RESUMEN
Lysine acetyltransferases (KATs) are a family of epigenetic enzymes involved in the regulation of gene expression; they represent a promising class of emerging drug targets. The frequent molecular dysregulation of these enzymes, as well as their mechanistic links to biological functions that are crucial to cancer, have led to exploration around the development of small-molecule inhibitors against KATs. Despite early challenges, recent advances have led to the development of potent and selective enzymatic and bromodomain (BRD) KAT inhibitors. In this review we discuss the discovery and development of new KAT inhibitors and their application as oncology therapeutics. Additionally, new chemically induced proximity approaches are presented, offering opportunities for unique target selectivity profiles and tissue-specific targeting of KATs. Emerging clinical data for CREB binding protein (CREBBP)/EP300 BRD inhibitors and KAT6 catalytic inhibitors indicate the promise of this target class in cancer therapeutics.
Asunto(s)
Lisina Acetiltransferasas , Neoplasias , Humanos , Histona Acetiltransferasas/genética , Histona Acetiltransferasas/metabolismo , Lisina Acetiltransferasas/química , Lisina Acetiltransferasas/genética , Lisina Acetiltransferasas/metabolismo , Histonas/metabolismo , Lisina/metabolismo , Neoplasias/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
The mTOR kinase regulates a variety of critical cellular processes and has become a target for the treatment of various cancers. Using a combination of property-based drug design and Free-Wilson analysis, we further optimized a series of selective mTOR inhibitors based on the (S)-6a-methyl-6a,7,9,10-tetrahydro[1,4]oxazino[3,4-h]pteridin-6(5H)-one scaffold. Our efforts resulted in 14c, which showed similar in vivo efficacy compared to previous lead 1 at 1/15 the dose, a result of its improved drug-like properties.
RESUMEN
Histone demethylase LSDl (KDMlA) belongs to the flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) dependent family of monoamine oxidases and is vital in regulation of mammalian biology. Dysregulation and overexpression of LSD1 are hallmarks of a number of human diseases, particularly cancers that are characterized as morphologically poorly differentiated. As such, inhibitors of LSD1 have potential to be beneficial as a cancer therapy. The most clinically advanced inhibitors of LSDl are covalent inhibitors derived from tranylcypromine (TCP). Herein, we report the discovery of a novel series of reversible and selective LSDl inhibitors. Exploration of structure-activity relationships (SARs) and optimization of ADME properties resulted in the identification of clinical candidate CC-90011. CC-90011 exhibits potent on-target induction of cellular differentiation in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cell lines, and antitumor efficacy in patient-derived xenograft (PDX) SCLC models. CC-90011 is currently in phase 2 trials in patients with first line, extensive stage SCLC (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03850067).
Asunto(s)
Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Histona Demetilasas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Compuestos Orgánicos/farmacología , Línea Celular Tumoral , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/química , Humanos , Compuestos Orgánicos/química , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
Histone lysine demethylases (KDMs) play a key role in epigenetic regulation and KDM5A and KDM5B have been identified as potential anti-cancer drug targets. Using structural information from known KDM4 and KDM5 inhibitors, a potent series of pyrazolylpyridines was designed. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) exploration resulted in the identification of compound 33, an orally available, potent inhibitor of KDM5A/5B with promising selectivity. Potent cellular inhibition as measured by levels of tri-methylated H3K4 was demonstrated with compound 33 in the breast cancer cell line ZR-75-1.
Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Descubrimiento de Drogas , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Histona Demetilasas con Dominio de Jumonji/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteínas Nucleares/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteínas Represoras/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteína 2 de Unión a Retinoblastoma/antagonistas & inhibidores , Antineoplásicos/síntesis química , Antineoplásicos/química , Línea Celular Tumoral , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Ensayos de Selección de Medicamentos Antitumorales , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/síntesis química , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/química , Femenino , Humanos , Histona Demetilasas con Dominio de Jumonji/metabolismo , Células MCF-7 , Neoplasias Mamarias Experimentales/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Mamarias Experimentales/patología , Modelos Moleculares , Estructura Molecular , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Proteínas Represoras/metabolismo , Proteína 2 de Unión a Retinoblastoma/metabolismo , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
The bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) family of epigenetic proteins has attracted considerable attention in drug discovery given its involvement in regulating gene transcription. Screening a focused small molecule library based on the bromodomain pharmacophore resulted in the identification of 2-methylisoquinoline-1-one as a novel BET bromodomain-binding motif. Structure guided SAR exploration resulted in >10,000-fold potency improvement for the BRD4-BD1 bromodomain. Lead compounds exhibited excellent potencies in both biochemical and cellular assays in MYC-dependent cell lines. Compound 36 demonstrated good physicochemical properties and promising exposure levels in exploratory PK studies.
