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1.
Public Choice ; 189(1-2): 213-238, 2021.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33583964

RESUMEN

In 2008, as the financial crisis unfolded in the United States, the banking industry elevated its lobbying and campaign spending activities. By the end of 2008, and during 2009, the biggest political spenders, on average, received the largest bailout packages. Is that relationship causal? In this paper, I examine the effect of political connections on the allocation of funds from the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) to the US financial services industry during the 2008-2009 financial crisis. I find that TARP recipients that lobbied the government, donated to political campaigns, or whose top executives had direct connections to politics received better bailout deals. I estimate regression discontinuity design and instrumental variable models to uncover how election outcomes for politicians in close races affected the distribution of bailout funds for connected firms. The results do not imply that some banks were deliberately favored over others, just that favored banks benefited because of their proximity to the right people in power. If being politically connected matters in general, in times of crisis it matters even more. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11127-020-00871-w.

2.
Front Psychol ; 11: 570356, 2020.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33192856

RESUMEN

Introduction: Negative symptoms are a common occurrence in patients with psychosis spectrum disorders. Previous analysis of the latent structure of the Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms (CAINS) - which was developed to advance the assessment of negative symptomatology - showed two underlying sub-domains (Motivation and Pleasure; Expression). Recent findings indicate that a more complex structure might be more applicable. Aim: To evaluate the psychometric properties of the Serbian version of the CAINS in a sample of outpatients (N = 67) with psychosis spectrum disorders. Materials and Methods: Negative symptoms and general level of psychopathology were assessed with Serbian translations of the CAINS, the 53-item version of the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), and the 24-item version of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). Principal component analysis (PCA) was carried out on the CAINS items, and correlation analyses were done to assess its convergent and discriminant validity. Results: Our results showed an excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.92). PCA revealed a three-component solution consisting of Expressiveness and Motivation for Social and Family Relationships (Factor 1), Motivation for Vocational Activities (Factor 2), and Motivation for Recreation (Factor 3). Convergent validity was supported by significant correlations with the Negative symptoms domain of the BPRS (Factor 1, 0.695, p < 0.01; Factor 2, 0.352, p < 0.05; Factor 3, 0.452, p < 0.01). When assessing discriminant validity, weak correlations were found with BPRS and BSI scores. Conclusion: The Serbian version of CAINS is a valid, reliable and useful tool for the assessment of negative symptomatology. Our findings support a three-factor structure of CAINS, which indicates that the construct is more complex than envisaged by the original conceptualization of two distinct factors.

3.
Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract ; 24(3): 315-321, 2020 Sep.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32459564

RESUMEN

Introduction: Prescribing trends in maintenance therapy of patients with primary psychotic disorders (PSD) may vary worldwide. Present study aimed to investigate prescription patterns in a sample of outpatients with PSD from Serbia.Methods: In a sample of 73 PSD outpatients we analysed the rate of antipsychotic polypharmacy and psychotropic polypharmacy, concomitant continual benzodiazepine use, and associations between therapy, psychotic symptoms and quality of life.Results: Maintenance therapy (median daily dose 321 mg of chlorpromazine equivalents) predominantly consisted of monotherapy with second generation antipsychotics (45.2%), followed by antipsychotic polypharmacy based on first and second generation combination (25.0%). The median number of psychotropic drugs was 3. Benzodiazepines were continually prescribed to more than 60% of patients (mean daily dose 2.9 ± 2.0 mg lorazepam equivalents). Patients with benzodiazepine use had significantly more psychotropic medications and more antipsychotic polypharmacy, poorer quality of life and more severe psychopathology in comparison to another group.Conclusion: The present study demonstrated new information regarding the prescription patterns of psychotropic drugs in outpatients with PSD in Serbia, amplified with clinically relevant information. This study also revealed distinct prescription patterns concerning antipsychotic/benzodiazepine polypharmacy. Overall, such findings are likely to contribute to improving clinical practice and care for patients with PSD in general.KeypointsPresent exploratory research aimed to elucidate trends of antipsychotics polypharmacy and concomitant use of psychotropic medications including benzodiazepines in the maintenance treatment of outpatients with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, amplified with clinically relevant information (symptoms and quality of life).'Antipsychotic (AP) polypharmacy' was defined as concurrent use of more than one AP for at least 1 month; 'Psychotropic polypharmacy' was defined as the combination of AP and a different class of psychotropic drugs medication for at least one month.The median number of prescribed psychotropic drugs was 3 (mean 3.1 ± 1.1) and the average AP daily dose was moderate (median 321 mg of chlorpromazine equivalents). However, the rates of AP polypharmacy (45.2%) and benzodiazepine prescription on a continual basis (>60%) found in our sample could be considered relatively high.Outpatients with higher AP daily dose and higher BPRS symptom score were receiving more benzodiazepines.For improvement of the local, as well as general clinical practice and care for patients with psychotic disorders, and for education in psychiatry, such analyses need to be done on a regular basis and on larger samples.


