, matérias específicas para a tuberculose e doenças mentais. Conclui-se que o Relatório Goldmark identificou a resistência das enfermeiras em lidar com esse tema. No entanto, deixou recomendações que tiveram impacto na formação dessas no transcorrer do século XX...

En este estudio se analizan las recomendaciones del Informe Goldmark para el ajuste en la formación de las (los) enfermeras (os) en dos áreas: la tuberculosis y las enfermedades nerviosas y mentales. El método utilizado fue la investigación histórica, basada en el análisis documental. Los resultados mostraron que las Escuelas de Enfermería y Cursos en el momento cumplieron mas los requisitos de sus instituciones, patrocinadores y formadoras , que de seguir las directrices del informe, para incluir, en sus planes de estudio, materiales específicos para la tuberculosis y enfermedades mentales. Llegamos a la conclusión de que el Informe Goldmark identificó la resistencia de las enfermeras en el tratamiento de este problema. Sin embargo, dejo que las recomendaciones que tuvieron un impacto en la formación de éstas en el curso del siglo XX...

Assessment of water quality in a border region between the Atlantic forest and an urbanised area in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

The preservation of water resources is one of the goals of the designation of parks that act as natural reservoirs. In order to assess the impact of the presence of humans in an environmental preservation area bordering urban areas, the presence of four pathogenic enteric viruses [group A rotavirus (RV-A), norovirus (NoV), human adenoviruses (HAdV), and hepatitis A virus (HAV)], as well as the physico-chemical parameters, and Escherichia coli levels were assessed in riverine water samples. From June 2008 to May 2009, monthly monitoring was performed along the Engenho Novo River. RV-A, NoV, and HAdV were observed in 29% (31/108) of the water samples, with concentrations of up to 10(3) genome copies/liter. The natural occurrence of infectious HAdV was demonstrated by Integrated Cell Culture-PCR (ICC-PCR). This study confirms the suitability of using the detection of fecal-oral transmitted viruses as a marker of human fecal contamination in water matrices and indicates the spread of pathogenic viruses occurring in an alleged area of environmental protection.

Terms care and assistance in the titles of the theses in nursing (1963-2011) / Termos cuidado e assistência nos títulos das teses em enfermagem (1963-2011) / Las expresiones de cuidado y asistencia en los títulos de las tesis en enfermería (1963 -2011)

Objetivo: Analisar a frequência de aplicação dos termos “cuidado” e “assistência” nos títulos das teses produzidas por enfermeiros (as) na Enfermagem e áreas afins. Método: Quantitativo na perspectiva da história serial, cujo desenvolvimento apoiou-se na observação documental. As informações foram transferidas de uma planilha de Excel para o programa estatístico - SPSS STATICTS. Para análise das informações, foram realizadas comparações das frequências relativas (proporções) dos termos “cuidado” e “assistência” contidos nos títulos das teses. Tais procedimentos foram realizados por meio do teste Qui-quadrado, considerando um nível de significância (α) igual a 5%. Resultados: Mostraram que de 1865 teses, identificaram-se o termo “cuidado” e suas variações em 230 títulos (12,3%), enquanto que o termo “assistência” em 117 teses (6,3%). Conclusão: A superação do termo “cuidado” sobre o termo “assistência” impõe uma reflexão a partir de seus significados na aplicação desses referidos termos.

Objetivo: Analizar la frecuencia de aplicación de los términos "cuidado" y "asistencia" en los títulos de las tesis producidas por los enfermeros en las áreas de enfermería y afines. Método: Cuantitativo, historia serial, observación documental. La información se transfiere de una hoja de cálculo Excel para el software estadístico. Para el análisis de la información, se hicieron comparaciones de las frecuencias relativas (proporciones) de los términos "cuidado" y "asistencia" que figura en los títulos de las tesis. Estos procedimientos se realizaron con la prueba de chi-cuadrado, considerando un nivel de significación (α) igual al 5%. Resultados: Mostraron que la tesis de 1865, el término "cuidado" y sus variaciones se identificaron en 230 títulos (12,3%), mientras que el término "asistencia" en las tesis de 117 (6,3%). Conclusión: La superación de la expresión "cuidado" sobre el término "asistencia" impone una reflexión a partir de sus significados.

