Therapeutic versus Prophylactic Bemiparin in Hospitalized Patients with Nonsevere COVID-19 Pneumonia (BEMICOP Study): An Open-Label, Multicenter, Randomized, Controlled Trial.

Thromboprophylaxis with low molecular weight heparin in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 is mandatory, unless contraindicated. Given the links between inflammation and thrombosis, the use of higher doses of anticoagulants could improve outcomes. We conducted an open-label, multicenter, randomized, controlled trial in adult patients hospitalized with nonsevere COVID-19 pneumonia and elevated D-dimer. Patients were randomized to therapeutic-dose bemiparin (115 IU/kg daily) versus standard prophylaxis (bemiparin 3,500 IU daily), for 10 days. The primary efficacy outcome was a composite of death, intensive care unit admission, need of mechanical ventilation support, development of moderate/severe acute respiratory distress, and venous or arterial thrombosis within 10 days of enrollment. The primary safety outcome was major bleeding (International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis criteria). A prespecified interim analysis was performed when 40% of the planned study population was reached. From October 2020 to May 2021, 70 patients were randomized at 5 sites and 65 were included in the primary analysis; 32 patients allocated to therapeutic dose and 33 to standard prophylactic dose. The primary efficacy outcome occurred in 7 patients (22%) in the therapeutic-dose group and 6 patients (18%) in the prophylactic-dose (absolute risk difference 3.6% [95% confidence interval [CI], -16% -24%]; odds ratio 1.26 [95% CI, 0.37-4.26]; p = 0.95). Discharge in the first 10 days was possible in 66 and 79% of patients, respectively. No major bleeding event was registered. Therefore, in patients with COVID-19 hospitalized with nonsevere pneumonia but elevated D-dimer, the use of a short course of therapeutic-dose bemiparin does not appear to improve clinical outcomes compared with standard prophylactic doses. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04604327.

Demographics and Risk Factors of Pediatric Pulmonary Hypertension Readmissions.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) leads to significant morbidity and mortality in pediatric patients and increases the readmission rates for hospitalizations. This study evaluates the risk factors and comorbidities associated with an increase in 30-day readmissions among pediatric PH patients. METHODS: National Readmission Database (NRD) 2017 was searched for patients less than 18 years of age who were diagnosed with PH based on the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10). Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software v25.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY) was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Of 5.52 million pediatric encounters, 10,501 patients met the selection criteria. The 30-day readmission rate of 14.43% (p < 0.001) was higher than hospitalizations from other causes {Odds Ratio (OR) 4.02 (3.84-4.20), p < 0.001}. The comorbidities of sepsis {OR 0.75 (0.64-0.89), p < 0.02} and respiratory infections {OR 0.75 (0.67-0.85), p < 0.001} were observed to be associated with lower 30-day readmissions. Patients who required invasive mechanical ventilation via endotracheal tube {OR 1.66 (1.4-1.96), p < 0.001} or tracheostomy tube {OR 1.35 (1.15-1.6), p < 0.001} had increased unplanned readmissions. Patients with higher severity of illness based on All Patients Refined Diagnosis Related Groups (APR-DRG) were more likely to get readmitted {OR 7.66 (3.13-18.76), p < 0.001}. CONCLUSION: PH was associated with increased readmission rates compared to the other pediatric diagnoses, but the readmission rate in this study was lower than one previous pediatric study. Invasive mechanical ventilation, Medicaid insurance, higher severity of illness, and female gender were associated with a higher likelihood of readmission within 30 days.

Impact of Acid Suppression Therapy on Iron Supplementation in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit.

OBJECTIVE: We assessed the impact of acid suppression therapy (i.e., ranitidine or proton pump inhibitors) on iron supplementation and its ability to maintain or alter laboratory values that are commonly associated with anemia. METHODS: This was a prospective, observational trial. The primary outcome was changes in serum iron levels from baseline. Secondary outcomes were changes in hemoglobin (Hgb) and hematocrit (Hct), transfusions, and maintenance of an alkalotic gastric pH. RESULTS: Thirty-four patients (mean 24 ± 43 months) met inclusion criteria. The serum iron levels increased to 50.9 ± 24.6 mcg/dL by day 3. The mean difference from baseline was 1.5 mcg/dL (95% CI, 1.14-1.98, p = 0.0056). Gastric pH increased to 4.68 ± 1.49 on day 5. The mean Hgb and Hct increased on day 5 to 10 ± 1.06 g/dL and 29.6% ± 3.27%, respectively. The mean difference of Hgb was 1.15 g/dL (95% CI, 0.51-1.78, p = 0.0009). The mean difference of Hct was 3.04% (95% CI, 1.11-4.97, p = 0.0032). CONCLUSIONS: The use of antacids along with oral ferrous sulfate supplementation did not affect the absorption of iron. Serum iron, Hgb, and Hct all showed statistically significant increases despite combined antacid and iron therapy. Thus, despite use of antacids, combination use showed increases in iron absorption.