Asunto(s)
Antipsicóticos/uso terapéutico , Benzodiazepinas/uso terapéutico , Pacientes Ambulatorios/estadística & datos numéricos , Polifarmacia , Pautas de la Práctica en Medicina/estadística & datos numéricos , Trastornos Psicóticos/tratamiento farmacológico , Esquizofrenia/tratamiento farmacológico , Prevención Secundaria/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto , Quimioterapia Combinada , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Trastornos Psicóticos/fisiopatología , Esquizofrenia/fisiopatología , Serbia , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Factores de Tiempo
4.
J Org Chem ; 84(24): 15926-15947, 2019 Dec 20.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31741385

RESUMEN

A general method to access CF3-substituted allenes from propargylic alcohols under Lewis acid catalysis in 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP) as solvent is described. By tuning the reaction time and temperature, the obtained allenes rearrange to 1,3-biaryl-1-trifluoromethyl-1H-indenes. By tuning the structure of the propargylic alcohol substrates, a range of trifluoromethylated 2H-chromenes were successfully synthesized with the use of catalytic quantities of strong Brønsted acid in HFIP. The present method is therefore highly potent for the synthesis of a number of potentially pharmaceutically interesting new trifluoromethylated compounds and produces water as the only stoichiometric byproduct.

6.
PLoS One ; 14(7): e0219508, 2019.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31318916

RESUMEN

In chronically infected HCV patients emergence and evolution of fibrosis, as a consequence of virus persistence, can be considered as an indicator of disease advancement. Therefore the aim of this study was to correlate alterations of immune response in chronic HCV patients with liver histopathology. Sera cytokine levels and frequency of circulating and liver infiltrating cells were evaluated using 13plex Kit Flow Cytomix, flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. We found that the number of circulating T lymphocytes (including CD4+, CD8+ and Treg) and B lymphocytes, as well as DCs, was higher in patients with no fibrosis than in healthy subjects. In patients with fibrosis frequency of these cells decreased, and contrarily, in the liver, number of T and B lymphocytes gradually increased with fibrosis. Importantly, in patients with advanced fibrosis, liver infiltrating regulatory T cells and DC-SIGN+ mononuclear cells with immunosuppressive and wound-healing effector functions were abundantly present. Cytokine profiling showed predominance of proinflammatory cytokines in patients with no fibrosis and a tendency of decline in level of all cytokines with severity of liver injury. Lower but sustained IL-4 production refers to Th2 predominance in higher stages of fibrosis. Altogether, our results reveal graduall alterations of immunological parameters during fibrosis evolution and illustrate the course of immunological events through disease progression.