Asunto(s)
Diseño de Fármacos , Isoquinolinas/química , Proteínas Nucleares/antagonistas & inhibidores , Factores de Transcripción/antagonistas & inhibidores , Sitios de Unión , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular , Línea Celular Tumoral , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Cristalografía por Rayos X , Humanos , Concentración 50 Inhibidora , Isoquinolinas/síntesis química , Isoquinolinas/farmacología , Simulación de Dinámica Molecular , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Estructura Terciaria de Proteína , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismoRESUMEN
Histone lysine demethylases (KDMs) play a vital role in the regulation of chromatin-related processes. Herein, we describe our discovery of a series of potent KDM4 inhibitors that are both cell permeable and antiproliferative in cancer models. The modulation of histone H3K9me3 and H3K36me3 upon compound treatment was verified by homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence assay and by mass spectroscopy detection. Optimization of the series using structure-based drug design led to compound 6 (QC6352), a potent KDM4 family inhibitor that is efficacious in breast and colon cancer PDX models.
RESUMEN
The goal of this study was to investigate the activity of the selective MEK1/2 inhibitor TAK-733 in both melanoma cell lines and patient-derived melanoma xenograft models. In vitro cell proliferation assays using the sulforhodamine B assay were conducted to determine TAK-733 potency and melanoma responsiveness. In vivo murine modeling with eleven patient-derived melanoma explants evaluated daily dosing of TAK-733 at 25 or 10 mg/kg. Immunoblotting was performed to evaluate on-target activity and downstream inhibition by TAK-733 in both in vitro and in vivo studies. TAK-733 demonstrated broad activity in most melanoma cell lines with relative resistance observed at IC50 > 0.1 µmol/L in vitro. TAK-733 also exhibited activity in 10 out of 11 patient-derived explants with tumor growth inhibition ranging from 0% to 100% (P < 0.001-0.03). Interestingly, BRAF(V600E) and NRAS mutational status did not correlate with responsiveness to TAK-733. Pharmacodynamically, pERK was suppressed in sensitive cell lines and tumor explants, confirming TAK-733-mediated inhibition of MEK1/2, although the demonstration of similar effects in the relatively resistant cell lines and tumor explants suggests that escape pathways are contributing to melanoma survival and proliferation. These data demonstrate that TAK-733 exhibits robust tumor growth inhibition and regression against human melanoma cell lines and patient-derived xenograft models, suggesting that further clinical development in melanoma is of scientific interest. Particularly interesting is the activity in BRAF wild-type models, where current approved therapy such as vemurafenib has been reported not to be active.
Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Melanoma/patología , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/farmacología , Piridonas/farmacología , Pirimidinonas/farmacología , Animales , Línea Celular Tumoral , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Resistencia a Antineoplásicos/efectos de los fármacos , Femenino , Humanos , Immunoblotting , Cinética , Ratones Desnudos , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/farmacocinética , Piridonas/farmacocinética , Pirimidinonas/farmacocinética , Ensayos Antitumor por Modelo de XenoinjertoRESUMEN
Structure based drug design of a series of novel 1,4-benzoxazin-3-one derived PARP-1 inhibitors are described. The synthesis, enzymatic & cellular activities and pharmacodynamic effects are described. Optimized analogs demonstrated inhibition of poly-ADP-ribosylation in SW620 tumor bearing nude mice through 24h following a single dose.
Asunto(s)
Benzoxazinas/química , Benzoxazinas/farmacología , Diseño de Fármacos , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/síntesis química , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Inhibidores de Poli(ADP-Ribosa) Polimerasas , Animales , Línea Celular Tumoral , Activación Enzimática/efectos de los fármacos , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/química , Humanos , Ratones , Ratones Desnudos , Estructura MolecularRESUMEN
The structure-based design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of two novel series of potent and selective MEK kinase inhibitors are described herein. The elaboration of a lead pyrrole derivative to a bicyclic dihydroindolone core provided compounds with high potency and good drug-like pharmaceutical properties. Further scaffold modification afforded a series of dihydroindolizinone inhibitors, including an orally available advanced preclinical MEK inhibitor with potent in vivo antitumor efficacy.
Asunto(s)
Indolizinas/síntesis química , Quinasas Quinasa Quinasa PAM/antagonistas & inhibidores , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/síntesis química , Pirroles/síntesis química , Administración Oral , Animales , Antineoplásicos/administración & dosificación , Antineoplásicos/síntesis química , Antineoplásicos/uso terapéutico , Diseño de Fármacos , Células HT29 , Humanos , Indolizinas/administración & dosificación , Indolizinas/uso terapéutico , Quinasas Quinasa Quinasa PAM/metabolismo , Estructura Molecular , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/administración & dosificación , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/uso terapéutico , Pirroles/administración & dosificación , Pirroles/uso terapéutico , Ratas , Carga Tumoral/efectos de los fármacos , Ensayos Antitumor por Modelo de XenoinjertoRESUMEN
A novel 5-phenylamino-8-methylpyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-4,7(3H,8H)-dione series of MEK inhibitors has been developed using structure-based drug design. Lead optimization of this series led to the discovery of TAK-733. This was advanced to Phase I clinical studies for cancer treatment.
