Screening, biochemical characterization and antibiotics resistance/susceptibility of bacteria isolated from native soil and water samples / Triagem, caracterização bioquímica e resistência/suscetibilidade a antibióticos de bactérias isoladas de amostras nativas de solo e água

The present study was conducted to isolate and characterize bacteria from water and soil sample taken from the Lahore Canal at different sites i.e. Mall Road, Mohlanwal and Khera site. Isolated bacterial strains were identified on the basis of morphological and biochemical tests. Identification was confirmed by culturing bacteria on selective media. Antibiotic resistance test was also performed to observe the resistance of bacteria against different antibiotics. Blood agar test was performed for identification of different pathogenic bacteria. The result revealed that water and soil samples of Lahore Canal Lahore from different sites were contaminated with Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp., Vibrio sp., Bacillus spp., Enterococcus sp. and Staphylococcus spp. Due to presence of these pathogens, this water is not suitable for any domestic and irrigation use. Study also revealed that water of the Lahore Canal is harmful for human health as it is contaminated with bacteria that can cause severe disease e.g., Escherichia coli can cause gastroenteritis, Bacillus spp. can cause nausea and vomiting, Enterococcus may infect urinary tract, Salmonella sp. is responsible for Bacteremia, Staphylococcus spp. can cause mild fever and Vibrio sp. can be the reason of cholera. Thus it is rendered unfit for any kind of human use even other than drinking like swimming, bathing, washing etc., until and unless some remedial measures are employed to eradicate pathogenic microorganisms by WASA and LWMS according to standards of WHO. Similarly, it is quite harmful, when and where ever it is used for irrigation without proper treatment.

O presente estudo foi realizado para isolar e caracterizar bactérias de amostras de água e solo retiradas do Canal Lahore, em Lahore, em diferentes locais, ou seja, Mall Road, Mohlanwal e Khera. As cepas bacterianas isoladas foram identificadas com base em testes morfológicos e bioquímicos. A identificação foi confirmada por cultura de bactérias em testes de meios seletivos. O teste de resistência aos antibióticos também foi realizado para observar a resistência das bactérias a diferentes antibióticos. Foi realizado o teste de ágar sangue para identificar diferentes bactérias patogênicas. O resultado revelou que amostras de água e solo do Canal Lahore, Lahore, de diferentes localidades estavam contaminadas com Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp., Vibrio sp., Bacillus spp., Enterococcus sp. e Staphylococcus spp. Por causa da presença desses patógenos, essa água não é adequada para qualquer uso doméstico e de irrigação. O estudo revelou que a água do Canal Lahore é prejudicial à saúde humana, pois está contaminada com bactérias que podem causar doenças graves, por exemplo: Escherichia coli pode ocasionar gastroenterite; Bacillus spp. pode causar náuseas e vômitos; Enterococcus sp. pode infectar o trato urinário; Salmonella sp. é responsável pela bacteremia; Staphylococcus spp. pode causar febre leve; e Vibrio sp. pode ser a razão da cólera. Assim, torna-se imprópria para uso humano, como natação, banho, lavagem etc., até que algumas medidas corretivas sejam empregadas para erradicar microrganismos patogênicos por WASA e LWMS de acordo com os padrões da OMS. Da mesma forma, é bastante prejudicial, quando usada para irrigação sem tratamento adequado.

Comparison of robotic vs laparoscopic left-sided colorectal cancer resections.

Robotic assisted surgery (RAS) has become increasingly adopted in colorectal cancer surgery. This study aims to compare robotic and laparoscopic approaches to left sided colorectal resections in terms of surgical outcomeswith no formal enhanced recovery programme. All patients undergoing robotic or laparoscopic left sided or rectal (high and low anterior resection) cancer surgery at a single tertiary referral centre over 3 years were included.A total of 184 consecutive patients from July 2017 to December 2020 were included in this study, with 40.2% (n=74/184) undergoing RAS. The median age at time of surgery was 68 years (IQR 60-73 years). RAS had a significantly shorter length of median stay of 3 days, compared to 5 days in the conventional laparoscopic surgery (CLS) group (p<0.001). RAS had a significantly lower rate of conversion to open surgery (0% vs 16.4%, p<0.001). The median operative time was also shorter in RAS (308 minutes), compared to CLS (326 minutes, p=0.019). The overall rate of any complication was 16.8%, with the RAS experiencing a lower complication rate (12.2% vs 20.0%, p=0.041). There was no significant difference in anastomotic leak rates between the two groups (4.0% vs 5.5%, p=0.673), or in terms of complete resection (R0) (robotic 98.6%, laparoscopic 100%, p=0.095). Robotic left sided colorectal surgery delivers equivalent oncological resection compared to laparoscopic approaches, with the added benefits of reduced length of stay and lower rates of conversion to open surgery. This has both clinical and healthcare economic benefits.

Morphology of human fetal enteric neurons: A comparative study of different segments of the colon.