High-frequency oscillatory ventilation as a rescue for severe asthma crisis in a child.

Mechanical ventilation in the asthmatic child may be complicated by dynamic air trapping leading to hemodynamic compromise and cardiac arrest. High-frequency oscillatory ventilation is relatively contraindicated because it may cause hyperinflation compared to conventional mechanical ventilation. A 2-year-old girl (weight, 11 kg) with a history of asthma was admitted because of status asthmaticus. Despite treatment with intravenous methylprednisolone, continuous albuterol, terbutaline, aminophylline, and magnesium sulfate, she had persistent respiratory distress. She required endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation because of worsening respiratory fatigue and hypercarbia ((PCO2), 96 mm Hg). Severe airflow obstruction persisted, and the hypercarbia worsened despite conventional mechanical ventilation (PCO2 > 134 mm Hg). It was judged that the patient was at risk for dynamic air trapping leading to hemodynamic compromise and cardiac arrest. High-frequency oscillatory ventilation was started to overcome airflow obstruction, and a decrease in arterial PCO2 to 87 mm Hg was observed within 2 h. High-frequency oscillatory ventilation was discontinued after 5 h, and conventional mechanical ventilation resumed. The patient was extubated after 5 days without further complications. In summary, this case shows that high-frequency oscillatory ventilation may be considered as a rescue treatment in children who have severe status asthmaticus with persistent airflow obstruction and hypercarbia unresponsive to pharmacological therapy and conventional mechanical ventilation.

Unraveling the Influence of Common von Willebrand factor variants on von Willebrand Disease Phenotype: An Exploratory Study on the Molecular and Clinical Profile of von Willebrand Disease in Spain Cohort.

The clinical diagnosis of von Willebrand disease (VWD), particularly type 1, can be complex because several genetic and environmental factors affect von Willebrand factor (VWF) plasma levels. An estimated 60% of the phenotypic variation is attributable to hereditary factors, with the ABO blood group locus being the most influential. However, recent studies provide strong evidence that nonsynonymous single nucleotide variants (SNVs) contribute to VWF and factor VIII phenotypic variability in healthy individuals. This study aims to investigate the role of common VWF SNVs on VWD phenotype by analyzing data from 219 unrelated patients included in the "Molecular and Clinical Profile of von Willebrand Disease in Spain project." To that end, generalized linear mixed-effects regression models were fitted, and additive and epistatic analyses, and haplotype studies were performed, considering five VWD-related measures (bleeding score, VWF:Ag, VWF:RCo, factor VIII:C, and VWF:CB). According to these analyses, homozygotes: for p.Thr789Ala(C) would be expected to show 39% higher VWF:Ag levels; p.Thr1381Ala(C), 27% lower VWF:Ag levels; and p.Gln852Arg(C), 52% lower VWF:RCo levels. Homozygotes for both p.Thr789Ala(C) and p.Gln852Arg(T) were predicted to show 185% higher VWF:CB activity, and carriers of two copies of the p.Thr1381Ala(T)/p.Gln852Arg(T) haplotype would present a 100% increase in VWF:RCo activity. These results indicate a substantial effect of common VWF variation on VWD phenotype. Although additional studies are needed to determine the true magnitude of the effects of SNVs on VWF, these findings provide new evidence regarding the contribution of common variants to VWD, which should be taken into account to enhance the accuracy of the diagnosis and classification of this condition. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02869074.

Unraveling the effect of silent, intronic and missense mutations on VWF splicing: contribution of next generation sequencing in the study of mRNA.