Asunto(s)
Progresión de la Enfermedad , Hepatitis C Crónica/complicaciones , Cirrosis Hepática/etiología , Cirrosis Hepática/inmunología , Adulto , Biopsia , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Moléculas de Adhesión Celular/metabolismo , Citocinas/sangre , Células Dendríticas/metabolismo , Femenino , Hepatitis C Crónica/sangre , Humanos , Lectinas Tipo C/metabolismo , Hígado/patología , Cirrosis Hepática/sangre , Linfocitos/metabolismo , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Receptores de Superficie Celular/metabolismo
7.
Chem Sci ; 9(30): 6411-6416, 2018 Aug 14.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30310570

RESUMEN

Ring-opening hydroarylation of cyclopropanes is typically limited to substrates bearing a donor-acceptor motif. Here, the transformation is achieved for monosubstituted cyclopropanes by using catalytic Brønsted acid in hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) solvent, constituting a rare example where such cyclopropanes engage in intermolecular C-C bond formation. Branched products are obtained when electron-rich arylcyclopropanes react with a broad scope of arene nucleophiles in accord with a simple SN1-type ring-opening mechanism. In contrast, linear products are obtained when cyclopropylketones react with electron-rich arene nucleophiles. In the latter case, mechanistic experiments and DFT-calculations support a homo-conjugate addition pathway.

8.
Org Lett ; 20(3): 574-577, 2018 02 02.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29345947

RESUMEN

A general, Brønsted acid catalyzed method for the room temperature, nucleophilic ring opening of donor-acceptor cyclopropanes in fluorinated alcohol solvent, HFIP, is described. Salient features of this method include an expanded cyclopropane scope, including those bearing single keto-acceptor groups and those bearing electron-deficient aryl groups. Notably, the catalytic system proved amenable to a wide range of nucleophiles including arenes, indoles, azides, diketones, and alcohols.

9.
Cytokine ; 96: 185-188, 2017 08.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28433893

RESUMEN

The data addressing cytokine profile in chronically infected HCV patients are conflicting, ranging from Th1 or Th2 cytokine prevalence to the expression of both types of cytokines. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate cytokine profile in these patients. Cytokine sera levels in HCV patients and healthy controls were evaluated using 13plex FlowCytomix Multiplex. Median values of both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines were lower in HCV patients then in controls. In addition, the number of subjects producing detectable quantities of cytokines was significantly lower in the group of HCV patients. Yet, cytokine levels in those patients were remarkably heterogeneous ranging from low to extremely high, much higher than the maximal values in control group. Similarly, grouping data according to HCV genotype, HCV RNA load, ALT/AST ratio and the stage of fibrosis showed marked standard deviations, reflecting high intragroup diversity. No correlation was found between each disease-related factor and cytokine levels. Patients investigated in our and similar studies were disparate pursuant to characteristics of the hosts, pathogen and course of the disease. Therefore, the inconsistency of the literature data regarding cytokine pattern in chronic HCV patients may be a consequence of the disregarded/overlooked heterogeneity of these patients.


Asunto(s)
Citocinas/sangre , Hepatitis C Crónica/sangre , Adulto , Anciano , Biopsia , Citocinas/inmunología , Femenino , Genotipo , Hepacivirus/genética , Hepacivirus/aislamiento & purificación , Hepatitis C Crónica/inmunología , Humanos , Interferón gamma/sangre , Interleucina-10/sangre , Interleucina-2/sangre , Interleucina-4/sangre , Hígado/patología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , ARN Viral/sangre , Células TH1 , Células Th2
10.
Angew Chem Int Ed Engl ; 56(11): 3085-3089, 2017 03 06.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28156038

RESUMEN

Highly electronically deactivated benzylic alcohols, including those with a CF3 group adjacent to the OH-bearing carbon, undergo dehydrative Friedel-Crafts reactions upon exposure to catalytic Brønsted acid in 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP) solvent. Titration and kinetic experiments support the involvement of higher order solvent/acid clusters in catalysis.