Objective: Analyzing the frequency of application of the expressions “care” and “assistance” in the titles of theses produced by nurses in Nursing area and related fields. Method: The quantitative method was used under the perspective of serial history, whose development was supported by the documentary observation. The information was transferred from the Excel spreadsheet to statistical software. For information analysis, we compared the relative frequencies (proportions) of the expressions “care” and “assistance” contained in the titles of the theses. These procedures were performed using the chi-square test, considering a significance level (α) equal to 5%. Results: Showed that of 1865 thesis, the term “care” and its variations were identified in 230 titles (12.3%), while the term “assistance” in theses 117 (6.3%). Conclusion: The overcoming of the term “care” in comparison with the term “assistance” imposes a reflection from their meanings in the application of these terms.

Detection of enteric viruses in recreational waters of an urban lagoon in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

The aim of this study was to determine the occurrences of the group A rotavirus (RVA), norovirus (NoV) and human adenovirus (HAdV) in the surface waters of an urban lagoon (Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon) in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. During one year of surveillance, water samples were obtained from the lagoon and other interconnected ecosystems (river and beach). The samples were concentrated using an adsorption-elution method with a negatively charged membrane and tested by qualitative and quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays. RVA was the most prevalent virus detected (24.3%) with a viral load ranging from 3.0 x 10¹-5.6 x 10(4) genome copies/L, followed by NoV (18.8%) and HAdV (16.7%). Considering water samples suitable for bathing, according to Escherichia coli criterion (< 2,000 most probable number/100 mL), viruses were detected in 50% (57/114) of them. Physicochemical parameters were also measured and showed possible correlations between turbidity and RVA presence and between pH and NoV presence. These data demonstrate the importance of considering viral parameters to ensure water quality and the utilisation of these parameters as additional tools for the characterisation of environmental contamination.

Detection of enteric viruses in recreational waters of an urban lagoon in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

The aim of this study was to determine the occurrences of the group A rotavirus (RVA), norovirus (NoV) and human adenovirus (HAdV) in the surface waters of an urban lagoon (Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon) in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. During one year of surveillance, water samples were obtained from the lagoon and other interconnected ecosystems (river and beach). The samples were concentrated using an adsorption-elution method with a negatively charged membrane and tested by qualitative and quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays. RVA was the most prevalent virus detected (24.3%) with a viral load ranging from 3.0 x 10¹-5.6 x 10(4) genome copies/L, followed by NoV (18.8%) and HAdV (16.7%). Considering water samples suitable for bathing, according to Escherichia coli criterion (< 2,000 most probable number/100 mL), viruses were detected in 50% (57/114) of them. Physicochemical parameters were also measured and showed possible correlations between turbidity and RVA presence and between pH and NoV presence. These data demonstrate the importance of considering viral parameters to ensure water quality and the utilisation of these parameters as additional tools for the characterisation of environmental contamination.

Cuidado e assistência nos títulos das dissertações em enfermagem (1984-2011) / Atención y asistencia en los títulos de las tesis em enfermeira (1984-2011) / Care and assistance in the titles of dissertations in nursing (1984-2011)

Analisar a frequência de aplicação dos termos cuidado e assistência nos títulos das dissertações produzidas no Programa de Pós Graduação em Enfermagem – Mestrado, da UNIRIO. Método: Quantitativo; abordagem da história serial; temporalidade 1984 a 2011; fonte preferencial 407 dissertações (N=n); na análise foi aplicado o teste qui-quadrado, com nível de significância igual a 5%. Resultados: evidenciou-se três fases, o termo assistência predominou sobre o cuidado na primeira (1984 a 1994), o termo cuidado supera o termo assistência na segunda (1995 a 2001) e na terceira (2002 a 2011). Conclusão: Nos primeiros anos, a proporção dos dois termos, indicou o efeito do entendimento das ideias de Wanda Horta, posteriormente, outros fatores contextuais e conceituais, associados às reestruturações do Programa contribuíram para ascensão da aplicação do termo cuidado, situando a produção no debate contemporâneo sobre as concepções de cuidados de enfermagem e sua relação com o termo assistência de enfermagem.