Large studies in von Willebrand disease patients, including Spanish and Portuguese registries, led to the identification of >250 different mutations. It is a challenge to determine the pathogenic effect of potential splice site mutations on VWF mRNA. This study aimed to elucidate the true effects of 18 mutations on VWF mRNA processing, investigate the contribution of next-generation sequencing to in vivo mRNA study in von Willebrand disease, and compare the findings with in silico prediction. RNA extracted from patient platelets and leukocytes was amplified by RT-PCR and sequenced using Sanger and next generation sequencing techniques. Eight mutations affected VWF splicing: c.1533+1G>A, c.5664+2T>C and c.546G>A (p.=) prompted exon skipping; c.3223-7_3236dup and c.7082-2A>G resulted in activation of cryptic sites; c.3379+1G>A and c.7437G>A) demonstrated both molecular pathogenic mechanisms simultaneously; and the p.Cys370Tyr missense mutation generated two aberrant transcripts. Of note, the complete effect of three mutations was provided by next generation sequencing alone because of low expression of the aberrant transcripts. In the remaining 10 mutations, no effect was elucidated in the experiments. However, the differential findings obtained in platelets and leukocytes provided substantial evidence that four of these would have an effect on VWF levels. In this first report using next generation sequencing technology to unravel the effects of VWF mutations on splicing, the technique yielded valuable information. Our data bring to light the importance of studying the effect of synonymous and missense mutations on VWF splicing to improve the current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms behind von Willebrand disease. clinicaltrials.gov identifier:02869074.

Role of multimeric analysis of von Willebrand factor (VWF) in von Willebrand disease (VWD) diagnosis: Lessons from the PCM-EVW-ES Spanish project.

The multimeric analysis (MA) of plasma von Willebrand factor (VWF) evaluates structural integrity and helps in the diagnosis of von Willebrand disease (VWD). This assay is a matter of controversy, being considered by some investigators cumbersome and only slightly informative. The centralised study 'Molecular and Clinical Profile of von Willebrand Disease in Spain (PCM-EVW-ES)' has been carried out by including the phenotypic assessment and the genetic analysis by next generation sequencing (NGS) of the VWF gene (VWF). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of MA to the diagnosis of these patients and their potential discrepancies. Two hundred and seventy out of 480 patients centrally diagnosed with VWD had normal multimers, 168 had abnormal multimers and 42 a total absence of multimers. VWF MA was of great significance in the diagnosis of 83 patients (17.3%), it was also of help in the diagnosis achieved in 365 additional patients (76%) and was not informative in 32 cases (6.7%). With regard to discrepancies, 110 out of 480 (23%) patients centrally diagnosed with VWD presented some kind of discordance between VWF:RCo/VWF:Ag and/or VWF:CB/VWF:Ag ratios, multimeric study and/or genetic results. The VWF MA was key in the presence of novel mutations as well as in cases with phenotypic discrepancies. A comparison between the contribution of MA and VWF:CB showed a clearly higher contribution of the former in the diagnostic process. These data seem to reinforce the relevance of the VWF MA in VWD diagnosis, despite all its limitations.

Molecular and clinical profile of von Willebrand disease in Spain (PCM-EVW-ES): comprehensive genetic analysis by next-generation sequencing of 480 patients.

Molecular diagnosis of patients with von Willebrand disease is pending in most populations due to the complexity and high cost of conventional molecular analyses. The need for molecular and clinical characterization of von Willebrand disease in Spain prompted the creation of a multicenter project (PCM-EVW-ES) that resulted in the largest prospective cohort study of patients with all types of von Willebrand disease. Molecular analysis of relevant regions of the VWF, including intronic and promoter regions, was achieved in the 556 individuals recruited via the development of a simple, innovative, relatively low-cost protocol based on microfluidic technology and next-generation sequencing. A total of 704 variants (237 different) were identified along VWF, 155 of which had not been previously recorded in the international mutation database. The potential pathogenic effect of these variants was assessed by in silico analysis. Furthermore, four short tandem repeats were analyzed in order to evaluate the ancestral origin of recurrent mutations. The outcome of genetic analysis allowed for the reclassification of 110 patients, identification of 37 asymptomatic carriers (important for genetic counseling) and re-inclusion of 43 patients previously excluded by phenotyping results. In total, 480 patients were definitively diagnosed. Candidate mutations were identified in all patients except 13 type 1 von Willebrand disease, yielding a high genotype-phenotype correlation. Our data reinforce the capital importance and usefulness of genetics in von Willebrand disease diagnostics. The progressive implementation of molecular study as the first-line test for routine diagnosis of this condition will lead to increasingly more personalized and effective care for this patient population.

Molecular and clinical profile of von Willebrand disease in Spain (PCM-EVW-ES): Proposal for a new diagnostic paradigm.