11.
PLoS One ; 11(8): e0158782, 2016.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27508896

RESUMEN

When companies are faced with an upcoming and expected economic shock some of them tend to react better than others. They adapt by initiating investments thus successfully weathering the storm, while others, even though they possess the same information set, fail to adopt the same business strategy and eventually succumb to the crisis. We use a unique setting of the recent financial crisis in Croatia as an exogenous shock that hit the country with a time lag, allowing the domestic firms to adapt. We perform a survival analysis on the entire population of 144,000 firms in Croatia during the period from 2003 to 2015, and test whether investment prior to the anticipated shock makes firms more likely to survive the recession. We find that small and micro firms, which decided to invest, had between 60 and 70% higher survival rates than similar firms that chose not to invest. This claim is supported by both non-parametric and parametric tests in the survival analysis. From a normative perspective this finding could be important in mitigating the negative effects on aggregate demand during strong recessionary periods.


Asunto(s)
Recesión Económica/estadística & datos numéricos , Industrias/estadística & datos numéricos , Inversiones en Salud/economía , Inversiones en Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Modelos Económicos , Croacia , Bases de Datos Factuales , Toma de Decisiones , Modelos de Riesgos Proporcionales
12.
PLoS One ; 10(10): e0141211, 2015.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26495847

RESUMEN

We present a dynamic network model of corrupt and noncorrupt employees representing two states in the public and private sector. Corrupt employees are more connected to one another and are less willing to change their attitudes regarding corruption than noncorrupt employees. This behavior enables them to prevail and become the majority in the workforce through a first-order phase transition even though they initially represented a minority. In the model, democracy-understood as the principle of majority rule-does not create corruption, but it serves as a mechanism that preserves corruption in the long run. The motivation for our network model is a paradox that exists on the labor market. Although economic theory indicates that higher risk investments should lead to larger rewards, in many developed and developing countries workers in lower-risk public sector jobs are paid more than workers in higher-risk private sector jobs. To determine the long-run sustainability of this economic paradox, we study data from 28 EU countries and find that the public sector wage premium increases with the level of corruption.


Asunto(s)
Crimen/estadística & datos numéricos , Sector Privado/ética , Sector Público/ética , Salarios y Beneficios/tendencias , Crimen/psicología , Empleo/ética , Empleo/estadística & datos numéricos , Unión Europea , Humanos , Política , Sector Privado/economía , Sector Público/economía , Análisis de Regresión
13.
Vojnosanit Pregl ; 72(6): 505-9, 2015 Jun.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26226722

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND/AIM: Hepatitis C is an important sociomedical problem worldwide due to frequent progression to chronic disease, occurrence of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Standard pegylated interferon alfa 2a plus ribavirin therapy results in resolution of infection only in 50% of patients. The aim of this study was to determine the association of various factors with response to the therapy in patients with chronic heptitis C virus (HCV) infection. Age and sex of patients, inoculation risk factors, histopathological changes in the liver, viral load and HCV genotype were analyzed. METHODS: The study included a group of 121 patients with chronic HCV infection. The treatment was carried out 24 weeks for virus genotype 2 and 3, and 48 weeks for genotype 1 and 4. The degree of histopathological changes in the liver was determined by hematoxylin and eosin staining, whereas polimerase chain reaction was used for HCV genotyping. RESULTS: In the group of non-responding patients genotype 1 was represented with 100%, while in the other groups, although predominantly present, its percentage was lower. Unresponsiveness to therapy and relapse of disease were associated with higher viral load and advanced fibrosis. Intravenous use of psychoactive substances, as a risk factor, was present in a high percentage in the group of patients with sustained response, while blood transfusion and dialysis were leading risk factors in the group of relapse responders and non-responders. CONCLUSION: The results of our study showed that the treatment outcome of chronic HCV infection was associated with baseline HCV ribonucleic acid, HCV genotype, route of infection and the degree of histopathological changes in the liver.