Asunto(s)
Descubrimiento de Drogas , Quinasas Quinasa Quinasa PAM/antagonistas & inhibidores , Neoplasias/tratamiento farmacológico , Piridonas/uso terapéutico , Pirimidinonas/uso terapéutico , Antineoplásicos/química , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Antineoplásicos/uso terapéutico , Sitios de Unión , Cristalografía por Rayos X , Humanos , Modelos Moleculares , Estructura Molecular , Piridonas/síntesis química , Piridonas/química , Pirimidinonas/síntesis química , Pirimidinonas/químicaRESUMEN
A novel series of pyrrole inhibitors of MEK kinase has been developed using structure-based drug design. Optimization of the series led to the identification of potent inhibitors with good pharmaceutical properties.
Asunto(s)
Quinasas Quinasa Quinasa PAM/antagonistas & inhibidores , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/química , Pirroles/química , Animales , Cristalografía por Rayos X , Diseño de Fármacos , Modelos Moleculares , Estructura Molecular , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/síntesis química , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/farmacología , Pirroles/síntesis química , Pirroles/farmacología , RatasRESUMEN
A series of N-hydroxy-3-[3-(1-substituted-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-phenyl]-acrylamides (5a-5ab) and N-hydroxy-3-[3-(1,4,5-trisubstituted-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-phenyl]-acrylamides (12a-s) were designed, synthesized, and found to be nanomolar inhibitors of human histone deacetylases. Multiple compounds bearing an N1-piperidine demonstrate EC(50)s of 20-100 nM in human A549, HL60, and PC3 cells, in vitro and in vivo hyperacetylation of histones H3 and H4, and induction of p21(waf). Compound 5x displays efficacy in human tumor xenograft models.
Asunto(s)
Bencimidazoles/química , Inhibidores de Histona Desacetilasas/química , Histona Desacetilasas/química , Imidazoles/química , Acetilación , Animales , Bencimidazoles/síntesis química , Bencimidazoles/farmacología , Línea Celular Tumoral , Células HL-60 , Inhibidores de Histona Desacetilasas/síntesis química , Inhibidores de Histona Desacetilasas/farmacología , Histona Desacetilasas/metabolismo , Humanos , Imidazoles/síntesis química , Imidazoles/farmacología , Ratones , Ratones Desnudos , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Ensayos Antitumor por Modelo de XenoinjertoRESUMEN
A series of N-(2-amino-5-substituted phenyl)benzamides (3-21) were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their inhibition of HDAC2 and their cytotoxicity in HCT116 cancer cells. Multiple compounds from this series demonstrated time-dependent binding kinetics that is rationalized using a co-complex crystal structure of HDAC2 and N-(4-aminobiphenyl-3-yl)benzamide (6).
Asunto(s)
Benzamidas/química , Histona Desacetilasa 2/antagonistas & inhibidores , Inhibidores de Histona Desacetilasas/síntesis química , Benzamidas/síntesis química , Benzamidas/toxicidad , Sitios de Unión , Dominio Catalítico , Cristalografía por Rayos X , Células HCT116 , Histona Desacetilasa 2/metabolismo , Inhibidores de Histona Desacetilasas/química , Inhibidores de Histona Desacetilasas/toxicidad , Humanos , Cinética , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
Despite the importance of myelinating Schwann cells in health and disease, little is known about the genetic mechanisms underlying their development. The POU domain transcription factor pou3f1 (Tst-1, SCIP, Oct-6) is required for the normal differentiation of myelinating Schwann cells, but its precise role requires identification of the genes that it regulates. Here we report the isolation of six genes whose expression is reduced in the absence of pou3f1. Only one of these genes, the fatty acid transport protein P2, was known previously to be expressed in Schwann cells. The LIM domain proteins cysteine-rich protein-1 (CRP1) and CRP2 are expressed in sciatic nerve and induced by forskolin in cultured Schwann cells, but only CRP2 requires pou3f1 for normal expression. pou3f1 appears to require the claw paw gene product for activation of at least some of its downstream effector genes. Expression of the novel Schwann cell genes after nerve injury suggests that they are myelin related. One of the genes, tramdorin1, encodes a novel amino acid transport protein that is localized to paranodes and incisures. Our results suggest that pou3f1 functions to activate gene expression in the differentiation of myelinating Schwann cells.