The diagnosis of von Willebrand disease (VWD) remains difficult in a significant proportion of patients. A Spanish multicentre study investigated a cohort of 556 patients from 330 families who were analysed centrally. VWD was confirmed in 480. Next generation sequencing (NGS) of the whole coding VWF was carried out in all recruited patients, compared with the phenotype, and a final diagnosis established. A total of 238 different VWF mutations were found, 154 were not included in the Leiden Open Variation Database (LOVD). Of the patients, 463 were found to have VWF mutation/s. A good phenotypic/genotypic association was estimated in 96.5% of the patients. One hundred seventy-four patients had two or more mutations. Occasionally a predominant phenotype masked the presence of a second abnormality. One hundred sixteen patients presented with mutations that had previously been associated with increased von Willebrand factor (VWF) clearance. RIPA unavailability, central phenotypic results disagreement and difficult distinction between severe type 1 and type 3 VWD prevented a clear diagnosis in 70 patients. The NGS study facilitated an appropriate classification in 63 of them. The remaining seven patients presented with a VWF novel mutation pending further investigation. In five patients with a type 3 and two with a type 2A or 2B phenotype with no mutation, an acquired von Willebrand syndrome (AVWS) was suspected/confirmed. These data seem to support NGS as a first line efficient and faster paradigm in VWD diagnosis.

Direct vitamin K antagonist anticoagulant treatment health care costs in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation.

BACKGROUND: There is evidence suggesting that most thromboembolic complications could be prevented with adequate pharmacological anticoagulation. We estimated the direct health care costs of anticoagulant treatment with oral vitamin K antagonists in patients diagnosed with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. METHODS: This observational study examined the clinical records of patients diagnosed with non-valvular atrial fibrillation who received anticoagulant treatment with oral vitamin K antagonists. Data from clinical records were used in the study: international normalized ratio, number of monitoring visits, type of anticoagulant, hospital admissions from complications, and concomitant medication. Drug cost was calculated based on the official Spanish Ministry of Health price list. Monitoring expenses were included the cost of the medical supplies used in the procedures. Hospitalization costs were calculated using the Diagnosis Related Group price for each case. Hospital visits costs were calculated by one of four different scenarios, using either the invoice rates for the regional health care authority or cost per visit as established by analytical accounting methods. RESULTS: We collected data from 1,257 patients diagnosed with non-valvular atrial fibrillation who were receiving oral anticoagulant therapy. Depending on the scheme used, the direct health care costs for these patients ranged from €423,695 - €1,436,038 per annum. The average cost per patient varied between €392 - €1,341, depending on the approach used. Patients with international normalized ratio values within the therapeutic range on 25% of their visits represented an average cost between €441.70 - €1,592. Those within the therapeutic range on 25%-50% of visits had associated costs of €512.37 - €1,703.91. When international normalized ratio values were within the therapeutic range on 50% - 75% of the visits, the costs ranged between €400.80- €1,375.74. The average cost was €305.23 - €1,049.84 when the values were within the therapeutic range for over 75% of visits. CONCLUSIONS: Most direct health care costs associated with the sampled patients arise from the specialist-care monitoring required for the treatment. Good monitoring is inversely related to direct health care costs.

[Association between venous thrombosis and dyslipidemia]. / Asociación entre enfermedad tromboembólica venosa y dislipidemia.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Venous and arterial thrombosis, despite being historically considered as distinct conditions, share certain risk factors. Dyslipidemia is a clinical condition with a relatively high prevalence in the population and has been associated with an increased thrombotic risk. Lipids and lipoproteins modulate the expression and/or function of thrombotic, fibrinolytic and rheological factors. PATIENTS AND METHOD: We have developed a descriptive, retrospective, comparative, cross-sectional study including a group of 313 patients with venous thromboembolism (VTE). We collected basic demographic data, cardiovascular risk factors and thrombotic complications. All patients were subjected to a lipid profile study with determination of total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (cHDL), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (cLDL) and triglycerides. RESULTS: The multivariable analysis showed that dyslipidemia was a risk factor for VTE (odds ratio [OR] 3.87, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 2.72-5.56; P<.0001). Of a total of 313 patients included in the study, 31% (n=97) had a recurrent thrombotic event and 23% (n=72) developed post-thrombotic syndrome. cHDL levels below 35 mg/dl and cLDL levels higher than 180 mg/dl represented risk factors for the development of recurrent thrombosis, OR 3.12 (95% CI 1.35-7.74; P=.008) and OR 2.35 (95% CI 1.24-4.45; P=.008), respectively, and post-thrombotic syndrome, OR 3.44 (95% CI 1.43-8.83; P=.005) and OR 2.35 (95% CI 1.24-4.45; P=.008). CONCLUSIONS: Our study confirmed the association between dyslipidemia and VTE and showed a risk of thrombosis nearly 4 times higher in individuals with this disease. In addition, alterations in the lipid profile were also related to a higher prevalence of thrombotic complications, recurrence and post-thrombotic syndrome.