OBJECTIVES: The Enteric Nervous System (ENS) present in the wall of the gut is currently being explored because of its influence on the gut and beyond. In this context, the morphology of developing ENS has not been completely understood in humans due to lack of adequate literature. The aim of the present study was to observe the morphology of the enteric neurons in the human fetal colon and compare the findings in ascending colon a midgut derivative and descending colon a hindgut derivative at various weeks of gestation (WG). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Tissue samples from 15 aborted fetuses (11 WG to 2 months postnatal) were processed for Cresyl violet, H & E staining, and NADPH Diaphorase histochemistry. The morphometric analysis was done by calculating the neuronal number density and neuronal fractional area. The Student t-test; Mann-Whitney test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: The muscularis externa with two distinct layers was visible as early as 13 WG and the muscularis mucosae was first observed at 18 WG. The size of the myenteric neurons appeared to be larger with increasing weeks of gestation suggesting a process of neuronal maturation. The neuronal number density and neuronal fractional area seemed to be reduced with advancing fetal age. There was no marked difference between the ascending and sigmoid colon. At 23 and 26 WG, a mature pattern of nitrergic innervation was observed. CONCLUSION: This study is done on human fetal tissue samples unlike previous studies on animal samples to comprehend the morphology of developing ENS. It will aid in understanding the effect of ENS on various neurological disorders.

Mitigation of cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity by casticin in male albino rats / Mitigação da nefrotoxicidade induzida pela cisplatina pela casticina em ratos albinos machos

Cisplatin (CP) is a commonly used, powerful antineoplastic drug, having numerous side effects. Casticin (CAS) is considered as a free radical scavenger and a potent antioxidant. The present research was planned to assess the curative potential of CAS on CP persuaded renal injury in male albino rats. Twenty four male albino rats were distributed into four equal groups. Group-1 was considered as a control group. Animals of Group-2 were injected with 5mg/kg of CP intraperitoneally. Group-3 was co-treated with CAS (50mg/kg) orally and injection of CP (5mg/kg). Group-4 was treated with CAS (50mg/kg) orally throughout the experiment. CP administration substantially reduced the activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GSR), glutathione (GSH) content while increased thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels. Urea, urinary creatinine, urobilinogen, urinary proteins, kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) levels were substantially increased. In contrast, albumin and creatinine clearance was significantly reduced in CP treated group. The results demonstrated that CP significantly increased the inflammation indicators including nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity and histopathological damages. However, the administration of CAS displayed a palliative effect against CP-generated renal toxicity and recovered all parameters by bringing them to a normal level. These results revealed that the CAS is an effective compound having the curative potential to counter the CP-induced renal damage.

A cisplatina (CP) é uma droga antineoplásica poderosa, comumente usada, com vários efeitos colaterais. Casticin (CAS) é considerado um eliminador de radicais livres e um potente antioxidante. A presente pesquisa foi planejada para avaliar o potencial curativo da CAS em lesão renal induzida por PC em ratos albinos machos. Vinte e quatro ratos albinos machos foram distribuídos em quatro grupos iguais. O Grupo 1 foi considerado grupo controle. Os animais do Grupo 2 foram injetados com 5 mg / kg de PB por via intraperitoneal. O Grupo 3 foi cotratado com CAS (50 mg / kg) por via oral e injeção de CP (5 mg / kg). O Grupo 4 foi tratado com CAS (50 mg / kg) por via oral durante todo o experimento. A administração de CP reduziu substancialmente as atividades de catalase (CAT), superóxido dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), glutationa S-transferase (GST), glutationa redutase (GSR), glutationa (GSH), enquanto aumentou as substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS) e níveis de peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2). Os níveis de ureia, creatinina urinária, urobilinogênio, proteínas urinárias, molécula 1 de lesão renal (KIM-1) e lipocalina associada à gelatinase de neutrófilos (NGAL) aumentaram substancialmente. Em contraste, a albumina e a depuração da creatinina foram significativamente reduzidas no grupo tratado com PC. Os resultados demonstraram que a CP aumentou significativamente os indicadores de inflamação, incluindo fator nuclear kappa-B (NF-κB), fator de necrose tumoral-α (TNF-α), interleucina-1β (IL-1β), interleucina-6 (IL-6) níveis e atividade da ciclooxigenase-2 (COX-2) e danos histopatológicos. No entanto, a administração de CAS apresentou um efeito paliativo contra a toxicidade renal gerada por CP e recuperou todos os parâmetros, trazendo-os a um nível normal. Estes resultados revelaram que o CAS é um composto eficaz com potencial curativo para combater o dano renal induzido por CP.

Identification of locally isolated entomopathogenic Fusarium species from the soil of Changa Manga Forest, Pakistan and evaluation of their larvicidal efficacy against Aedes aegypti / Identificação de espécies de Fusarium entomopatogênicas localmente isoladas do solo da Floresta de Changa Manga, Paquistão e avaliação de sua eficácia larvicida contra Aedes aegypti

