One-Step Synthesis of Triphenylphosphonium Salts from (Het)arylmethyl Alcohols.

Two approaches for the synthesis of substituted phosphonium salts from easily available benzyl alcohols and their heterocyclic analogs have been developed. The developed protocols are complementary: the direct mixing of alcohol, trimethylsilyl bromide, and triphenylphosphine in 1,4-dioxane followed by heating at 80 °C was found to be more efficient for acid-sensitive substrates, such as salicyl or furfuryl alcohols as well as secondary benzyl alcohols, while a one-pot procedure including sequential addition of trimethylsilyl bromide and triphenylphosphine gave higher yields for benzyl alcohols bearing electroneutral or electron-withdrawing substituents.

Lead Optimization of Dehydroemetine for Repositioned Use in Malaria.

Drug repositioning offers an effective alternative to de novo drug design to tackle the urgent need for novel antimalarial treatments. The antiamoebic compound emetine dihydrochloride has been identified as a potent in vitro inhibitor of the multidrug-resistant strain K1 of Plasmodium falciparum (50% inhibitory concentration [IC50], 47 nM ± 2.1 nM [mean ± standard deviation]). Dehydroemetine, a synthetic analogue of emetine dihydrochloride, has been reported to have less-cardiotoxic effects than emetine. The structures of two diastereomers of dehydroemetine were modeled on the published emetine binding site on the cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure with PDB code 3J7A (P. falciparum 80S ribosome in complex with emetine), and it was found that (-)-R,S-dehydroemetine mimicked the bound pose of emetine more closely than did (-)-S,S-dehydroisoemetine. (-)-R,S-dehydroemetine (IC50 71.03 ± 6.1 nM) was also found to be highly potent against the multidrug-resistant K1 strain of P. falciparum compared with (-)-S,S-dehydroisoemetine (IC50, 2.07 ± 0.26 µM), which loses its potency due to the change of configuration at C-1'. In addition to its effect on the asexual erythrocytic stages of P. falciparum, the compound exhibited gametocidal properties with no cross-resistance against any of the multidrug-resistant strains tested. Drug interaction studies showed (-)-R,S-dehydroemetine to have synergistic antimalarial activity with atovaquone and proguanil. Emetine dihydrochloride and (-)-R,S-dehydroemetine failed to show any inhibition of the hERG potassium channel and displayed activity affecting the mitochondrial membrane potential, indicating a possible multimodal mechanism of action.

ß-Nitro substituted carboxylic acids and their cytotoxicity.

ß-Nitro-substituted ethyl carboxylates are a new class of cytotoxic agents; they can be easily obtained in fair to good yields in a single-step reaction by a Pd-catalyzed asymmetric conjugate addition of aryl boronic acids to 2-nitro-acrylates. Of all the tested derivatives, 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-nitropropionic acid ethyl ester (6) is most cytotoxic especially against the human ovarian cancer cell line A2780 therefore making this compound an interesting candidate for further investigations.

Asymmetric synthesis of axially chiral 1-aryl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinolines by cobalt-catalyzed [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of 1-aryl-1,7-octadiynes and nitriles.

The asymmetric synthesis of a range of axially chiral 2-arylpyridines by a cobalt-catalyzed [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition reaction is described. The use of a planar chiral (1-neomenthylindenyl)cobalt(COD) complex under photochemical conditions is the key for reacting the 1-naphthyldiynes with a range of differently functionalized nitriles, giving the enantiomeric atropoisomers with high chemical yields and enantiomeric excesses of up to 94% ee.

Phosphorus-bearing axially chiral biaryls by catalytic asymmetric cross-cyclotrimerization and a first application in asymmetric hydrosilylation.

A novel and efficient, two-step route to axially chiral biaryls is demonstrated. In a direct asymmetric cross-cyclotrimerization in the presence of a chiral cobalt(I) catalyst, axially chiral biaryls bearing phosphoryl moieties have been prepared, and through indirect evidence the authors have been able to clarify the origin of the stereochemical induction and the nature of the central intermediate in the catalytic cycle. By subsequent reduction of the phosphoryl moiety to the corresponding phosphine, a very efficient and atom-economical approach to chiral systems has been developed. These chiral systems clearly have great potential use as axially chiral monodentate P- or bidentate P,O-ligands, as has been demonstrated by the employment of the novel NAPHEP as a new monodentate acting ligand in an asymmetric hydrosilylation reaction.

Facile and racemization-free conversion of chiral nitriles into pyridine derivatives.

The results described herein demonstrate how the very mild reaction conditions of the Co(I)-catalyzed photochemical [2 + 2 + 2] cyclocotrimerization are suited to prepare chiral compounds containing unsubstituted and polysubstituted 2-pyridyl moieties starting from chiral nitriles without any detectable loss of enantiomerical purity. This further increases the already very broad synthetic scope of this particular reaction.

Catalytic asymmetric synthesis of O-acetyl cyanohydrins from KCN, Ac2O and aldehydes.

A (salen)titanium catalyst has been found to induce the asymmetric addition of potassium cyanide and acetic anhydride to aldehydes, giving enantiomerically enriched cyanohydrin esters with up to 92% enantiomeric excess using just 1 mol% of the catalyst. This is the first report of the asymmetric synthesis of cyanohydrin derivatives using a cyanide source which is non-volatile and inexpensive.