Fecundidad, anticoncepción, aborto y mortalidad materna en Cuba / Fertility, contraception, abortion and maternal mortality in Cuba

Introducción: en Cuba, la atención a la salud sexual y reproductiva, es objetivo priorizado por su significado humano e impacto en la salud. Objetivo: describir las características al 2012, de la fecundidad, el aborto, la anticoncepción y la muerte materna en Cuba, así como los sistemas de información estadística de estos componentes. Métodos: estudio descriptivo y observacional de la fecundidad, sus determinantes próximos, y la muerte materna. Resultados: la fecundidad declinó aceleradamente. El embarazo en adolescentes fue elevado, el 11 % de ellas tuvo un hijo nacido vivo y el 14 % inició el proceso reproductivo. Hubo un alto uso de dispositivos intrauterinos. El 9 % de necesidades anticoncepcionales estaban insatisfechas, mayor en el oriente del país y en las adolescentes. El aborto mantuvo niveles elevados, más en la región oriental y central. El aborto medicamentoso aumentó a 34 % del total y a 44 % en adolescentes. La tasa de mortalidad materna descendió desde el siglo xx, en el 2012 decreció en el 29 % respecto al 2010. Las complicaciones relacionadas con el puerperio, el embarazo ectópico, la hemorragia y los trastornos hipertensivos explicaron el 74 % de la mortalidad materna directa y el 51 % de la mortalidad materna total actual. Conclusiones: el avance y sostenibilidad de los indicadores que Cuba posee en salud sexual y reproductiva, demanda un esfuerzo que se incrementa por la difícil situación económica; requiere una certera dirección, investigación y acción intersectorial con amplia participación comunitaria. La gestión de la información en estos temas es confiable y oportuna.

Introduction: sexual and reproductive health care is a priority objective in Cuba because of its human significance for and impact on health. Objective: to describe the characteristics of fertility, abortion, contraception and maternal death in Cuba in 2012, as well the statistical information systems about these elements. Methods: observational and descriptive study of fertility, its determinants and of maternal death. Results: fertility has rapidly declined. Pregnancy was high among adolescents, 11% of them had one live birth and 14 % started their reproductive process. There was wide use of intrauterine contraceptives. Nine percent of contraceptive requirements were unmet, mostly in the Eastern part of the country and in teenagers. Abortion rates remained high, mainly in the Eastern and Central regions. Drug-induced abortion increased to 34 % of the total rate and to 44 % among adolescents. The maternal mortality rate has decreased since the last century; in 2012, it decreased by 29 % against that of 2010. Complications derived from puerperium, ectopic pregnancy, hemorrhage and hypertensive disorders accounted for 74 % of direct maternal mortality and 51 % of total maternal mortality at present. Information management for these topics is reliable and timely. Conclusions: advancement and sustainability of the Cuba's indicators in terms of sexual and reproductive health demand greater efforts due to the present difficult economic situation; they also require accurate management, research and intersectoral action with community-wide involvement.

Accesibilidad estadística para el lector de la Revista Cubana de Higiene y Epidemiología, 1996-2009 / Statistic accessibility for the readers of the Cuban Journal of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1996-2009

Introducción: La mayoría de las investigaciones epidemiológicas, más específicamente estudios no enteramente limitados a la mera descripción, implican comparaciones entre grupos, a través del tiempo o entre estudios. Incluso cuando la estadística es correctamente aplicada, los resultados pueden ser difícilmente interpretados por un inexperto. Se realizó este estudio con el fin de describir el uso de los procedimientos estadísticos en los artículos originales de la Revista Cubana de Higiene y Epidemiología, cuantificando la accesibilidad estadística para el lector. Métodos: Se analizaron los trabajos publicados en la sección artículos originales durante el período de 1996 a 2009, excluyendo investigaciones metodológicas, estudios cualitativos, revisiones bibliográficas y noticias en un total de 180 originales. Fueron estudiadas detalladamente las secciones de métodos y resultados, en las que se identificaron los análisis efectuados para clasificarlos en 14 categorías jerárquicas con tres niveles de accesibilidad (Emerson-Colditz): estadística descriptiva, análisis bivariados y análisis complejos, incluidos los multivariados. La accesibilidad se definió como la proporción de artículos accesibles para lectores con diferentes niveles de conocimiento estadístico. Resultados: Los procedimientos estadísticos más frecuentes fueron: estadística descriptiva (88,7 porceinto), chi cuadrado (17,3 por ciento), medidas de riesgo (18,7 por ciento), prueba t de Student (7,3 por ciento) y regresión logística (7,3 por ciento). Globalmente, el 79 por ciento de los artículos fueron accesibles para un lector con conocimientos básicos (análisis bivariables), cifras similares a las de otras revistas biomédicas. Conclusiones: Un porcentaje considerable de los artículos originales de la Revista Cubana de Higiene y Epidemiología incorpora actualmente análisis complejos en su desarrollo. Parece así aconsejable que los lectores profundicemos en nuestros conocimientos estadísticos