Dengue fever vectored by the mosquito Aedes aegypti is one of the most rapidly spreading insect-borne diseases. Current reliance of dengue vector control is mostly on chemical insecticides. Growing insecticide resistance in the primary mosquito vector, Aedes aegypti, limits the effectiveness of vector control through chemical insecticides. These chemical insecticides also have negative environmental impacts on animals, plants and human health. Myco-biocontrol agents are naturally occurring organisms and are found to be less damaging to the environment as compared to chemical insecticides. In the present study, entomopathogenic potential of local strains of fungi isolated from soil was assessed for the control of dengue vector. Local fungal isolates presents better alternative to introducing a foreign biocontrol strain, as they may be better adapted to environmental conditions of the area to survive and may have more entomopathogenic efficacy against target organism. Larvicidal efficacy of Fusarium equiseti and Fusarium proliferatum was evaluated against Aedes aegypti. Local strains of F. equiseti (MK371718) and F. proliferatum (MK371715) were isolated from the soil of Changa Manga Forest, Pakistan by using insect bait method. Larvicidal activity of two Fusarium spp. was tested against forth instar larvae of A. aegypti in the laboratory, using concentrations 105, 106, 107 and 108 conidia /ml. LC50 values for F. equiseti after 24h, 48h, 72h and 96h of exposure were recorded as 3.8x108, 2.9x107, 2.0x107, and 7.1x106 conidia /ml respectively while LC50 values for F. proliferatum were recorded as 1.21x108, 9.6x107, 4.2x107, 2.6x107 conidia /ml respectively after 24h, 48h, 72h and 96h of exposure. The results indicate that among two fungal strains F. equiseti was found to be more effective in terms of its larvicidal activity than F. proliferatum against larvae of A. aegypti.

A dengue transmitida pelo mosquito Aedes aegypti é uma das doenças transmitidas por insetos de propagação mais rápida. A dependência atual do controle do vetor da dengue é principalmente de inseticidas químicos. O aumento da resistência a inseticidas no principal vetor do mosquito, Aedes aegypti, limita a eficácia do controle do vetor por meio de inseticidas químicos. Esses inseticidas químicos também têm impactos ambientais negativos sobre os animais, plantas e saúde humana. Os agentes de micobiocontrole são organismos que ocorrem naturalmente e são menos prejudiciais ao meio ambiente em comparação com os inseticidas químicos. No presente estudo, avaliou se o potencial entomopatogênico de cepas locais de fungos isolados do solo para o controle do vetor da dengue. Isolados de fungos locais apresentam melhor alternativa para a introdução de uma cepa de biocontrole estrangeira, pois podem ser mais bem adaptados às condições ambientais da área para sobreviver e podem ter maior eficácia entomopatogênica contra o organismo-alvo. A eficácia larvicida de Fusarium equiseti e Fusarium proliferatum foi avaliada contra Aedes aegypti. Cepas locais de F. equiseti (MK371718) e F. proliferatum (MK371715) foram isoladas do solo de Changa Manga Forest, Paquistão, usando o método de isca para insetos. Atividade larvicida de dois Fusarium spp. foi testado contra larvas de quarto ínstar de A. aegypti em laboratório, nas concentrações 105, 106, 107 e 108 conídios / ml. Os valores de LC50 para F. equiseti após 24 h, 48 h, 72 h e 96 h de exposição foram registrados como 3,8x 108, 2,9x107, 2,0x107 e 7,1x106 conídios / ml, respectivamente, enquanto os valores de LC50 para F. proliferatum foram registrados como 1,21x108, 9,6 x107, 4,2x107, 2,6x107 conídios / ml, respectivamente, após 24 h, 48 h, 72 h e 96 h de exposição. Os resultados indicam que entre duas cepas de fungos F. equiseti se mostrou mais eficaz em termos de atividade [...].

Mitigation of cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity by casticin in male albino rats

Abstract Cisplatin (CP) is a commonly used, powerful antineoplastic drug, having numerous side effects. Casticin (CAS) is considered as a free radical scavenger and a potent antioxidant. The present research was planned to assess the curative potential of CAS on CP persuaded renal injury in male albino rats. Twenty four male albino rats were distributed into four equal groups. Group-1 was considered as a control group. Animals of Group-2 were injected with 5mg/kg of CP intraperitoneally. Group-3 was co-treated with CAS (50mg/kg) orally and injection of CP (5mg/kg). Group-4 was treated with CAS (50mg/kg) orally throughout the experiment. CP administration substantially reduced the activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GSR), glutathione (GSH) content while increased thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels. Urea, urinary creatinine, urobilinogen, urinary proteins, kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) levels were substantially increased. In contrast, albumin and creatinine clearance was significantly reduced in CP treated group. The results demonstrated that CP significantly increased the inflammation indicators including nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-B), tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-), Interleukin-1 (IL-1), Interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity and histopathological damages. However, the administration of CAS displayed a palliative effect against CP-generated renal toxicity and recovered all parameters by bringing them to a normal level. These results revealed that the CAS is an effective compound having the curative potential to counter the CP-induced renal damage.