Analiza la frecuencia de aplicación de los términos cuidado y asistencia en los títulos de disertaciones producidas en el Programa de Postgrado en Enfermería - Master de UNIRIO. Método: cuantitativo, enfoque de la historia serial, la temporalidad desde 1984 hasta 2011; fuente principal 407 disertaciones (n = n). En el análisis se aplicó la prueba de chi-cuadrado, con un nivel de significación del 5%. Resultados: Se identificaron tresmomentos: en el primero momento (1984-1994) predominó el término asistencia; en un segundo momento (1995-2001) el termino cuidado supera al de asistencia lo que se repite en el tercero momento (2002-2011). Conclusión: En los primeros años, la proporción de los dos términos, expresa el efecto de las ideas de Wanda Horta. Los posterior otros factores conceptuales y contextuales relacionados con restructuración del programa contribuyeron en el aumento de la aplicación del término cuidado, colocando la producción en el debate contemporáneo sobre los conceptos de cuidado de enfermería y su relación con el término asistencia de enfermería.(AU()

Analyzes the frequency concerning the application of the terms care and assistance in the titles of dissertations in the Graduate Program in Nursing - Master of UNIRIO. Method: Quantitative, serial history approach; temporality from 1984 to 2011; preferred source 407 dissertations (N = n), a chi-square test was applied in the analysis, with significance level of 5%. Results: Three stages were found, the predominant term care on assistance on the first (1984-1994), the care outperforms the term assistance on the second (1995-2001) and third (2002-2011). Conclusion: In the early years, the proportion of the two terms, indicated the effect of understanding Wanda Horta’s ideas, later, contextual and conceptual factors, associated with the restructuring program contributed to the rise of the application of the term care, placing production in the contemporary debate on the concepts of nursing care and its relation to the term nursing assistance.

Molecular detection, quantification and characterization of human polyomavirus JC from waste water in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil.

Polyomavirus JC (JCPyV) is largely excreted by the human population through the urinary route and has been recognized as a potential viral marker for human waste contamination. This study aims to investigate the dissemination of JCPyV in waste water from a sewage treatment plant (STP) located in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and to describe the prevalence of JCPyV subtypes currently present in this population. Raw and treated sewage samples were collected bimonthly during one year, and examined for the presence of JCPyV using nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) and quantitative real time PCR (qPCR). JCPyV was detected by nPCR in 96% and 43% of raw and treated sewage samples, respectively. The concentration of JCPyV present in the samples ranged from 1.2x10(3) to 3.2x10(5) and 2.6x10(2) to 6.2x10(3) genome copies per 2 ml of concentrated raw and treated sewage sample, respectively. The strains were characterized and the obtained nucleotide sequences indicated that the detected JCPyV strains clustered with subtypes of East African, West African and European origin. To our knowledge, this is the first study describing the incidence and diversity of JCPyV strains in raw and treated sewage in Brazil.

One year monitoring of norovirus in a sewage treatment plant in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Norovirus (NoV) is one of the most important aetiological agents of acute gastroenteritis both in developed and developing countries. NoV is shed in high concentrations by infected persons and contaminates recreational and drinking water through sewage discharge into the environment. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, genotypes and removal ratio of NoV by PCR, seminested-PCR and quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays in a sewage treatment plant in Rio de Janeiro city, Brazil, during one year of surveillance. NoV was detected in 7 (15%), 14 (29%) and 28 (58%) samples using PCR, seminested-PCR and qPCR, respectively. The mean removal ratio for the activated sludge process was 0.6 log10 for NoV genogroup I (GI) and 0.32 log10 for NoV genogroup II (GII). The peak NoV concentration was detected in the coldest months, with 53,300 genomic copies/litre. Nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed that five strains clustered with GI strains and six with GII strains. This study demonstrates that NoV spreads into the environment despite the sewage treatment process and remains a source of waterborne outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis.