Introduction: Most of epidemiological researches, specifically, those studies not totally limited to the simple description; involve comparisons among groups by time of among studies. Even when the statistics is appropriately applied, results may be interpreted with difficulty by an inexperienced. This study was conducted to describe the use of statistic procedures in the original papers of the Cuban Journal of Hygiene and Epidemiology, quantifying the statistic accessibility for the readers. Methods: The papers published were analyzed in the section of Original Papers from 1996 to 2009, excluding the methodological researches, qualitative studies, bibliographic reviews and news selecting 180 original papers. The sections Methods and Results were studied in detail where we identified the analyses carried out to be classified in 14 hierarchic categories with three levels of accessibility (Emerson-Colditiz): descriptive statistic, bi-varied analyses and complex analyses including the multi-varied. Accessibility was defined like the ratio of accessible articles for readers with different levels of statistic knowledge. Results: The more frequent statistic procedures were: descriptive statistics (88.7 percent), Chi2 (17.3 percent), risk measures (18.7 percent), t-Student test (7.3 percent) and logistic regression (7.3 percent). Overall, the 79 percent of papers were accessible to a reader with basic knowledges (bi-variable analysis), figures similar to those of other biomedical journals. Conclusions: A significant percentage of original papers of the Cuban Journal of Hygiene and Epidemiology nowadays incorporate complicated analyses in its development. It is advisable that readers must to deepen in our statistic knowledges

Uso de la estadística en la Revista Cubana de Higiene y Epidemiología, 1996-2009 / Use of statistic information in the Cuban Journal of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1996-2009

La estadística es una herramienta elemental en la investigación biomédica; sin embargo, se ha demostrado que no siempre su uso se corresponde con los adelantos científicos y los logros alcanzados en la salud. Se realiza un estudio descriptivo con el fin de describir el uso de las técnicas estadísticas y los softwares, paquetes o programas de cálculo estadístico, en los artículos originales de la Revista Cubana de Higiene y Epidemiología. Se analizaron los trabajos publicados en la sección Artículos Originales durante el período de 1996 al 2009, excluyendo investigaciones metodológicas, estudios cualitativos, revisiones bibliográficas y noticias, y se recogieron 180 originales. Fueron estudiadas detalladamente las secciones de Métodos y Resultados. Las técnicas estadísticas más frecuentes fueron: estadística descriptiva (88,7 por ciento), chi cuadrado (17,3 por ciento), medidas de riesgo (18,7 por ciento), prueba t de Student (7,3 por ciento) y regresión logística (7,3 por ciento). Constituyó una gran dificultad en los artículos originales publicados en la Revista Cubana de Higiene y Epidemiología la falta de información importante para la reproductibilidad de la investigación, dada por no precisarse el diseño muestral aplicado y el programa estadístico. Los procedimientos estadísticos no se emplearon en un número importante de artículos.

Statistics is an elemental tool in biomedical research; however it has been demonstrated that not always its use is in correspondence with scientific advances and achievement reached in the health field. A descriptive study was conducted with the objetive to describe the use of statistic techniques and the software, packages or programs of statistic calculation in the Original Papers of the Cuban Journal of Hygiene and Epidemiology. The published papers in the section of Original Papers from 1996 to 2009 were analyzed, excluding methodological researches, qualitative studies, bibliographic reviews and news, for a total of 180 original papers. The Methods and Results were carefully studied. The more frequent statistic techniques were: descriptive statistics (88.76 percent), chi² (17.3 percent), risk measures (18.7 percent), t Student test (7.3 percent) and logistic regression analysis (7.3 percent). The great difficulty of the original papers published in the above mentioned Journal was the lack of significant information for reproducibility of the research, due to the no precise of the applied sampling design and the statistic program. The statistic procedures were not used in an important number of papers.