Resumo A cisplatina (CP) é uma droga antineoplásica poderosa, comumente usada, com vários efeitos colaterais. Casticin (CAS) é considerado um eliminador de radicais livres e um potente antioxidante. A presente pesquisa foi planejada para avaliar o potencial curativo da CAS em lesão renal induzida por PC em ratos albinos machos. Vinte e quatro ratos albinos machos foram distribuídos em quatro grupos iguais. O Grupo 1 foi considerado grupo controle. Os animais do Grupo 2 foram injetados com 5 mg / kg de PB por via intraperitoneal. O Grupo 3 foi cotratado com CAS (50 mg / kg) por via oral e injeção de CP (5 mg / kg). O Grupo 4 foi tratado com CAS (50 mg / kg) por via oral durante todo o experimento. A administração de CP reduziu substancialmente as atividades de catalase (CAT), superóxido dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), glutationa S-transferase (GST), glutationa redutase (GSR), glutationa (GSH), enquanto aumentou as substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS) e níveis de peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2). Os níveis de ureia, creatinina urinária, urobilinogênio, proteínas urinárias, molécula 1 de lesão renal (KIM-1) e lipocalina associada à gelatinase de neutrófilos (NGAL) aumentaram substancialmente. Em contraste, a albumina e a depuração da creatinina foram significativamente reduzidas no grupo tratado com PC. Os resultados demonstraram que a CP aumentou significativamente os indicadores de inflamação, incluindo fator nuclear kappa-B (NF-B), fator de necrose tumoral- (TNF-), interleucina-1 (IL-1), interleucina-6 (IL-6) níveis e atividade da ciclooxigenase-2 (COX-2) e danos histopatológicos. No entanto, a administração de CAS apresentou um efeito paliativo contra a toxicidade renal gerada por CP e recuperou todos os parâmetros, trazendo-os a um nível normal. Estes resultados revelaram que o CAS é um composto eficaz com potencial curativo para combater o dano renal induzido por CP.

Identification of locally isolated entomopathogenic Fusarium species from the soil of Changa Manga Forest, Pakistan and evaluation of their larvicidal efficacy against Aedes aegypti

Abstract Dengue fever vectored by the mosquito Aedes aegypti is one of the most rapidly spreading insect-borne diseases. Current reliance of dengue vector control is mostly on chemical insecticides. Growing insecticide resistance in the primary mosquito vector, Aedes aegypti, limits the effectiveness of vector control through chemical insecticides. These chemical insecticides also have negative environmental impacts on animals, plants and human health. Myco-biocontrol agents are naturally occurring organisms and are found to be less damaging to the environment as compared to chemical insecticides. In the present study, entomopathogenic potential of local strains of fungi isolated from soil was assessed for the control of dengue vector. Local fungal isolates presents better alternative to introducing a foreign biocontrol strain, as they may be better adapted to environmental conditions of the area to survive and may have more entomopathogenic efficacy against target organism. Larvicidal efficacy of Fusarium equiseti and Fusarium proliferatum was evaluated against Aedes aegypti. Local strains of F. equiseti (MK371718) and F. proliferatum (MK371715) were isolated from the soil of Changa Manga Forest, Pakistan by using insect bait method. Larvicidal activity of two Fusarium spp. was tested against forth instar larvae of A. aegypti in the laboratory, using concentrations 105, 106, 107 and 108 conidia /ml. LC50 values for F. equiseti after 24h, 48h, 72h and 96h of exposure were recorded as 3.8x 108, 2.9x107, 2.0x107, and 7.1x106 conidia /ml respectively while LC50 values for F. proliferatum were recorded as 1.21x108, 9.6x107, 4.2x107, 2.6x107 conidia /ml respectively after 24h, 48h, 72h and 96h of exposure. The results indicate that among two fungal strains F. equiseti was found to be more effective in terms of its larvicidal activity than F. proliferatum against larvae of A. aegypti.

Resumo A dengue transmitida pelo mosquito Aedes aegypti é uma das doenças transmitidas por insetos de propagação mais rápida. A dependência atual do controle do vetor da dengue é principalmente de inseticidas químicos. O aumento da resistência a inseticidas no principal vetor do mosquito, Aedes aegypti, limita a eficácia do controle do vetor por meio de inseticidas químicos. Esses inseticidas químicos também têm impactos ambientais negativos sobre os animais, plantas e saúde humana. Os agentes de micobiocontrole são organismos que ocorrem naturalmente e são menos prejudiciais ao meio ambiente em comparação com os inseticidas químicos. No presente estudo, avaliou-se o potencial entomopatogênico de cepas locais de fungos isolados do solo para o controle do vetor da dengue. Isolados de fungos locais apresentam melhor alternativa para a introdução de uma cepa de biocontrole estrangeira, pois podem ser mais bem adaptados às condições ambientais da área para sobreviver e podem ter maior eficácia entomopatogênica contra o organismo-alvo. A eficácia larvicida de Fusarium equiseti e Fusarium proliferatum foi avaliada contra Aedes aegypti. Cepas locais de F. equiseti (MK371718) e F. proliferatum (MK371715) foram isoladas do solo de Changa Manga Forest, Paquistão, usando o método de isca para insetos. Atividade larvicida de dois Fusarium spp. foi testado contra larvas de quarto ínstar de A. aegypti em laboratório, nas concentrações 105, 106, 107 e 108 conídios / ml. Os valores de LC50 para F. equiseti após 24 h, 48 h, 72 h e 96 h de exposição foram registrados como 3,8x 108, 2,9x107, 2,0x107 e 7,1x106 conídios / ml, respectivamente, enquanto os valores de LC50 para F. proliferatum foram registrados como 1,21x108, 9,6 x107, 4,2x107, 2,6x107 conídios / ml, respectivamente, após 24 h, 48 h, 72 h e 96 h de exposição. Os resultados indicam que entre duas cepas de fungos F. equiseti se mostrou mais eficaz em termos de atividade larvicida do que F. proliferatum contra larvas de A. aegypti.