Molecular detection of human astrovirus in an urban sewage treatment plant in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and dissemination of human astroviruses (HAstV) in the environment by analyzing urban sewage samples from a wastewater treatment plant in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. A one-year study was performed with a total of 48 raw and treated sewage composite samples, which were collected biweekly from an activated sludge plant. Virus particles were concentrated by the adsorption-elution method using negatively charged membranes associated to a Centriprep Concentrator® 50 (Nihon Millipore). HAstV were detected in 16.7 percent of the samples in raw and treated sewage by using both qualitative and quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCR and qPCR, respectively). Positive untreated sewage sample exhibited mean values of 1.1 x 10(4) gEq/mL. The qPCR sensitivity was 18 gEq/reaction. Through utilization of qPCR, a HAstV recovery efficiency of 4.2 percent and 4.3 percent was demonstrated for raw and treated sewage samples, respectively. The presence of HAstV in both the raw and treated sewage samples demonstrated the dissemination of these viruses in the environment as well as viral permanence after sewage treatment. There was a reduction in the total and faecal coliform levels, indicating efficiency of the wastewater treatment plant.

Molecular detection of human astrovirus in an urban sewage treatment plant in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and dissemination of human astroviruses (HAstV) in the environment by analyzing urban sewage samples from a wastewater treatment plant in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. A one-year study was performed with a total of 48 raw and treated sewage composite samples, which were collected biweekly from an activated sludge plant. Virus particles were concentrated by the adsorption-elution method using negatively charged membranes associated to a Centriprep Concentrator 50 (Nihon Millipore). HAstV were detected in 16.7% of the samples in raw and treated sewage by using both qualitative and quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCR and qPCR, respectively). Positive untreated sewage sample exhibited mean values of 1.1 x 10(4) gEq/mL. The qPCR sensitivity was 18 gEq/reaction. Through utilization of qPCR, a HAstV recovery efficiency of 4.2% and 4.3% was demonstrated for raw and treated sewage samples, respectively. The presence of HAstV in both the raw and treated sewage samples demonstrated the dissemination of these viruses in the environment as well as viral permanence after sewage treatment. There was a reduction in the total and faecal coliform levels, indicating efficiency of the wastewater treatment plant.

Complete genetic characterization of a Brazilian dengue virus type 3 strain isolated from a fatal outcome.

We have determined the complete nucleotide and the deduced amino acid sequences of Brazilian dengue virus type 3 (DENV-3) from a dengue case with fatal outcome, which occurred during an epidemic in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 2002. This constitutes the first complete genetic characterization of a Brazilian DENV-3 strain since its introduction into the country in 2001. DENV-3 was responsible for the most severe dengue epidemic in the state, based on the highest number of reported cases and on the severity of clinical manifestations and deaths reported.

Complete genetic characterization of a Brazilian dengue virus type 3 strain isolated from a fatal outcome

We have determined the complete nucleotide and the deduced amino acid sequences of Brazilian dengue virus type 3 (DENV-3) from a dengue case with fatal outcome, which occurred during an epidemic in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 2002. This constitutes the first complete genetic characterization of a Brazilian DENV-3 strain since its introduction into the country in 2001. DENV-3 was responsible for the most severe dengue epidemic in the state, based on the highest number of reported cases and on the severity of clinical manifestations and deaths reported.

Dengue virus type 3, Brazil, 2002.

During the summer of 2002, Rio de Janeiro had a large epidemic of dengue fever; 288,245 cases were reported. A subset of 1,831 dengue hemorrhagic fever cases occurred. In this study, performed in the first half of 2002, samples from 1,559 patients with suspected cases of dengue infection were analyzed. From this total, 1,497 were obtained from patients with nonfatal cases, and 62 were obtained from patients with fatal cases. By the use of different methods, 831 (53.3%) cases, including 40 fatal cases, were confirmed as dengue infection. When virus identification was successful, dengue virus type 3 (DENV-3) was obtained in 99% of cases. Neurologic involvement was shown in 1 patient with encephalitis, confirmed by the detection of DENV-3 RNA in the cerebrospinal fluid. This explosive epidemic of DENV-3 was the most severe dengue epidemic reported in Brazil since dengue viruses were introduced in 1986.