Algunas precisiones acerca de la mortalidad por enfermedades cardiovasculares en Cuba / Some clarifications about the mortality from cardiovascular diseases in Cuba

Introducción Las enfermedades del corazón siguen siendo la primera causa de muerte en Cuba. El impacto de esta mortalidad en términos de Años de Vida Potencial Perdidos por Muertes Prematuras ha sido poco abordado a nivel nacional. Objetivos Describir la mortalidad y su impacto sobre la esperanza de vida (expresado en Años de Vida Potencial Perdidos por Muertes Prematuras) en Cuba en los años 1990, 1995, 2000 y 2005, para un grupo de sub-causas dentro de las enfermedades del corazón. Métodos Se trabajó con los registros de mortalidad de la Dirección Nacional de Estadísticas de los años citados, las tasas se ajustaron por sexo y edad por el método directo con respecto a 1990. Los Años de Vida Potencial Perdidos por Muertes Prematuras, se calcularon para grupos de edades quinquenales y usando la esperanza de vida para el año 2000. Las enfermedades del corazón se desglosaron en cinco sub-causas. Resultados El infarto agudo del miocardio fue la primera causa de muerte en el periodo estudiado, con tendencia importante al decremento, mientras que, otras enfermedades isquémicas, fue la segunda causa con tendencia ligera al incremento. La brecha en las tasas de mortalidad según sexo en Cuba es menor que la informada en diversos países desarrollados, en particular para enfermedades isquémicas del corazón, existen potencialidades no totalmente aprovechadas para reducir aún más la mortalidad en mujeres. De 1990 al 2000 se produjeron disminuciones apreciables en las tasas de mortalidad por distintas sub-causas dentro de las enfermedades del corazón, sin embargo a partir del 2000 las correspondientes tasas se han estabilizado o han recuperado una tendencia al incremento. Conclusiones Se sugiere seguir el comportamiento de la mortalidad no solo por infarto agudo de miocardio sino también por otras enfermedades isquémicas del corazón y explorar las posibilidades de reducir aún más la mortalidad en mujeres

Introduction Heart diseases are still the first cause of death in Cuba. The impact of cardiovascular mortality in terms of Potential Lost Life Years from Premature Death has not been extensively addressed nationwide. Objectives to describe the mortality and the impact on the life expectancy (expressed as Potential Lost Life Years from Premature Death) in Cuba in 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2005, for a group of heart disease-related sub-causes. Methods The study used the mortality records of the National Division of Statistics in the above-mentioned years, the rates were sex- and age-adjusted by the direct method in comparison to 1990. The potential lost life years from premature death were estimated for five-year period age groups by using life expectancy for the year 2000. The heart diseases were broken down to five sub-causes. Results The acute myocardial infarct was the first cause of death in the studied period, with important tendency to decrease whereas other ischemic diseases was the second cause tending to slight increase. The gap in the mortality rates by sex in Cuba is lower than that reported in several developed countries, particularly in ischemic heart diseases; there are some underutilized potentialities for further reduction of female mortality. In the 1990-2000 period, sizeable reductions in mortality rates per various heart disease sub-causes were reached; however, the respective mortality rates have stabilized or have returned to an increasing tendency from 2000 on. Conclusions It is suggested that mortality from other heart ischemic diseases be considered together with the mortality from acute myocardial infarct and that possibilities to reduce even more female mortality be explored

Variación estacional de la mortalidad por accidentes según causas seleccionadas.: Cuba, 1996-2006 / Seasonal variation of mortality due to accidents according the selected causes:: Cuba, 1996-2006

Introducción: En Cuba existen evidencias del comportamiento estacional de varias causas de muerte tales como mortalidad infantil, enfermedades del corazón y enfermedades cerebrovasculares. No ha sido muy estudiada la variación estacional de la mortalidad por accidentes, una de las primeras 5 causas de muerte desde hace más de 3 décadas. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo en el período 1996-2006 para identificar y describir la estacionalidad de las defunciones por accidentes mensuales, según sexo y tipo de accidentes seleccionados (ahogamiento y sumersión accidentales, caídas accidentales, exposición al humo, fuego y llamas y accidentes del transporte), mediante el empleo de métodos gráficos simples (las curvas de expectativa mensual y los gráficos de cajas y bigotes). Resultados: Se produjeron 53 333 defunciones por accidentes; hubo un predominio de las muertes masculinas (2 hombres por cada mujer); las caídas accidentales representaron el 36,8 por ciento de las muertes, y los accidentes de transporte el 33,4 por ciento. Todas las causas de muerte por accidentes presentaron estacionalidad: las muertes por ahogamiento y sumersión accidentales predominaron en julio, agosto, junio y en el sexo masculino; las defunciones por caídas accidentales en enero, febrero, agosto y diciembre y siempre superiores en el sexo femenino; los fallecimientos por accidentes del transporte en marzo, julio y diciembre, con preponderancia masculina; mientras que las muertes por exposición al humo, fuego y llamas prevalecieron en el sexo femenino y su estacionalidad no fue tan manifiesta. Conclusiones: Se evidenció la variación estacional de la mortalidad por accidentes utilizando 2 métodos gráficos muy sencillos que posibilitan extender este tipo de análisis a otras causas de muerte.