Identification of locally isolated entomopathogenic Fusarium species from the soil of Changa Manga Forest, Pakistan and evaluation of their larvicidal efficacy against Aedes aegypti / Identificação de espécies de Fusarium entomopatogênicas localmente isoladas do solo da Floresta de Changa Manga, Paquistão e avaliação de sua eficácia larvicida contra Aedes aegypti

Abstract Dengue fever vectored by the mosquito Aedes aegypti is one of the most rapidly spreading insect-borne diseases. Current reliance of dengue vector control is mostly on chemical insecticides. Growing insecticide resistance in the primary mosquito vector, Aedes aegypti, limits the effectiveness of vector control through chemical insecticides. These chemical insecticides also have negative environmental impacts on animals, plants and human health. Myco-biocontrol agents are naturally occurring organisms and are found to be less damaging to the environment as compared to chemical insecticides. In the present study, entomopathogenic potential of local strains of fungi isolated from soil was assessed for the control of dengue vector. Local fungal isolates presents better alternative to introducing a foreign biocontrol strain, as they may be better adapted to environmental conditions of the area to survive and may have more entomopathogenic efficacy against target organism. Larvicidal efficacy of Fusarium equiseti and Fusarium proliferatum was evaluated against Aedes aegypti. Local strains of F. equiseti (MK371718) and F. proliferatum (MK371715) were isolated from the soil of Changa Manga Forest, Pakistan by using insect bait method. Larvicidal activity of two Fusarium spp. was tested against forth instar larvae of A. aegypti in the laboratory, using concentrations 105, 106, 107 and 108 conidia /ml. LC50 values for F. equiseti after 24h, 48h, 72h and 96h of exposure were recorded as 3.8x 108, 2.9x107, 2.0x107, and 7.1x106 conidia /ml respectively while LC50 values for F. proliferatum were recorded as 1.21x108, 9.6x107, 4.2x107, 2.6x107 conidia /ml respectively after 24h, 48h, 72h and 96h of exposure. The results indicate that among two fungal strains F. equiseti was found to be more effective in terms of its larvicidal activity than F. proliferatum against larvae of A. aegypti.

Resumo A dengue transmitida pelo mosquito Aedes aegypti é uma das doenças transmitidas por insetos de propagação mais rápida. A dependência atual do controle do vetor da dengue é principalmente de inseticidas químicos. O aumento da resistência a inseticidas no principal vetor do mosquito, Aedes aegypti, limita a eficácia do controle do vetor por meio de inseticidas químicos. Esses inseticidas químicos também têm impactos ambientais negativos sobre os animais, plantas e saúde humana. Os agentes de micobiocontrole são organismos que ocorrem naturalmente e são menos prejudiciais ao meio ambiente em comparação com os inseticidas químicos. No presente estudo, avaliou-se o potencial entomopatogênico de cepas locais de fungos isolados do solo para o controle do vetor da dengue. Isolados de fungos locais apresentam melhor alternativa para a introdução de uma cepa de biocontrole estrangeira, pois podem ser mais bem adaptados às condições ambientais da área para sobreviver e podem ter maior eficácia entomopatogênica contra o organismo-alvo. A eficácia larvicida de Fusarium equiseti e Fusarium proliferatum foi avaliada contra Aedes aegypti. Cepas locais de F. equiseti (MK371718) e F. proliferatum (MK371715) foram isoladas do solo de Changa Manga Forest, Paquistão, usando o método de isca para insetos. Atividade larvicida de dois Fusarium spp. foi testado contra larvas de quarto ínstar de A. aegypti em laboratório, nas concentrações 105, 106, 107 e 108 conídios / ml. Os valores de LC50 para F. equiseti após 24 h, 48 h, 72 h e 96 h de exposição foram registrados como 3,8x 108, 2,9x107, 2,0x107 e 7,1x106 conídios / ml, respectivamente, enquanto os valores de LC50 para F. proliferatum foram registrados como 1,21x108, 9,6 x107, 4,2x107, 2,6x107 conídios / ml, respectivamente, após 24 h, 48 h, 72 h e 96 h de exposição. Os resultados indicam que entre duas cepas de fungos F. equiseti se mostrou mais eficaz em termos de atividade larvicida do que F. proliferatum contra larvas de A. aegypti.

Screening, biochemical characterization and antibiotics resistance/susceptibility of bacteria isolated from native soil and water samples.

The present study was conducted to isolate and characterize bacteria from water and soil sample taken from the Lahore Canal at different sites i.e. Mall Road, Mohlanwal and Khera site. Isolated bacterial strains were identified on the basis of morphological and biochemical tests. Identification was confirmed by culturing bacteria on selective media. Antibiotic resistance test was also performed to observe the resistance of bacteria against different antibiotics. Blood agar test was performed for identification of different pathogenic bacteria. The result revealed that water and soil samples of Lahore Canal Lahore from different sites were contaminated with Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp., Vibrio sp., Bacillus spp., Enterococcus sp. and Staphylococcus spp. Due to presence of these pathogens, this water is not suitable for any domestic and irrigation use. Study also revealed that water of the Lahore Canal is harmful for human health as it is contaminated with bacteria that can cause severe disease e.g., Escherichia coli can cause gastroenteritis, Bacillus spp. can cause nausea and vomiting, Enterococcus may infect urinary tract, Salmonella sp. is responsible for Bacteremia, Staphylococcus spp. can cause mild fever and Vibrio sp. can be the reason of cholera. Thus it is rendered unfit for any kind of human use even other than drinking like swimming, bathing, washing etc., until and unless some remedial measures are employed to eradicate pathogenic microorganisms by WASA and LWMS according to standards of WHO. Similarly, it is quite harmful, when and where ever it is used for irrigation without proper treatment.