Asunto(s)
Hepacivirus/genética , Hepatitis C Crónica/tratamiento farmacológico , Cirrosis Hepática/patología , Carga Viral , Adulto , Antivirales/administración & dosificación , Femenino , Genotipo , Hepatitis C Crónica/complicaciones , Humanos , Interferón alfa-2 , Interferón-alfa/administración & dosificación , Cirrosis Hepática/etiología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Proteínas Recombinantes/administración & dosificación , Ribavirina/administración & dosificación , Factores de Riesgo , Resultado del Tratamiento
14.
Cancer Biomark ; 14(6): 401-8, 2014.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25335731

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the serum levels of IFN-γ, IL-18, NO and MDA, in patients with breast cancer and to assess their clinical significance as a novel diagnostic markers in breast carcinoma. METHODS: We examined IFN-γ, IL-18, NO and MDA in 18 healthy volunteers, 38 patients with primary invasive breast cancer, and 18 patients with distant metastatic breast cancer. Serum levels of NO were measured by the Griess method. Serum concentrations of IFN-γ and IL-18 were analyzed with ELISA assays. Concentration of MDA in serum was measured by a thiobarbituric acid assay. The diagnostic value of inflammatory biomarkers was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC) and logistic regression models. RESULTS: ROC curve analyses demonstrated that only IFN-γ has the ability to distinguish either presence of breast cancer or breast cancer in localized or metastatic form, whereas IL-18 and NO can detect only metastasis. Using a logistic regression model with IL-18 and MDA we obtained a higher sensitivity and specificity regardless of disease status. A panel combining four markers, at least one "rule", achieved the highest sensitivity of 95% and 100% for localized and metastatic cancer, respectively, and high specificity of 80%. CONCLUSION: The combination of four inflammatory biomarkers could be a novel panel of diagnostic markers in patients with breast cancer.


Asunto(s)
Biomarcadores de Tumor/genética , Neoplasias de la Mama/sangre , Neoplasias de la Mama/genética , Óxido Nítrico/sangre , Biomarcadores de Tumor/sangre , Neoplasias de la Mama/patología , Femenino , Humanos , Inflamación/sangre , Inflamación/patología , Interferón gamma/sangre , Interleucina-18/sangre , Malondialdehído/sangre , Curva ROC
15.
Psychiatr Danub ; 24(2): 143-51, 2012 Jun.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22706412

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: The attitudes of medical professionals towards homosexuals can influence their willingness to provide these individuals with medical help. The study evaluated the medical professionals' knowledge about homosexuality and their attitudes towards it. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The sample consisted of 177 participants (physicians n=79 and students n=98). The study respondents anonymously completed three questionnaires (socio-demographic questionnaire, the questionnaire on knowledge, and the questionnaire on attitudes towards homosexuals). RESULTS: Male and religious participants showed a lower level of knowledge and a greater tendency to stigmatize. Furthermore, the subjects who knew more about homosexuality tended to hold less stigmatizing attitude. Age group, specialty (psychiatry, gynecology, internal medicine and surgery), and student's/physician's status had no effect on stigmatization. The study showed that the final year students/ residents had more knowledge than the second year students/specialists did. Knowledge had significant negative predictive effect on attitudes in the analyzed predictive model. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this has been the first study in Serbia and Eastern Europe, which provides information on knowledge and attitudes of health professionals towards homosexuality. We would like to point out the degree of knowledge on homosexuality as a possible, but not exclusive tool in shaping the attitudes towards homosexuals and reducing stigmatization. However, regardless of the personal attitude, knowledge and variable acceptance of the homosexuals' rights, medical professionals' main task is to resist discriminative behavior and provide professional medical help to both homosexual and heterosexual patients.


Asunto(s)
Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Homosexualidad/psicología , Médicos/psicología , Estereotipo , Estudiantes de Medicina/psicología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Europa Oriental , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Religión y Sexo , Serbia , Factores Sexuales , Encuestas y Cuestionarios
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