Introduction: In Cuba there are evidences on seasonal behavior of some death causes such as children mortality, hearth diseases and cerebrovascular diseases. The seasonal variation of accidents mortality, one of the first 5 death causes from more than 3 decades ago, has not been deeply studied. Methods: A descriptive study was conducted over 1996-2006 to identify and to describe the seasonality of deceases due to monthly accidents, according to sex and the type of selected accidents (accidental suffocation and submersion, accidental falls, smoke exposition, fire and flames and road accidents) using simple chart methods (monthly expectation curves and the boxes and moustache charts). Results: There were 53 333 accident deaths with a predominance of male sex (2 men by each woman); accidental falls accounted for the 36.8 percent of deaths and road accidents for the 33.4 percent. All death causes due to accidents had seasonality: there was predominance of accidental suffocation and submersion over June, July, and August in male sex; deaths due to accidental fall over January, February, August and December with male predominance whereas the deaths due to smoke exposition, fire and flames prevailed in female sex and its seasonality wasn't so evident. Conclusions: Seasonal variation of accidents death was demonstrated using two very simple chart methods allowing to wide this type of analysis to other death causes.

Mortalidad por càncer en Cuba / Mortality from cancer in Cuba

El càncer ha ocupado el segundo lugar entre las causas de muerte en Cuba desde 1958 y su tendencia es ascendente desde entonces. Objetivos Caracterizar los rasgos y tendencias de la mortalidad por càncer en Cuba en el período 1970-2006. Métodos Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo. Se consideraron aquellas defunciones cuya causa bàsica de muerte fue el càncer, según la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades. En relación con la mortalidad a nivel de país se calcularon: tasa cruda y ajustada, tasa específica por sexo, y grupos de edades y años potenciales de vida perdidos; también la tasa bruta para cada provincia entre el año 2002 y el 2006 y la razón estandarizada de mortalidad para todas las edades y los menores de 65 años. El riesgo real de morir por càncer en Cuba tuvo una tendencia ascendente con sobremortalidad masculina y comportamiento desigual según grupos de edades. Las tasas de años potenciales de vida perdidos por esta causa tendieron al incremento. Cuatro provincias superaron la tasa cruda de mortalidad del país entre 2002 y 2006. Conclusiones El càncer constituye un importante problema de salud para la población cubana con niveles de mortalidad crecientes predominantemente relacionados con el envejecimiento poblacional que tiene lugar en el país. Constituye la primera causa de mortalidad prematura en Cuba y amenaza -con sobremortalidad masculina- en convertirse en la principal causa de muerte

Introduction Cancer is the second cause of death in Cuba as of 1958, with an upward trend since then. Objective To identify the features and tendencies of mortality from cancer in Cuba in the 1970-2006 period. Methods A retrospective descriptive study was conducted where those deaths the basic cause of which was cancer -according to the International Classification of Diseases- were taken into account. As for cancer nationwide, there were estimations of the adjusted crude death rate, sex-specific and age-specific death rates, and potential years of life lost, also the gross mortality rate for every province from 2002 to 2006, and the standardized death ratio for all age groups and for under 65 years-old group. Results The true risk of dying of cancer in Cuba tended to increase, with male overmortality and unequal behavior by age groups. The potential years of life lost rates due to cancer showed an upwards trend. Four provinces exceeded the national crude death rate from 2002 to 2006. Conclusions Cancer is a significant health problem in the Cuban population since the mortality rates, which are closely related to the Cuban population aging, have increased. It is the first cause of premature death in the country, and it is likely to become the first cause of death in the future

Eastern equine encephalitis virus infection and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in a 5-month-old infant.

Eastern equine encephalitis virus infection is a rare sporadic central nervous system infection transmitted by a mosquito vector. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare life-threatening disease associated with the inability of an overactive immune system to effectively respond to infections. Many viruses are known to trigger primary, as well as secondary, HLH. We report a pediatric case of eastern equine encephalitis virus-associated HLH which caused severe neurologic injury and death.