Mitigation of cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity by casticin in male albino rats.

Cisplatin (CP) is a commonly used, powerful antineoplastic drug, having numerous side effects. Casticin (CAS) is considered as a free radical scavenger and a potent antioxidant. The present research was planned to assess the curative potential of CAS on CP persuaded renal injury in male albino rats. Twenty four male albino rats were distributed into four equal groups. Group-1 was considered as a control group. Animals of Group-2 were injected with 5mg/kg of CP intraperitoneally. Group-3 was co-treated with CAS (50mg/kg) orally and injection of CP (5mg/kg). Group-4 was treated with CAS (50mg/kg) orally throughout the experiment. CP administration substantially reduced the activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GSR), glutathione (GSH) content while increased thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels. Urea, urinary creatinine, urobilinogen, urinary proteins, kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) levels were substantially increased. In contrast, albumin and creatinine clearance was significantly reduced in CP treated group. The results demonstrated that CP significantly increased the inflammation indicators including nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), Interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity and histopathological damages. However, the administration of CAS displayed a palliative effect against CP-generated renal toxicity and recovered all parameters by bringing them to a normal level. These results revealed that the CAS is an effective compound having the curative potential to counter the CP-induced renal damage.

Identification of locally isolated entomopathogenic Fusarium species from the soil of Changa Manga Forest, Pakistan and evaluation of their larvicidal efficacy against Aedes aegypti.

Dengue fever vectored by the mosquito Aedes aegypti is one of the most rapidly spreading insect-borne diseases. Current reliance of dengue vector control is mostly on chemical insecticides. Growing insecticide resistance in the primary mosquito vector, Aedes aegypti, limits the effectiveness of vector control through chemical insecticides. These chemical insecticides also have negative environmental impacts on animals, plants and human health. Myco-biocontrol agents are naturally occurring organisms and are found to be less damaging to the environment as compared to chemical insecticides. In the present study, entomopathogenic potential of local strains of fungi isolated from soil was assessed for the control of dengue vector. Local fungal isolates presents better alternative to introducing a foreign biocontrol strain, as they may be better adapted to environmental conditions of the area to survive and may have more entomopathogenic efficacy against target organism. Larvicidal efficacy of Fusarium equiseti and Fusarium proliferatum was evaluated against Aedes aegypti. Local strains of F. equiseti (MK371718) and F. proliferatum (MK371715) were isolated from the soil of Changa Manga Forest, Pakistan by using insect bait method. Larvicidal activity of two Fusarium spp. was tested against forth instar larvae of A. aegypti in the laboratory, using concentrations 105, 106, 107 and 108 conidia /ml. LC50 values for F. equiseti after 24h, 48h, 72h and 96h of exposure were recorded as 3.8x 108, 2.9x107, 2.0x107, and 7.1x106 conidia /ml respectively while LC50 values for F. proliferatum were recorded as 1.21x108, 9.6x107, 4.2x107, 2.6x107 conidia /ml respectively after 24h, 48h, 72h and 96h of exposure. The results indicate that among two fungal strains F. equiseti was found to be more effective in terms of its larvicidal activity than F. proliferatum against larvae of A. aegypti.

Morphology of enteric glia in colorectal carcinoma: A comparative study of tumor site and its proximal normal margin.

OBJECTIVE: Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is the third most common cancer in the world and fifth most common cancer in India. To understand the extent of perineural invasion (PNI) in CRC it is essential to study the morphology of enteric glial cells (EGCs). The aim of the study was to analyze the numerical density of EGCs and area of myenteric ganglia (MG) in the colonic tissue samples collected from CRC patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifteen intraoperative tissue specimens were collected from the tumor site and 2cm proximal to the upper extent of tumor. The samples were divided into four groups: group 1 (n=15): proximal tumor free colonic tissue; group 2 (n=3): well-differentiated; group 3 (n=8): moderately differentiated; group 4 (n=4): poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. After processing the tissues were subjected to hematoxylin and eosin staining. The anti-S100ß and anti-GFAP antibodies were used to observe the EGCs. RESULTS: In the H&E stained sections the number of myenteric ganglia appeared to be decreasing with increasing grade of adenocarcinoma. Immunostaining showed significant decreasing pattern in the numerical density of EGCs per myenteric ganglion and mean area of myenteric ganglia in relation to the thickness of circular muscle, corresponding to the increasing grades of adenocarcinoma. The morphology of the EGCs remained unaltered in the colonic tissue adjacent to the tumor site. CONCLUSION: Significant loss of EGCs and neurodegeneration corresponded with the grade of tumor emphasizing on its prognostic value. The PNI was not seen in the clear margin proximal to the tumor site.

Effective ion charge (Zeff) measurements and impurity behavior in KSTAR.

A visible bremsstrahlung detector array diagnostic system has been developed on the Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research (KSTAR) to view the whole minor radius in a narrow region of the continuum free of spectral lines. The interference filters coupled with photomultiplier tubes have been employed to determine the effective charge Zeff by using visible bremsstrahlung data during neutral beam injection in the KSTAR plasma. The Zeff profiles are typically flat for L-mode plasmas and evolve to hollow profiles during the H mode in the KSTAR. A comparison of the visible bremsstrahlung emission based on the calculated Zeff profiles is consistent with measured values of Zeff from a visible spectrometer in the core plasma. The electron temperature is measured by X-ray imaging crystal spectrometry, and electron density needed for the analysis is taken by the assumption of parabolic profiles of these parameters. The line of sight averaged local bremsstrahlung emissivity is determined with low uncertainty, and the radial emissivity is obtained by using the Abel inversion technique. In addition, a dependence of effective charge Zeff on the line-averaged electron density is evaluated, and Zeff is also determined to observe the effect of boronization.

Fluoride-associated ultrastructural changes and apoptosis in human renal tubule: a pilot study.

The susceptibility of the kidneys to fluoride toxicity can largely be attributed to its anatomy and function. As the filtrate moves along the complex tubular structure of each nephron, it is concentrated in the proximal and distal tubules and collecting duct. It has been frequently observed that the children suffering from renal impairments also have some symptoms of dental and skeletal fluorosis. The findings suggest that fluoride somehow interferes with renal anatomy and physiology, which may lead to renal pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the fluoride-associated nephrotoxicity. A total of 156 patients with childhood nephrotic syndrome were screened and it was observed that 32 of them had significantly high levels ( p ≤ 0.05) of fluoride in urine (4.01 ± 1.83 ppm) and serum (0.1 ± 0.013 ppm). On the basis of urinary fluoride concentration, patients were divided into two groups, namely group 1 (G-1) ( n = 32) containing normal urine fluoride (0.61 ± 0.17 ppm) and group 2 (G-2) ( n = 32) having high urine fluoride concentration (4.01 ± 1.83 ppm). Age-matched healthy subjects ( n = 33) having normal levels of urinary fluoride (0.56 ± 0.15 ppm) were included in the study as control (group 0 (G-0)). Kidney biopsies were taken from G-1 and G-2 only, who were subjected to ultrastructural (transmission electron microscopy) and apoptotic (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling) analysis. Various subcellular ultrastructural changes including nuclear disintegration, chromosome condensation, cytoplasmic ground substance lysis, and endoplasmic reticulum blebbing were observed. Increased levels of apoptosis were observed in high fluoride group (G-2) compared to normal fluoride group (G-1). Various degrees of fluoride-associated damages to the architecture of tubular epithelia, such as cell swelling and lysis, cytoplasmic vacuolation, nuclear condensation, apoptosis, and necrosis, were observed.

Association between changes in global femoral offset after total hip arthroplasty and function, quality of life, and abductor muscle strength. A prospective cohort study of 222 patients.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: There is no consensus on the association between global femoral offset (FO) and outcome after total hip arthroplasty (THA). We assessed the association between FO and patients' reported hip function, quality of life, and abductor muscle strength. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We included 250 patients with unilateral hip osteoarthritis who underwent a THA. Before the operation, the patient's reported hip function was evaluated with the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis (WOMAC) index and quality of life was evaluated with EQ-5D. At 1-year follow-up, the same scores and also hip abductor muscle strength were measured. 222 patients were available for follow-up. These patients were divided into 3 groups according to the postoperative global FO of the operated hip compared to the contralateral hip, as measured on plain radiographs: the decreased FO group (more than 5 mm reduction), the restored FO group (within 5 mm restoration), and the increased FO group (more than 5 mm increment). RESULTS: All 3 groups improved (p < 0.001). The crude results showed that the decreased FO group had a worse WOMAC index, less abductor muscle strength, and more use of walking aids. When we adjusted these results with possible confounding factors, only global FO reduction was statistically significantly associated with reduced abductor muscle strength. The incidence of residual hip pain and analgesics use was similar in the 3 groups. INTERPRETATION: A reduction in global FO of more than 5 mm after THA appears to have a negative association with abductor muscle strength of the operated hip, and should therefore be avoided.

Shape engineering boosts antibacterial activity of chitosan coated mesoporous silica nanoparticle doped with silver: a mechanistic investigation.

In this study, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSPs) of different size and shape were developed, and their surface coatings were utilized to study their differential effects in enhancing antibacterial activity. In brief, MSPs with three different aspect ratios (1, 2 and 4) were prepared, doped with silver ions and finally coated with the polymer chitosan. Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were treated with the MSPs. Results indicate that silver ion doped and chitosan coated MSPs with the aspect ratio of 4 (Cht/MSP4:Ag+) have the highest antimicrobial activity among the prepared series. Further studies revealed that Cht/MSP4:Ag+ was most effective against Escherichia coli (E.coli) and least effective against Vibrio cholerae (V. cholerae). To investigate the detailed inhibition mechanism of the MSPs, the interaction of the nanoparticles with E.coli membranes and its intracellular DNA was assessed using various spectroscopic and imaging-based techniques. Furthermore, to increase the efficiency of the MSPs, a combinatorial antibacterial strategy was also explored, where nanoparticles, in combination with kanamycin (antibiotic), were used against Vibrio Cholerae (V. cholerae). Toxicity screening of these on MSPs was conducted on Caco-2 cells, and the results show that the dose used for antibacterial screening is below the limit of the toxicity threshold. Our findings show that both shape and surface engineering contribute positively towards killing bacteria, and the newly developed silver ion-doped and chitosan-coated MSPs have good potential as antimicrobial nanomaterials.

Therapies in Development for Non-Infectious Uveitis.

Uveitis represents a spectrum of diseases characterized by ocular inflammation that leads to significant visual loss if left untreated. Adequate, long-term control of inflammation with minimal systemic and local adverse effects is the preferred strategy for treating patients with uveitis. Pharmacotherapy for uveitis consists mainly of corticosteroids in various formulations such as topical, local, intraocular and systemic. However, monotherapy with corticosteroids is often unacceptable due to serious adverse effects on various organ systems. There exist limitations with the use of steroid-sparing systemic immunosuppressive agents, as these medications may have significant adverse events and a narrow therapeutic window. Thus, newer molecular targets that act on various steps of the inflammatory pathway appear to be promising emerging strategies for treating uveitis. Specially designed monoclonal antibodies in development can potentially halt the inflammatory processes resulting in remission of the disease. In the index review, novel molecular agents and biological therapies that have shown promising efficacy and safety data in preclinical and clinical studies have been summarized. In addition, new drug delivery systems that may ensure high intraocular therapeutic levels of pharmacologic agents have been highlighted.

The Influence of Leg Length Discrepancy after Total Hip Arthroplasty on Function and Quality of Life: A Prospective Cohort Study.

We investigated whether patients with lengthening (> 9 mm), restoration (between 9 mm lengthening and 5 mm shortening) or shortening (> 5 mm) of the operated leg after total hip arthroplasty (THA) had different function (WOMAC score), quality of life (EQ-5D), residual hip pain, use of shoe lift and walking aid and leg length discrepancy (LLD) awareness, 12-15 months postoperatively. All patients had a significant postoperative improvement in WOMAC and EQ-5D regardless the LLD. However, the lengthening group showed less improvement in WOMAC, more use of shoe lift, residual hip pain and LLD awareness compared with the other two groups. No differences in EQ-5D were found. In spite of the improvement in function and quality of life, lengthening had adverse effects and should therefore be avoided.

Validity, reliability and reproducibility of plain radiographic measurements after total hip arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND: In total hip arthroplasty (THA), radiographic preoperative planning and postoperative evaluation of acetabular component, femoral offset (FO) and leg length discrepancy (LLD) require good validity, interobserver reliability and intraobserver reproducibility. In this study, we evaluated the validity of the Sundsvall method of FO measurement and the interobserver reliability and intraobserver reproducibility of measurement of FO, LLD, acetabular cup inclination and anteversion. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ninety patients with primary unilateral osteoarthritis (OA) were included in this prospective study. On postoperative radiographs FO by the Sundsvall method (femoral axis-pelvic midline), FO by a standard method (femoral axis-hip rotational centre-teardrop point), LLD (inter-teardrop line-lesser trochanter), acetabular cup inclination (on AP view the angle between the cup rim and transischial line) and anteversion (on lateral view the angle between the face of acetabulum and a line perpendicular to the horizontal plane) were measured. The interobserver reliability and intraobserver reproducibility were calculated for three independent observers. The concurrent validity and degree of prediction of the Sundsvall method are measured by comparing its results with the standard method. RESULTS: The interobserver reliability of all measurements was excellent (ICC >0.80), except for LLD, which was substantial (ICC = 0.79). The intraobserver reproducibility of all measurements was excellent (ICC > 0.80). The concurrent validity of the Sundsvall method compared to the standard method was good with a positive correlation. CONCLUSION: The Sundsvall method is as reliable as the standard method. The evaluated radiographic measurement methods have the required validity and reliability to be used in clinical practice.

Low incidence of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in an unprophylaxed liver transplant cohort.

BACKGROUND: Liver transplant recipients are managed with a range of immunosuppressive regimens that place them at heightened risk of life-threatening opportunistic infections such as Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP). No routine PJP prophylaxis is used at out institution. We reviewed the incidence of PJP in this cohort of unprophylaxed liver transplant recipients. METHODS: We examined all liver transplants performed between January 2000 and January 2012 in Ireland's National Liver Transplant Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin. Cases were identified through a computerized database and through the histopathology and microbiology registration system. The diagnosis of PJP was confirmed by identification of Pneumocystis cysts in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid or on autopsy specimens using Grocott-Gomori methenamine-silver nitrate or modified Wright-Giemsa staining methods. RESULTS: During the study period, 687 liver transplants were performed. We found 7 cases of PJP with an incidence rate of 0.84 per 1000 person transplant years. Five cases occurred within 12 months of transplant with 2 cases occurring at 56 and 60 months, respectively. Two cases were diagnosed at postmortem; 1 previously had negative cytology from BAL, while the other could not be bronchoscoped because of rapid deterioration in the clinical condition. Three of the 5 treated patients died. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of PJP in this cohort was very low, but the case fatality rate was high. Two cases occurred well after the usual recommended period of prophylaxis. In institutions with a very low risk of infection, targeted rather than universal prophylaxis may be reasonable.